behaviouralism view person as a biological entity, similar to any other mammal personality is shaped...
TRANSCRIPT
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Behaviouralism
• View person as a biological entity, similar to any other mammal
• Personality is shaped in an effort to adapt to environmental circumstances
• Shaping is predictable and stable
• Environment “causes” personality
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Behaviouralism
• Human behaviour is learned
• Learning occurs through patterns of reinforcement
• Reinforcements are predictable patterns of reward and punishment
• Over time, patterns become difficult to extinguish (or “unlearn”)
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Conditioning
Pavlov: Classical conditioning
• Pairing of a stimulus and a response
• Repeated exposure to stimulus provokes predictable responses
• Basis for “learning” in animals and in humans (e.g. toilet training)
• Behaviours that are classically conditioned
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Conditioning
Skinner - Operant Conditioning
Premise:
Organisms (including humans) are continually in the process of operating within an environment, and are seeking to adapt to it
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Operant Conditioning
Behaviour:
any response to an external stimuli, including an emotion, thought, or action
Reinforcing Stimulus:
increases the operant (the behaviour occurring immediately prior to stimulus)
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Operant Conditioning
Principle 1:A behaviour followed by a reinforcing
stimulus results in an increased probability of that behaviour occurring in the future
Principle 2:A behaviour followed by an aversive stimulus
results in decreased probability of that behaviour occurring in the future
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Operant Conditioning
Principle 3 (Extinction):
A behaviour no longer followed by stimulus results in decreased probability of behaviour occurring in the future
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Pleasant Stimulus
PositiveBehaviour
NegativeBehaviour
AddStimulus
PositiveReinforcement
PositiveReinforcement
RemoveStimulus
Noreinforcement
NegativeReinforcement
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Aversive Stimulus
PositiveBehaviour
NegativeBehaviour
AddStimulus
NegativeReinforcement
NegativeReinforcement
RemoveStimulus
NoReinforcement
PositiveReinforcement
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Application of Behaviouralism:Behaviour Modification Therapy
Goal:
To extinguish undesirable behaviour and replace with desirable behaviour
Method:
Use positive reinforcement techniques
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Behaviour Modification Therapy
Examples:
- lifestyle modifications
- smoking cessation
- medication adherence
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Behaviour Modification Therapy
A Antecedent
B Behaviour
C Consequent
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Summary
• Identify target behaviour
• Describe environmental conditions
• Map out antecedents that predict behaviour
• Map out consequents that positively reinforce behaviour
• Develop substitute positive reinforcers
• Implement environmental changes
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1. Identify Target Behaviour
• Compilation of PBI (Problematic Behaviour Inventory)
• Identify and name key problem (e.g. “smoking” vs. “anxiety” (causing smoking))
• Triangulation of data: why is a behaviour a problem, and for whom?
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2. Environmental Conditions
• Social and cultural determinants of behaviour
• Naming of triggers (people, events)
• Role of triggers
• Narrative techniques to elicit information
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3. Mapping Antecedents
• 5 W’s and H
• Who/what triggers behaviour?
• Where/when does triggering occur?
• Why does triggering occur?
• How does it occur?
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4. Mapping Consequents
• What rules govern positive or negative reinforcement of the behaviour in question?
• What rewards/punishments are linked to the behaviour?
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5. Substitute Reinforcers
• What reinforcers are already in place?
• What new ones can be introduced?
• Avoid punishment (ie. negative reinforcement of negative behaviour)
• Focus on positive reinforcement of positive behaviour
• Caution re: coercive exchange
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Case Study
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Strengths/Limitations of Behaviouralism
Strengths:
- effective, efficient for children
- a “non-psychological” theory
Limitations:
- limited efficacy in complex situations
- can be frustrating, time consuming
- requires commitment and energy
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As a pharmacist...
• Help patient identify “patterns”
• Help patient identify “reinforcers”
• Don’t rely on education alone
• Focus on positive reinforcement of positive behaviours
• Praise and criticism by themselves have limited value; need other reinforcers