BELLRINGERBELLRINGERMAKE A QUICK DRAWING OF A PLANT MAKE A QUICK DRAWING OF A PLANT OR ANIMAL CELL IN THE BELLRINGER OR ANIMAL CELL IN THE BELLRINGER SECTION OF YOUR NOTEBOOK. USE PG. SECTION OF YOUR NOTEBOOK. USE PG. 56-57 OF YOUR TEXTBOOK TO HELP 56-57 OF YOUR TEXTBOOK TO HELP YOU. LABEL THE PARTS.YOU. LABEL THE PARTS.

CellsCells

Definition of CellDefinition of Cell

A cell is the smallest unit that is A cell is the smallest unit that is capable of performing life capable of performing life

functions. functions.

Examples of CellsExamples of Cells

Amoeba Proteus

Plant Stem

Red Blood Cell

Nerve Cell

Bacteria

55

Cell TheoryCell Theory

Cells were discovered in 1665 by Robert Hooke.Cells were discovered in 1665 by Robert Hooke.

Early studies of cells were conducted byEarly studies of cells were conducted by

- Mathias Schleiden (1838)- Mathias Schleiden (1838)

- Theodor Schwann (1839)- Theodor Schwann (1839)

Schleiden and Schwann proposed the Cell Schleiden and Schwann proposed the Cell Theory.Theory.

Cell TheoryCell Theory

All organisms are composed of one or All organisms are composed of one or more cells.more cells.

Cells are the smallest living units of all Cells are the smallest living units of all living organisms.living organisms.

Cells arise only by division of a previously Cells arise only by division of a previously existing cell.existing cell.

Two Types of CellsTwo Types of Cells

•ProkaryoticProkaryotic•EukaryoticEukaryotic

ProkaryoticProkaryotic

Do not have Do not have structures structures surrounded by surrounded by membranesmembranesFew internal Few internal structuresstructuresOne-celled One-celled organisms, organisms, Bacteria Bacteria

http://library.thinkquest.org/C004535/prokaryotic_cells.html

Prokaryotic Cell StructureProkaryotic Cell Structure

Prokaryotic Cells are smaller and Prokaryotic Cells are smaller and simpler in structure than eukaryotic simpler in structure than eukaryotic cells.cells. Prokaryotic cells do NOT have:Prokaryotic cells do NOT have:

NucleusNucleusMembrane bound organellesMembrane bound organelles

Prokaryotic Cell StructureProkaryotic Cell Structure

StructuresStructures Plasma membrane Plasma membrane Cell wallCell wall Cytoplasm with ribosomesCytoplasm with ribosomes NucleoidNucleoid Capsule*Capsule* Flagella* and pili*Flagella* and pili*

*present in some, but not all prokaryotic cells*present in some, but not all prokaryotic cells

EukaryoticEukaryoticContain Contain organellesorganelles surrounded by membranes surrounded by membranes

Most living organismsMost living organisms

Plant Animal

http://library.thinkquest.org/C004535/eukaryotic_cells.html

Eukaryotic CellsEukaryotic Cells

Structures in all eukaryotic cellsStructures in all eukaryotic cells NucleusNucleus RibosomesRibosomes Endomembrane System Endomembrane System

Endoplasmic reticulum – smooth and roughEndoplasmic reticulum – smooth and roughGolgi apparatusGolgi apparatusVesiclesVesicles

MitochondriaMitochondria CytoskeletonCytoskeleton

Eukaryotic CellsEukaryotic Cells

Eukaryotic cells include plant and animal Eukaryotic cells include plant and animal cells.cells.

Most Eukaryotes are multicellular.Most Eukaryotes are multicellular.

REMEMBER: The difference between a REMEMBER: The difference between a plant and animal cell is that a plant cell has plant and animal cell is that a plant cell has a cell wall, large central vacuole, and a cell wall, large central vacuole, and chloroplasts. chloroplasts. Plant and animal cells are Plant and animal cells are BOTH eukaryotes!!!BOTH eukaryotes!!!

What does the Eukaryotic Cell have that What does the Eukaryotic Cell have that Prokaryotic Cells does not?Prokaryotic Cells does not?

Prokaryotic EukaryoticProkaryotic Eukaryotic

No nucleus Has a nucleusNo membrane bound organellesCircular DNA

Has membrane bound organelles

Cell OrganellesCell Organelles

© J Beauchemin 2006© J Beauchemin 2006

Cell OrganellesCell OrganellesOrganelleOrganelle= “little = “little organ”organ”Found only inside Found only inside eukaryotic cellseukaryotic cellsEverything in a cell Everything in a cell except the organelles except the organelles is is cytoplasm.cytoplasm.

CytoplasmCytoplasm

Gel-like mixtureGel-like mixture

Surrounded by cell membraneSurrounded by cell membrane

Contains hereditary material Contains hereditary material

Cell MembraneCell MembraneBoundary of the cellBoundary of the cell

All cells have a cell membraneAll cells have a cell membrane

It separates the cells contents from its environmentIt separates the cells contents from its environment

Controls movement of materials into and out of the cell.Controls movement of materials into and out of the cell.

NucleusNucleusControl center of the Control center of the cellcell

Contains Contains DNADNA

Surrounded by a Surrounded by a double membranedouble membrane

Usually the easiest Usually the easiest organelle to see under organelle to see under a microscopea microscope

Usually one per cellUsually one per cell

NucleolusNucleolus

Inside nucleusInside nucleus

Contains RNA to build Contains RNA to build proteins proteins

http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html

ChromosomesChromosomes

In nucleusIn nucleus

Made of DNAMade of DNA

Contain instructions Contain instructions for traits & for traits & characteristics characteristics

http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html

Cell WallCell WallFound in Found in plantplant and and bacterialbacterial cells cells

Rigid, protective Rigid, protective barrierbarrier

Located Located outsideoutside of the of the cell membranecell membrane

Made of cellulose Made of cellulose ((fiberfiber))

CytoskeletonCytoskeletonActs as Acts as skeletonskeleton and and musclemuscle

Provides shape and Provides shape and structurestructure

Helps move Helps move organelles around the organelles around the cellcell

Made of a web of Made of a web of proteinsproteins

Endoplasmic Endoplasmic ReticulumReticulum

A.k.a. “ER”A.k.a. “ER”Connected to nuclear Connected to nuclear membranemembraneHighway of the cellHighway of the cellRough ERRough ER: studded : studded with ribosomes; it with ribosomes; it makes proteinsmakes proteinsSmooth ERSmooth ER: no : no ribosomes; it makes ribosomes; it makes lipidslipids

RibosomeRibosomeSite of protein Site of protein synthesissynthesis

Found attached to Found attached to rough ER or floating rough ER or floating free in cytoplasm.free in cytoplasm.

Produced in a part of Produced in a part of the nucleus called the the nucleus called the nucleolus (inner part nucleolus (inner part of nucleus)of nucleus)

                                                     

                                       

Golgi Complex- -Is responsible for sorting and correctly shipping the proteins produced in the ER.  -Just like our postal packages which should have a correct shipping address, the proteins produced in the ER should be correctly sent to their respective address. 

-In the cell, shipping and sorting is done by the Golgi complex. It is a very important step in protein synthesis.

                      

-This term literally means "small vessel".

-This organelle helps store and transport products produced by the cell.

-The vesicles are the transport and delivery vehicles like our mail and  Federal Express trucks.

Vesicles

LysosomesLysosomesGarbage disposal of Garbage disposal of the cellthe cell

Contain digestive Contain digestive enzymes that break enzymes that break down old cell down old cell organelles and organelles and wasteswastes

MitochondriaMitochondria““Powerhouse of the Powerhouse of the cell”cell”Cellular respirationCellular respiration occurs here to release occurs here to release energy for the cell to energy for the cell to useuseBound by a double Bound by a double membranemembrane

ChloroplastChloroplastFound only in plant Found only in plant cellscells

Contains the green Contains the green pigment pigment chlorophyllchlorophyll

Site of food (Site of food (glucoseglucose) ) production- production- PHOTOSYNTHESISPHOTOSYNTHESIS

Bound by a double Bound by a double membranemembrane

VacuolesVacuolesLarge Large centralcentral vacuole vacuole usually in usually in plantplant cells cells

Many smaller Many smaller vacuoles in vacuoles in animalanimal cellscells

Storage container for Storage container for water, food, enzymes, water, food, enzymes, wastes, pigments, etc.wastes, pigments, etc.

CentrioleCentrioleAids in cell divisionAids in cell division

Quick ReviewQuick ReviewWhich organelle is the control center of the cell? Which organelle is the control center of the cell? NucleusNucleus

Which organelle holds the cell together?Which organelle holds the cell together?Cell membraneCell membrane

Which organelles are not found in animal cells?Which organelles are not found in animal cells?Cell wall, central vacuole, chloroplastsCell wall, central vacuole, chloroplasts

Which organelle helps plant cells make food?Which organelle helps plant cells make food?ChloroplastsChloroplasts

What does E.R. stand for?What does E.R. stand for?Endoplasmic reticulumEndoplasmic reticulum