behaviorism theory[1]

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Behaviorism Theory


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References

Mok Soon Sang (2006). Education

Psychology, Selangor; Multimedia-ES

Resources Sdn. Bhd. http://chiron.val.dosta.edu/whuitt/col/b

ehsys/classcnd.html

http://www.wagntrain.com/oc/ http://www.mcli.dist.maricopa.edu/proj

/nru/opcond.html


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References

http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/Op

erant_Conditioning

http://teachnet.edb.utexas.edu/~lynda

_abbott/Behavioral1.html

http://www3.niu.edu/acad/psych/Mills/

History/2003/ClassicalConditioning.ht

m http://www.simplypsychology.pwp.blu

eyonder.co.uk/pavlov.html


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References

http://www.uwf.edu/igould/Classicalvs

Operant.pdf

http://www.questia.com/library/education/Classical_conditioning.jsp

http://www.eruptingmind.com/plavlov-

classical-conditioning-theory/


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classical conditioning

In classical conditioning you are trying to increase theprobabilityof a response (the conditioned response, CR)) to some

neutral stimulus (the conditioned stimulus,

CS) bypairing that stimuluswith a following stimulus (the unconditioned stimulus,US) that already produces the response (theunconditioned response, UR):Initially US - - ->UR, then CS, US - - ->UR, finally CS -

- -> CR


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operant conditioning

you are trying to increase the probabilityof a response (the conditioned response, CR) in thepresence ofsome stimulus (the discriminative stimulus, DS, which

is like a conditioned stimulus, CS) by following thedesired response witha reinforcingstimulus (R, which is like anunconditioned stimulus).Alternatively, you might be trying to decrease theprobability of a response (CR) in the presence of somestimulus (DS/CS) byfollowing the undesired response with a punishingstimulus (P):DS/CS - - - -> CR -----> R or P


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operant conditioning

unlike classical conditioning,

there are response consequences,

i.e., there are reinforcement orpunishment contingencies--the

reinforcement or punishment (R or

P) being dependent/contingent upon

the response (CR) occurring.


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classical conditioning

the unconditioned stimulus(US, which is like a reinforcement orpunishment) follows the

conditioned stimulus (CS) during trainingregardless of whether ornot the conditioned response (CR) occurs.Here the CR, which isusually reflexive, is brought under the

control of a stimulus event(CS) that precedes the response, ratherthan one that follows it.


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Classical Conditioning


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Classical (Respondent) Conditoning


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Operant Conditioning


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Implication of Pavlovs Conditioning Theory

in Teaching-Learning

Conditioned responses can be

fostered through the process of

teaching learning activities


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Before Conditioning

Science Teacher (UCS) teaching in

the class for the first time

Unconditioned response (pupilsattention) towards the teaching

activities only


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During Conditioning

Teacher (CS) teaching in an

interesting manner

Pupils pay attention to teachersteaching (CR)


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After Conditioning

Teachers presence (CS)

Pupils pay attention to teachers

teaching (CR)


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1. The teacher relate practical

experience (conditioned stimulus)

with the learning task (unconditionedstimulus) so as to produce

satisfactory conditioned learning

response (satisfactory learning

activities)


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2. Guide pupils to apply skill to make accurate

generalization by using various related

examples.3. Guide pupils to use skill to make

discrimination. Example, to different specific

characteristics.

4. Allocate sufficient exercises for pupils tostrengthen the application of conditioned

stimulus and conditioned response.


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5. Use secondary reinforcement to

sustain conditioned response. Use

new, similar stimulus as conditionedstimulus to motivate pupils for learning

activities.


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Skinners Operant

Conditioning Organisms normally operate on the

environment instead of reacting to the

stimulus presented to them. Operant conditioning is a form of

learning in which voluntary responses

are influenced by consequences.


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Operant Conditioning

Learning is active as learning

(response) that occurs is based on its

own initiative without waiting for anyrelated stimulus to appear


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Implication of Skinners Operant Conditioning

Theory in Teaching and Learning

1. A newly learned skill/technique

ought to be given continuous

reinforcement, followed byintermittent reinforcement to

strengthen the skill


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2. Use positive reinforcement which give

pleasant result is more effective.

3. Can be used to modify pupilsundesirable behavior.

4. Negative reinforcement is suitable to

achieve the desirable behavior

behaviorism theory[1]

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