behaviourist theory of learning
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BEHAVIOURIST THEORY OF
LEARNING
MARIATUN NABILA NORDIN
NORAZLAILI MOKHTAR
NURUL SHUHADA MOHAMED
SHAFIQAH FAUZI
SITI ZALEHA JUSOH
SCIENCE 2 PISMP JANUARY INTAKE-SEM 1
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CLASSICAL CONDITIONING
The expert in this part are :
Pavlov
Watson
The law of frequency
The law of recency
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IVAN PAVLOV
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PAVLOV Pavlov carried out his experiments on a dog.
He gave food to the dog,while ringing the bellat the same time.
He observed the dog respond by salivating,
not only the sight or smell of food,but also at
the sound the bell.
The dog was habituated to associate thesound of bell to the presence of food.
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Stimulus and Response Items of
Pavlov's Experiment
Food Unconditioned Stimulus
SalivationUnconditioned Response
(natural, not learned)
Bell Conditioned Stimulus
Salivation Conditioned Response (to bell)
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KEY CONCEPTS Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
A stimulus that elicits a response without conditioning
Unconditioned Response (UCR)Automatic response elicited by the unconditioned stimulus
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)A neutral stimulus that when paired with an unconditioned stimulus (UCS)elicits a similar response
Conditioned Response (CR)A response that is learned by pairing the originally neutral conditionedstimulus (CS) with theunconditioned stimulus (UCS)
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WATSON Watson stated that when a stimulus ( S ) and response ( R ) take place at
the same time, the S-R association can be expressed through two laws.
Thelaw of frequency Thelaw of recency
The more frequency one respondsto a certain stimulus,the greater is
the possibility for one to produce
the same response to the said
stimulus unfer similiar situations in
the future.
The more recency one hasresponded to a certain
stimulus,the greater is the the
possibility for one to produce the
same response to the stimulus
under similiar situations in thefuture.
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OPPERANT CONDITIONING
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E.L. THORNDIKE
Associated between S and R can be
permanent in the human memory.
First psychologist to introduce the concept of
reward (reinforcement) in learning.
How a cat in a cage learned to pull a peg to
open the door of the cage to get some food,
its reward.
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First principleidentified was the law ofeffect - when arelationship is made between a situation and a satisfactory
condition, then an associated is formed.
The strength of the associated can be increased by usingreward or exteral motivation.
Second principleis the law ofexercise- the more an S-Rassociation is practiced, the stronger the associationbecomes.
If the S-R association is not practice, it grows weak.
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BURRHUS FREDERIC SKINNER
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BURRHUS FREDERIC SKINNER
A hungry rat was allowed to run in the box.
The rat happened to press on a lever, food was
dispensed and the rat ate it.
After unintentionally pressing on the lever andfinding food, the rat learned that the response
of pressing the lever (R) would produce a
stimulus to obtain food (S).
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The act of pressing the lever (R)- operant.
The operant produces a stimulus orconsequence (S) that causes the rat to pressthe lever again and again.
Conclude- the rat has been reinforced orfurther strengthened.
Probability of this type of behavior beingrepeated under the same condition in futurewill increase- operant conditioning.
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Skinner Box
1. A starved rat was
introduced into the box
2. When thelever was
pressed by the rat a small
pellet of food was
dropped onto a tray
3. The rat soon learned
that when he pressed the
lever hewould receive
some food
1. If pressing thelever is
reinforced (the rat gets
food) when alight is on
but not when it is off
2. Responses (pressing the
lever) continue to bemade
in thelight but seldom, ifat
all, in the dark
3. The rat has formed
discrimination between
light and dark
1 2
3
1. Rat pressed thelever,amildelectrics shock was delivered
(thegrid at the bottom)
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Classic conditioning- Operant conditioning-
a stimulus (S) isintroduced that will
produce a response (R)
in the subject.
the behavior (R)precedes the stimulus
(S).
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Difference between Classicaland Operant Conditioning
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TERMINOLOGY
Reinforcement- An environmental stimulus
that increases a behavior
Punishment- An environmental Stimulus that
decreases behavior
Extinction- Decreasing or eliminatinga
behavior by failing to reinforce it.
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REINFORCEMENT always
increases behaviors
PUNISHMENT and EXTINCTION
always decrease behaviors
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POSITIVE REINFORCEMENT, NEGATIVEREINFORCEMENT AND PUNISHMENT
There are two types of reinforcement :
POSITIVE
REINFORCEMENT
NEGATIVE
REINFORCEMENT
Both types of reinforcement will increase the frequency of the
response when the response is followed by the reinforcing stimulus.
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POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE REINFORCEMENT
POSITIVE REINFORCEMENT NEGATIVE REINFORCEMENT
The frequency or strength of the response
increased by favourable stimuli when the
desired responses are performed.
The frequency or strenght of the response
increased by way of associating a particular
response with the extinction or removal of
undesirable stimulus.
Ex :Giving food to the rat as a reward (S)
When the rat presses on the lever (R)
So,
Encourages the rat to press on the lever more
frequently (positive reinforcement)
Ex :If the base of Skinners box contained an
electric circuit which can deliver a continuous
electric shock which is halted only when the rat
presses on the lever, the frequency of the rat
pressing on the lever will rise.
To avoid the electric shock (S)
The rat will increase the frequency of action
(behaviour) to press the lever (R)
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PUNISHMENT
Punishment is the administration of an unpleasant stimulus (S)
after an undesirable response is made (R).
Punis
hment
has t
he opposite effect to negative reinforcement.(because after punishment, the frequency of undesirable response
lessens until eventually stopped).
Ex :
If the rat is punished with an electric shock (S)
each time it presses on the lever, the frequency with which itpresses on the lever will lessen until the rat stops pressing on
on the lever altogether.
Because of the punishment, the undesirable response is expected
to be reduced. Negative reinforcement happens to avoid an undesirable stimulus (S)
from happening so that the desirable bahaviour is repeated or
strengthened.
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EXTINCTION
Extinction can tae place if the stimulus is not
followed by a learnt response.
In Skinners box, if food is not dispensed aftermany times pressing the lever, the action of
pressing on the lever will reduce until it stop
completely.
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POSITIVE REINFORCEMENT
Desirable
response
Favourable
stimulus
Reinforcement:
response isrepeated and
strengthened
Rat presses on thelever
Rat gets food Rat presses on thelever repeatedly
Student gives thecorrect answer
Praise and prizesreceived by
student
Student studiesharder
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Negative ReinforcementDesirable
response
Unpleasant
stimulus thatcan be avoided
Reinforcement:
response isrepeated and
strengthened
Rat presses on thelever
Rat avoid electricshock
Rat repeatedlypresses on the
lever
Student gives the
wrong answer
Student feels
shameful becausehe/she cannot
answer correctly
Student studies
harder
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IMPLICATIONS ON TEACHING-
LEARNING
Drill activity
Use of
reinforcement
to shape behavior
Extinction of bad
habits
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~
Drill activity~
The conditioned response will be
strengthened with exercises.
So,more stimulus-responsewill be formed.
Example of drill activities :
~mathematical drills~behavioural drills~
mastery learning~ and programmed instruction~
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~Use of reinforcement to shape
behavior~Two types of reinforcement :
~positive reinforcement~ : Giving rewards (prize) @ social reinforcement(smile or
praise)
~negative reinforcement~ : Enables students to avoid undersirable
consequence(feel ashamed) Additional activities used as motivational
reinforcement
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~
Extinction of bad habits~
Habits ~ usually formed as result of
reinforcement. If the reinforcement for a bad habit is
neglected,the habit will not be formed.
For desired behaviour,reinforcement is maintainedso that extinction does not take place.