benefits of electricity - nomura holdings€¦ · cuenca equador, 1993 explosion 200 spitsbergen...

Benefits of Electricity

Source: CURRENT SCIENCE, VOL. 93, NO. 9, 10 NOVEMBER 2007

• Climate Change

– Global greenhouse gas emissions need to peak within next decade.

– Reduction to 20% of current levels by 2100

• Security of Supply

– Concerns over reliability of fossil fuel supplies

– Decline in some reserves, others high cost to extract

• Global Electricity Demand Growth

– Demand from new economies

Drivers for Developing Nuclear Energy

• Very low greenhouse gas emissions per kWh

• Security of supply

– Uranium available from many countries

– Existing technologies can extend the resource over thousands of years

– Fuel assembly in reactor for several years

– Reliable baseload supply

• Cost-effective over lifetime of plant

– Variations in fuel cost have minor impact on generation costs

• High degree of safety

Benefits of Nuclear Energy

Electricity Generation since 1971

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

14000

16000

18000

20000

1971 1981 1991 2001

Renewables/Other

Hydro

Nuclear

Gas

Oil

Coal and peat

TWh

Electricity Generation since 1971

0

20000

40000

60000

80000

100000

1971 1981 1991 2001 2011 2021 2031 2041 2051

Renewables/Other

Hydro

Nuclear

Gas

Oil

Coal and peat

TWh

3.8% Annual Growth Projected

0

20000

40000

60000

80000

100000

1971 1981 1991 2001 2011 2021 2031 2041 2051

Renewables/Other

Hydro

Nuclear

Gas

Oil

Coal and peat

Total 3.8%

TWh

Growth Trends down 3.8 to 1 %

0

20000

40000

60000

80000

100000

1971 1981 1991 2001 2011 2021 2031 2041 2051

Renewables/Other

Hydro

Nuclear

Gas

Oil

Coal and peat

Total 3.8%>1%

Total 3.8%

GWe

Contribution of Energy Efficiency

0

20000

40000

60000

80000

100000

1971 1981 1991 2001 2011 2021 2031 2041 2051

Energy Efficiency

Renewables/Other

Hydro

Nuclear

Gas

Oil

Coal and peat

Total 3.8%>1%

Total 3.8%

GWe

Fossil Fuels Must Decline

0

20000

40000

60000

80000

100000

1971 1981 1991 2001 2011 2021 2031 2041 2051

Energy Efficiency

Renewables/Other

Hydro

Nuclear

Gas

Oil

Coal and peat

Total 3.8%>1%

Total 3.8%

GWe

Clean Energy Need

0

20000

40000

60000

80000

100000

1971 1981 1991 2001 2011 2021 2031 2041 2051

Energy Efficiency

Clean Energy

Renewables/Other

Hydro

Nuclear

Gas

Oil

Coal and peat

Total 3.8%>1%

Total 3.8%

GWe

• 25,000 dead from earthquake and tsunami

• 440,000 displaced as a result of destruction by earthquake and tsunami

• No deaths due to radiation from Fukushima Daiichi accident

• Around 100,000 people evacuated as precautionary policy

Fukushima in Context

Source: Red Cross

Onagawa City

Onagawa NPP

240 people sought shelter at the nuclear power station after earthquake

Chernobyl Fukushima

INES Level 7 7

Exposed to more than 250 mSv

20,000 2 possible

Acute Radiation Sickness-induced deaths

29 none

Fukushima and Chernobyl

Area Affected

Fukushima

Nuclear and other Generation

Energy Source Death Rate (deaths per TWh)

Coal 161

Oil 36

Natural Gas 4

Biofuel/Biomass 12

Peat 12

Solar (rooftop) 0.44

Wind 0.15

Hydro 1.4

Nuclear 0.04

Source: Nextbigfuture; World Health Organization; ExternE

Example Coal Industry Accidents

Event Fatalities

Dobranja Yugoslavia, 1990 Mine disaster 178

Cuenca Equador, 1993 Explosion 200

Spitsbergen Russia, 1996 Mine disaster 141

Datong China, 1996 Coal mine explosion 114

Guizhou China, 2000 Coal mine explosion 150


Event Fatalities

Nile R Egypt, 1983 LPG explosion 317

San Juanico Mexico, 1984 Fire and explosion

500

Tbilisi USSR, 1984 Gas explosion 100

Ash-UFA USSR, 1989 Explosion 600

Urals USSR, 1989 Explosion 650–800

Sancarlos Spain, 1978 Explosion 216

Example Gas Industry Accidents


Example Industrial Accidents

Event Fatalities

Cubutao Brazil, 1984 Fire and explosion 500

Piper Alpha UK, 1988 Fire and explosion 187

Dduunkha Egypt, 1994 Fuel depot hit by lightning

580

Seoul South Korea, 1994 Oil fire 500

Taegu South Korea, 1995 Oil and gas explosion

100

Warri Nigeria, 1998 Pipe line leak and fire 500


• “In addition to nuclear power and fossil fuels, the two pillars of Japan's energy policy, the government needs to develop renewable energy and energy conservation as two additional pillars.”

• “We want to continue nuclear power while maintaining the utmost security”

PM Kan on Japanese Policy at G8

Source: http://news.yahoo.com/s/afp/20110527/wl_asia_afp/g8summitjapandiplomacy

http://news.yahoo.com/s/afp/20110527/wl_asia_afp/g8summitjapandiplomacy

• Reactors delayed in returning to service after routine outages, due to consultation with local populations

• Hamaoka shut for modifications to earthquake and tsunami defences, PM says no other reactors will be asked to close

• Reactors under construction and new build will be dependent on national policy and local dialogue

Response to Accident

Plant MWe (net)Commercial operation

2001 Planned Shutdown



Biblis-A 1167 1975 2008 2016 2011

Neckarwestheim-1 785 1976 2009 2017 2011

Brunsbüttel 771 1977 2009 2018 2011

Biblis-B 1240 1977 2011 2018 2011Isar-1 878 1979 2011 2019 2011

Unterweser 1345 1979 2012 2020 2011

Phillipsburg-1 890 1980 2012 2026 2011

Grafenrheinfeld 1275 1982 2014 2028 2015

Krummel 1260 1984 2016 2030 2011

Gundremmingen-B 1284 1984 2016 2030 2017

Gundremmingen-C 1288 1985 2016 2030 2021

Gröhnde 1360 1985 2017 2031 2021

Phillipsburg-2 1392 1985 2018 2032 2019

Brokdorf 1370 1986 2019 2033 2021Isar-2 1400 1988 2020 2034 2022Emsland 1329 1988 2021 2035 2022

Neckarwestheim-2 1305 1989 2022 2036 2022

German Reactor Shutdown Plans

benefits of electricity - nomura holdings€¦ · cuenca equador, 1993 explosion 200 spitsbergen...

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