bell work 11/9 do you know what types of medication you take if you have a ear or eye infections?...

Bell Work 11/9Do you know what types of medication you

take if you have a ear or eye infections?AntibioticsAntivirals

Do you know two types of microorganisms that cause illness?BacteriaVirusesProtozoaFungiAnd more

Copyright © 2004 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.1

Unit 13 Infection Control

13:1 Understanding the Principles of Infection Control


Understanding is essential to all health care workers

Provide a basic knowledge of how disease is transmitted

Goal is prevention of disease

Microorganisms orMicrobes


Small living organismsNot visible to the naked eyeMicroscope must be used to see themFound everywhere in the environmentFound on and in the human bodyMany are part of normal flora of bodyMay be beneficial

Microorganisms orMicrobes (continued)


Called nonpathogens when not harmful to the body

Some cause infections and diseaseCalled pathogens when able to harm the bodySometimes nonpathogenic microorganisms can

become pathogenicE ColiStaphylococcus

Microbe Classifications


Bacteria ProtozoaFungi Rickettsiae Viruses

Bacteria Simple, one-celled

organismsMultiply rapidlyClassified by shape

and arrangement


Bacteria – Cocci


Round or spherical in shapeDiplococci cause gonorrhea, meningitis,

and pneumoniaStreptococci cause strep throat and

rheumatic feverStaphylococci cause boils, wound

infections, and toxic shock

Bacteria – Bacilli


Rod-shapedOccur singly, in pairs, or in chainsMay have flagellaDiseases caused by bacilli include

tuberculosis, tetanus, pertussis, and diphtheria.

Bacteria – Spirilla and SpirochetesSpiral or corkscrew

shapeSome spirochetes

live in water others are ticks and lice

Diseases include Lyme disease (spirochete), syphilis, and cholera (spirilla).


Antibiotics


Antibiotics are used to kill bacteriaSome strains of bacteria have become

antibiotic-resistantWhen antibiotic-resistant, the antibiotic is

no longer effective against the bacteria

Protozoa One-celled, animal-

like organismFound in decayed

materials and contaminated water

May have flagella for movement

Some are pathogenicProtozoa infection

causes malaria, amebic dysentery, and trichomonas


Fungi Simple, plant-like

organismsLive on dead organic

matterYeast and molds are

two forms that can be pathogenic

Ringworm, athletes foot, and trush are from fungi

Antibiotics do not killAntifungal medications


Rickettsiae


Parasitic microorganisms Cannot live outside the cells of another

living organism (a host)Transmitted to humans by the bites of

insects (e.g., fleas, lice, ticks, mites)Rickettsiae causes typhus, and rocky

mountain spotted feverAntibiotics are effective against some

Viruses Smallest

microorganismsMust use electron

microscope to seeMust be inside another

living cell to reproduce

Spread by blood and body secretions

Very difficult to killHepatitis, HIV, chicken

pox, influenza and polio are some diseases that are spread by a virus.


Virus – Hepatitis B


Transmitted by blood and body secretions

Affects the liver – hepat/liveritis/inflammation

Can survive several days in dried blood

Vaccine available for protection

Most children in the state of Alaska have been immunized against Hep. B

Hepatitis C


Transmitted by blood and blood-containing body fluids

Can survive several days in dried blood

Many infected individuals don’t feel sick

Others have mild symptoms

Can cause severe liver damage

Currently, no vaccine ready for use

Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS)


Caused by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV )

Suppresses the immune system

Individual becomes susceptible to cancers and infections that would not affect a healthy person

No cure and no vaccineUnderstanding Viruses

Growth ofMicroorganisms


Most prefer warm environmentsMost prefer darknessNeed source of food and moistureNeed for oxygen varies

Human body is ideal supplier for all the things listed above

How Pathogens Cause Infection and Disease


Some produce poisons called toxins

Some cause an allergic reaction

Others attach and destroy the living cells they invade

Classifications of Diseases and Infections


EndogenousOriginates within the

bodyExamples: metabolic

disorders, congenital abnormalities, tumors, and infections caused by microorganisms within the body

ExogenousOriginates outside the

bodyExamples: radiation,

chemical agents, trauma, electric shock, and temperature extremes

Classifications of Diseases and Infections


Nosocomial Acquired in a health care

facilityMany are antibiotic-

resistant (MRSA)Can cause serious and

even life-threatening infections

Opportunistic Infections that occur when

the body’s defenses are down

Usually do not occur in normal immune system

Examples: Kaposi’s sarcoma (rare type of cancer) and Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in individuals with AIDS

Bell work 11/14, 11/15What type of infection originates in a

medical facility?

What type of infection occurs when the bodies defenses are down?

What is the best thing you can do to keep from getting sick?


Chain of Infection


Must be present for disease to occur and spread from one individual to anotherCausative agent

A pathogenReservoir

Where it can livePortal of exit

Way to escape the reservoir

Mode of transmissionWay it can be transmitted

Portal of entryHow it enters the new host

Susceptible hostPerson who is likely to get

sick

Common Body Defenses


These things help us from getting sickMucous membranesCiliaCoughing and

sneezingHCL in the stomachTearsFeverInflammation

response – leukocytesImmune response –

antibodies and cell secretion

Ending the Chainof Infection


Eliminate any step in the chain and infection is stopped

Follow practices to interrupt or break the chain

Remember, pathogens are everywhere

Prevention is a continuous process

bell work 11/9 do you know what types of medication you take if you have a ear or eye infections?...

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