Bell Work• List 4 reasons for the decline of the Roman Empire

• Who tried to save the Roman Empire by dividing it?

• Who moved the capital to the east?

• Where was the Eastern Roman Empire located (old name of the city & new name of the city)?

The Byzantine The Byzantine Empire: The New Empire: The New

RomeRome

Objectives

• Describe the geographic advantages of Constantinople’s location

• Compare the Byzantine Empire the Roman Empire

• Describe the role of Justinian in the rise of the Byzantine Empire

Setting the stage

• The Western Roman Empire crumbled

• For 1000 yrs after the collapse of the W the E would carry on the glory of Rome

• The E would remain and become:

The Byzantine Empire

Geography

• The Emperor Constantine moved the capital to Byzantium; later renamed Constantinople located on:– the Bosporus Strait connects

the Black Sea to the Mediterranean Sea.

• Europe & Asia meet at the Bosporus Strait.

EuropeAsia

6

Why the East?Why the East?Constantinople on: seaport Constantinople on: seaport Important point for tradeImportant point for trade major trade routes b/w Asia & major trade routes b/w Asia &

EuropeEurope

Gateways b/w Black Sea & Gateways b/w Black Sea & Aegean SeaAegean Sea Control gateways = control Control gateways = control

shippingshipping

Byzantine Empire vs Rome?• Both a Greek & Christian state

– Greek replaced Latin as official language– Christian church now Eastern Orthodox Church (EOC)

• Byzantine emperor controlled church & state– Emperor appointed the head of the church

10Constantinople

Emperor Justinian

Reign of Justinian

• Byzantine emperors believed: rightful rulers of all the lands Rome once held

• Justinian tried to reconquer the western lands, then became emperor

Reconquering Roman Lands

Why?

– Regain Rome’s glory – Justinian ruled as an autocrat .

• Ruler who has complete authority • Created a huge Christian empire• Empire reached its greatest size

• Did he succeed?– Yes, at first

• Ruled almost all the territory that Rome had ever ruled

– After his death the lands were taken back• 1453 Constantinople fell to the Ottoman Turks

Simplifying the laws• Justinian ordered group of scholars to

organize the laws– From the last 400 years– Laws contradicted each other, so cleaned

them up

• Code of Justinian– Decided legal questions in all areas

• Marriage, property, justice, etc.

• Did he succeed?– Yes

• Code of Justinian: basis of law in the Byzantine empire until its end (900 years)

Justinian’s Code of Laws• Laws were fairer to women.

– They could own property– raise their own children after their husbands died.

• Children allowed to choose their own marriage partners.

• Slavery was legal and slaves must obey their masters.

• Punishments were detailed and fit the crime

• His work inspired the modern concept and, indeed, the very spelling of "justice".

Building Program: Glorifying Constantinople

• Larger building program than any other Emperor – Walls for protection– Marketplace for trade– Courts, schools, hospitals

• Hagia Sophia– Crowning glory of Justinian’s reign

• church of Holy Wisdom

• Hippodrome – like Rome’s Coliseum for main events– where gladiator fights & chariot races were held

• Did he succeed?

                   

Hagia Sophia

Hippodrome

Preservation of Greco-Roman Culture

• Modern world owes Byzantines a huge debt!– Preserved Greek & Roman culture

• HOW?– Valued education – Classical Learning

• Greek and Roman– Grammar– Literature– Philosophy

• Studied Homer• Geometry from Euclid• History from Herodotus• Medicine from Galen

Questions• What were Justinian’s 3 major goal during his reign

as emperor?• What Byzantine emperor tried to re-conquer the

lands that were lost to the west?• Name 2 buildings in Constantinople and their

purpose?• Who took over Constantinople after Justinian’s

rule?• What type of rule did Justinian have and what does

it mean?• Write down 2 things from the Code of Laws that

changed.

To Do

• Worksheet: Analyzing Emperor Justinian

Bell Work

• Augustus, the first emperor of Rome, created a system of government that existed for centuries. How did the government of the eastern empire compare with that of the western empire?

• One of Rome’s lasting contributions was its law. How does the Justinian Code compare with the principles of Roman law?

• In ancient Rome, the Colosseum wa the site of free games, races, and gladiator contests for the masses. What kinds of free entertainment did the Hippodrome offer to citizens of Constantinople?

Objectives

• Examine the reasons for the split of the Catholic Church within the Byzantine Empire.

• Compare the decline of Roman Empire to the decline of the Byzantium Empire

The Great Schism

• What is it?– separation between two

great branches of Christianity

• East– Eastern Orthodox

Church

• West– Roman Catholic

The Church Divides

• The Western & Eastern Empires develop differently– Due to lack of contact– Differences grew

• East was more oriented towards Asia and Northeastern EuropeEast was more oriented towards Asia and Northeastern Europe

• Differences– Language– Marriage of priests– Leader – Icons

Differences

• Language– East – Greek– West – Latin

• Marriage– East – allowed priests to marry– West – not allowed

Differences - Leader

East: ConstantinopleEast: Constantinople

• church was headed by church was headed by the Patriarchthe Patriarch

• spiritual leaderspiritual leader• controlled by the Emperorcontrolled by the Emperor

West: RomeWest: Rome

• church was headed by church was headed by the Pope the Pope

• Spiritual leaderSpiritual leader• had control over the had control over the

rulers of Western Europe.rulers of Western Europe.

Pope in Rome thought he was above any ruler, Pope in Constantinople thought that rulers had power

Differences - Icons• Conflict over icons

– Icons – small art objects that depict a holy figure

– Iconoclasts – People who were against the use of icons in worship, should just pray to God

End Result: The Split

• Several Byzantine Emperors attempted to ban the use of icons– The pope in the west supported the use of icons

• In 1054 both Popes excommunicated each other – Excommunicated – declared outside the church – Two branches form

• Roman Catholic Church - West• Eastern Orthodox Church - East

Decline of the Byzantine EmpireDecline of the Byzantine Empire

• Loss of landLoss of land– Turkish troops seized most of the Asian provinces of Turkish troops seized most of the Asian provinces of

the Empire.the Empire.– Creation of independent Slavic kingdoms in the Creation of independent Slavic kingdoms in the

Balkans (like Serbia) Balkans (like Serbia) • showed the Empire’s diminished power.showed the Empire’s diminished power.

• Loss of PowerLoss of Power– increased impact of Italian trading cities with the ports increased impact of Italian trading cities with the ports

of Constantinople.of Constantinople.• AttackedAttacked

– Crusade to take back Holy Land actually turned Crusade to take back Holy Land actually turned against Constantinople!against Constantinople!

– Weakened the Byzantine Empire more!Weakened the Byzantine Empire more!

The End of the Byzantine Empire

• 1453: The Byzantine empire drew to a close– forces from the Muslim

Ottoman Empire conquered Constantinople.

• The ancient Christian city was renamed Istanbul – became the capital of

the Ottoman Empire.

Istanbul is Constantinople