Bell Ringer

Freshwater reptile Mesosaurus

• Fossils of a fresh water swimming reptile, Mesosaurus (Figure 2) have been found on the east coast of southern Brazil and the west coast of Africa. This reptile could not possibly have swum the 3,000-mile distance across the South Atlantic Ocean.

• How could we possibly explain this?

Discovering Plate Tectonics: The Mystery of

the Brachiosaurus• Mystery of the Brachiosaurus Uncovered

Puzzle Key and Landmasses• Try to figure out how to answer the question

of how Mesosaurus appeared on two continents

1. Assemble the pieces so that they fit together like a puzzle

2. When finished, raise your hand to be checked.

3. Answer the questions #1-5 in Part 1 on your worksheet

Continental Puzzle Analysis Questions

1. What made you put the puzzle pieces the way that you did? Were there any clues that helped you put the pieces a certain way?

2. What three kinds of evidence support Wegner’s theory that South America was at one time joined with Africa? Be specific! (hint: look at the key)

3. What dinosaur is found on almost every continent?4. Since a dinosaur cannot swim, explain how a fossil can

be found on all continents? 5. It is generally considered that dinosaurs live in warm

climates, yet fossil remains are found in Antarctica. How can this be explained?

Convection Current Demonstration

• http://www.teachertube.com/viewVideo.php?video_id=137741• http://teachertube.com/viewVideo.php?video_id=261126&title=Convection_Currents

Action of the Red Dye• What temperature was the red dye?• In what direction did the red dye move?• What do you think the density of the red dye is

compared to the water? Why?Foam Plates• What caused the foam plates to move?• Describe the movement of the foam pieces when

the dye started to rise. Could you see a pattern?

Topic: The Lithosphere, Pangaea, and Plate Tectonics

Continental Drift Cornell Notes

Key Terms Notes

Summary:

1. Q: What is the lithosphere made up of?

A: Crust and Upper Mantle

Continental Drift

• Wegener came up with a theory in 1910 called Continental Drift.

• His theory said that the continents had started as one big “super continent” called Pangea.

Continental Drift

• Over millions of years, Pangaea broke apart into the 7 continents.

Continental Drift• During Pangaea, continents had completely

different environments..

Evidence that supported Wegener’s Theory

• Landforms– Example: Some mountain chains, have very

similar rocks and structures (i.e., folds and faults) to mountain belts found on other continents

• Fossil Evidence - There are many examples of fossils found on two continents that are currently separated by vast oceans– Example: Mesosaurus

Evidence that supported Wegener’s Theory

• Climate–Example: Glacial striations, the parallel "scrape" marks on

rocks caused by moving glaciers, have been found on rocks in South America, Africa and Australia and are of similar orientation to striations found on Antarctica

• Puzzle-like Fit of the Continents-in several cases, modern shorelines of continents look as though they were once joined– Example: Africa and South America are the best example

of these “puzzle pieces”

Continental Drift Rejection

• Scientists at the time rejected his theory because he could not come up with an explanation why the continents were actually moving.

Plate Tectonics• Plate Tectonics is the theory that the

lithosphere (crust and upper mantle) is made of moving plates that float on the mantle.

• Convection currents cause magma in the asthenosphere to rise and sink.

• The plates are slowly moving and bump into each other

Discovering Plate Tectonics: Changes in Earth’s Surface

Plate Tectonics: Understanding Earth’s Shifty Surface Versatile• Finish for homework

–Write letter and word for answers–Cite evidence for each questions by

highlighting/underlining passage in reading that supports answer

–All 12 numbers should be displayed on reading

Continental Drift Reading

“Draw a picture”- As I read the passage aloud, draw (pictures) of what you are hearing about evidence of continental drift. *Try to draw at least one picture per paragraph

Pangea Writing Prompt

• You are Wegener’s defense attorney. Using your knowledge of the lithosphere, asthenosphere, Pangaea, and evidence for continental drift (190-195), write two paragraphs that defend his hypothesis.

• (Think: What do we know about the lithosphere? The asthenosphere? Pangea?)

Lithospheric Movement Review

1. What is Alfred Wagner’s hypothesis?a.The continents have always been where they were now?b.Today’s continents were once part of a single land mass

that split apartc. The continents are made of rockd.The continents will one day join to form a single

continent.2. List three pieces of evidence for Pangaea:3. What causes earth’s tectonic plates to move? Use the

words density and convection current to explain what’s happening?

Bell RingerAnswer the following questions

1.Draw arrows convection currents in the mantle of the earth—label hot, cold and High density, Low density.

2. What is Pangaea? 3. Describe what causes the lithospheric plates to move.

EvidenceEvidence

Our first evidence of tectonic motion is based on similar fossils and rock types on opposing sides of the ocean

Lithospheric Plates Review• The earth’s crust is

divided into plates, and these plates move (that’s why Pangaea broke apart)

• The plates move because of convection currents underneath the Earth (PLAY VIDEO!)

• But other than Pangaea breaking apart, what happens when the plates move?

Types of Plate Boundaries

• Plate Boundaries: Where two lithospheric plates meet–Divergent (what does “diverge” mean?)–Convergent (what does “converge” mean?)–Transform

Plate Boundaries Brainpop

• http://www.brainpop.com/science/earthsystem/platetectonics/

1. Match the definitions with the words2. For each geologic feature, write down

which plate boundary could cause it. Use Convergent (C), Divergent (D), or Transform (T)

Plate Boundaries Tree Diagram

Types of Plate Boundaries

Divergent

Description

Landforms

Picture

Convergent

Description

Landforms

Picture

Transform

Description

Landforms

Picture

Tectonic Plates Versatiles

• Finish for homework–Write letter and word for answers–Cite evidence for each questions by

highlighting/underlining passage in reading that supports answer

–All 12 numbers should be displayed on reading

Bell Ringer1. Scientists found fossils of identical creatures on Africa and South America.

What does this tell you about the Earth?a. Africa and South America are the same continentb. Africa and South America used to be next to each otherc. All animals are on each continentd. All of these animals can swim or fly long distances

2. Which of the following has caused the continents to spread apart?a. The eruption of volcanoesb. Huge plates moving underneath the ground have moved the continents

apartc. The shaking of the ground caused by earthquakes

d. The continents have always been spread apart.

Divergent Plate Boundaries

Divergent Video

Divergent Cornell NotesKey Terms Notes

Summary:

Divergent Boundary• When two plates move or spread apart

from each other– Connection: What causes them to move apart from each

other?– What hand motion would you use?

• http://www.classzone.com/books/earth_science/terc/content/visualizations/es0804/es0804page01.cfm?chapter_no=visualization

What does this actually look like?

Video 1: http://www.videosurf.com/video/divergent-boundary-119597587And Video 2: http://player.discoveryeducation.com/index.cfm?guidAssetId=2ED78244-ED66-438C-B2DD-55C2D810C4A1&blnFromSearch=1&productcode=US

Two Oceanic Plates Diverging• Causes Sea-Floor Spreading• As plates spread, magma comes up and cools and

hardens, forming new crust. • As new rock piles on top of each other, mountain

form under the ocean• Mid-ocean ridge- Mountain range on ocean floor

Age of Rocks• As the plates spread and magma hardens

to form rocks—we get the newest rocks on Earth near diverging plates.

Two Continental Plates Diverging

• Creates a Rift Valley or Ocean Basin• As the continental plates diverge, they sink and

can fill with water making a sea!

--the Red Sea

--the Great Rift Valley, East Africa

Ireland: Hikers walk in the shadow of cliffs. The divergent Mid-Atlantic Ridge rises above sea level, with the North

American plate to the west and the Eurasian plate to the east.

Divergent Plates- Plates move apart

Oceanic Continental

What happens Sea-floor spreading happens and magma comes up and cools – forms new rock

Plates spread and then sink to form a basin (bowl shape) or rift valley

What forms Mid-ocean ridges Example: the Mid-Atlantic ridge

Seas Example: the Red Sea

Sea-Floor Spreading Lab

• Using the model, answer the questions with your partner

• When finished, begin “Divergent Homework”

Bell Ringer #4• Create a venn diagram that compares and

contrasts continental plates diverging and oceanic plates diverging

Continental OceanicBoth

• Divergent boundaries

• Convergent boundaries

• Transform boundariesToday we are learning

about CONVERGENT!

Convergent Boundaries

• There are two things that can happen when two plates move towards one another–1. One sinks under the other and

starts to melt–2. They both collide and start to

crumble and pile up.

Types of Convergent Boundaries

• Oceanic - Oceanic • Oceanic - Continental• Continental - Continental

• The only difference between the two type of plates is the rock composition and the density.

Oceanic – Continental (subduction)

• Oceanic plates is more dense than continental plate

• Ocean lithospheric plate will always sink under (subduction) continental plates because it is more dense!

• Volcanoes• Ring of Fire in Pacific Ocean

Oceanic – Oceanic (subduction)

• Same density; • Oldest plate will go under (subduction)

younger plate• Trenches & Volcanoes• Mariana Trench

DRAW IT OUT!

Continental-Continental (collision)

• Plates have the same density

• Plates collide and crash into each other– lithosphere folds like wrinkles

• Mountains• Himalayan Mountains

Types of Convergent Boundaries

Oceanic-Oceanic

Oceanic-Continental

Continental-Continental

Relative Density

Both have same density, but one is older

Oceanic is more dense than continental

Both have same density

What happens

Older plate goes under the other (subduction)

Ocean plate goes under the continental plate (subduction)

They hit each other and squish upwards

Landforms Volcanoes and ocean trenchExp: Mariana Trench

VolcanoesExp: Ring of Fire

MountainsExp: Himalaya Mountains

Convergent PlatesConvergent Plates

The Big PictureThe Big Picture

Where are we going?Where are we going?

We appear to be headed for another super continent as North America, South America, Asia and Australia converge in the ever shrinking Pacific Ocean

Convergent Inquiry Lab

1. What does Map 1 represent or have on it (hint: look at the title and extras on the map)?

– Location of volcanoes

2. What does Map 2 represent or have on it (hint: look at the title, key and colors)?

– Plate boundaries: Red Convergent, Blue Divergent, Green Transform

3. Place Map 1 and Map 2 side by side.

Convergent Inquiry Lab4. What do you notice now that the two maps are together?• The large clumps of volcanoes line up with the plate

boundaries5. What color line/boundary do the volcanoes line up with? • Red lines6. What does this color mean (hint: look at the key)? • Convergent Plate Boundaries (2 plates are coming towards

one another)7. Why do you think that these plate boundary lines and volcano lines match up? • Volcanoes are formed at convergent

boundaries/subduction zones

Convergent Inquiry Lab

• Independently answer question 8• Based on what you have seen and what you know

about Continental Drift and Convection Currents, how do you think volcanoes form?

• When finished with #8, begin “Convergent Homework”

Bell Ringer #51. Explain what the Ring of Fire is and why it occurs

in the Pacific Ocean.– Areas in the Pacific Ocean that contain large amount of

volcanoes because plates are converging/subducting

2. What is happening to the sizes of the Atlantic and Pacific Ocean? Explain.– Pacific ocean is getting smaller because it contains

subduction zones; Atlantic ocean is getting larger because plates are diverging and new crust is being formed (Mid-Atlantic ridge)

Ring of Fire= Subduction Zones

Transform Plate Boundaries

Explaining the Phenomenon of Earthquakes

• Divergent boundaries

• Convergent boundaries

• Transform boundariesToday we are learning

about TRANSFORM!

Earthquake Brainpop

Earth’s Structure Brainpop

• How do earthquakes help scientists study the interior of the earth? – Seismic waves (earthquake waves) bend

differently through different materials, so scientists observe the way the waves bend to determine the temperature, density, and composition of each layer

Transform K.I.M Chart

Key Term (K) Information (I) Memory Cue (M)

Transform boundaries

• Two plates slide past each other

http://www.classzone.com/books/earth_science/terc/content/visualizations/es0804/es0804page01.cfm?chapter_no=visualization

Earthquakes

• Occur at transform boundaries because great tension can build in the plates

• Eventually the plates snap and release all of the stored tension and shake the earth

Faults

• Cracks in the earth crust that occur when plates snap

• Example: San Andreas Fault (California)

Focus

• The point deep underground in which the fault fails

Epicenter

• Spot on earth’s surface directly above the focus

Seismograph

• Instrument that detects, measures, and records various seismic waves (Primary, Secondary, and Surface waves)

Primary (P) Waves

• Quickest wave and detected first; travel through solids, liquids, and gases

Secondary (S) Waves

• Second fastest waves; only travels through solids

Surface Waves

• Slowest and most damaging waves

Tsunami

• “Harbor Wave” in Japanese• Giant waves caused by earthquakes

occurring on the ocean floor– Japanese Tsunami– Mega tsunami

Frequent Earthquake Areas• The pink lines show where transform

boundaries exist: http://www.learner.org/interactives/dynamicearth/plate.html

• News about Haiti: http://www.cbsnews.com/news/four-years-after-earthquake-haiti-says-its-making-comeback/

HAITI

JAPAN

INDIA

CALIFORNIA

Think Earthquakes are rare?

• Think again: http://www.wolframalpha.com/input/?i=earthquake

• Over half a million magnitude 1 earthquakes a year!

Earthquake Versatiles

• Finish for homework–Write letter and word for answers–Cite evidence for each questions by

highlighting/underlining passage in reading that supports answer

–All 12 numbers should be displayed on reading

Transform Review

1. Draw a transform boundary.

2. What natural disaster or physical feature is caused at a transform plate boundary?

3. How are volcanoes and earthquakes related?

Bell Ringer

• Classify the following as constructive (C), destructive (D), or both (B)1. Volcanoes resulting in islands2. Erosion3. Deposition4. Physical Weathering5. Chemical Weathering

Plate Tectonics Gizmo• Volcanoes, earthquakes, mountains, and other features of

Earth’s surface owe their origin to the movements of plates: enormous, slowly-moving sections of Earth’s crust. At plate boundaries, plates collide, move apart, move under or over each other, or slide past one another. The theory of plate tectonics describes how the plates move, interact, and change the physical landscape.

• Turn on Show labels. What are the layers of Earth that you can see?

• Turn on Boundary name, and click on each boundary. What four boundaries do you see?

Plate Boundary Organizer

• When finished, organize the information about convergent (subduction and collision), divergent, and, transform boundaries using the information in your notebooks.

• Homework if not finished in class.

Bell Ringer• Write down the three words: Divergent,

Transform, and Convergent• Put the words below under the correct term

–Moving together -Trenches–Moving apart -Mountains–Sliding past -New crust–Earthquakes -Mid-Atlantic ridge–San Andreas Fault -Volcanoes

Snack Plate Tectonic Lab!

Follow directions and work hard or you won’t get to eat it!

Expectations!

Snack Tectonic Lab Questions

• Like all labs, this comes with questions as well. When you are done performing the step, answer the questions.

• If you fall behind, make sure you go back and complete the questions before turning in your lab.

1:03

1:32

1:53

Snack Tectonic Lab Closure

• From the lab questions, be prepared to share with the class your answers to question #16 and #17.

• Homework: Plate Boundaries Map Worksheet (1/2)

Bell Ringer

1. Give one example of how plate movement directly affects the construction of earth’s surface (#16 on lab)

2. Give one example of how plate movement directly affects the destruction of earth’s surface (#17 on lab)

THE OCEAN FLOOR

THE OCEAN FLOOR• Many of today’s continent’s were once underground

• Georgia was under an inland sea hundreds of millions of years ago

• Just like the continents, the ocean floor has mountains, valleys, volcanoes, and plains

• How do we get information about the ocean floor?

• http://video.nationalgeographic.com/video/news/environment-news/us-ocean-floor-mapping-vin/

• Continental Shelf: A long, gently inclined area where continent enters ocean

• Continental Slope: Steep side of continental shelf that is the end of the continent

OCEAN FLOOR FEATURES

• Mid ocean ridge= An underwater mountain range where new crust forms when plates move apart.

• Mid-Atlantic Ridge-world’s longest ridge formed by the North and South American plates diverging from the Africa and Eurasian plate

OCEAN FLOOR FEATURES

• Abyssal plain= flat areas on the ocean floor between the continental slope or trench and a mid-ocean ridge

OCEAN FLOOR FEATURES

OCEAN FLOOR FEATURES

• Seamount: Underwater Volcano

• Beach: Forms as a result of waves and currents moving sand and sediment toward the shore

• Trench= steep, deep cavern on the ocean floor that forms when plates converge and one plate is subducted under another• Mariana Trench : 36,201 feet (near Guam)

• It’s so deep that you could fit Mt. Everest inside of it!

OCEAN FLOOR FEATURES

THE OCEAN FLOOR

Label the picture of the ocean floor using your K.I.M Chart.

Disney Ride Task• You have been hired by Disney to create a new ride at Disney World

modeling the ocean floor. You need to have a script for your Disney imagineer to say to the patrons during the ride (describing the features), as well as a picture of your ride. The sketch of the ride and the script must include:– Label 7 features on your picture of the ride– Highlight/Underline 7 features in your script

1. Continental Slope 5. Continental Shelf2. Abyssal Plain 6. Beach3. Seamount 7. Trench4. Mid-Ocean Ridge

Rubric:– Diagram of ride: 35 points (5 points each feature)– Imagineer Script: 35 points (5 points DESCRIBING each feature)– Neat/Colorful: 10 points– On-Task: 20 points (10 points/day)