behind the scenes pct project

8/2/2019 Behind the Scenes Pct Project

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BEHIND

THE

SCENES


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INTRODUCTION

The first movie was made over a 100 years back. Itwas rudimentary, short, devoid of any audio andbasically very dull and boring. Movie technology

has improved by heaps and bounds. Movies thesedays stimulate our minds and take us into a wholenew world. I bet not one of you will disagree of howsimply fabulous the movie Avatar was thanks to

the special effects. It introduced us to a whole newgenre of movie making. Let us trace this trajectoryand see how we reached this advanced a stage of

movie making today.


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HISTORY

Here it all

began


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The LumireBrothers

DadasahebPhalke


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In the yr 1892 the Lumire brothers started creating

moving picturesThe Lumires held their first private screening of projected

motion pictures in 1895 in Paris.

Their first film was Sortie des Usines Lumire Lyon which means (Workers Leaving the Lumire Factory).

Their work in this field spread unbelievably. Then they

turned their attentions to color photography and in 1903they patented a color photography process, the"Autochrome Lumire", launched on the market in 1907.
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Dhundiraj Govind Phalke, popularly known

as Dadasaheb Phalke (30 April 1870 - 16 February1944) was an Indian producer-director-screenwriter, known as the father ofIndian cinema.

He was the first person to start the concept ofmovies in India,with this he came up with his first

debut film raja harishchandra in 1912 which isknown as India's first full-length feature, effectivelymarking the beginning of the Indian film industry.

The Dadasaheb Phalke Award for lifetimecontribution to cinema, was instituted in his honor,

by Government of India in 1969, and is the mostprestigious and coveted award in Indian Cinema

Phalke formed a film company, Hindustan Films .
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_cinemahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dadasaheb_Phalke_Awardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Cinemahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Cinemahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dadasaheb_Phalke_Awardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dadasaheb_Phalke_Awardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dadasaheb_Phalke_Awardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dadasaheb_Phalke_Awardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dadasaheb_Phalke_Awardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_cinemahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India


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The Lumire brothers came into picture and invented the firstmotion picture camera in 1895. He invented cinematograph.

In 1895s movies there was no editing n mixing, they were shot

films or cinematic techniques.

19th century marked the beginning of silent films but by the early1920s, most films came with a prepared list of sheet music for thispurpose, which were black and white.

The next development in this field was the introduction ofnatural color. Color television had been available in the US sincethe mid-1950s which gained popularity since then.

Then around 1980s and 1990s 3d movies started gainingpopularity. In the 20th century animation entered in the field of

movie technology which gained and is still gaining lot ofappreciation.


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MOVIE CAMERA


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MOVIE CAMERA

The movie camera is a type of

photographic camera which

takes a rapid sequence ofphotographs on strips of film

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The Panavision Genesis
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Eubank-Love-2011-Figur-Genesis-1.jpg


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MOVIE CAMERA

10

The Panavision Genesis

In contrast to a still camera, whichcaptures a single snapshot at a time,the movie camera takes a series ofimages; "frame"
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Eubank-Love-2011-Figur-Genesis-1.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Eubank-Love-2011-Figur-Genesis-1.jpg


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11

.

Multiple Cameras

Both of the films isprojectedsimultaneously,

either on a singlethree-image screen

(Cinerama) or uponmultiple screensforming a complete

circle, with gapsbetween screens

through which theprojectors illuminatean opposite screen.

Convex andconcave mirrors are

used in cameras aswell as mirrors.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cineorama_camera.jpg


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Sound synchronization CMost film cameras do not record

sound internally; instead, the sound is

captured separately by a precisionaudio device (double-systemrecording). The exceptions to this arethe single-system news film cameras,

which had either an opticalor latermagnetic recording head inside thecamera.

Double-system cameras are generallycategorized as either "sync" or "non-sync."Sync cameras use crystal-controlled motors that ensure that film

is advanced through the camera at aprecise speed while Non-sync or


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Standard camera shots using different length lenses

Shot Visual Composition Use

Extreme long shotcharacters are small in frame; all ormajor parts of buildings appear

establishes physical context of action;shows landscape and architecturalexteriors

Long shotAll or nearly all of the standing person;

large parts of a building

shows a large scale action; showswhole groups of people; displays large

architectural details

Medium shotCharacter shown from waist up;

medium-sized architectural detailssmall groups such as two or three

people

Close-upHead and neck of character; objects

about the size of the desktop computer

fill frame

focus on one character; facial

expression very important

Extreme close-upThe frame filled with just part of a

character or very small objects

facial features in a character or small

objects


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14

Cam

eraMovem

ent Cinematography can not only depict a

moving subject but can use a camera,

which represents the audience'sviewpoint or perspective, that movesduring the course of filming. Thismovement plays a considerable role inthe emotional language of film imagesand the audience's emotional reaction to

the action. Techniques range from themost basic movements of panning, tiltingto dollying, craning and combinations ofthe above.


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WHAT ARE SPECIAL EFFECTS

Special Effects is both an art and a

science.The "science" part involves thecomplete understanding of how theaudio-visual sensory parts of ourbody and brain perceive the world

around us, while the "art" partinvolves the strategic use of thisinformation to fool the sensorysystem.


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WHY use Special Effects?

Bring dreams, illusions, and fantasies to life.

Make movies very entertaining.

Make impossible possible like flying onbroomsticks in HARRY POTTER


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HISTORY OF SPECIAL

EFFECTS

During 1700s magicians utilized many techniques to perform opticalillusions to fool audiences and formed the foundations of special

effects


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Types of Special Effects


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Blue matte


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Compositing


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Use of latex


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One of the best special

effect Movies


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Photorealistic computer-

generated characters
http://uzumakisharegame.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/12/Avatarmotioncapture.jpg


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ANIMATION


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Animation in cinema is called as

c i n e m a t i o n

FACTS


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FACTS

In 1937, Disney created the first sound and color animated

feature film Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs.

In Hollywood today, some of the highest revenue producing

movies have been 3D animation films. The latest of them to hit

the box-office is the often touted movie Avatar.

There have been many other 3D movies that were embraced by

the public in a very large way also. There is Toy Story I and II,

The Adventures of Nemo, Shark Tale, the Incredibles


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FACTS

The Top 5 3D Animated Films and Characters of All Time

1. The Lion Kinggrossed over $312 million2. Shrek grossed over $267 million

3. Monsters Incgrossed over $255 million

4. Toy Story 2grossed over $245 million

5. Aladdingrossed over $217 million


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PROCESS OF ANIMATION

There are four major parts to make an animation:

Development of ideas and story: First of all, there must be an idea to base

the animation on. When an idea is developed, the characters and stories are

further explored and expanded upon

Sketching and Drawings: draw the keyframes of the animation. Keyframes

are significant scenes in the story that shows the essential actions that lead to

the development of the story

Putting it all together: all the cels and pieces of art are compiled together and

screened. by scanning the different pages and then put them together to form

the movie. At this stage the sound and music of the animation is also recordedto match the pictures perfectly

Editing: Finally, the film is now edited carefully and final touches

are made to make sure it has the maximum effect.


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TYPES OF ANIMATION


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TYPES OF ANIMATION

There are many different types of animation that are used in our present day world.

The three main ones are

1. Computer animation2. Stop-motion animation

3. Clay animation

The most common type of animation is drawn on cells and is 2-D.

Later the 3-D(three-dimensional) animation of clay animation is created. Andrecently, the most popular type of animation is computer animation.


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TYPES OF ANIMATION

Computer Animation

In the late 20th century, with the help of computer generated

graphics, movies such as the Star Wars Trilogy and the Jurassic

Park (directed by George Lucas and Spielberg respectively) have

been created. In these two movies, much of the ComputerGenerated Imaging (CGI) was used to create impressive scenes

that would otherwise need to waste much money on building

believable models and then filming them. The use of computers

also came in where dangerous stunts need to be done.


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TYPES OF ANIMATION

Stop-motion animation

Stop-motion animation, is simply a way to

animate puppets. Essentially, puppets areused and a photograph is taken every time

their position is changed slightly to create a

fluid-like motion

Stop motion animation has a long history in

film. It was often used to show objectsmoving as if by magic. The first instance of

the stop motion technique can be seen in The

Humpty Dumpty Circus(1897), in which a toy

circus of acrobats and animals come to life.

The textures achieved with CGI cannot match the way real textures captured by stopmotion and this is proved by Tim Burton, in his puppet-animated film Corpse

Bride which was released in 2005.

Along with movies, stop motion animation is used in many projects such as in

children's programming, as well as in commercials and comic shows such as Robot

Chicken.


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TYPES OF ANIMATION

Clay animation

Clay animation is sometimes called 3-D animation

because the figures are 3-D on a 3-D set. Clay animationis where you make something out of clay and move it so

it is slightly different in every frame and take a picture, a

lot like regular animation.

Unlike regular animation, in clay animation, instead of

drawing a figure in different positions, you make the clayfigure it different positions. One of the most popular clay

animations we see are from Aardman Animations, such as

Wallace and Grommit.


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STYLES OF ANIMATION

Walt Disney

Warner Bros.

Japanese Animation


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TECHNIQUES AND APPROACHES

USED IN MOVIES

Character animation

Chuckimation Multi-sketching

Special effects animation

Animatronics

Stop motion

ANIMATRONICS


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ANIMATRONICS

Animatronics is the use of mechatronics to create machines

which seem animate rather than robotic. Animatronic creations

include animals (including dinosaurs), plants and even mythical

creatures. A robot designed to be a convincing imitation of a

human is specifically known as an android. Animatronics is mainly used in movie making, but also in theme

parks and other forms of entertainment.

Its main advantage over CGI and stop motion is that the

simulated creature has a physical presence moving in front of

the camera in real time. Animatronics is used in situations where the creatures does not

exist; the action is too risky or costly to use real actors or

animals; or the action could never be obtained with a living

person or animal.


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WHAT IS 3D MOVIE?

A 3-D (three-dimensional) film or S3D

(stereoscopic 3D) film is a motion picture that

enhances the illusion

of depth perception.

PHYSICS AND MECHANISM OF


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PHYSICS AND MECHANISM OF

3D MOVIES

The technology allows 2 images of the same scene to be

superimposed with each other, in order to create an

illusion of depth. Moviegoers are given special glasses

with filters to help them perceive these two perspectivesas one complete image with depth. It is our brain which

analyzes the two images instantly and perceives them as a

three dimensional object.


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TECHNICAL PROGRESS OF 3D MOVIES

The stereoscopic era of motion pictures began in the

late 1890s when British film pioneerWilliam Friese-

Greene filed a patent for a 3-D movie process. In the

late 19th and early 20th Centuries the dominanttechnology to arise in this era was stereoscopic 3D.


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1885- In 1855 the Kinematascope, a stereo animation camera,was invented. It was able to create 3d motion pictures.

1915- In 1915 the first anaglyph movie was produced.Anaglyph technology used 3d glasses with 2 different colorlenses that would direct an image to each eye.

1950-filmmakers used to use color filtersto divide the film into two separate images.

The left film is passed through a blue

filter and the right film is passed through

the red. Two projectors would project

these images together .glasses are used

for viewing purpose.

1960- In the 1960s a new technology called Space-Vision 3Dwas released


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1970- In 1970, Stereovision technology was developed.

1980- In the early 1980s many movies were released in3D using the process of Space Vision.

1986- In the mid 1980s IMAX began producingdocumentary films in 3D. IMAXs 3D technologyemphasized mathematical correctness and this eliminatedthe eye fatigue that was seen in previous 3D technologies.

2003- In 2003, James Cameron released Ghosts of theAbyss. This was the first full length 3D IMAX featurefilm. This movie used the latest IMAX

3D technology called Reality Camera System.


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LATEST TECHNOLOGY

Latest

technology usedin 3d movies.

IMAX DOLBY REAL D


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IMAX The IMAX 3D process uses separate camera lenses separated by an intraocular

distance of 64 mm (2.5 in), the average distance between a human's eyes. Each lens

feeds a separate roll of film. By projecting the two films simultaneously, viewers

experience seeing a 3D image on 2D screen.

One method of creating the 3D illusion involves polarization of the light from thetwo images.

Alternatively the two projectors take turns displaying each frame at an effective rate

of 48 frames per second. The viewer dons LCD shutter glasses that contain LCD

panels that block or emit light in each eye in sync with the projector, such that each

eye only sees the image intended for it.


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REAL D

RealD 3D cinemas uses circular polarized plasticglasses instead of linear polarized to provide betteruser experience when watching stereoscopic content.

This technology requires the use of more expensivesilver screen for projection which makes it a bit moreexpensive to implement.


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DOLBY

An alternate color wheel is placed in the projector. This color

wheel contains one more set of red, green, and blue filters in

addition to the red, green, and blue filters found on a typical

color wheel. The additional set of three filters are able to

produce the same color gamut as the original three filters, but

transmit light at different wavelengths. In this way, one

projector can display the left and right stereoscopic images

simultaneously. This method of stereoscopic projection is

called wavelength multiplex visualization


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DIGITAL RELIEF

Filmmakers now use computers to determineinteraxial distance and ZPS and to align cameras.

Two film projectors were once required to show 3D,theaters can now use a single digital projector outfittedwith a photo-optical device; theaters are in the processof replacing analog projectors with digital ones.

Today, filmmakers use circular polarization, whichretains 3D fusion while allowing audience members tomove their heads.


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HOW AN IMAGE APPEARS TO LEAPAT YOU


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How the eye recognizes a 3D view

Physiological cues Accommodation

Convergence

Binocular disparity

Motion parallax

Psychological cues Linear perspective

Shading &

Aerial Perspective Interposition

Texture gradient

Colour


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Stereoscopic motion pictures can be producedthrough a variety of different methods. Over the

years the popularity of systems being widelyemployed in movie theaters has waxed and

waned. The following are some of the technical

details and methodologies employed in some ofthe more notable 3-D movie systems that have

been developed.


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Techniques/Devices used

Anaglyph

Polarization systems

Eclipse method

Pulfrich method Spectral Separation

Lenticular or Barrier Screens

Autostereoscopic Displays


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What is 4D?

Adding another dimension to 3D.

Physical movement gives 4D.

This happens with the movement ofthe chairs that you sit on.

It makes you feel that you are in the

same place where the event occurs.


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Experiencing 4D

Some of the effects you see in 3D

movies are simulated in real time

in the theatres for 4D.

For example, wind, rain, and

vibrations are simulated to give the

viewers the real experience of

being in the centre of whathappens in the movie.


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The movements of the chairs are synchronized with theaudio and visual effects of the movie that is screened.


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Requirement For 4D

To screen movies in 4D additional installations likepneumatically operated motion chairs are required.

Pneumatic cylinders generates very less heat, offer fast

movement and require little space.

For the movement of the chairs

large space is required.


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Welles: For my vision of the cinema,

editing is not one aspect. It is theONLYaspect.


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3 key aspects of editing:

technique (cutting and splicing)

craft (considering the shot in itself and inrelation to other shots)

art (how to arrange everything to createan impression)


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WHAT IS EDITING?

To EDIT is to select, arrange, add, and delete thingsfrom a document.


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Film editing is a 2-phase process:

Selecting and arranging the available film into thefinal visual form

Mixing of the soundtracks into the master soundtrackand then matching the soundtrack with the visualimages.


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WHAT THE EDITOR DOES??Works for the editor shaping many hours of raw

film into a few hours of finished movie.

The editor must create:


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The editor must create:

Spatial relationships between shots

Temporal relationships between shots: flashback,flash-forward, ellipsis

Montage (Fr. editing) is a condensed series of imagesthat shows us a series of events

Duration and rhythm - the length of time you look ata shot; the tempo of the film (leisurely or fast?). Thetempo of edits can be increased/decreased to speedup or slow down a viewers perception of time.


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MAJOR APPROACHES TO EDITING:CONTINUITY

ANDDISCONTINUITY


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AN EDITORS ARRANGEMENT OF A

SERIES OF SHOTS CAN CREATE OR

DISRUPT CONTINUITY


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Continuityin editing makes the shot appear naturalistic, its elements

connected (continuous), the graphic, spatial, and temporal

relationships maintained from shot to shot.


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Discontinuityin editing, in contrast, seems jumpy and disconnected

(discontinuity, which calls attention to itself).


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Continuity-creating shots

Master shot - orients the viewer, sets the scene; may be shot from

different angles; establishes the scene

Screen direction/180 rule/axis of action- the direction in which a

figure moves on the screen. The 180-degree rule or axis of action -

a hypothetical line that keeps the action on a single side of the

camera.

Shot/reverse shot - Reverse-angle shots are permitted as long as

everything is kept continuous.


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Discontinuous Shots I

Point-of-view editing - camera moves fromcharacters POV to the object of the POV.

Jump Cut- creates an instantaneous advancein the action, creating ellipsis


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Discontinuous Shots II

Parallel cutting - intercalating two lines ofaction that occur at different times in

different places.

Cross-cutting- intercalating two lines ofaction that occur simultaneously in different

places.

Intercutting - intercalating multiple actionsso that they look like a single scene.


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Blu ray


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HISTORYBlu-raydisc (BD):-- 25/50 GBNext generation optional disc format.Developed by blu-ray association (which includes

Apple, Hitachi, HP, LG, Panasonic, Pioneer,Philips, Samsung, Sharp, Sony).

Wavelength of laser that reads data: 405nmColor of laser: Blue-violet


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TYPES OF BD SINGLE LAYER:

can hold data up to 25/27 GB that means2hrs of HD video or about 13hrs of standardvideo.

DOUBLE LAYER:can hold data up to 50 GB that means

4.5hrs of HD video or about 20hrs ofstandard video.


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Comparison in buildingBD

Data is placed on top of a1.1 mm thickpolycarbonate layer.

Doesnt suffer fromBIREFRINGENCE.

Doesnt suffer from Disc

Tilt. Hard coating is placed

outside to protect fromscratches or fingerprints.

DVD

Data is sandwiched b/wtwo polycarbonate layers,each 0.6 mm thick.

Suffer fromBIREFRINGENCE.

Suffer from Disc Tilt.

No such hard coating isplaced.


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Features of BDWith BD we can: Record HDTV without any quality loss. Instantly skip to any spot on disc. Record any program while watching other on the

disc. Automatically search for an empty on the disc to

avoid recording over the program. Access to web to download subtitles and other extra

features.


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BLU-RAY DISCS ADVANTAGE Various hard coating technologies make Blu ray disc

most durable and family-friendly. Hard coating technology provides resistances to:Finger

prints.Marks,Scratches,Dust

Much more ROBUST than todays polycarbonate-basedCD/DVDs (and HD DVDs).

Higher density enables better data seek times. Shorter to travel for same amount of data results in the

faster data seek. Better for random access of data

DISTRIBUTION TECHNIQUE


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Revolutionisation in process

Distribution of movie prints through satellite

Encryption of movie

It helps in preventing piracy

Saves time



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Process

Telecine stage

Digitization stage

Encryption

Transfer to central server

Download


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Challenges

Shortage of Electricity

Lack of Knowledge

Benefits

Saves Time Avoids Piracy


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DOME THEATRE

For decades dome theaters have provided the


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For decades dome theaters have provided thegreatest sense of awe and wonder of all theater

experiences. Dome theaters transform the entire theater space

into a virtual environment in a way no other mediacan.

Modern dome theaters began with planetaria,leading to film-based theaters such as Cinerama,IMAX Dome, Iwerks Cinedome, and others.

Military and commercial simulators also use domesto create synthetic environments for aircraft andweapon training.


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HISTORYIn 1920s the Zeisscompany introduced thefirst real use of domes asprojection screens. The

Zeiss instrument accuratelyprojected the celestialsphere onto a dome screenwhich then became the first

ever planetarium.


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In 1972, Imax Corporation placed one of their 15/70projectors in a 76 meter diameter Spitz planetarium in SanDiego, CA. This became the first Omnimax Theater.


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WHY DOMES???

The human eye provides a field-of-view ofabout 200 horizontal x 130 vertical.

Dome screens are large enough to fill your

entire field of vision.Thus the screen gives you an incredible

feeling of immersion and it also enhancesthe feeling of motion.

In fact, the feeling of motion is so strong thatit makes some people ill.!!

W D ??? D l


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WHY DOMES??? Domes also presentimages which arerendered to a view spherethan a view plane.

Modern scientists haveadopted a spherical modelof our visual field to

explain wide-angle vision. Thus spherical domes

reproduce a more naturallooking image with anunlimited number of

vanishing points in alldirections.!


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DOME SCREENSThe average size of a

movie screen is 10 x 22meters.

But the hemisphericalscreen of dome theatresare upto 30 meters indiameter.


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IMAX WADALA Indias 1st dometheatre - ImaxWadala was theworlds largest

dome theatrewith a diameterof 30 metersand a seatingarrangement for

520 people.!!


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Thank you96


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THE END


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C R E D I T SSaba Farooqui

Soni Mishra

Rutuja BawneShivangi Guleria


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To present a stereoscopic motion picture, two imagesare projected superimposed onto the same screenthrough different polarizing filters. As each filterpasses only that light which is similarly polarized and

blocks the light polarized differently, each eye sees adifferent image.

back
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mann3dglasses.jpg


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Colored filters cover each eye, red/green, red/blue orred/cyan filters being the most common. One eye

image is displayed in red and the other in green, blue orcyan so that the appropriate eye sees the correct image.Since both images appear

simultaneously, it is a time-parallel method.

back
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Anaglyph_glasses.png


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With the eclipse method, a mechanical shutter blockslight from each appropriate eye when the converseeye's image is projected on the screen. The projectoralternates between left and right images, and opens

and closes the shutters in the glasses or viewer insynchronization with the images on the screen.

back
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Xpand_LCD_shutter_glasses.jpg


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The Pulfrich effect is based on the phenomenonof the human eye processing images moreslowly when there is less light, as when lookingthrough a dark lens.

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ChromaDepth uses a holographic film in the glasses thatcreates an effect like a dispersive prism. This causes

redder objects to be perceived as near and bluer objectsas farther away.

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Lenticular printing and parallax barrier technologiesinvolve imposing two (or more) images on the samesheet, in narrow, alternating strips, and using a screen

that either blocks one of the two images' strips (in thecase of parallax barriers) or uses equally narrow lensesto bend the strips of image and make it appear to fillthe entire image (in the case of lenticular prints).

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There is increasing emergence ofnew 3-D viewing systems which donot require the use of specialviewing glasses. These systems arereferred to as Autostereoscopic

displays. They were initiallydeveloped by Sharp. The firstAutostereoscopic LCD displaysfirst appeared on the Sharp ActiusRD3D notebook and the first LCD

monitor was shipped by Sharp in2004 for the professional market.

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Accommodation

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Convergence

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Binocular Disparity

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Motion Parallax

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Linear Perspective

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Aerial Perspective

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Texture Gradient

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Colour Bright objects appear closer!!

behind the scenes pct project

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