Bell Work

• What do you think it means to be industrialized? Can you give an example of a country that is, and one that is not?

The Industrial Revolution

1750-1850(But really ongoing)

Map of LDCs-- MDCs

LEARNING TARGETS

• I can explain the causes of the Industrial Revolution

• I can analyze how society changed because of the Industrial Revolution.

Industrial Revolution

• The slow shift in production from simple hand tools to complex machines. – A shift from an agricultural to a manufacturing

economy (primary to secondary sector)– A shift from rural to urban

Causes

• Improved farming methods– Crop rotation, turnips to restore soil, seed drill,

crossbreeding of livestock– Enclosure: open farmlands enclosed into more

productive fields.• New technology– James Watt – steam engine- became the key power

source of the IR.– Improved iron- used for the construction of

machines and steam engines

The Seed Drill

The Steam Engine

World’s First Iron Bridge, 1779

The Textile Industry

• “The Cottage Industry” – the world’s first mechanized industry

• High demand for cloth – raw cotton was distributed to peasant families who spun it into thread and then wove thread into cloth in their homes. – Small wages for workers, big profits for

entrepreneurs.

Textile Industry Inventions

• John Kay – flying shuttle• James Hargreaves – spinning jenny• Richard Arkwright – water frame– Main Idea: New machines were too big for

homes. New buildings were built to house them.– “Factories” – located near rivers• Power, transportation

– Production increased exponentially. Completely changed the economies and societies of Europe.

The Transportation Revolution

• First steam locomotive: 1804 – traveled 2.5 mph

• 1829-The Rocket – 16 mph, but still killed a member of the British Cabinet not paying attention on its debut

• World’s first railroad: The Liverpool-to-Manchester opened in 1830.

• By 1860, trains were moving 60mph.

Urbanization

• New farming techniques and mass production of goods put farmers and skilled craftsman out of work.

• Migrated to factory towns in search of work.– City population exploded• Ex: Manchester: 17,000 in 1750; 70,000 by 1800

– Living conditions horrible– Overcrowding, entire families slept in 1 room

slums– No police, fire, health, water, or sanitation services

Living Conditions

• Sewage ran through the streets• “Londoners living near the Thames River kept

their doors and windows closed year-round due to the smell of the river”

• The Romantic poet Lord Byron was known to “relieve himself” in hotel hallways because bathrooms were so dirty.

Indoor Bathrooms aka Earth Closets

LORD BYRON

Life in Factories• 12-16 hour workdays• No mandatory breaks• No safety devices on

machines• No disability or workers

comp or insurance…if you got sick or injured, you just lost your job

• Employers preferred women and children workers:

• Paid them less• Easier to manage• Smaller hands