Муниципальное общеобразовательное учреждение

Гимназия №64

Реферат “Believe or not believe?” по английскому языку

Ученик Горькаева А.М.

Класс 11-Г

Научный руководитель Татуйко И.В.

Липецк-2006

10:34 1

Content: Introduction 2

Wood-goblin, Water-sprite, Cocidius,Latis, kikimora 3

Domovoy, Brownie and Boggart 4

Water-nymphs and Mermaids 5

Vampires 6

Werewolves 9

Black dogs in Britain 12

Baba-Yaga, black annis 14

Kashechej 14

Ilya Muromets 15

King Arthur 15

Ivan Tsarevich 16

Stonehenge 16

The Avebury complex 17

Arkaim, a Kapishche 18

Halloween 18

Ivan Kupala 19

Neo-Paganism 20

The Church of the Lord Jesus Christ 22

Cult of Goddess 26

Conclusion 28

Pictures 29

Source of information 30

10:34 2

INTRODUCTION

T o m y m i n d e v e r y p e r s o n i n s o m e p e r i o d o f l i f e b e l i e v e s i n

d i f f e r e n t s p i r i t s , g o d s . I n t h i s w o r k I c h a s e s o m e t a r g e t s . F i r s t o f

a l l I w a n t t o s h o w s o m e d i f f e r e n c e s a n d l i k e n e s s e s b e t w e e n o l d -

f a s h i o n G o d s a n d n e w o n e s . M a n y p e o p l e d o n o t k n o w h o w t o m a k e

t h e d i s t i n c t i o n b e t w e e n a n a u t h e n t i c s p i r i t u a l t e a c h i n g a n d a s e c t .

T h e t w o o f t h e m a r e u n f o r t u n a t e l y c o n s t a n t l y c o n f u s e d . O n o n e

s i d e , s o m e p l a c e e v e r y t h i n g i n t h e s a m e b a s k e t ; r e l i g i o n s , s e c t s ,

s p i r i t u a l t e a c h i n g s , w h a t e v e r , t h e y a l l g r o u p t h e m t o g e t h e r i n a n

" o u t s i d e o f r e g u l a r l i f e " c a t e g o r y . W e c a n s a y t h a t i n m o s t c a s e s ,

e v e r y t h i n g t h a t c o n c e r n s s p i r i t u a l i t y f o r t h e s e p e o p l e i s c o n s i d e r e d

a s m y s t e r i o u s , b u t a l s o a s s t r a n g e a n d o f n o g r e a t u t i l i t y . O n t h e

o t h e r h a n d , t h e r e a r e a l s o t h o s e w h o r e a l l y , t r o u g h t h e i r a u d a c i t y ,

t h e i r w o r k a n d t h e i r i n t u i t i o n , h a v e t a k e n t h e t i m e t o t r y s p i r i t u a l

l i f e , a n d h a v e d i s c o v e r e d e x t r a o r d i n a r y e l e m e n t s a s t o t h e

c o m p r e h e n s i o n o f t h e i r l i f e a n d t h e b e t t e r m e n t o f t h e i r b e i n g o n a l l

l e v e l s . T h e s e p e o p l e a r e b r a v e , a s t h e y a r e o f t e n c o n f r o n t e d w i t h i n

c o m p r e h e n s i o n s a n d t h e s k e p t i c a l l o o k s o f o t h e r s , e v e n i f t h e y s t a y

a s d i s c r e t e a s p o s s i b l e a n d d o n o t b e l o n g t o a s e c t a t a l l . T h e b e l i e f

i n t h e p a g a n s u p e r n a t u r a l b e i n g s n e v e r q u i t e d i e d o u t . T h e b r i g h t e s t

c h a r a c t e r s o f s p i r i t s a r e m e r m a i d s , w o o d - g o b l i n a n d w a t e r - n y m p h s .

T h e s e c o n d t a r g e t i s t o s h o w y o u h o w t h e s e c t s i n f l u e n c e t o t h e

p e o p l e . A l o t o f p e o p l e t a k e p a r t i n s e c t s a n d t h e r e a r e s o m e

r e a s o n s t o d o i t . S o m e p e o p l e g o t h e r e w h e n d i f f i c u l t t i m e s c o m e s ,

o t h e r t h e r e b y t h e a c t i o n o f h y p n o s i s . T h e r e a r e s o m e p e o p l e w h o

r e a l l y b e l i e f t h a t s e c t s c a n h e l p t h e m t o h i n d r i g h t w a y o f l i f e . S o

y o u s e e t h a t p e o p l e g o t o t h e s e c t s b y t h e a c t i o n o f t h e i r i n s i d e

w o r l d .

S o m e s e c t s r e a l l y h a v e g o o d r e a s o n s t o b e b u t e v e r y y e a r w e h e a r

t h a t m o r e t h a n t w o h u n d r e d p e o p l e g e t l o s t . A n d n o b o d y c o u l d f i n d

t h e m . S o m e o f t h e m d i e i n c r u e l t o r t u r e s , s o m e b e c o m e c r a z y , a n d

s o m e b e c o m e s a s a c r i f i c e o f o b l a t i o n . W e c a n ‟ t s a y t h a t i t i s a

g l o b a l p r o b l e m b u t w e s h o u l d d o s o m e t h i n g t o s a v e o u r l i f e .

10:34 3

WOOD – GOBLIN, WATER – SPRITE, COCIDIUS, LATIS,

KIKIMORA

Each o f su p er n a t u r a l b e i n gs i s r es pon s i b l e f o r an y s p h er e o f ev e r yd a y

l i f e an d env i r onm en t . T h ey i n h ab i t ed f o r es t s , l ak es an d r i v e r s . S om e o f

t h em w er e con s id e red m as t e r s o f l and an d s ea . T h e be s t we l l - kn o wn a r e

w o od - go b l i ns and w a t e r - sp r i t e s .

Th e f a i th i n a wo o d - go b l i n app ea r ed wh en t h e S l av i c t r i be s w e r e

s e t t l i n g wo od l and s , and w a s th ou gh t t o b e con n ec t ed w i t h t h e f ea r o f

t h e d en se fo r es t and po w er f u l w i ld n a t u re . . . W a te r - s p r i t e l i ve s i n r i v e r s

an d l ak es . H e i s a m as t e r o f w a t e r s . W at e r -n ym p hs a r e s ub s e rv i en t t o

h im . Th e w at e r - s p r i t e i s p i c t u r ed a s an o ld m an wi t h a bea r d ; h i s b od y

i s cov e r ed w i th w a te r - p l an t s .

A cco rd in g t o so me l egen ds , t h e w a t e r - s p r i t e po ss es s es a f i s h - t a i l . H i s

f av o r i t e p l aces o f r e s id en ce a r e d eep po o l s and w a te r -m i l l s . T he w at e r -

s p r i t e s a r e con s id e red d an ge ro us b e in gs , and p eop le av o i d m ee t i n gs

w i t h t h em . S om et im es t h e w a t e r - s p r i t e s d r ag peop l e un de r t h e w a t e r t o

t h e i r d ea th . Th e Br i t i s h Is l e s a r e a l s o r i ch i n f o lk lo r e and l egend s ab ou t

f an t a s t i c b e i n gs on l an d and s ea . Fo r ex ampl e , C o c i d iu s i s a god

a s so c i a t ed wi th fo re s t s and h un t i n g , an d La t i s i s a go dd es s a s s oc i a t ed

w i t h w a t e r . K ik imor a i s ano th e r b e in g i n R us s i an m yt h o l og y w h i ch

a s so c i a t ed wi th fo re s t s o r , s om et im es , d w el l i n g h o us es .

S h e l oo ks l i k e a sma l l , un t i d y an d u npr ep os se s s in g wo man an d l i v e s i n

d w el l i n g - h ou s es u nd e r t h e f l o o r o r beh i nd t he s to v e . A s ma l l g i r l ,

u n ch r i s t ened o r d am n ed b y h e r m oth er , c an b eco m e a k i k i mo r a . Wiz a rds

k id n ap th e s e g i r l s an d ab an do n t h em in r an do m ho us es . Th e k ik i mo r a

av o i ds m ee t i n g p eop l e bu t t r i e s t o p l ay p r an k s a t n i gh t . T h e k i k im o r a

can t an g l e ya r n , b reak t he d i s h es an d s t ea l h en s , ch i ck ens an d ev en

ch i ld r en . In so m e l egen d s th e k i k im o ra i s r ep re s en ted a s a w oo d -

go b l i n ' s wi f e .

10:34 4

DOMOVOY, BROWNIE AND BOGGART

D om ov o y i s a ho us e - sp i r i t i n Ru ss i an l egend s . H e lo ok s l i k e a s ma l l

o ld m an wi t h a b ear d . D omo vo y l i v e s i n d we l l i n g - ho us es b eh i nd th e

s to v e o r u nd e r t h e f l oo r . In s umm er , he mo v es to a s t ab l e . H e

s up e r v i s e s t h e ho use and l oo ks a f t e r do m es t i c an im al s , e sp ec i a l l y

h o rs e s . U su a l l y h e i s f r i en d l y t o p eo p le and h e l ps t h em ab o u t t h e ho us e .

T h e do mo vo y av o i ds ap p ear in g i n so meb od y' s p r e s en ce , bu t h e can m ak e

an y n o i s e u nd e r t h e f l o o r o r i n an y s ec l ud ed co r n e rs o f t he ho us e .

S om et i m es h e p l a ys t r i cks o n o ccup an t s o f t h e ho us e . A cco r d in g to

b e l i e f s , i t i s con s ide r ed th a t t h e d o mov o y i s a m as t e r o f t h e h ou s e . . .

B r ow ni e i s a wi des p r ead n am e f o r a f a i r y o r s up e rn a tu r a l c r ea tu r e ;

t h ey w e r e sm al l i n ap p ear an ce and w or e b ro wn co l o r ed c lo th in g . Li k e

s om e o t h e r sp i r i t s t h e y w e r e t h ou gh t t o be a t t a ch ed to h ou s es o r

f ami l i es an d co u l d b e h e lp fu l i n m en i a l h ou s eh o ld t a sks . I f o f f end ed

t h ey b ecam e m al i gn an t an d m is ch i ev ou s , c r ea t in g po l t e r ge i s t a c t iv i t y .

To ge t r i d o f b r ow n ie s a l l yo u h ad to do i s l e av e th em a n ew c l o ak and

h o od , t h ey w o u ld t ak e i t an d n ev e r b e s een ag a i n . T h e b ro w ni es we r e

f o un d in b o th En g lan d and S co t l an d Bo ga r t i s mo s t com mo nl y f o u nd in

t h e cou n t i es o f Yo rk sh i re an d Lan cas h i r e . T he Bo ga r t w as s p i r i t

r e s po ns i b l e f o r m i sh aps an d po l t e r ge i s t a c t i v i t y w i th i n the ho m e an d in

t h e cou n t r ys i d e . The y w o u ld r ea r r an ge f u rn i tu r e , b r eak p o t s and

gen e r a l l y b e b l am ed fo r ' t h i n g s t h a t go bum p in th e n i gh t ' .

Th ey w e r e o f t en fo u nd a t t a ch ed t o f am i l i es an d cou ld b e h e l p f u l

w i t h i n t h e ho us eho l d un t i l t h e y w e r e in su l t ed i n som e way. T h e Bo ga r t

h ad th e ab i l i t y t o sh ap e -s h i f t , an d som et im es ap p ear ed in t h e f o r m o f

an im al s . I f o f f e r ings w e r e l e f t ou t fo r t h em t h ey w o u ld no t c aus e

t r ou b l e .

Th e su pp os ed gh o s t s o f p eo p l e w e r e a l so ca l l ed Bo ga r t , an d th e w o rd

m a y b e hav e b een us ed to ex p l a in an y s t ran ge p h en om en a in t he p a s t .

10:34 5

WATER – NYMPHS AND MERMAIDS

Th e so r r ow fo r t he p r em at u r e d ea t h o f t he s e yo u n g w om en and g i r l s ,

a s we l l a s , t he ho r ro r b e f o r e t he i r s udd en d ea th , w e r e emb o d i ed in t h es e

r o man t i c b e in gs . . .

T a l es o f m er m aid s h av e b een a r ou nd fo r c en t u r i es , and f o r m a l a r ge p a r t

o f l egend s , e s p ec i a l l y r o u nd t h e co as t a l a r ea s o f Br i t a in , and t h e

N o r t h e rn Is l es o f Sco t l an d . T h e i r s i gh t in g w as th ou gh t t o b e a b ad

o m en , f o r e t e l l i n g s t o rms an d r ou g h s ea s . Th e r e a r e n um er o us fo l k t a l es

d e s c r ib in g t h e i r i n t e r ac t i on w i th h um an s .

In s om e t a l es me r m ai ds a r e mo r e ben evo len t , and h ave th e ab i l i t y t o

g r an t t h e g i f t o f m ag i ca l po w ers , bu t u s u a l l y t h e r e i s a s t i l l h i gh p r i c e

t o p ay. In o n e o f t he l egen ds , a f i s h e rm an f i nd s a m e rm aid on th e s ho r e .

H e h e lp s h e r b ack to t h e s ea an d sh e o f f e r s h im t h r ee w i sh es . Sh e g r an t s

t h e wi sh es b u t a lmo s t p u l l s h im i n to th e s ea ; o n l y b y f l a sh in g a

p enk n i f e b e fo r e h e r ( su p er n a t u r a l c r ea tu r e s a r e t r ad i t i o na l l y r ep e l l ed b y

I r o n ) d o es s h e r e l ea s e h e r ho ld . A f t e r n in e yea r s o f us in g h i s g i f t s t h e

m e rm ai d r e t u rn s fo r h im an d h e i s com p el l ed t o t h e d eep . Th e r ea f t e r

ev e r y n in e yea r s o ne o f h i s d e s cen dan t s w as s a i d t o b e los t a t s ea .

A s w e l l a s g r an t i n g w i sh es t h e r e a r e t a l e s o f m e rm ai ds i n t e r m ar r yi n g

w i t h hu mans an d c rea t i n g h yb r i d ch i l d r en w i t h s om e p ower s o f f a i r y . A n

o ld s to r y a t t a ched to A rd ro ss an C as t l e i n A yr s h i r e r e co un t s ho w a s a i lo r

w as sh ip w r eck ed j us t o f f t h e co a s t and f ou nd s h e l t e r wi th a m e rm ai d in

a s ea cav e . Th e y b ecam e lo v er s and t he i r so n , b y n am e o f Mi chae l S co t t

w en t t o l i v e i n t h e ca s t l e . H e o w ned a m ag i ca l b oo k i nh e r i t ed f r om h i s

m ot he r t ha t gav e h im s om e m agi ca l p ow er s .

A l t ho u gh mo s t t a l e s d e s c r ib e s ea dw el l i n g m er m aid s t h ey w e r e n o t

r e s t r i c t ed to t h e s ea , an d th e r e a r e s eve r a l ex amp l es o f me r m ai ds

h aun t in g r iv e r s an d d eep p oo l s . Th e mer m ai d app ea rs o n a sp ec i f i c d a t e

o n th e b ank s o f l ake s an d r i v e r s .

A cco rd in g t o S l av ic f o lk lo r e t h e w a te r - n ym p hs ap p ear s on a sp ec i f i c

d a y t o o . U su a l l y i t i s t h e 7 t h o f J u l y . I t i s pos s i b l e t h a t t he t e r m

m erm ai d w as u s ed to de s c r ib e a wi de r r an ge o f s up e r na tu ra l w a te r

c r ea tu r es .

10:34 6

H i s to r i c a l l y t h e r e h as b een b e l i e f i n p a r t f i s h and p a r t hu m an c r ea t u r es

f o r

t ho us and s o f yea r s . T he f i r s t r e fe r en ces t o t h es e c r ea t u r es a r e i n t h e

f o rm o f t he

G o d O an n es , wh o w as th e l o r d o f t h e w a t e r s w o rsh ip ed a t t he b eg i nn i n g

o f c iv i l i z a t io n in an c i en t Bab yl o n . The r e a r e sev e r a l o t he r f i sh t a i l ed

go d s , b u t t he c l as s i c m er m aid k no w n in Br i t a in , i s mo r e l i k e l y d e r i v ed

f r om C el t i c l egen d , f o l k lo r e and l o ca l s ea l o r e , i n p l aces w h e r e p eo p l e

w e r e i n co n t ac t wi th t h e s ea as p a r t o f ev e r yd a y l i f e .

VAMPIRES

Th e r e a r e som e cha r ac t e r s i n Wes t e rn E ur op ean m yt h o log y w h i ch a r e

ex t r em el y p o p u l a r ev en to da y. Lege n d s ab ou t v amp i r e s an d w e r ewol v es

i n s p i r e m an y w r i t e r s an d s c r ip t w r i t e r s .

V amp i re fo l k l o re w i t h i n t h e Br i t i sh Is l es i s s u r p r i s in g l y s ca rce , t h i s i s

m ai n l y d u e to t h e fac t t h a t t h e con t emp o r a r y i m age o f a vam pi r e ( a

ch a r i sm at i c b lo od su ck e r wi t h a b l ack c ap e , a m esm er i z ing s t a r e , and a

p en ch an t f o r yo u n g w om en ; p l us an ave r s i on t o ho l y w a t e r , ga r l i c an d

c r o ss es . ) i s r e l a t i ve l y r ecen t , b e i n g the r e su l t o f Ho l l yw o o d p or t r a ya l s

o f v am pi r es . T he wo r d v am pi re o n l y cam e in to th e E n g l i sh l an gu age in

1 7 32 , i t s im a ge d eve l op i n g i n f i c t i o n a l w o rks cu lmi n a t i n g in Br am

S t ok e r ' s p ow er fu l no v e l D r acu l a . T h e m ai n f o cu s o f v ampi r e l o r e com es

f r om E as t e rn E u ro pe a l th ou gh v a r i an t s o f t h e v am pi r e a r e f ou nd

t h ro u gho u t t h e w o r l d . T h e r ea l r oo t s o f t h e v am pi r e a r e ba s ed on a

m ix tu r e o f e a r l y b e l i e f s and f o l k lo r e co n ce rn i n g d ea t h , t he d ead an d

d i s eas e . In m an y a n c i en t s o c i e t i e s t h e r e a r e d a r k t r ad i t i on s a s s o c i a t ed

w i t h th e d ead an d w i t h co rps e s , w h i ch hav e th e i r r e f l e c t i on i n vamp i r e

b e l i e f s . Th e r e tu rn o f a ph an to m f ro m b e yo n d t h e g r av e i s a co mmo n

m ot i f i n m os t cu l tu r e s , bu t fo lk l o r e a l s o t e l l s o f an im at ed co r ps es

r e tu r n i n g in t h e s ma l l h ou r s , an d sp r ead in g d i s ea se t o t he l i v in g

p o pu l a t io n . In m any o f t h es e s t o r i es t h e d ead p er so n h as co mmi t t ed

s om e ca r d in a l s in . S om e t a l es ev en m en t i on th a t t h e co r pse h ad fed o n

t h e b lo od o f t he l oca l p op u l a t i on , an ech o p as sed r i gh t t h r ou gh t o t h e

m od e rn vampi r e m yt h . P ro t ec t io ns aga in s t v am pi r es we r e n um ero us , and

10:34 7

h av e th e i r e cho es in o th e r f o l k lo r e . I r o n w as t ho u gh t t o r ep e l t h em , j u s t

a s i t w as th ou gh t t o r ep e l m an y s u p e rn a tu r a l c r ea t u r es . G a r l i c w as a l so

t ho u gh t t o b e u s e f u l , p ro b ab l y b ecaus e i t w as t ho u gh t t o hav e m ed i c in a l

p r op e r t i e s ( i t w as a l so u s ed d ur in g p l agu e ou tb r eak s ) an d w as a l s o a

r ep e l l en t fo r o t h e r d en iz en s o f t h e o t he r w o r l d .

Th e d r i nk i n g o f b l oo d i s an imp o r t an t p a r t o f v am pi r e fo lk lo r e , an d i s

a su bs t an ce t h a t i s s ub j ec t t o t ab oo s an d su p e rs t i t i on t h ro u gh o u t t h e

w o r l d . . .

In t h e pa s t w h en l i t t l e w as k no wn ab ou t t he m echan i sms o f d i sea s es ,

e s p ec i a l l y i n f ec t i ou s d i s ea s es an d t hos e t ha t s t r i ke wi t hou t w a rn in g , i t

w as ea s y t o b l am e th em on s om e su p ern a tu r a l en t i t y .

M an y o f t h e a t t r i b u t e s l oo k ed fo r i n a v ampi r e g r av e : b l o a t ed we l l - f ed

b o d i es

w i t h l o n g n a i l s and b l oo d r ed s k i n a r e r e l a t ed t o t h e n a t u ra l e f f ec t s o f

d ecom po s i t i o n . G ase s b u i l d up i n t h e bo d y cau s i n g i t t o beco me b lo a t ed ,

t h e b lo od b r eaks do w n to g i v e a d eep r ed ap pea r ance , and s k i n sh r i nk s

b ack to m ak e n a i l s , t e e th an d h a i r appea r l on ge r t h an i n l i f e .

The Vampire in Literature.

T h e s t r on ges t t r ad i t i o n abo u t v am pi r es ex i s t s i n c en t r a l E u ro p e , wh e r e

t h e f i r s t p r in t ed acco un t s o f v am pi r es app ea r ed f r om t he 1 7 t h cen tu r y

o n w ar ds , i n d eed the v am pi r es o f E as t e r n E u ro p e w e re t hou gh t t o h av e

r u n am o k du r i n g the 18 th cen t u r y, w h ich h a s a p a r a l l e l wi t h t h e wi t ch

m an i a o f W es t e r n Eu r op e .

Th e r ea l em er gence o f t h e v amp i re i n to com mo n kn o wled ge cam e w i t h

i t s app ea r an ce in t h e p ages o f f i c t i o n . T he 1 8 19 n ov e l “Vam pi r e ” - b y

D o c t o r J o hn Po l id o r i - Lo r d B yr o n ' s ph ys i c i an - w as th e f i r s t vam p i r e o f

Br i t i s h f i c t i o n , t h en co m e V a rn ey t h e V amp i r e wr i t t en b y T hom as

P eck e t P r es t i n 18 47 , a s a s e r i es o f P en n y D r ead fu l , and th en Br am

S t ok e r ' s D r acu l a i n 1 89 7 . D r acu l a - o r i g i na l l y en t i t l ed T he U nd ead -

w as b as ed on t he b lo o d th i r s t y V l ad V I , k no wn as 'V l ad t he Im p a l e r ' fo r

h i s g r ue so m e pen chan t o f i mp a l in g h i s en emi e s on s h ar p en ed sp ik es .

V l ad ru l ed in T r an syl v an i a du r i n g t h e 1 5 t h cen tu r y.

10:34 8

S t ok e r b ro u gh t t oge t h e r m an y s ep a ra t e s t r and s o f fo l k l o r e f o r h i s

b o ok , an d i s r e sp ons ib l e fo r d e f in in g th e im age o f t h e v am pi r e , wh i ch

r em ai ns t o t h i s d a y . A f ew p l aces i n Br i t a in w i l l n ow fo rev e r b e

a s so c i a t ed wi th Dracu la , e sp ec i a l l y W h i t b y w i th i t s go th i c abb e y r u in s ,

t h e p l ace wh e r e D racu la c am e a sh o re a s a b l ack h ou nd . S t ok e r h ad

p r ob ab l y h ea r d ab ou t t h e b l ack do g t ha t w as su pp os ed t o h aun t t h e

c l i f f s o f Whi tb y an d u t i l i z ed th e l egend fo r h i s no v e l .

The Phantom of Croglin Grange

C r o gl in G r an ge w as s to n e ho us e on t he h i l l . T h e ph an to m o f Cr o g l in

G r an ge i s on e o f t he mo s t w e l l kn ow n v ampi r e s t o r i es i n Br i t a in .

Th e l egend t e l l s t h a t C r o gl in Gr an ge w as i n t h e h an ds o f t h e F i s h e r

f ami l y f o r m an y ce n tu r i e s . T h en th e F i sh e rs m ov ed f rom t h i s ho us e and

p u t i t u p to l e t . A f t e r som e m ont hs 2 b r o th e rs an d s i s t e r ca l l ed th e

C r an s we l l s o ccup ied t h e ho us e . Th e y lo v ed t h e i r n ew h ome v e r y m u ch .

O n e s umm er ev en i ng M is s C r an s we l l l o o ked ou t o f t h e win d ow an d

n o t i c ed tw o po in t s o f l i gh t . Sh e s hu t t h e win do w an d c l osed t h e do or

an d l ay d o w n in h e r b ed . A f t e r som e m in u t es o f s l u mb er sh e w as

s ud d en l y aw ak en by r u s t l i n g f ro m ou t s id e th e win do w . Su d den l y s h e

s aw a f i gu r e o f a man , p a l e , wi t h b r i gh t bu r n in g e yes and b lo od r ed

l i p s . H e g r as p ed h er h a i r wi th h i s h and s and p u t h e r h ead b ack as i f t o

d e l iv e r a k i s s . . .

Th e b ro th e rs , s l e ep in g in s ep a r a t e r oo ms w e r e aw aken i ng b y a l ou d

s c r eam . In a mom en t t h ey w e r e b e fo r e t h e i r s i s t e r ‟ s d oo r . T he d o or was

l o ck ed so th e y

s m as hed th r ou gh . . . U p on t he b ed l ay t h e i r s i s t e r , b lo od pu mp in g f ro m

a r t e r i a l gas h es i n he r n eck . Th ey m an aged to s t op t h e b loo d f lo w and

r ev i v e Mi ss Cr answ e l l , t h e n ex t f ew h o ur s w e r e s p en t i n t h e a t t em p t t o

s av e h er l i f e . Mis s C r an s we l l su r v i ved th e a t t a ck , and when s h e w as

s t ro n g eno u gh to t r av e l t h ey t o o k he r t o S wi t z e r l and to b e in t he f re sh

m ou n t a i n a i r a f t e r t h a t aw fu l a cc id en t .

O n e d a rk win t e r ‟ s d a y M i ss Cr ans w el l r e t u rn ed t o Cr o g l in . . . O n ce m o r e

10:34 9

t h e f i gu r e o f a m an app ea r ed a t t h e w in d ow . . . Th i s t im e th e t wo

b r o t he r s w e r e l yi n g in wa i t i n t he s h ado w s , as t h e f i gu re c am e to s t ep

i n t o t h e r oom t h ey b o t h lo os ed s ho t s a t t he c r ea tu r e . No t w i s h i n g t o

f o l lo w s uch a n i gh t c r ea t u re i n t o i t s do m ain t h e t w o b r o th e r s w a i t ed f o r

d a yb r eak . F i r s t t h in g in t he m o rn i n g th e y t o ok Mi ss C r ans w el l t o s a fe t y

an d ga t he r ed a l l t he r e s id en t s o f t he v i l l age . Th e m en s ea r ch ed t h e

g r av e ya r d n ea r t h e v i l l age fo r an y s i gn s , an d cam e i n to th e o ld ch ur ch . . .

In t h e ch u r ch th e y s aw a h o r r i f i c s cene . T h e r e w er e h um an bo nes and

r em ai ns o f b ro k en co f f i ns i n t h e chu rch . O n e co f f i n s t ood a l on e in t h e

co r n er . Th e v i l l age r s o p en ed t h e co f f in . In s id e w r ap p ed in c l o th e s w as

w h a t t h ey a s s um ed t o b e a v am pi r e . I t s e ye s w e r e co l d and l i f e l e s s i n

t h e d ayl i gh t , b u t a f r e sh p i s t o l w ou nd w as gap in g f ro m one o f t h e

c r ea tu r es ‟ l egs . T he v i l l age rs b u rn ed th e co f f i n . . . .

WEREWOLVES

A s po pu l a r l y k n ow n , a w e r ewol f i s a p e r s on w ho i s t r ans f o rm ed i n to a

w o l f u nd e r t h e i n f lu en ce o f fu l l mo on . T he wo r d w er ew ol f i s a

co n t r ac t i on o f t h e o ld -S ax o n wo r d “ wer ” ( wh i ch means "m an " ) and

w o l f - - w er ewo l f , man wol f . An o t h er t e r m l ycan t h r op e , o f t e n u s ed t o

d e s c r ib e w e r ewo lv es , ho w eve r , r e f e r s t o

s om eon e w ho s u f f e r s f r om a m en t a l d i s ea s e o f f an t a s i z i ng b e in g a w o l f .

T h i s

p a r t i cu l a r m en t a l d i so r de r i s t e rm ed lycan t h r op y.

Wer ewol v es we r e b e l i ev ed t o hav e tw o o r i g i ns , vo l un t a r y an d

i nv o l un t a r y. Mos t w e r ew ol f t a l e s d esc r ib e m en wh o tu rned i n to

w e r ew olv es a t n i gh t , vo lu n t a r y w e r ew o lv es w e re b e l i ev ed t o b e p eo p l e

w h o h ad m ad e a p ac t w i th t h e wh en the y d ev o u red p eo p l e and an im al s ,

an d th en r e t u r n ed to hum an f o r m a t d ayb r eak . Ni gh t w as a t im e o f t h e

d e v i l .

Th e r e w e re i nv o l un t a r y w e r ew ol v es i n m yt h o l o g y. P e rs on s bo r n on

C h r i s tm as

10:34 10

E v e w e r e o f t en t hou gh t t o b e w e r ewolv es . In s om e l egend s , a ch i l d w ho

w as b or n du r i n g a n ew mo on w as th ough t s u re t o g r o w up to b e a

w e r ew ol f . So me fo lk t a l e s t o l d o f a mou n t a i n b ro ok wh os e w at e r s t u rn ed

h um ans in to w e r ewo lv es .

Wo lv es w er e k now n t o a t t a ck man , as wo l v es d u r in g tho s e t im es h ad

n o r ea so n t o f e a r man ; gu ns w e r e un h ea r d o f . In m os t o f E u ro p e , t he

f e a r o f w e r ewo lv es

i n c lu d ed wol f m en ( "b e r s e r k e rs " ) w ho w o r e w ol f ‟ s sk in an d k i l l ed

s av age l y. A s Ch r i s t i an i t y s lo wl y ga i n ed p r omi n en ce , su ch b e l i e f s w e re

co nd emn ed as S a t an i c .

P h i l os op h er s and re l i g i ou s t h i nk e rs o f f e r ed th e th eo r y t ha t p e rh aps th e

p e r so n d id n o t p h ys i ca l l y ch an ge i n to a wo l f b u t h ad b een t r i ck ed b y

S a t a n i n t o ac t in g l i k e t h e c r ea tu r es . Gen e r a l l y , t ho u gh , mo s t b e l i ev e

t h a t on l y G o d ha s t h e ab i l i t y t o ch an ge th e b od y o r mi nd o f m an .

As th e l egend o f t h e w er ewo l f ha s evo lv ed , t h e we r ewo l f h as b eco m e

m o re wo l f - l i k e . Th i s ev o l u t i on h a s b r ou gh t t h e id ea o f a ph ys i ca l

t r an s fo rm at io n f rom m an i n t o wo l f . In o r i g i n a l l i t e r a t u re and s to r i es ,

t h e t r ans fo rm a t io n f r om m an t o w o l f hap p en ed t h ro u gh a ch an g in g o f

s h ap e . Th e h o r r o r i n t h i s co n cep t i s no t t he s h ap e , o r ch an g i n g o f s hap e ,

o f t he w er ew ol f , b u t r a th e r t h e u n co n t ro l l ab l e b eh av io r . Th e ch an ge i s

t h e g r ea t ho r ro r w hen d ep i c t ed i n ho r ro r f i lm s . In cu r r en t f i lm , t h e

t r an s fo rm at io n i s o f t en t h e m os t ho r r i f i c mo ment o f t h e p i c tu r e .

P h ys i o lo g i ca l ch anges a r e a c t u a l l y o bs e r v ed o ccu r r i n g , i n c lu d in g bo n e

s t ru c t u re , sk in t ex tu r e , and em er gen ce o f f an gs . H a i r g row s o v er t h e

b o d y, f an gs en l a r ge , an d po in t y ea r s em er ge f r om t he h ead . T he

d i f f e r en ce b e t w een th e o r i g i na l w e r ewo l f an d th e w e r ewol f o f cu r r en t

f i l ms i s n o t t h e b ehav io r , fo r i t h a s been r e l a t i v e l y co ns t an t . R a t he r , t h e

d i f f e r en ce i s i n t h e p h ys i ca l t r ans f o r ma t i on . T he ch a r ac t e r s an d m yt h s

o f we r ewo lv es h ave lo n g b een p r e sen t b u t t o t h i s d ay r e m ai n ex t r em el y

v agu e . N o on e kn ow s ex ac t l y w h a t t he w e r ew ol f i s an d w h y i t i s so

h o r r i f i c . P e rh aps th i s am bi gu i t y i s d u e to t he f ac t t h a t t h e w e r ewol f

d o es n o t h ave a so l i d t ex t u a l i n ca rn a t io n , bu t r a th e r o ccup i es l egend

an d lo r e . T h e w e r ew o l f h a s n ev e r h ad s u ch c l ea r de s c r ip t io n in t he w ay

t h a t M ar y S h e l l ey d ep i c t ed th e F r anken s t e i n Mo ns t e r and Br am S t ok e r

d e f i n ed t h e vamp i re wi th D r acu l a .

10:34 11

W erew ol ves s im ply a r e c r ea tu r es p oss e s s ed b y a d emo n , v e r y s i ck , o r

w h o , t h r ou gh s om e p h ys i ca l wa y, a cc ru e t h e v i ru s t h a t l ead s to t h e

cu r s ed t r ans f o rm at io n . D es p i t e e f f o r t s i n f i lm to c r ea t e t he ho r r o r o f

t r an s fo rm at io n a s t h e p r i m ar y t e r r o r o f t h e w e r ewol f , t h e r e a l h o r r o r i s

i n t h e m ys t e r y o f t h e c rea tu r e . Wh en o n e ' s i n t en t i on s o r m ot i v a t i on s a r e

u n kn ow n, t he r es u l t s a r e f e a r ed . D racu l a i s ho r r i f i c d u e to h i s n a t u r e ,

b u t a t l e as t h i s i n t en t i on s a r e kn ow n. Bu t w e r ewol v es w i l l a c t o u t i n

w a ys t h a t p l eas e t hem se lv e s a t t he m om ent . Th i s b eh av io r and t he

c r u e l t y a r e f o r e i gn [ o r a t l e a s t d i s t u r b in g] t o a l l h um an s , an d th e r e fo r e

t h e w e rew ol f i s a l i en , ev i l , and h o r r i f i c .

W e can f i nd l egends o f w e r ewo lv es i n R us s i an m yt h o l o g y to o . T h e re i s

a t e r m - "v u l ko d l ak" , f ro m "v u lk o " as a w o l f and "d l ak a" a s a h a i r .

Werewolves in Penza region

Th e r e a r e no t m any l egen d s o f w e r ewo lv es i n t h i s r eg io n . Bu t

a cco rd in g to so m e r ep o r t s m an y w iz a rd s cou ld tu r n in t o th e wo l v es o r

o th e r an im a l s . Us ua l l y t h e w iza r ds l i ved i n v i l l age s an d th e m os t p a r t o f

p ea s an t s kn ew a l l o f t h em . Th e r e w er e so m e p l aces i n P enz a reg i on

w h ich w e r e kn ow n a s f av or i t e h ab i t a l s o f t h e w iza r ds . For ex amp l e ,

S t ep an ov k a . T h i s v i l l age i s l o ca t ed l es s t h an 15 k i lom e te r s e as t o f

Za r ech n i y. T r ad i t i on a l l y t h e v i l l age was k no w n fo r i t s wiz a rd s an d

w i t ch es . S om et i m es t h ey t u r n ed in to ca t s , d o gs , w o l ves an d ev en p i gs .

A s a ru l e t h ey d i d n ' t a t t a ck m en i n t h i s s h ap e b u t us ed th i s

t r an s fo rm at io n a s a k i nd o f a c am ou f l age .

S t ep an ov k a i s s i t u a t ed in a p l ace whe r e t h e re a r e m an y s p r i n gs .

A cco rd in g t o o l d be l i e f s , s p r in gs , r av i n es an d c ro ss ro ads a r e d w el l i n g -

p l ace s o f su p er n a t u r a l c r ea t u re s .

E v en t od a y f ew o ld w om en f rom t h i s v i l l age a r e k no wn as w i t ch es .

10:34 12

BLACK DOGS IN BRITAIN

S t o r i es o f p h an t om b lack do gs a re ve r y p o p u l a r i n Br i t a i n , a lm os t

ev e r y co un t y h a s i t s o w n v ar i an t , f ro m th e Bl ack S hu ck o f E as t An g l i a

t o t h e Pad fo o t o f Yo r ks h i r e .

In ap p ea r an ce t h e p han t oms v a r y f r om reg i on t o r eg io n , b u t a l l o f t h em

a r e de s c r ib ed a s c a l f s i z ed , w i th s au cer e ye s and a sh agg y co a t .

P h an t om d o gs a r e no t a l w a ys b l ack . Som et im e s t h ey a r e de s c r i b ed as

w h i t e , b u t s t i l l h ave s au ce r e ye s and i s a s b i g a s c a l f . The t r ad i t i o n a l

f a i r y d o g o f S co t l an d i s d a rk g r een i n co lo r , wi t h a s h aggy t a i l up i t s

b ack .

Th e r e h av e b een so m e a t t emp t s a t c l as s i f i c a t io n ; t h e f o lk lo r i s t T h eo

Br o w n

d i v id ed th e b l ack d o g ph en om ena i n to t h ree s ep ar a t e t yp es A , B an d C .

( A ) Be i n g a sh ap e -s h i f t i n g demo n do g ; ( B) b e in g a d a rk b l ack d o g ca l f

s i z ed w i th s h agg y f u r ; an d ( C) a do g th a t app ea rs i n t i m e w i th ce r t a in

an c i en t f e s t i v a l s i n sp ec i f i c a r ea s o f t h e co u n t r y. In l oca l t r ad i t i on s t h e

b l ack d o gs a r e seen in

A n c i en t chu r ch ya r d s , g r av e ya r d s . Many o f t h es e p l aces we r e as so c i a t ed

w i t h lo ca l s up e rs t i t i on s . So m et im es b l ack d o gs a r e a l so seen as

gu a r d i ans o f t r ea su r e , e s pec i a l l y i n S co t l an d . In s umm er y i t s e ems t h a t

t h e ph enom en a o f ph an t om do gs i s a co mp lex mix o f fo l k l o re , s i gh t in gs ,

an d lo ca l s up e rs t i t i o n , wh ich h as ro o t s r e ach in g f a r i n t o t h e p a s t . In

m an y l egen d s t h e b l ack do gs a r e r ep res en t ed as d ev i l ' s s e r v an t s b u t i n

o th e r s t o r i es t h e y h e l p p eo p l e . T h es e c r ea tu r es a r e ve r y p o p u l a r i n

l i t e ra tu r e and c i nem a . P r ob ab l y t h e s e l egend s i ns p i r ed Ar t hu r Co n an

D o yl e and h e w r o t e h i s f am ou s "H ou nd o f t h e Bask e rv i l l e s " .

Ev en t od a y t h e r e a r e m an y s t o r i es abo u t m od e rn s i gh t i ngs o f t h es e

s t r an ge c r ea tu r es .

10:34 13

The Legend of the Black Dog

Lo n g ago in E n g lan d th e r e w as a c a s t l e w h i ch w as a l wa ys gu a rd ed b y

s o l d i e r s . Th e gu ar d r oo m w as ju s t i n s id e t h e g r ea t en t r ance o f t h e cas t l e

an d a p a s s age l ed

f r om i t , t h r ou gh o ne o f t h e o l d chu r ches , t o t h e C ap t a in o f t h e G u ar d ' s

r o om . At t h e en d o f ev er y d a y, t h e so ld i e r s t o ok t u r ns l ock in g th e ca s t l e

ga t e s and ca r r yi n g t h e k ey t h r ou gh th e d a rk p a ss age b ack t o t h e

C ap t a i n . A bo u t t h i s t im e , a b i g b l ack do g w i th ro u gh cu r ly h a i r wo u l d

b e s een som et im es i n on e ro om, n ex t t i me i n a d i f f e r en t ro om . H e d i d

n o t b e l on g to an yo n e t h e r e an d no o n e k new an yt h in g abou t h im . Bu t

ev e r y n i gh t , wh en th e can d l es we r e l i gh t ed in t h e gu a rd ro om an d t h e

f i r e w as b u rn i n g b r i gh t , h e w ou ld come do w n t h e d a rk p as s age an d l a y

d o wn b y t h e h ea r th .

H e m ad e n o s ou nd , bu t l ay t h e r e u n t i l t h e b r eak o f d ay, w h en h e wo u l d

ge t up an d d i s app ea r i n t o t h e p as s age .

A t f i r s t t h e s o l d i e r s w e r e t e r r i f i ed o f h i m, b u t a f t e r a wh i l e t h e y go t

u s ed t o t h e s i gh t o f h i m an d lo s t so m e o f t he i r f e a r , t h ou gh t h ey s t i l l

l oo k ed u p o n h im as so m eth in g m o r e t han m or t a l . Wh i l e he w as i n t h e

r o om th e m en w er e q u i e t and n o b ad w o r ds w e r e sp ok en . W h en t he h ou r

c am e to c a r r y t h e ke y t o t h e Cap t a i n , tw o m en wo u ld a l w ays go

t o ge t h e r . N o m an wo u l d f ace th e d a rk p a ss age a l on e .

O n e n i gh t , h ow e v e r , on e f oo l i s h f e l l ow h ad d ru nk m o re th an w as goo d

f o r h i m and h e b egan t o b rag th a t h e w as n o t a f r a i d o f t h e d o g . I t w as

n o t h i s t u r n t o t ak e th e k e ys , bu t – t o s ho w h ow b r ave h e w as – he s a id

h e wo u ld t ake t h em a lo n e . H e d a r ed t he do g to fo l lo w h im . Le t h i m

co m e! " h e sh ou t ed , l au gh i n g . " I ' l l s ee w h e t h e r he be d o g o r d ev i l ! " Hi s

f r i en ds w e r e t e r r i f i ed an d t r i ed to h o ld h im b ack , bu t h e s n a t ch ed up t h e

k e ys an d w en t ou t i n to t he p a s s age . T he b l ack d o g s lo wl y go t u p f ro m

b e f o re t h e f i r e and f o l lo w ed h im . T h e re w as a d ea th l y s i l en ce in t h e

gu a r d ro om; n o so un d w as hea r d bu t t he d as h i n g o f t h e w av es on t h e

s t eep r o ck s o f t h e ca s t l e i s l e t . Af t e r a f ew m in u t es , t h e r e cam e f r om th e

d a r k p as s age th e mo s t u n ear th l y s c r eam s and h ow ls . Th e s o l d i e r s l o ok ed

10:34 14

a t each o t h er i n ho r r o r , bu t n o t o n e d ared t o m ov e t o see w h a t w as

go i n g o n . P r es en t l y t h e y h ea r d s t ep s , an d th e ra sh f e l l ow cam e b ack i n to

t h e ro om . Hi s f a ce w as p a l e an d t wi s t ed wi t h f e a r . H e s pok e n o t a wo r d ,

t h en o r a f t e r w a rd s . In t h r ee d ays h e was d ead , an d no bo dy ev e r k new

w h at h ad h ap p en ed t o h im t h a t f e a r fu l n i gh t . . . T h e b l ack d o g ha s n ev e r

b een s een aga i n !

BABA – YAGA, BLACK

ANNIS

Bab a Y aga i s an ex t rem el y p o p u l a r im age i n Ru ss i an myt h o l o g y. T h e

s to r y o f a

b o n y h ea r t l e s s wi t ch i s wi d es p r ead i n a l l p a r t s o f R us s i a . T he s to r y o f

Bab a Y aga i s p r i me amo n g m an y i m ages o f t h e Bl ack God d es s . Sh e i s an

o ld , u g l y w o m an . Sh e f l i e s i n h e r m o r t a r wi t h a b r oo m a t h e r h and ,

r e ad y t o s weep th e c l ou ds ac r os s t h e sk i es . S h e l i v e s i n a h u t wi th

ch i ck en - l egs . Th e h u t c a n m ov e an d s e t

i n a n ew p l ace . T oda y t h i s im age w e can f in d in n um ero us R uss i an f o l k

- t a l es , bu t i n o ld S l av i c l egen ds s h e was t he Go dd ess o f E v i l , an d S l avs

m ad e b lo od y s ac r i f i c es t o h e r . Bab a Yaga i s a v e r y p o w er f u l c r ea tu r e

b u t s h e seems i s o l a t ed and ab an do n ed .

B l ack A nn i s i s a p agan god d es s i n Br i t a in . In t h i s im age w e can f i nd

m an y s i mi l a r f e a t u re s wi t h Bab a Y aga . . . Sh e to ok t h e fo rm o f a on e

e yed u g l y w o m an , w i t h sh a rp t e e t h , l on g b l ack c l aws an d a b lu e f ace .

S h e l i v ed i n d eep fo r e s t s an d l i k ed t o e a t l i t t l e ch i l d r en . S om et i m es

B l ack A nn i s w as a l s o id en t i f i ed wi t h a h u ge ca t .

KASHCHEJ

A s ym b o l o f d ea th and m ag i c i n Ru ss i an m yt h o lo g y, K o sh ch e i t h e

D ea th l e s s i s a po w er f u l wiz a r d o r who ga in s i mmo r ta l i t y b y k eep i n g h i s

f i e r y s o u l h id d en in s i d e an egg . T h e egg i s i n s i d e a d uck , w h i ch i s

10:34 15

i ns i d e a h a r e , wh i ch i s i n s id e an i ro n ch es t , wh ich i s b u r i ed un d er a

g r een oak t r e e , w h ich i s l o ca t ed o n th e i s l and o f Bu j an o n th e w i d e

o cean . K os h ch e i i s p r ob ab l y m o re s ym b ol i c o f t he r e lu c t an ce t o l oo s en

o n es g r i p on l i f e and pa ss g r ace fu l l y i n to d ea t h . As su ch , h e i s a t r ag i c

v i l l a in w i th v ex a t io ns an a lo go us to Vl ad D r acu l a . H e i s s om et im es

co mpl e t e l y o b l i t e r a t ed b y p o w er fu l f o rce s , ye t h i s d r y, b on y b o d y

r eco ns t i t u t es ov e r an d ov e r aga i n un t i l t he s ou l - b ea r in g egg i s c r us h ed .

H e i s no to r i ou s fo r k i dn app i n g m oth er s , wi v es and m ai den s , an d f o r

h o l d i n g th em pr i s on e r i n h i s v a r i ou s pa l aces . H e ev en k i dn aps M ar en a

( M ar a , M ar ya M o r ev n a ) , t he R uss i an go d dess o f d ea t h , w i t h w hom h e

h a s a l ov e r e l a t i o nsh ip .

K o sh che i ' s dw e l l i ng i s b eyo n d t h r i c e -n in e co un t r i e s , i n t h e t h i r t i e th

k in gd om , wh e r e h e i s en t e r t a i ned b y h i s c ap t iv e w om en and t h e

l egen da r y s e l f - p l a y i n g h a r p . H e i s c red i t ed as t he s o n o f V i j ( Lo r d o f

t h e Un d e r g ro un d ) .

S om e po pu l a r ch a rac t e r s i n m yt h o l o gy a r e p o s i t i v e , k in d and s t r on g a t

t h e sam e t im e . Th ey f i gh t wi t h s a t an i c h os t …

ILYA MUROMETS

A h er o o f R us s i an b yl i n as i s t h e g r ea t e s t bo ga t yr . H e i s t h e s on o f a

f a r m er , and w as bor n i n v i l l age K a r ach a r ov o , n ea r Mu r om . As a ch i l d

I l ya M u r o me t s w as i l l and co u ld n o t even m ov e b e fo r e 33 yea r s . La t e r

h e w as cu r ed b y an o l d s i n ge r , an d a Sv ya t o go r - bo ga t yr , d yi n g , gav e

h im h i s s t r en g th . Mu r om et s w en t t o t he cap i t a l t o b e a w ar r io r o f P r in ce

V l ad imi r t h e R ed Su n . H e d ef ea t ed S o l ov e y - R az bo yn i k , a mo ns te r w ho

l i v ed i n f o r e s t s an d w hi ch co u l d k i l l peo p l e b y s c r eam in g . Th e r e f o r e

I l ya b ecam e t h e Vlad imi r ` s ch i e f b o ga t yr .

KING ARTHUR

10:34 16

K i n g A r th ur i s a po s i t i v e ch a r ac t e r i n Br i t i sh m yt h o l o g y. T he l egen d o f

A r th u r i s on e o f t he mo s t po pu l a r an d w el l kn ow n o f Br i t i sh l egend s .

F r o m ea r l y b r i e f p as s ages t o t h e m yt h ic ep i c w e k no w to da y, t h e s t o r y

o f Ar th ur h a s l o n g b een a s ou r ce o f i n s p i r a t i on t o w r i t e r s , po e t s and

a r t i s t s . Th e f i r s t r ea l m en t io n o f A r t hu r i s b y a m on k n am ed N en n i us ,

w h o w as l i v i n g in Ban go r i n t h e 9 t h cen tu r y. H e d es c r i b es t w e l v e

b a t t l e s , o ne i n wh ich 9 60 m en d i e b y A r th u r ' s hand . Le g en ds ab ou t

A r th u r and h i s kn i gh t s a r e t he m os t p op u l a r .

IVAN TSAREVICH

We can draw a parallel between images of Arthur and Ivan Tsarevich.a r e r e a l h i Th e

m ai n h e ro o f Ru ss i an fo l k l o re , o wn e r o f m ag i c ab i l i t i e s , w h o d ef ea t ed

v a r i ou s mo ns t e r s an d en emi es . Iv an Ts a r ev i ch ( Iv an th e P r i n ce ) i s t h e

t h i rd s on o f T s ar Vys l av o f Go ro kh and V as i l i s a P r ek r as na ya . T h e m ai n

l egen ds abo u t h i m s ho w h i s s t ru gg l e aga i n s t K os hch e j f o r t h e w i fe

( M ar ya M o r evn a ) an d h i s ex p ed i t i on to c a t ch Zh a r -P t i t s a ( t h e F i r eb i r d )

w h o us ed t o s t e a l go ld en app l e s f ro m th e T s a r ' s ga r d en . Th e r e a r e a

n um b er o f p l ace s i n Br i t a in an d R us s i a w h i ch o n es a r e t r ad i t i on a l l y

co up l ed to l egend s . Som e o f t h em s to r i c s i gh t s .

STONEHENGE

S to n eh en ge i s p rob ab l y t h e mo s t r e cogn iz ab l e and en i gma t i c p l ace i n

Br i t a in . Th i s i s o n e o f t h e E ur op e ‟ s b igges t s to n e c i r c l e s t h a t i s 1 0 o r

1 2 m et e r s h i gh . The ea r l i e s t p a r t o f S to n eh en ge i s ap p rox i ma t e l y 5 0 0 0

yea r s o ld . Th e Dr u id s p r i es t s i n Br i t a in us ed S t on eh en ge f o r a c a l en d a r .

T h ey i n t ro du ced i t ab ou t 20 00 yea r s ago . Th e r e a r e t h e Dr u id s i n

Br i t a in t od ay, an d ev e r y J u ne a l o t o f t h em a t t en d ed S t oneh en ge .T h e

s t ru c t u re o f S t on ehen ge h as f a s c in a t ed p eo p l e f o r c en tu r i e s , and t he r e

a r e m an y t h eo r i es as t o wh a t pu rp os e i t was pu t t o b y an c i en t m an . Th e

s to n es h av e i ns p i r ed m an y l egen d s and f o l k lo r e o ve r t he cen tu r i e s .

M u ch o f t h e fo l k l o r e s eems to t r y an d ex p l a in t h e o r i g i n o f t he c i r c l e

s t ru c t u re as t h e wor k o f g i an t s , gods o r wiz a rd s . I t w as p ro b ab l y ea s i e r

t o a ccep t t h i s t h an t o b e l i ev e t h a t a p as t cu l t u r e co u l d hav e b e t t e r

10:34 17

t e chn o lo g y. D u r in g th e Mi dd l e A ges Geo f f r ey o f Mo nm out h , wh os e

co lo r fu l w r i t i n g h av e h ad g r ea t i n f l uen ce o n Br i t i sh m yt h o l o g y, w r o t e

t h a t t h e s t on es w e re o r i g in a l l y b r o u gh t f r om A f r i ca t o I r e l and b y a r a ce

o f g i an t s . T h ey w e r e th en t r ansp o r t ed ac r o ss t h e s ea b y t h e m ag i c o f

M er l in d u r in g th e beg i n n in g o f t h e D a rk A ges . T h ey w e r e n eed ed as a

m on um en t t o t h e t r e ach e r y o f H en g i s t , a S ax on l e ad e r w ho k i l l ed P r i n ce

V o r t i ge rn . Th e h ee l s t on e i s s a i d t o h av e b een t h ro w n b y t h e D ev i l a t a

m on k w ho w as s p yi n g o n h im b e t w een t h e s to n es . Th e s t on e p in n ed th e

u n fo r t un a te c l e r g ym an t o t h e g ro un d b y h i s h ee l . O th e r fo lk lo r e

s u gges t s t h a t t h e s to n es a re u n co un tab l e , a b ak e r t r i ed t o co un t t h em b y

p l ac in g a l oa f o f b read o n each s to n e . H e cam e u p wi t h a n um b er bu t

t h en m ad e t he m is t ak e o f go in g th r ough th e w ho l e p r o ces s aga in , and

co u l d n ev e r ge t t h e s e t s o f n u m b er s t o t a l l y . S t on ehen ge h a s s t i mul a t ed

a g r ea t d ea l o f d eba t e o ve r t he yea r s , f r om ex p er t s an d l aym en a l i k e .

T h e f i r s t a ccou n t t h a t t h e s t on es m a y h av e b een a l i gn ed to ke y d a t es

w as b y Wi l l i am S t uk e l ey, w h o no t ed th a t t h e ax i s o f t he ea r th en av en ue

a l i gn s t o w h e re t h e su n r i s es o n th e lon ges t d ay. In t h e 19 6 0 ' s an

a s t r op h ys i c i s t c a l l ed G er a ld H awk in s s t ud ied S to n eh en ge a l i gn m en t s b y

co mp ut e r , an d co n c l ud ed t h a t i t w as co ns t ru c t ed as a mega l i t h i c

c a l en d a r . A l th ou gh th e a l i gnm en t s o f t h e s to n es a r e n o t r az o r s h ar p in

a ccu r acy, t h ey a r e a ccu r a t e eno u gh to h av e b een u sed b y m ega l i t h i c m an

f o r ce r em on i a l and a s t r on omi ca l pu rp os e s .

THE AVEBURY COMPLEX

T h e s to ne c i r c l e an d h en ge th a t s u r r ou n ds th e v i l l age o f A v ebu r y, i s

o n l y o n e in a s e r i es o f mo num ent s co ncen t r a t ed in t h i s sm al l a r ea . T h e

s i t e i s a r emn an t o f a r i t u a l N eo l i t h i c l an ds cape , w h i ch s t i l l s u rv iv es

a l t ho u gh d egr aded w i t h t im e and t h e ac t i on s o f ov e r z ea lo us g r ou ps in

p a s t c en t u r i es . Wh at r em ain s o f t h e c i rc l e n ow i s on l y a sm al l

p r op o r t i on o f w h a t m us t hav e b een an aw e - in sp i r i n g p l ace w h en i t w as

i n us e o v er 4 00 0 ye a r s ago . T h er e s eem s t o b e l i t t l e f o lk l o re as so c i a t ed

w i t h th e s t on e c i rc l e i t s e l f , t h a t b e in g r e s e rv ed f o r s in g l e s to n es and

o th e r f e a t u r es i n t he l an ds ca p e .

Th e D ev i l s C h a i r i s on e o f t h e mo s t m ass i v e s to n es w i th in t he

10:34 18

s t ru c t u re ; i t s i t s wh e r e th e W es t K enne t A v en u e j o i ns t h e c i r c l e . So

n am ed b ecau s e o f t h e n a tu r a l s ea t f o rm at io n in t h e s t on e , yo u n g wo men

u s ed t o s i t h e r e on M a y D a y E v e ( Be l t an e ) and m a k e a wi s h . Th e r e h av e

b een so me s t r an ge s i gh t i n gs in t h e lo ca l i t y o f t h e s t on es . Sm a l l f i gu r e s

h av e b een s een m ov in g wi th i n th e s t on es i n t h e m oo n l i gh t , an d a w om an

ca l l ed Ed i th Ol i v i e r h ear d mu s i c and saw l i gh t s am on gs t t h e s to n es

w h i l s t d r iv i n g t h rou gh t h e v i l l age a t n i gh t . Sh e to ok t h e l i gh t s t o b e

t ho s e o f a f a i r . Th er e a r e som e p l ace s i n R us s i a w h i ch o nes a re

co ns id e r ed as s ac red s i t e s . Bu t t he y a r e no t a s f amo us as , f o r ex ampl e ,

St on eh en ge…

ARKAIM, A KAPISHCHE

A r k a im i s t h e n ame g i v en to t h e s i t e o f an an c i en t t o wn i n t h e

S ou t h e rn U r a l s , d a t ed t o t h e 17 th -1 6 t h cen t u r i es BC. S ome Ru ss i an

s c i en t i s t s t e l l t h a t i t was a s ac r ed p l ace and fu r t h e r mo r e th e h om e o f

p r o t o - S l av s . A s th ey s a y t h e d i s co v er y o f t h e "Lan d o f C i t i e s " i n t h e

s ou th e rn Ur a l s a r ea o f Rus s i a w as a ma j o r a r ch aeo lo g i ca l s en s a t i on o f

t h e l a t e t w en t i e t h cen tu r y. A com p ac t g r o u p o f fo r t i f i ed se t t l em en t s

d a t in g f r om th e Bro nz e A ge (2 00 0 -1 60 0 BC ) h av e b een fo u nd h e r e . E ach

c i t y co m pr i s es d w el l i n gs , manu f ac t u r in g a r eas , min es and a n ecr op o l i s .

Bu t t o d ay t h e r e a r e n o t an y s e r i ou s ev i d en t i a l f a c t s t o p ro v e an

i mp or t an ce and h i s t o r i c a l m ean i n g o f A r k a im .

K ap i s h ch e i s a nam e o f s ac r ed p l ace s wh e r e S l avs co mm i t t ed t h e

s o l em ni t i e s . S om et i mes s c i en t i s t s f i n d s t on e id o l s i n t h e se p l aces .

P agan ho l i da ys o ccu r r ed d u r i n g a l l mo n t hs o f t h e yea r . T h ro u gh th e

h o l id ays o f t h e yea r p eo p l e c e l eb r a t ed th e cyc l e o f l i f e , dea t h , and

r eb i r th , ap p a r en t i n n a t u r e as w e l l a s hu m an l i f e . H er e I s u r v ey o n l y

t w o ho l id ays : H a l lo w een i n Br i t a i n and Iv an Ku p a l a , i n R us s i a .

HALLOWEEN

T h e p agan s wh o l i v ed in Br i t a i n tw o t ho us and s yea r s ago ce l eb r a t ed

t h e i r

N ew Yea r o n 1 No vem b er . Th en th e Chr i s t i an s c am e an d peo p l e

c e l eb r a t ed "H al l ow m as " , a t h r ee - d ay f e s t i v a l b e t w een 31 O cto b e r and 2

10:34 19

N o v emb er .

31 O ct ob e r w as ca l l ed Al l H a l l o w een ' s Ev e , an d s l ow l y th e n am e

ch an ged t o H a l lo ween .

In N o vemb er , win t e r i s n ea r , an d hu nd r eds o f yea r s ago p eop l e

b e l i ev ed th a t b ad sp i r i t s , l i k e gh os t s , c am e in t h e win t e r . T he y w an t ed

t h e b ad s p i r i t s t o go aw ay, s o th e y m ad e f i r es o u t s id e and us ed b i g

au tum n f r u i t o r v ege t ab l es t o m ak e j a ck o ' l an t e rn s . T h e nam e " j ack

o ' l an t e rn " m eans "Jack o f t h e l an t e r n " . A l an t e r n i s a k in d o f l i gh t , and

s om e p eop l e t h in k J ack w a s a n i gh t wa t chm an w ho h ad on e o f t he s e

l i gh t s . To m ake a j a ck o ' l an t e r n , p eop l e cu t a ho le i n a l a r ge f r u i t -

u su a l l y a p u mp kin . T hen th e y p u t a c an d l e i n t h e ho l e , and cu t a f a ce in

t h e s id e s o th e l i gh t was ea s y t o s ee .

An o t he r t h in g p eop l e d id , t o m ak e t he b ad s p i r i t s go awa y, w as t o

d r e s s l i k e wi t ch es an d gh os t s . C h i l d r en s t i l l do th i s i f t he y go t o

H a l l ow een p ar t i e s . P eop l e o f t en pu t u p d eco r a t io ns f o r H a l lo w een

p a r t i e s , an d p l a y g am es . T he d eco ra t io ns a r e usu a l l y b l ack ( fo r d a rk

n i gh t and d ea th ) and o r an ge ( f o r t h e au tu mn v ege t ab l e s ) .

pic.1

IVAN KUPALA

Mi ds umm er D a y , t h e 2 4t h

o f J un e o n o l d s t yl e . T h e b i r th d ay d a y o f S t .

J oh n Bap t i s t . Th e po p u l a r be l i e f w as th a t t h e n i gh t b e f o re t h e Iv an

K u p a l a ' s D ay ( S t . Jo h n Bap t i s t ' s D ay) t r e es wo u ld m ov e f r o m p l ace t o

p l ace an d t a lk am on g th em s e l ve s ; an im al s and ev en he r bs wo u ld a l so

10:34 20

t a l k t o e ach o t h er , b ecaus e th a t n i gh t t h ey w o u ld o b t a i n m ag i c po w er .

T o ga i n th i s po w er , p eo p l e w ou ld ga t he r h e r bs t o b e us ed f o r m ed i c i n a l

an d so r ce r y p u r p ose s . Al so , t h e p l an t s w e r e b e l i ev ed to be ab l e t o p o i n t

t o h i dd en t r e as u re s ( i n p a r t i cu l a r , t he m yt h o l o g i ca l f e rn f l o wer ) ; t he y

w e r e ex p ec t ed to p ro t ec t f ro m a l l so r t s o f t r ou b l e s . T o m ak e s u r e t h a t

t h e h e r bs h ad t h e mag i c an d m ed i c in a l e f f ec t , i t w as i mp or t an t t o ga t h er

t h em in t he r i gh t p l ace a t t h e r i gh t t i me f o l l o win g a l l r i t ua l s i n c l ud i n g

s in g i n g sp ec i a l so ngs . Th e n i gh t be f o re t h e K up a l a ' s Da y p eop l e bu i l t

f i r es , d an ce a r ou nd th em an d jum p abov e t h em. T ho s e w ho co u l d j um p

e s p ec i a l l y h i gh w e re su pp os ed t o b ecom e h app i e r . Th e h o l id ay w as a l s o

a s so c i a t ed wi th t he su n ; t he r e fo r e , t h e r e ex i s t ed a t r ad i t i o n o f t h ro wi n g

f r om t h e h i l l s t h e w h ee l s c ov e r ed w i th s t r aw an d pu t o n f i r e .

NEO-PAGANISM

N eo- Pagan i sm i s a r ev iv a l an d r econs t ru c t i on o f an c i en t N a t u r e

r e l i g i ons ad ap t ed fo r t he m od e rn wo r ld . I t i s a r e l i g io n o f t h e l i v in g

E a r th . N eo -P agan i sm i s a n a t u r a l r e l i g i on , v i ewin g h um ani t y a s a

f u n c t i on a l o r gan w i t h i n t h e g r ea t e r o r gan i sm o f a l l Li f e , r a t h e r t h an a s

s om et h i n g s p ec i a l c r ea t ed s ep a r a t e and "abo v e" th e r e s t o f t he na tu r a l

w o r l d . Neo -P agans s eek no t t o con qu e r N a t u r e , b u t t o h a rm on ize an d

i n t eg r a t e wi t h h e r . N eo -P agan i sm sh ou l d b e r ega r ded a s

"G r een R e l i g i on , " j u s t a s w e h ave "G reen Po l i t i c s " an d "G r een

E con om ics . " P agan i sm i s a N a t u r e - ba sed r e l i g io n , an d P agan s r ev e r e t h e

E a r th a s a l i v i n g Mo th e r G od d ess . T he e s s en t i a l go a l o f an y l i v in g

o r gan i sm i s t o r ep ro d uce ; i nd eed t h a t i s t h e p r im e c r i t e r io n f o r d e f in i n g

" l i f e . "

P agan i sm i s a b r o ad , e c l ec t i c , co n t emp o r a r y r e l i g io us mo v em ent t h a t

en com pass e s e cs t a t i c , po l yt h e i s t i c and m agi ca l r e l i g i on s . T o da y, i t i s

t e rm ed „ N eo -p agan i sm ‟ to i l l u s t r a t e i t s co nn ec t io n t o and d i f f e ren ce

f r om t h e p r e -C h r i s t i an p agan r e l i g i ons . Th e r e a r e s ev e r a l f o rm s o f N eo -

p agan i sm , i n c l ud ing Wi cca , Neo - Dr u id i s m an d A s t r au . Neo - p agan i sm i s

a b ro ad t e rm whi ch en co mp as s es m an y d i v er s e and d i f f e r in g r e l i g io ns ,

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b u t m os t h av e sev er a l comm on t h em es w hi ch i d en t i f y t h em as N eo -

p agan . Neo -p agans a r e us ua l l y p o l yt h e i s t i c o r du o th e i s t i c . T h a t i s , t h e y

b e l i ev e i n t w o o r man y go d s . W iccans a r e du o t h e i s t i c and wo rs h i p th e

G o dd ess and t h e Go d , a l so k no wn as t h e ' hu n t r es s ' an d t he ' h o rn ed on e . '

Th e D r u id s , o n the o t h er h and , a r e po l yt h e i s t i c an d wo rs h i p a sp ec t s o f

n a tu r e su ch „ t h e r i v e r ‟ , „ t he s k y‟ , an d „ th e su n . ‟ M os t a re n a t u r e

cen te r ed wo r sh i pp in g p r e -Ch r i s t i an d e i t i e s . Man y o f t he se p r e - Ch r i s t i an

r e l i g i ons h av e b een ch an ged an d r ev ived s o th a t t he y h ave a g r ea t e r

r e l ev an ce t o con tem po r a r y l i f es t yl e s . N eo - p agans h ave in t ro du ced

v a r i ou s n ew co n cep t s t o t h e se an c i en t r e l i g i ons as we l l a s ch an g i n g and

m od i f yi n g p r e ex i s t i n g t r ad i t i on s . N ew con cep t s i n c lu d e ; d yn am i c and

d iv e r s e p e r s on a l b e l i e f s , l a ck o f i n s t i t u t i on a l i z a t io n , a s ea r ch f o r

s p i r i t u a l fu l f i l lm en t an d encou r agem en t and accep t an ce o f d i ve r s i t y .

M an y N eo - p agan r e l i g i on s h av e p r ev iou s l y b een w ip ed o u t an d h av e

b een r eco ns t r u c t ed f r om an c i en t s ou r ce s . N eo - p agans ( l i ke an c i en t

p agan s ) hav e a d eep r es p ec t f o r n a t u re . T h i s s t em s f rom t h e i r b e l i e f t h a t

T h e G od s a r e imm an en t . N eo - p agan s be l i ev e th a t t he Div in e i s

ev e r yw h e r e , no t on l y ab o v e us , bu t a l l a r ou nd u s and w i th in u s . T h e i r

r e l i g i on cen t e r s o n t h e ea r t h an d h e r s ea s on a l cyc l e s .

Th e mo s t p r ev a l en t N eo - p agan r e l i g io n i s Wi cca . T h i s i s a r ev iv ed

f o rm o f p r e -Ch r i s t i an Go dd es s w or sh ip . Wi ccans , a s do m os t N eo -

p agan s ob s er v e f ou r ma in s eas on a l days w h i ch ce l eb r a t e t h e m i rac l e o f

n a tu r e and g iv e th an ks t o t h e

G o dd ess f o r he r g i f t s . A s a r e su l t o f t he i r l o v e o f n a tu r e Wi ccan s , an d

m an y o t h e r N eo - p agan s , p r e f e r t o wo rs h i p wh i l s t t h ey a r e imm ers ed in

n a tu r e , s o t h ey a r e c l os e r t o t h e G o dd es s . M an y N eo - p agan s su ch a s

W i ccan s and D r u i ds p r ac t i c e m ag i c . M ag i c p l a yed an imp o r t an t r o l e i n

t h es e r e l i g io ns and w as s een a s a con sc i ou s d i r ec t i on o f o n es wi l l t o

c r ea t e chan ge . W iccan s p rac t i c e m ag ic i n „ m agi c c i r c l es ‟ d u r in g ce r t a i n

p o w er f u l p has es o f t h e m oo n . M an y N eo - p agans b e l i ev e in and a re

go v e r n ed b y t h e „Wi ccan R ede , ‟ t h a t i s , "A n i t h a r m no n e , d o wh a t t ho u

w i l t . " Th i s R ed e , was i n es s en ce a co de o f p rac t i c e , w h i ch e f fec t iv e l y

p r ev en t s p r ac t i t i o ne r s o f m agi c f r om h a rm in g an yo n e .

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N eo -p agan i sm i n R us s i a i s no t so w id esp r ead as i n Br i t a i n . T h er e a re

o n l y f ew g r o ups o f N eo -p agan s i n Ru ss i a . T h ey co n d uc t t h e ro l e games ,

w ea r in g f an t a s t i c co s t um es . O f t en t h e i r r o l e gam es a r e b as ed on

T ol k i en ‟ s bo ok s o r o th e r l i t e r a r y s o u r ce s . I t ‟ s n ece ss a r y t o s a y t h a t a l l

t h es e “ r o l e gam es ” a r e no t r ea l p agan t r ad i t i ons . Bu t w e can f in d so m e

s i gns o f t h e p agan r ev i v a l amo n g v a r io us p eop l es o f t h e M id d l e V o l ga

( M ar i , C hu v as h , Mo r dv a , and T a t a r s ) , t h e Fa r No r t h ( Kom i ) , and S i b er i a

( t he Al t a i Te r r i t o r y) .

A s f o r P enz a R eg ion w e can o bs e r ve so m e o l d p agan t r ad i t i o ns i n

M o rd ov ian v i l l ages , i n Kiz h ev a t ov o , fo r ex am pl e . Th i s i s an o l d

M o rd iv i an v i l l age , S e l ik sa i n t h e p as t , n o t f a r f ro m Za r ech n i y, w h e r e

t h e i nh ab i t an t s keep m an y p agan t r ad i t i o ns . Us u a l l y t h ey can b e

o bs e r v ed in fu n er a l c e r em on ie s o r so me o t h er c as es o f eve r yd a y l i f e .

The Church of the Lord Jesus Christ

G o d i s h app y t o an n ou nce Hi s r e a l ch os en Ch ur ch to t he f ew f a i th fu l

ab l e t o b a re i t s r e a l i t y . In 1 99 0 G od s en t a m an f r om t he C hu r ch i n t h e

w i l d e r n es s t o Mo s co w , in 1 99 2 ou r Chu r ch w as l ega l l y r e g i s t e r ed . T h i s

w as n o o r d i n ar y m an , p ro v en b y t h e com mo n S p i r i t u a l s i gn s bu t ev en

t od a y co n t in u es wi th wo nd e rs n ev er d on e b e f o r e b y t h e p ow er o f t he

H o l y S p i r i t i n h i m. H i s sp i r i t ua l ex p e r i en ce o f Ch r i s t i an re l i g i on s ,

s ec t s , d i f f e r en t do c t r i n es an d sp i r i t s i s u nequ a led . Th e obv io us p ow er

an d au t ho r i t y o f h i s 7 b oo ks p ub l i s h ed i n Rus s i an ( s om e in E n g l i s h ) i s a

s i gn f ro m Go d . E v en t h e r ead e rs ge t bap t i z ed i n t h e Ho l y Sp i r i t o r

G o d ‟s f i r e j u s t b y r ead in g t h em . Ou r Ch u r ch i s b u i l t on b ib l i c a l

gu i d e l i n es and co n t i nu es b y t h e ad d i t i o n a l r ev e l a t io ns in t h es e

t e ach in gs .

J e su s C h r i s t bu i l t H i s C hu r ch acco rd in g to Hi s t e ach i n gs . Ou r Ch ie f

A p os t l e P e t e r f o l l ow s G od ‟ s p l an ex ac t l y an d i ns i s t s a l l ou r m em b er s

t ak e t h e p l an n ed Sp i r i t u a l s t eps , r e ce i ve a l l g i f t s o f t h e Ho l y S p i r i t , an d

t ak e a l l o f f i c e q u a l i f i c a t io ns f r om d eaco n to A po s t l e s . H i s b oo ks

10:34 23

ex p l a i n f u l l y a l l t he s e th in gs , and th en as Go d‟ s t e ach er d em an ds th a t

t h e con gr ega t i on do es i t . T h a t ‟ s h o w w e go t 1 6 G od o rd a i n ed A po s t l e s

w i t h a l l t h e co r r ec t Sp i r i t u a l q u a l i f i c a t io ns . As G od ‟ s t e ach e r , w e

ap p ro v e h im b y t h e con t in u a l s i gn s tha t accom p an y h im , w h ich in c l ud e

t h e con s t an t ap p ear i n g o f J es us Ch r i s t i n t h e Sp i r i t s t an d in g n ex t t o

h im; m an y s ee th e an o i n t i n g o f t h e H o l y S p i r i t on h i m eve r y t i me h e

t e ach es . P l us m an y an ge l s t h a t ap p ear i n ou r Ch u r ch . M any d i f f e r en t

k in ds o f h ea l i n gs hav e b een do ne i n ou r C hu r ch fo r b l ood , b on e and

s to mach cance r s , sp in e , h ea r t , m i nd an d sp i r i t ua l h ea l i n gs . D ru g

ad d i c t io n and a l co ho l i s m. Fo r s eve r a l yea r s h e h a s b een ca l l i n g H IV an d

A ID S s u f f e r e r s t o co m e t o ou r C hu r ch an d i s t h e o n l y o n e w e k no w th a t

c a n gu ar an t ee a r esu l t .

H IS T O RY : t h ey s t a r t ed i n pu r i t y , n o r e l i g i on , t r ad i t i on o r o r gan iz a t io n

t o t e l l t h em do c t r i ne to u s e . Led o n l y b y G o d , t h ey N ed a con t r ac t wi t h

H im i n 19 93 an d he con f i r med i t b y H i s f i r e on o u r m ember s . Ou r p l an

t h ey h e l p J es us t o re i gn in h i s b i b l i c a l Mi l l en n iu m . W e fu l l y u n d e rs t and

t h e wo r ld chu r ches h ad a ch ance fo r 200 0 yea r s t o l e ad God ‟ s wo r k , b u t

t h rew i t aw a y, n o w w i th Go d‟ s h e lp , w e wi l l do i t .

10:34 24

THEIR BOOKS

Ex p l a i ns h ow to un de r s t an d and accep t J e su s C h r i s t i n to yo u r

p e r so n a l l i f e an d hav e a p e r so n a l r e l a t i o ns h ip wi t h Him . Bas i cs o f

C h r i s t i an i t y , w h a t i t m ean s to b e bo r n aga i n , w a t e r and H o l y S p i r i t

b ap t i sm . Mo s t o f ou r m em b er s a r e b ap t i z ed wi th G od ‟ s f i r e f ro m head to

t o e (q u i t e n o rm al fo r u s ) . H ow t o kn ow and o p er a t e t h e w e l l o f

s a lv a t io n i n us , how to ca s t o u t d emon s , ge t m o r e f a i t h an d a d ou b l e

m eas u r e o f t h e Ho ly S p i r i t . Th es e a r e o n l y t h e b as i c s t eps o u r memb ers

a r e co mp el l ed to t ak e b e f o r e we accep t t hem l ega l l y. T h e b oo k i s a

pic.2

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d e t a i l ed an a l ys i s o f e ach o f t h es e s t eps , a gu id e o n ho w to ach i ev e

t h em.

pic.3

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pic.4

10:34 27

CULT OF GODDESS

N am e: In o e - C u l t o f Go dd es s , Femi n in e D ei t i e s .

D esc r ip t io n : In o e - t h e Cu l t o f Go dd es s , M at e r n a l D e i t i e s , Femi n in e

M ag i c . Th e h i s to r y o f Cu l t , t h ema t i c l i b ra r y, ga l l e r y o f im ages , r ev i ew

o f t r ad i t i on s , l i f e s t yl e , m ag i c p r ac t i ce , l j co mmu ni t y. . . G o dd ess B l es s !

A b ou t t h ey: Cu l t o f G od dess - r e l i g i ou s mo t io n , com p r i s i n g o f i t s e l f

p r ob lems o f s t ud y, r eb i r th s an d m er g i ng a l egacy o f ep ochs An c i en t a nd

M od e r n C iv i l i z a t i on s , p ub l i c T r ad i t i on s o f P agan i sm an d O r t ho dox y,

e t hn i c s o f C u l t u r es o f W es t and O r i en t , s ac r a l Kn ow l ed ge W iccan and

S c i en ces , a s i n wi t s o f p eop l e , so i n t h e i r h ea r t s and s how er s , u nd e r

u n i t ed f em in in e b eg i n n i n g M oth e r o f Wo r l d .

pic.5

10:34 28

pic.5

O n t h i s d i a g r a m y o u c a n s e e t h a t 1 6 % o f p e o p l e p r e a c h e r n o n r e l i g i o u s

s u c h a s d i f f e r e n t s e c t s , 6 % p r e a c h e r B u d d h i s m , 4 % p r e a c h e r p r i m a l -

i n d i g e n o u s w h i c h i n c l u d e s b e l i e f i n p a g a n g o d s s u c h a s w o o d - g o b l i n ,

w a t e r n ym p h s . 2 9 % o f p e o p l e p r e a c h e r a n o t h e r r e l i g i o n w h i c h p r o t é g é

t o t h e l a w s o f G o d .

10:34 29

CONCLUSION

S o , yo u s ee in ev e ry t i m es th e r e a r e sp i r i t s i n w h i ch p eop l e b e l i eve .

N o w ad a ys th e r e a r e so m e p eo p l e wh o b e l i ev e i n ev e r y t h in g th e y h av e

h ea r d , t h e y d o n ‟ t t h in k abo u t a f t e r - e f f ec t s o f t h e i r d ec i s i on s wh i ch can

d e s t ro y a l l t h e i r l i f e . E sp ec i a l l y w h en p e r so n up se t s h a rd t im es f o r

ex ampl e t he d ea r t h o f h i s r e l a t i v e s t h ey go to d i f f e r en t fo r t un e - t e l l e r s

o r t o d i f fe r en t s ec t s wh i ch p rom is es t o he lp h i m to d ec i de th e i r

p r ob lems . Bu t t he y “pu mp o u t ” p e r s on‟ s m on ey p l ea s e and wh en m on e y

f i n i s h ed th e y s a i l t h e i r h o us e , c a r . T he r e a r e a l o t o f com mo ns b e t w een

t h a t t im e an d no w b u t n o wad ays t h ey a r e m o r e dan ge r s . T h ey can m ak e

a l o t o f h a rm t o peo p l e . W e sh ou ld th in k a l o t b e fo r e t ak e a d ec i s i on .

S o , yo u can s ee t h a t t od ay p eo p l e s ho u l d th i nk , sh ou ld check p eop l e

w h o kn i t yo u th e i r g r ea t co mp an y w h ich can h e l p yo u .

10:34 30

Pictures:

Pi c .1P agan h o l i d ay - H a l lo w een 1 8

P i c .2 M as t e r 2 2

P i c .3 B o oks 2 3

P i c .4 P ro ph e t i ca l t r e e o f l i f e an d d ear th 2 4

P i c .5 Go dd es s 2 5

P i c .6 S t a t i s t i c 2 6

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Source of information:

“ Hi s t o ry o f Pag an Eu rop e”

b y P r ud en ce J o nes , Ni ge l P en n i ck .

“ Gods an d My th s o f th e Ro ma ns ”

b y M ar y Ba r n e t t .

" Fai ry -Ta le P lo t s a nd C o nt emp o ra ry H ero es in E ar ly Ru ss i an Pro s e

F i c t ion ."

b y G a r y C ox .

“ Wh en Ru ss ia L earn ed t o R ea d”

b y J e f f e r ey Br o o k s

“ So me R ef l ec t io ns on Ru ss ian L i t erat u re i n th e 18t h

C en tu ry :

R el i g io n and Po e try ”

b y H an s Ro th e

“ Я з ычест в о Др евн ей Ру си”

Б . Ры б ако в

“ Ру сский Нар од : его о бы чаи , о бр яд ы, пр еда ния , су ев ерия и

п оэ зи я”

М . Заб ылин

“ T rad i t ion s and be l i e f s o f Ol d Rus s ia in i l lu s t ra t ion s b y Ann a

Sh ad chn ev a ”

h t t p : / / w w w. sh ad chn e v a . b y. r u