behaviour rating inventory of executive function

7/24/2019 Behaviour Rating Inventory of Executive Function

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BRIEFBRIEF®®::Behavior RatingBehavior Rating

Inventory of ExecutiveInventory of ExecutiveFunctionFunction®®

Authors: Gerard A. Gioia, PhD, Peter . Is!uith,Authors: Gerard A. Gioia, PhD, Peter . Is!uith,PhD, "teven #. Guy, PhD, and $auren en%orthy,PhD, "teven #. Guy, PhD, and $auren en%orthy,

PhDPhD

Pu&'isher: PAR, Inc.Pu&'isher: PAR, Inc.



02/29/1602/29/1622

BRIEF AuthorsBRIEF Authors

Gerard A. Gioia, Children’s NationalGerard A. Gioia, Children’s NationalMedical CenterMedical Center

Peter K. Isqith, !art"oth MedicalPeter K. Isqith, !art"oth Medical#chool#chool

$o%ert M. $oth, !art"oth Medical$o%ert M. $oth, !art"oth Medical#chool#chool

#te&en C. G', Inde(endent Practice#te&en C. G', Inde(endent Practice )aren Ken*orth', Children’s National)aren Ken*orth', Children’s National

Medical CenterMedical Center

Ki"%erl' Andre*s +s(', ice Pro&ost,Ki"%erl' Andre*s +s(', ice Pro&ost,-ni&ersit o Ne%rasa )incoln-ni&ersit o Ne%rasa, )incoln



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Pur(ose:Pur(ose: Assess i"(air"ent oAssess i"(air"ent o

eecti&e nctioneecti&e nction

For:For: Aes 3415 'earsAes 3415 'ears Ad)inistration:Ad)inistration: Indi&idal, 56 ite"sIndi&idal, 56 ite"s *i)e:*i)e: 10413 "intes to ad"inister10413 "intes to ad"inister

13420 "intes to score %' hand,13420 "intes to score %' hand,

sot*are a&aila%le or scorin andsot*are a&aila%le or scorin andinter(retationinter(retation

+vervie% of the BRIEF+vervie% of the BRIEF



02/29/1602/29/1677

+vervie% of the BRIEF+vervie% of the BRIEF -tili8es (arent and teacher in(t in the-tili8es (arent and teacher in(t in the

e&alation o the child’s %eha&iorale&alation o the child’s %eha&ioralnctioninnctionin

he :$I+; is sel in e&alatin children he :$I+; is sel in e&alatin children*ith a *ide s(ectr" o de&elo("ental*ith a *ide s(ectr" o de&elo("entaland acqired neroloical conditions,and acqired neroloical conditions,sch as<sch as<

)earnin disa%ilities)earnin disa%ilities )o* %irth *eiht)o* %irth *eiht Attention4de=cit/h'(eracti&it' disorderAttention4de=cit/h'(eracti&it' disorder orette>s disorder orette>s disorder ra"atic %rain in?r' ra"atic %rain in?r' Per&asi&e de&elo("ental disorders/atis"Per&asi&e de&elo("ental disorders/atis"



02/29/1602/29/1633

Interest in ExecutiveInterest in Executive

Function in #hi'drenFunction in #hi'dren 3 articles in 19533 articles in 1953

17 articles in 199317 articles in 1993

301 articles in 2003301 articles in 2003

:ernstein @ a%er,:ernstein @ a%er,

+ecti&e ;nction in+ecti&e ;nction in

+dcation, 200B+dcation, 200B



02/29/1602/29/1666

ethods of Assessingethods of Assessing

EFEFMicroMicro MacroMacro

Peror"ancePeror"ance

ests ests%ser&ations%ser&ationsStructural &Structural &

FunctionalFunctionalImagingImaging

GeneticsGenetics



02/29/1602/29/16BB

easure)ent ofeasure)ent of

Executive FunctionsExecutive Functions +ecti&e nctions are d'na"ic, Did+ecti&e nctions are d'na"ic, Did

No or"al, sinle test adeqate toNo or"al, sinle test adeqate to

ca(tre +;ca(tre +; Man' tests are too strctred toMan' tests are too strctred to

adeqatel' assess +;adeqatel' assess +;

Need intra4indi&idal a((roachNeed intra4indi&idal a((roach EE+ecti&eF is oten (ro&ided %' the+ecti&eF is oten (ro&ided %' the

ea"inerea"iner



02/29/1602/29/1655

$i)itations of$i)itations of

Perfor)ance *estsPerfor)ance *ests +; tests are "olar, ta((in se&eral +; and non4+;+; tests are "olar, ta((in se&eral +; and non4+;

nctions that can %e disr(ted in "an' *a'snctions that can %e disr(ted in "an' *a's

!ierences in coniti&e Est'leF or a%ilit' can aect!ierences in coniti&e Est'leF or a%ilit' can aect

+; (eror"ance reardless o +;+; (eror"ance reardless o +; #ensiti&it'/#(eci=cit' li"ited H Patients *ho shold#ensiti&it'/#(eci=cit' li"ited H Patients *ho shold

ha&e +; de=cits do *ell on +; tests +;ha&e +; de=cits do *ell on +; tests +;

(eror"ance not sensiti&e to rontal &s. etra4(eror"ance not sensiti&e to rontal &s. etra4

rontal lesionsrontal lesions !iscri"inant alidit' H I +; tass are i"(aired in!iscri"inant alidit' H I +; tass are i"(aired in

se&eral disorders, then +;s are not hel(l inse&eral disorders, then +;s are not hel(l in

distinishin %et*een disordersdistinishin %et*een disorders

Penninton @ 8ono, 1996Penninton @ 8ono, 1996



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I)(etusI)(etus

Clinical need or ecient eternalClinical need or ecient eternal

&alidation&alidation

Collect standardi8ed o%ser&ationalCollect standardi8ed o%ser&ational

re(orts o e&er'da' nctioninre(orts o e&er'da' nctionin

+coloical &alidit', real4*orld anchor+coloical &alidit', real4*orld anchor

Co""on (arent descri(tions oCo""on (arent descri(tions oe&er'da' eecti&e dicltiese&er'da' eecti&e diclties

;rstration *ith a&aila%le (eror"ance;rstration *ith a&aila%le (eror"ance

teststests



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Pur(ose: (rovide a )easurePur(ose: (rovide a )easure

of executive function that is:of executive function that is:

(s'cho"etricall' sond(s'cho"etricall' sond

sensiti&e to de&elo("ental chanessensiti&e to de&elo("ental chanes

hih in ecoloical &alidit'hih in ecoloical &alidit'

scientl' %road to ser&e as a screenscientl' %road to ser&e as a screen

co"(rehensi&e in sa"(lin contentco"(rehensi&e in sa"(lin content theoreticall' coherenttheoreticall' coherent

sel in taretin treat"entsel in taretin treat"ent



02/29/1602/29/161111

he :$I+; consists o t*o ratin or"s he :$I+; consists o t*o ratin or"s ParentParent

eacher eacher

56 ite"s on %oth qestionnaires56 ite"s on %oth qestionnaires

Pur(ose of the BRIEFPur(ose of the BRIEF



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Additiona' BRIEF ProductsAdditiona' BRIEF Products

:$I+; Preschool JAes 43 'ears:$I+; Preschool JAes 43 'ears

:$I+; #el4$e(ort JAes 1415 'ears:$I+; #el4$e(ort JAes 1415 'ears

:$I+; #ot*are J#corin @ $e(ortin:$I+; #ot*are J#corin @ $e(ortin

:$I+; Adlt JAes 15490 'ears:$I+; Adlt JAes 15490 'ears



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A BRIEF Genea'ogy

20002000 200 200 2007 2007

20032003



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Meta4Conition

:eha&ioral$elation

orin Me"or'

Initiate

Plan/rani8e

Inhi%it

#hit

+"otional Control

Monitor

rani8ationo Materials



02/29/1602/29/161313

Behaviora' De-nitions forBehaviora' De-nitions for

the #'inica' "ca'esthe #'inica' "ca'es

Inhi%it< Control i"(lses sto( %eha&iorInhi%it< Control i"(lses sto( %eha&ior

#hit< Mo&e reel' ro" one#hit< Mo&e reel' ro" oneacti&it'/sitation to another transitionacti&it'/sitation to another transition(ro%le"4sol&e Dei%l'(ro%le"4sol&e Dei%l'

+"otional Control< Modlate e"otional+"otional Control< Modlate e"otionalres(onses a((ro(riatel'res(onses a((ro(riatel'



02/29/1602/29/161616

Behaviora' De-nitions forBehaviora' De-nitions for

the #'inica' "ca'esthe #'inica' "ca'es Initiate< :ein acti&it' enerate ideasInitiate< :ein acti&it' enerate ideas

orin Me"or'< Lold inor"ation in "indorin Me"or'< Lold inor"ation in "indor (r(ose o co"(letin a tasor (r(ose o co"(letin a tas

Plan/rani8e< Antici(ate tre e&entsPlan/rani8e< Antici(ate tre e&ents

set oals de&elo( ste(s ras( "ain ideasset oals de&elo( ste(s ras( "ain ideas

Monitor< Chec *or assess o*nMonitor< Chec *or assess o*n

(eror"ance(eror"ance



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Ad)inistering theAd)inistering the

BRIEF Parent For)BRIEF Parent For)

Materials< Parent ;or" and a (en/(encilMaterials< Parent ;or" and a (en/(encil

Parent ;or" is =lled ot %' a (arentParent ;or" is =lled ot %' a (arent(reera%l', %' %oth (arents(reera%l', %' %oth (arents

Parent "st ha&e recent and etensi&eParent "st ha&e recent and etensi&e

contact *ith the child o&er the (ast 6contact *ith the child o&er the (ast 6

"onths"onths



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Ad)inistering theAd)inistering the

BRIEF *eacher For)BRIEF *eacher For) Can %e =lled ot %' an' adlt *ithCan %e =lled ot %' an' adlt *ith

etended contact *ith the child in anetended contact *ith the child in an

acade"ic settin t'(icall' a teacher,acade"ic settin t'(icall' a teacher,%t an aide is acce(ta%le%t an aide is acce(ta%le

Mini"" a"iliarit' is 1 "onthMini"" a"iliarit' is 1 "onth

Mlti(le ratins across classroo"s "a'Mlti(le ratins across classroo"s "a'%e sel or co"(arison (r(oses%e sel or co"(arison (r(oses



02/29/1602/29/161919

"coring the"coring the

BRIEF Parent*eacher For)sBRIEF Parent*eacher For)s Calclate the ra* score %' transerrinCalclate the ra* score %' transerrin

the circled res(onses to the %o orthe circled res(onses to the %o or

that ite"that ite"

#" the scores in each col"n and#" the scores in each col"n andrecord the s" in the %o or thatrecord the s" in the %o or thatcol"ncol"n

ranser the s""ed scores ro" (ae ranser the s""ed scores ro" (ae1 to the a((ro(riate %o on (ae 2 and1 to the a((ro(riate %o on (ae 2 andthen s" the scores or each scalethen s" the scores or each scale



02/29/1602/29/162020



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/egativity "ca'e/egativity "ca'e o score the Neati&it' scale, =nd all o o score the Neati&it' scale, =nd all o

the ENF ite"s that recei&ed a score othe ENF ite"s that recei&ed a score o

#" the n"%er o ENF ite"s that#" the n"%er o ENF ite"s that

recei&ed a score o and record thatrecei&ed a score o and record thatn"%er in the Neati&it' scale %o inn"%er in the Neati&it' scale %o in

the #corin #""ar'/Pro=le ;or"the #corin #""ar'/Pro=le ;or"



02/29/1602/29/162222


Inconsistency "ca'eInconsistency "ca'e #corin the Inconsistenc' scale is#corin the Inconsistenc' scale is

"ore co"(le and reqires reater"ore co"(le and reqires reater

attention to detailattention to detail

Inconsistenc' ite"s ha&e an I in theInconsistenc' ite"s ha&e an I in the"arin o the scorin sheet"arin o the scorin sheet

ranser the scores or the 10 ite" ranser the scores or the 10 ite"(airs to the a((ro(riate %oes on the(airs to the a((ro(riate %oes on the#corin #""ar'/Pro=le ;or"#corin #""ar'/Pro=le ;or"



02/29/1602/29/1622


Inconsistency "ca'eInconsistency "ca'e ;or each ite" (air, calclate the;or each ite" (air, calclate the

a%solte &ale o the dierence ora%solte &ale o the dierence or

the ite"sthe ite"s

hen, s" the dierence &ales or hen, s" the dierence &ales or

the 10 (airs to o%tain thethe 10 (airs to o%tain theInconsistenc' scale scoreInconsistenc' scale score



02/29/1602/29/162727



02/29/1602/29/162323

+&taining "tandard "cores for+&taining "tandard "cores for

the BRIEF Parent*eacherthe BRIEF Parent*eacher

For)sFor)s nce ra* scores or all scales arence ra* scores or all scales are

o%tained, =nd the a((ro(riate ta%le ino%tained, =nd the a((ro(riate ta%le inthe a((endiesthe a((endies

a%les are %roen do*n %' or" a%les are %roen do*n %' or"JParent/eacher, ae, and ender o JParent/eacher, ae, and ender o

the childthe child

#tandard scores ha&e a "ean o 30 and#tandard scores ha&e a "ean o 30 andaa SDSD o 10 (ercentile rans also areo 10 (ercentile rans also are

a&aila%le in the ta%lesa&aila%le in the ta%les



02/29/1602/29/162626

#o)(arison *a&'es#o)(arison *a&'es #e(arate nor"ati&e ta%les or %oth the#e(arate nor"ati&e ta%les or %oth the

Parent and eacher ;or"s (ro&ideParent and eacher ;or"s (ro&ide T T

scores, (ercentiles, and 90scores, (ercentiles, and 90con=dence inter&als or orcon=dence inter&als or or

de&elo("ental ae ro(s J3415de&elo("ental ae ro(s J3415

'ears %' ender o the child'ears %' ender o the child



02/29/1602/29/162B2B

Joshua Joshua

ADHD - Combined Type ADHD - Combined Type



02/29/1602/29/162525



02/29/1602/29/162929

#o)(uteri0ed "coring#o)(uteri0ed "coring :$I+; #ot*are Portolio J:$I+;4#P:$I+; #ot*are Portolio J:$I+;4#P

(ro&ides nli"ited scorin and re(ort(ro&ides nli"ited scorin and re(ort

eneration or the :$I+; Parent ;or",eneration or the :$I+; Parent ;or",the :$I+; eacher ;or", the :$I+;4#$,the :$I+; eacher ;or", the :$I+;4#$,the :$I+;4P Parent ;or", and thethe :$I+;4P Parent ;or", and the:$I+;4P eacher ;or". hree re(orts:$I+;4P eacher ;or". hree re(ortsare a&aila%le H an Inter(reti&e $e(ort,are a&aila%le H an Inter(reti&e $e(ort,a ;eed%ac $e(ort, and a Protocola ;eed%ac $e(ort, and a Protocol#""ar' $e(ort.#""ar' $e(ort.

#e(arate sot*are is a&aila%le or the#e(arate sot*are is a&aila%le or the:$I+;4P onl and the :$I+;4A onl .:$I+;4P onl and the :$I+;4A onl .



02/29/1602/29/1600

Inter(reting theInter(reting the

BRIEF Parent*eacher For)sBRIEF Parent*eacher For)s All reslts shold %e &ie*ed in theAll reslts shold %e &ie*ed in the

contet o a co"(lete e&alationcontet o a co"(lete e&alation

Lih scores do not indicate EA !isorderLih scores do not indicate EA !isordero +ecti&e ;nctionFo +ecti&e ;nctionF

Pro%le"s "a' %e de&elo("ental orPro%le"s "a' %e de&elo("ental oracqired and, ths, are sesti&e oacqired and, ths, are sesti&e odierin treat"ent a((roachesdierin treat"ent a((roaches



02/29/1602/29/1611

"te(s to BRIEF"te(s to BRIEF

Inter(retationInter(retation +a"ine &alidit' scales+a"ine &alidit' scales

Inconsistenc'Inconsistenc'

Neati&it'Neati&it' +a"ine clinical scales+a"ine clinical scales

+a"ine indees, Glo%al +ecti&e+a"ine indees, Glo%al +ecti&e

Co"(ositeCo"(osite

Indi&idal ite" anal'sisIndi&idal ite" anal'sis ithin scale ite"sithin scale ite"s

Nonscale ite"sNonscale ite"s



02/29/1602/29/1622

Inter(retationInter(retation TT scores at the !o"ain le&el hiher scoresscores at the !o"ain le&el hiher scores

sest a hiher le&el o d'snctionsest a hiher le&el o d'snction ;or the Inconsistenc' scale, loo at scores;or the Inconsistenc' scale, loo at scores

B as indicati&e o a hih deree oB as indicati&e o a hih deree o

inconsistenc' in rater res(onseinconsistenc' in rater res(onse A hih Neati&it' scale score indicates theA hih Neati&it' scale score indicates the

deree to *hich the res(ondent ans*ersderee to *hich the res(ondent ans*ers

selected qestions in an nsall' neati&eselected qestions in an nsall' neati&e

"anner. EIs inor"ation consistent *ith"anner. EIs inor"ation consistent *ith

other sorcesOFother sorcesOF



02/29/1602/29/16

Inter(retive +(tionsInter(retive +(tions Proessional ManalProessional Manal

Co"(ter #corin and Inter(reti&eCo"(ter #corin and Inter(reti&e$e(ortin$e(ortin

Interated $e(ortinInterated $e(ortin

BRIEF B iBRIEF B i



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77

BRIEF BasicsBRIEF Basics

:$I+;:$I+; :$I+;4P:$I+;4P :$I+;4#$:$I+;4#$ :$I+;4A:$I+;4AIte"s /Ite"s /#cales#cales

56/556/5 6/36/3 50/550/5 B3/9B3/9

.504.90s.504.90s .504.90s.504.90s .504.90s.504.90s .94.95s.94.95s

$etest$etest .504.90s.504.90s .504.90s.504.90s .504.90s.504.90s .974.96s.974.96s

Inter4raterInter4rater Parent QParent Q eacher eacher

r r R .0R .0

Parent QParent Q eacher eacher

r r R .1B 4 .25R .1B 4 .25

#el Q Parent R .#el Q Parent R .3030

#el Qeacher#el Qeacher

R .23R .23

#elQInor"ant R#elQInor"ant R.67.67

Co&ar'Co&ar' :A#C, C:C),:A#C, C:C),

A!L!4IA!L!4IC:C),C:C),

A!L!4IA!L!4I

C:C), :A#C,C:C), :A#C,

A!L!4I, CLSA!L!4I, CLS:!I, ;r#:e, !+T,:!I, ;r#:e, !+T,

CA!, #AICA!, #AI

ClinicalClinicalro(sro(s

A!L!, )!, #,A!L!, )!, #,A#!, ;rontalA#!, ;rontal

lesion,lesion,PK-,ra"aPK-,ra"a

A#!, A!L!,A#!, A!L!,)anae, ):)anae, ):

A!L!, A#!,A!L!, A#!,An/!e(,An/!e(,!M J1!M J1

A!L!, MCI, :I,A!L!, MCI, :I,M#, +(ile(s'M#, +(ile(s'



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33

Re'ia&i'ityRe'ia&i'ity Lih internal consistenc' JLih internal consistenc' J R .504.95R .504.95

est4retest relia%ilit' est4retest relia%ilit'r r s R .52 or (arents and .55 ors R .52 or (arents and .55 or

teachersteachers

"oderate correlations %et*een"oderate correlations %et*een

teacher and (arent ratins Jteacher and (arent ratins Jr r s R .s R .

24.724.7



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66

1a'idity1a'idity #onvergent va'idity#onvergent va'idity esta%lished *ithesta%lished *ith

other "easres< inattention,other "easres< inattention,

i"(lsi&it', and learnin sillsi"(lsi&it', and learnin sills Divergent va'idityDivergent va'idity de"onstratedde"onstrated

aainst "easres o e"otional andaainst "easres o e"otional and

%eha&ioral nctionin%eha&ioral nctionin

2or3ing e)ory and Inhi&it2or3ing e)ory and Inhi&itsca'essca'es dierentiate a"on A!L!dierentiate a"on A!L!

s%t'(ess%t'(es



02/29/1602/29/16

BB

"tandardi0ation Po(u'ation"tandardi0ation Po(u'ation Nor"ati&e data %ased on child ratinsNor"ati&e data %ased on child ratins

ro" 1,719 (arents and B20 teachersro" 1,719 (arents and B20 teachers

ro" rral, s%r%an, and r%an areas,ro" rral, s%r%an, and r%an areas,reDectin 1999 -.#. Censs esti"atesreDectin 1999 -.#. Censs esti"ates

or #+#, ethnicit', and enderor #+#, ethnicit', and ender

distri%tiondistri%tion



02/29/1602/29/16

55

#'inica' "tandardi0ation#'inica' "tandardi0ation

Po(u'ationPo(u'ation Clinical sa"(le inclded children *ithClinical sa"(le inclded children *ith

de&elo("ental disorders or acqiredde&elo("ental disorders or acqired

neroloical disorders Je.., readinneroloical disorders Je.., readindisorder, A!L! s%t'(es, :I,disorder, A!L! s%t'(es, :I,

orette>s disorder, "ental retardation, orette>s disorder, "ental retardation,

locali8ed %rain lesions, hihlocali8ed %rain lesions, hih

nctionin atis"nctionin atis"



02/29/1602/29/16

99



02/29/1602/29/16

7070

Diagnostic Grou( "tudiesDiagnostic Grou( "tudies $eadin !isorders$eadin !isorders

orin Me"or'< $eadin U Controlsorin Me"or'< $eadin U Controls Plan/rani8e< $eadin U ControlsPlan/rani8e< $eadin U Controls

Q :. Pratt, ;. Ca"(%ell4)aoie, P. Isqith, G. Gioia, @ #.:. Pratt, ;. Ca"(%ell4)aoie, P. Isqith, G. Gioia, @ #.G'G'

+tre"el' )o* :irth eiht &s ):+tre"el' )o* :irth eiht &s ): Monitor, M, #hit, Inhi%it, Init, Plan/r<Monitor, M, #hit, Inhi%it, Init, Plan/r<

+): U Controls+): U Controls Initiate @ Plan/r< +): U ):Initiate @ Plan/r< +): U ):

Q G. a'lor, et al.G. a'lor, et al.

Mental $etardationMental $etardation orin Me"or'< M$ U Controlsorin Me"or'< M$ U Controls

Q :. Pratt @ . Cha("an:. Pratt @ . Cha("an



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7171

Diagnostic Grou( "tudiesDiagnostic Grou( "tudies Lih ;nctionin Atis"Lih ;nctionin Atis"

All :$I+; scales< L;A U ControlsAll :$I+; scales< L;A U ControlsQ $. )anda @ M. Gold%er$. )anda @ M. Gold%er

Per&asi&e !e&elo("ental !isordersPer&asi&e !e&elo("ental !isorders All :$I+; scales< P!! U ControlsAll :$I+; scales< P!! U Controls

Q ). Ken*orth' @ #. G'). Ken*orth' @ #. G'

;rontal &s. +trarontal )esions;rontal &s. +trarontal )esions All scales< ;rontal @ +trarontal U ControlsAll scales< ;rontal @ +trarontal U Controls

Inhi%it<Inhi%it<;rontal U +trarontal U Controls;rontal U +trarontal U ControlsQ $. Vaco%s, . Anderson, @ #. Lar&e'$. Vaco%s, . Anderson, @ #. Lar&e'



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7272

#ase Exa)('e#ase Exa)('e Vosha< Vosha<

54'ear4old let4handed "ale54'ear4old let4handed "ale

Attention4!e=cit/L'(eracti&it'Attention4!e=cit/L'(eracti&it'!isorder,!isorder,

Co"%ined '(eCo"%ined '(e



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77

Joshua Joshua




02/29/1602/29/16

7777

Joshua Joshua




02/29/1602/29/16

7373



02/29/1602/29/16

7676

BRIEF #'i i ' "t di



7B7B

BRIEF #'inica' "tudies AD4D 44 Varratt et al., 2003 )otis, 2003 iechnici, 2003 )a*rence et al., Varratt et al., 2003 )otis, 2003 iechnici, 2003 )a*rence et al.,

2007 :lae42007 :lae4 Green%er, 200 Palencia, 200 Keneal', 2002 Mahone et al.,Green%er, 200 Palencia, 200 Keneal', 2002 Mahone et al.,2002.2002.

Reading disorders 4 Gioia et al., 2002 Pratt, 2000.4 Gioia et al., 2002 Pratt, 2000.

Autis) s(ectru) disorders 4 Gilott' et al., 2002 Gioia et al., 2002.4 Gilott' et al., 2002 Gioia et al., 2002.

Bi(o'ar disorder vs. AD4D 4 #hear et al., 2002.4 #hear et al., 2002.

*ourette5s syndro)e 4 Mahone et al., 2002 C""ins et al., 2002.4 Mahone et al., 2002 C""ins et al., 2002.

*rau)atic &rain in6ury 77 )andr' et al., 2007 :rooshire et al., 2007)andr' et al., 2007 :rooshire et al., 2007Gioia et al., 2007 Maneot et al., 2002 rie8en et al., 2002 Vaco%s, 2002.Gioia et al., 2007 Maneot et al., 2002 rie8en et al., 2002 Vaco%s, 2002.

edia vio'ence ex(osure 7 Kronen%erer et al. 2003.Kronen%erer et al. 2003.

"(ina &i-da and hydroce(ha'us 44 :r"eister et al., 2003 :ro*n,:r"eister et al., 2003 :ro*n,2003 Mahone et al., 2002.2003 Mahone et al., 2002.

+&structive s'ee( a(nea 7 :ee%e, 2007, 2002.:ee%e, 2007, 2002.

Ga'actose)ia 44 Antshel et al., 2007.Antshel et al., 2007.

#hi'dhood onset " 7 McCann et al., 2007.McCann et al., 2007.

"ic3'e ce'' 4 Kral et al., 2007.4 Kral et al., 2007.

88!99 de'etion 44 Kile'4:ra%ec, 2007.Kile'4:ra%ec, 2007.

behaviour rating inventory of executive function

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