Shinichi Goto, Ph.D E-mail:goto.s@aist.go.jp

Research Center for New Fuels and Vehicle Technology (NFV),National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and

Technology (AIST)Namiki 1-2-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8564, JAPAN

ＤＭＥ Vehicle ＢＤＦ Mini Bus Collab. Res. Center

Benchmarking of Biodiesel Fuel Standards in East Asia

Engine Test Facilities in AIST

Fuel and Exhaust Gas Test Equip.

Fuel Spray Test Cell

Vehicle Test Circuit

Engine Test Cell

2

Introduction of ERIA Energy Project

Working groups: Analysis of Energy Saving Potential in East Asia (IEE: Institute of Energy Economics, Japan) Sustainable Biomass Utilization Vision in East Asia (AIST) Standardization of Biodiesel Fuel for Vehicle in East Asia (AIST)

　　 East Asia Summit Project:

JETRO:JAPAN EXTERNAL TRADE ORGANIZATION => ERIA: Economic Research Institute for ASEAN and East Asia

2

Policy Relevance Background Objectives Procedure Members Schedule Standardization activity

Presentation Outline

5

Policy Relevance

The importance of biofuels has been recognized in the Cebu Declaration on East Asian Energy Security on 15 January 2007, in which the standardization was encouraged for practical use.

In order to contribute to the promotion of biofuels in East Asian countries, Japan announced “Fueling Asia-Cooperation: Initiative for Clean Energy and Sustainable Growth”, which included the promotion of biomass energy. It was welcomed by all participating countries.

Energy Cooperation Task Force (ECTF) proposed launching a study on BDF standards to discuss the concrete measures.

The 1st EAS Energy Misters’ meeting(EMM1) was held in Singapore on 23 August 2007. The importance of BDF standards was mentioned in the joint statement.

2nd East Asia Summit

Source : The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan

6

Background (1)

ISV

Gb/a : Giga barrels of oil equivalent per annumSoybean

Palm

Rapeseed

The Kyoto Protocol emphasized the concept of ‘carbon neutral’ - that vehicle emissions (CO2) are offset by using biofuels produced from plant materials absorbing CO2. The use of biofuels contributes to the prevention of global warming.

Asian countries are actively promoting the introduction of biofuels due to soaring oil prices and increased energy consumption. The utilization of biofuels is also important from the viewpoint of energy security and alternative fuels.

Jatropha Coconut

7

The low-quality biodiesel fuel (BDF) raises serious concerns regarding the effect on engine performance caused by fuel impurities and the oxidation.

It is anticipated that BDF standards will be established in each country to promote more distribution in the region.

Fuel tank(source: Fuel Policy

Subcommittee)

Mechanical defects caused by using BDF

Engine(source: JAMA)

Injector(source : JAMA)

Background (2)

8

Objectives

Develop a common agreement for BDF standardization

Support the formulation of BDF standards in line with the conditions in each country

Facilitate the distribution of good-quality BDF and stabilize the economic infrastructure

Country Mixing rate

Feedstocks Strategy/ Goal

Malaysia 2-5% Palm National Biofuel Policy, 2006 / B5

Indonesia - Palm National Energy Program / BDF usage 47 million kL in 2025

Thailand 5% Palm Biodiesel Development and Promotion Strategy / Enforce nationwide B2 in April, 2008 B5 in 2011, B10 in 2012

Philippines

1%100%

Coconut Biofuel Strategy 2006 / BDF mixing rate 1% in 3 months, 2% in 2 years

India 5% Jatropha Jatropha BDF demonstration 2005-2007Jatropha BDF introduction2011-2012

China 5%20%

Used food oil

Jatropha

now under consideration in BDF standardization

‘No. 5 Eco Fuel Use Promotion Meeting’, Document 2-2, Ministry of the Environment

Introduction of BDF

9

Procedure

Share the same recognition concerning the importance of ensuring BDF quality and the basic measurements for BDF standardization

Study the characteristics of BDF and current situation in each country, and gather the necessary information in order to formulate BDF standards

Focus on Japanese standards (BDF5%) as a typical example Japan Automobile Manufactures Association and Petroleum

Association of Japan agree to cooperate on this activity

Working Group 　　 To agree common FAME

standardsResearch and Survey

FAME Database

10

・ Japan

Dr. Shinichi Goto, WG Leader Director, Research Center for New Fuels and Vehicle Technology (NFV), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST)

Mr. Yasunori Takei, Representative of Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association (JAMA)

Toyota Motor Corporation

Dr. Takashi Hoshino, Representative of Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association (JAMA)

Isuzu Motors Limited

Prof. Koji Yamane University of Shiga Prefecture

Mr. Akio Imai, Representative of Petroleum Association of Japan (PAJ) Showa Shell Sekiyu K.K.

Dr. Mitsuharu Oguma Research Center for New Fuels and Vehicle Technology (NFV), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST)

Members (1) Host Country

11

・ Australia Dr. Lesley Dowling and Dr. Daniel

Sheedy Fuel and Used Oil Policy Section,

Department of Environment and Water Resources

・ China Prof. Wugao Zhang Shanghai Jiao Tong University

・ India　 Dr. O.S. Tyagi (to be confirmed) Indian Institute of Petroleum (IIP), Council of Scientific & Industrial

Research (CSIR)

・ Indonesia　 Dr. Tatang Hernas Soerawidjaja Chairman, Indonesian Biodiesel Forum/ Head, Center for Research on Natural Resource Utilization, Institut Teknologi Bandung

・ Malaysia Mr. Harrison Lau Lik Nang, Research

Officer, Engineering and Processing Research

Div. Malaysia Palm Oil Board (MPOB)

・ New Zealand　 Ms. Philippa Blunden Policy Analyst, Fuels & Crown Resources Group, Ministry of Economic

Development

・ Philippines Ms. Zenada Ygnacio Monsada Oil Industry Management Bureau, Department of Energy

・ Singapore (to be confirmed) Dr. Rong Yan, Institute of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University

・ South Korea Dr. Young Jae Lee, Leader, Transportation Energy Research Center Korea Institute of Energy Research

・ Thailand Ms. Peesamai Jenvanitpanjakul Deputy Governor (R&D), Thailand

Institute of Scientific and Technological Research

(TISTR)

・ Vietnam Ms. Hoang Thi Tinh (to be confirmed) Vietnam Standards and Quality Center, Directorate for Standards and Quality (STAMEQ)

*in alphabetical order

Members (2) Participating Countries

12

Schedule

ERIAProject

Jul. Sep. Nov. Jan.2007 2008

Aug. 23, EAS Energy Ministers Mtg. (Singapore)EAS-related

meetings Aug. 26, EAS Economic Ministers Mtg. (Philippines)

Nov. 21, EAS (Singapore)

Interimreport

WG 1stJuly 17-18

Japan

WG 3rdNov. 29-30

Japan

WG 4thFeb.

Australia (Tentative)

WG 2nd

Oct. 2-3Thailand

Understanding on the importance of ensuring BDF quality

・ Characteristics of BDF• The effect on vehicle performance• Japanese quality standards

Study on current situationin each country

• The political climate• Represent current BDF Specification

• Site tour of Kyoto city BDF plant

Interimreport

Finalreport

・ Final adjustmentProposal for

common standards

TENTATIVE

SummarizeBDF standardization Report

Proposal for common standards

Based on EN standard (EN14214)　　 ・ Cover a whole of negative factor in FAME

Consideration of various materials　　 ・ Coconut FAME : Viscosity and Flashpoint　　 ・ Soybean FAME : Iodine number

Oxidation stability　　 ・ Critical impact on metal tanks　　・ Metal tanks are popular for vehicles in Asia　　・ Oxidation stability of 10 hours prevented metal tank

　　　 corrosion in Japanese conformity test

Polyunsaturated FAME ・ Mainly included in fish oil ・ Risk of sludge formation ・ Measurement method hasn’t developed yet

・ JASO* standard: “Not Detected”13

Standardization activity (1)

*JASO : Japan Automotive Standard Organization

14

About harmonized specification

Standardization activity (2)

(*) Equivalent to diesel oil(**) Meet diesel oil specification

U.S. EU Brazil JASOASTM D6751-07a EN14214 ANP255 JASO M360

Ester content mass% － >96.5 － >96.5 >96.5Density kg/m3 － 0.86-0.9 (*) 0.86-0.9 0.860 - 0.900Viscosity mm2/s 1.9-6.0 3.5-5.0 (*) 3.5-5.0 2.0-5.0Flashpoint ℃ >130 >120 >100 >120 >100Sulfur content mass% <0.0015 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.0010Distillation property ℃ <360 (T90) － <360 (T95) － －Carbon residue (100%) mass% <0.05 － <0.05 － －Carbon residue (10%) mass% － <0.3 － <0.3 <0.3Cetane number >47 >51 >45 >51 >51Sulfated ash mass% <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02Water content mg/kg <0.05[vol%] <500 <0.050[vol%] <500 <500Total contamination mg/kg － <24 － <24 <24Copper corrosion No.3 Class-1 No.1 Class-1 Class-1Acid value mgKOH/g <0.5 <0.5 <0.80 <0.5 <0.5Oxidation stability hr. >3 >6 >6 (**) >10 (***)Iodine value － <120 Reported <120 ReportedMethyl Linolenate mass% － <12 － <12 <12Polyunsaturated FAME Mass% － <1 － N.D. N.D. (***)Methanol content mass% <0.2 <0.2 <0.5 <0.2 <0.2Monoglyceride content mass% － <0.80 <1.0 <0.80 <0.80Diglyceride content mass% － <0.2 <0.25 <0.2 <0.2Triglyceride content mass% － <0.2 <0.25 <0.2 <0.2Free glycerol content mass% <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02Total glycerol content mass% <0.24 <0.25 <0.38 <0.25 <0.25Na+K mg/kg <5 <5 <10 <5 <5Ca+Mg mg/kg <5 <5 － <5 <5Phosphorous content mg/kg <10 <10 <10 <10 <10

Specification on ERIA PJOct.3.2007(Tentative)Items Units

(***) Need data check and further discussion

Effects of Oxidation Stability on Fuel Tank Corrosion

TEST: 2000hr TEST with 8hr (60℃ ） and 16hr (Normal Temp.) intervalTest Fuel: Commercial diesel fuel blended 5%FAME

Test Fuel: Same FAME above with 400ppm of anti-oxidant (20ppm as B5)

Source:METI FAME conformity Test

Oxy. Stabof B100: 6 Hrs

Oxy. Stabof B100: 10 Hrs

14

Lower

Lower

Upper

Upper

Influence of Antioxidant on PMEAntioxidant : Buthyl Hydroxy Toluene

Cost of antioxidant [JPY/L]0 0.30.240.180.120.06

0

5

10

15

20

0 300 600 900 1200 1500

Antioxidant concentration [ppm]

Ox

idat

ion

sta

bili

ty [

h]

3HC C-O-CH3

=O

3HC C-O-CH3

=O

3HC C-O-CH3

=O

3HC C-O-CH3

=O

3HC CH33HC CH3

3HC C-O-CH2

=O

3HC C-O-CH

=O

3HC C-O-CH2

=O

3HC C-O-CH2

=O

3HC C-O-CH2

=O

3HC C-O-CH

=O

3HC C-O-CH

=O

3HC C-O-CH2

=O

3HC C-O-CH2

=O

1st GenerationFAME (Fatty Acid Methyl Ester)

2nd GenerationBHD (Bio Hydro-fined Diesel) Material Oil

(Triglyceride)

Hydrogenation

HYD-FAME (Hydrogenated FAME)[AIST Technology]

Trans-esterification

Hydro-fining

Reaction condition Nippon Oil : 6MPa, 240-320 degC. Neste Oil : 6MPa, 300-350 degC.

Upgrading of Oxidation Stability by Hydrogenation

* 115℃ ， 16Hours oxygen blowing

Palm Oil FAMEBio

Hydro-finedDiesel

ConventionalDiesel Fuel

(Typical)

Density 15℃ kg/m3 916 874 783 83030℃ mm2/sec - 5.5 4.1 3.7

100℃ mm2/sec 8.6 - -Flash Point ℃ 274 180 116 70Cetane Index - 62 98 58Pour Point ℃ 25 20 20 -15Calorie MJ/kg 40 40 47 46

10% 588 333 272 22090% 614 359 320 335

Sulfur massppm <1 <1 <1 6Oxygen Content mass% 12 12 <1 0Aromatics vol% <1 <1 <1 19

Beforeaccelaration

0.12 0.26 0.00 0.00

Afteraccelaration *

- 10.40 0.06 0.06

Viscosity

Distillation

Total AcidNumber

mgKOH/g

℃

Source : Nippon oil corporation (presentation at 2007 JSAE/SAE International Fuels and Lubricants Meeting)

Properties of Bio Hydro-fined Diesel

19

Issues and Further steps

Issues and actions for ERIA Project・ Oxidation stability: Need to show the evidence of necessity “10 Hr”

JAMA *and AIST check the data・ Polyunsaturated FAME: Validation of “Not detected” JAMA and AIST examine the validation

Proposal for common standards・ Fix all the specification values by the end of 2007 fiscal year if possible.

・　 To cooperate with APEC and ISO/TC28

*:JAMA(Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association Inc.)

Thank You

Law on the Quality Control (Diesel oil)

20

Regulation ItemFAME blended

diesel oilDiesel oil

Existence item

Sulfur content <0.001mass% <0.001mass% Cetane index >45 >45 T90 <360℃ <360℃

Additional item

FAME content <5mass% <0.1mass% Triglyceride <0.01mass% <0.01mass% Methanol <0.01mass% － Total acid number (TAN)

<0.13mgKOH/g

－

Individual acid* <0.003mass% － Oxidation stability (increment of TAN)

<0.12mgKOH/g

－

* Total concentration of Formic, Acetic and Propionic acid

Diesel Oil Regulation in Japan