bell ringer question
DESCRIPTION
Bell Ringer Question. What are the major cities of the United States? What makes them so large and important?. The Renaissance. A rebirth of learning, arts, and desire to explore the human experience. What was the Renaissance?. Means rebirth in French - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Bell Ringer Question
What are the major cities of the United
States? What makes them so large and
important?
The Renaissance
A rebirth of learning, arts, and desire to explore the human
experience.
What was the Renaissance?• Means rebirth in French
• Time of rebirth after disorder and disunity of the Middle Ages
• Refers to rebirth of art, learning, and thinking
• Thinkers focused more on the richness and variety of human experience
• More focus on the here and now and individual achievements
How was the Renaissance possible?
There are several reasons!!
1.) Increased Trade
– The Renaissance was possible due to increased trade because of safer routes (thanks Crusaders!)
– The trade also allowed classical texts to return to Europe. These texts were preserved in the Byzantine Empire and by many monasteries. They were traded for other goods.
How was the Renaissance possible?
2.) Disunity from the Middle Ages
– After the Middle Ages, feudal society changed. Villages began to expand and modernize.
– In Italy, city states arose and they became trading centers and places of great learning as well
How was the Renaissance possible?
3.) The Black Death
–The widespread death caused people to think of the world differently–People focused more on their lives
on Earth because they realized how short it could be–There was also a new wave of piety
because they believed God had spared them- more religious art
How was the Renaissance possible?
4.) Cultural Conditions in Florence
– Began in Florence because of the influence of de‘ Medici family especially Lorenzo de’ Medici whom they called Lorenzo the Magnificent
Who were the Medici family and how did the influence the Renaissance?
• Owned a banking business in Florence. They loaned money to merchants, funded public works, and helped politicians.
• They also owned many mines and wool manufacturing mills as well.
Who were the Medici family and how did the influence the Renaissance?
• They were able to make many political connections and control much of Florence because of their connections and philanthropy.
• They became patrons (financial supporters) of the arts. They hired many artists and commissioned many works of art and architecture.
What were the different changes during the Renaissance?
• Humanism- change in thought
• Art- change in subject and technique
• Science- modernization of techniques
• Writing- rise of self help and commentary
• Religion- more focus on power
What was Humanism? • It was a method of learning which
encompassed studying and analyzing like Plato
• In the Middle Ages, learning sought to resolve contradictions between authors
• During the Renaissance, learning was to assimilate ancient with modern
• They hoped to use ancient knowledge to increase their knowledge of the present
• Believed that education should stimulate creativity
How did Art change?• In the Middle Ages, most art was dark
and religious based.
• At this time, artists studied Roman and Greek art and architecture. They also used rules of perspective to make their work look 3D.
• Artists studied the human body by studying models and some even performed illegal autopsies
Medieval Art V.S. Renaissance Art
Medieval Art Renaissance Art
How did Art change?• Most Renaissance art portrayed religious figures
set in Roman or Greek backgrounds
• Artists also used more oils in their painting and worked with plaster in a technique called fresco
• They also portrayed well known people of the day to highlight their achievements- usually they were the artist’s patrons
• Some art sought to reconcile philosophy with religion as well
Leonardo da Vinci• Was a true
Renaissance man: painter, sculptor, architect, engineer, and scientist
• Vatican was his patron and he performed illegal dissections in the Vatican
• Was a rival of Michelangelo
Vitruvian Man
Perfect sketch showing how Leonardo da Vinci was skilled in anatomy and mathematics
The Last Supper
The Virgin of the Rocks
Shows Mary with baby Jesus ,John the Baptist, and an angel. John the Baptist is blessing baby Jesus. There is also sign language depicted in the painting spelling out da Vinci’s name. The halos and crosses were later added after his time.
Mona LisaThis was his most famous and prized painting. He took it everywhere with him and constantly added to it.
Lady with an
Ermine in
Cracow
Military sketches showing a prototype for a tank
Flying Machines
Crossbow Machine
Study of the inside of skull
Study of a woman’s hands
Study of a Womb
Anatomy of the Neck
Study of a heart
Michelangelo• Lived in the house of
Lorenzo de’ Medici as a teen and studied Neo-Platonism and religion
• Patrons were the Medici and the Vatican Church
• Was primarily a sculptor but also painted and was an architect
• Applied sculptural techniques in his frescoes
La Pieta
David
Tomb of Pope
Julius II
Pope Julius II
St. Peter’s Basilica- Vatican
Raphael• Painted much of
the Papal apartments- Raphael Rooms or Stanze
• Worked in the Vatican at the same time as Michelangelo and greatly admired him
• Painter and architect
Disputation of the Holy Sacrament
Sandro Botticelli
• Florentine artist
• Trained as a goldsmith by his brother
Albrecht Dürer
• German painter and printmaker
• Skilled landscape artist
• Skilled in watercolors as well
• Painted mainly self portraits or studies of animals
Jan van Eyck
• From the Netherlands
• Father of oil painting
Arnolfini Portrait
•Marriage painting. Long believed to be between Giovanni di Arrigo Arnolfini and his wife Giovanna Cenami.•Now considered possibly between his cousin Giovanni di Nicolao Arnolfini and another woman.
How did Science change?•Humanist studies of ancient texts led scientists to question the universe
•Emphasized concrete experience over abstract theory and tried to observe the natural world carefully, completely, and without preconceived ideas.
How did Science change?•In medicine, many people started to dissect and analyze cadavers.•At the University in Bologna, there were classes in which people could attend dissections•This helped doctors understand the human body better and be able to create more cures and medicines
How did Science change?
Sir Francis Bacon• English philosopher
and scientist• Stressed
experimentation and observations
• Wanted science to lead to practical technologies
• Pioneered the Scientific Method
How did Science change?
Rene Descartes• French
philosopher, scientist, and mathematician
• “I think therefore I am.”
• Stressed human reasoning
How did Science change?
Nicolaus Copernicus• Polish astronomer• Copernicus's theory
(Heliocentric Theory) states the earth rotates daily on its axis and revolves yearly around the sun. He argued that the planets also circle the sun.
How did Science change?
• Copernicus’ Theory was just a theory. He had no proof or evidence.
• Tycho Brahe set up an observatory to make observations and collect data in support of Copernicus.
• Johannes Kepler, Brahe’s assistant, took his data and made calculations to prove Copernicus true.
How did Science change?Galileo Galilei• Italian physicist,
mathematician, and astronomer
• Built a telescope and observed moons revolving around Jupiter
• Proved Copernicus true as well
• Was brought before the Roman Inquisition and made to take back his statements
How did Science change?Sir Isaac Newton• Put forth the theory of
gravity• Believed nature
followed uniform laws• All motion in the
universe could be measured and described mathematically
• Created physics and calculus as subjects of study
How did writing change?• 1456 Johannes Gutenberg from
Germany. The first European to print with hand-set type cast in molds and inventor of the mechanical printing press.
• Made books cheaper and easier to reproduce. More books were available to more people. Exposed Europeans to new ideas
• Many self help books to help people ambitious people rise up in society. Also were editorials about society
How did writing change?
Baldassare Castiglione• Wrote “Book of the
Courtier”• Describes how one
should act while living in a court
• One should be well mannered, well educated, and master of many fields
How did writing change?Niccolo Machiavelli• Wrote “The Prince”• Urged rulers to do
whatever necessary to achieve their goals
• Stated that an ends justifies the means
• Getting results was more important than keeping promises
How did writing change?Desiderius Erasmus• Translated the Bible
into everyday language so everyone could understand their religion
• Wrote “The Praise of Folly” where humor is used to expose arrogance and immoral behavior in the clergy and society. Believed to have started the Reformation.
How did writing change?Sir Thomas More
• Wrote “ Utopia”
• Describes an ideal society in which men and women live in peace and harmony
• Communal ownership of land, private property does not exist, men and women are educated alike, and there is almost complete religious toleration.
How did writing change?
Shakespeare• Plays embodied
universal truths and human condition
• Most famous plays were Romeo and Juliet, Hamlet, Othello, Macbeth
How did writing change?
Miguel de Cervantes
• Wrote “Don Quixote”
• Mocked medieval chivalry
How did religion change?• In history, this time period is called the Reformation
but it occurred at the same time as the Renaissance.
• It changed the way people perceived their relationship with God. Believed people should have more direct relationship.
• Also the church was spending a lot of money building lavish churches and commissioning paintings and sculptures
• They would charge fees for marriages, baptisms, and even sold indulgences. An indulgence allowed one to lessen their time in purgatory
How did religion change?Martin Luther• German monk and
professor of theology. Translated Bible to everyday German so everyone could read it.
• 1517: wrote his 95 Theses and tacked it to the Wittenberg’s All Saints Church
• Complained about indulgences and church spending
• Christians could only be saved through faith not indulgences
How did religion change?Martin Luther (cont.)• 95 Theses was reprinted
and distributed• 1521 Church
excommunicated him• Gathered followers and
Lutheran Church is formed. Followers are called Protestants.
• Beliefs: only faith can lead to salvation, Bible was sole source of religious truth, all Christians had equal access to God not just through Church
How did religion change?John Calvin• French priest and lawyer• Believed salvation can
only be gained through faith and bible was only source of religious truth
• Preached predestination: God had long ago determined who was going to be saved and the world was divided into sinners and saints
• Formed own church and Calvinism
Henry VIII of EnglandWho was he and how did he affect the Reformation?
How did religion change?Henry VIII• His older brother Arthur dies
at 15. Arthur was married to Catherine of Aragon, the Spanish princess. This marriage forged political connections between Spain and England.
• Henry VIII is made to marry his brother’s widow due to pressure from his father. Claims 1st marriage was not consummated
• 1509 Henry VII dies and they are crowned king and queen of England
How did religion change?Henry VIII (cont.)• 1527 Henry VIII wanted to
divorce his wife because she gave birth to a daughter- Mary Tudor
• He had his eyes set on Anne Boleyn and thus wanted his marriage annulled. She was a lady in waiting for Queen Catherine.
• Pope denied it because he did not want to offend the Holy Roman Emperor who was Catherine’s nephew.
How did religion change?Henry VIII (cont.)
• He is persuaded by Anne to take over the Church by passing laws through Parliament
• 1534 passed the Act of Supremacy establishing him the head of the Church of England
• He appointed his own archbishop who annulled his marriage.
• He was later excommunicated by the Church
How did religion change?Henry VIII (cont.)
• He married Anne Boleyn but she only gives him a daughter- Elizabeth Tudor.
• He eventually grows tired of Anne and in 1536 comes up with charges to get rid of her. She had a violent temper and many miscarriages.
• Claims she cheated on her, was a witch and used her powers to seduce him, and slept with her brother
• The church finds her guilty and executes her by beheading
How did religion change?
Henry VIII (cont.)• He then has eyes for
Jane Seymour who was a lady in waiting for Queen Anne.
• He marries her 10 days after Anne’s execution and she gave birth to a boy-Edward VI.
• Sadly, she dies in childbirth.
• Henry called her his true wife and when he died was buried next to her.
How did religion change?Henry VIII (cont.)
• After Jane Seymour dies, he marries Anne of Cleves
• This marriage was a ploy to have a Protestant union with the German princes
• However, he found her “utterly unattractive” and divorced her 6 months later
How did religion change?Henry VIII (cont.)
• He then married Catherine Howard who was Anne Boleyn’s cousin and was her lady in waiting.
• Shortly after the marriage, she had an affair with a courtier and was found guilty
• Had her executed soon after
How did religion change?
Henry VIII (cont.)• He then marries
Catherine Parr who outlives him
• Henry VIII dies in 1547 at the age of 55 from complications with obesity and Type II diabetes
How did religion change?
• Edward VI was crowned king at age 10 .
• Not a very good king • Dies at 15 • And his step sister
Mary Tudor is brought back by Parliament even though Henry VIII did not recognize Elizabeth of Mary as his children
How did religion change?
• Mary Tudor restores Catholic faith and persecutes Protestants by burning them at the stake.
• Many Protestants will leave England for the new world.
How did religion change?
• When Mary dies in 1558, Elizabeth Tudor takes over and restores Catholic hierarchy and rituals.
• She maintains the monarchy as the head of the Anglican Church though.
• She helped the country balance Catholicism and Protestantism.
How did religion change?
• The church led by Pope Paul III sought to fight back the Reformation by appointing reformers
• Held the Council of Trent in 1545 to reaffirm traditional Catholic views, took steps to end Church corruption, establish better school so clergymen could challenge protestant teachings better
• Strengthened the Inquisition to prosecute Protestants
• Recognized new religious orders, like the Jesuits set up by Ignatius Loyola in 1540, to help spread the Catholic faith
How did religion change?• Though the Church sought to strengthen
the religion, they caused some people to take it too far.
• There were witch hunts because people saw a connection between heresy and magic. They used victims as scapegoats for their own problems.
• Most areas still wanted Jews to convert. In some Italian cities, Jews were put in ghetto and forced to wear a badge when they went out.
Was the Renaissance really a REBIRTH?
• Some believe this time period helped make people more aware of the world around them. This would help inspire the French Revolution and in turn the American Revolution.
• Some believe that Renaissance allowed people to be more corrupt and violent over power. It also allowed people to use their power unwisely (i.e. popes).
• In terms of economics, it was a move towards capitalism and materialism.
Conclusion Questions
1.) Write a summary for the notes.
2.) Do you think we had any other Renaissances in modern times?