Berbers al-Andalus - Andalucia

711-16 Muslim conquest of Spain

732/33 Defeat of Muslims by Charles Martelat Tours/Poitiers

749-50 ‘Abbasids oust Umayyads fromcaliphate in Middle East

756 ‘Abd al-Rahman (r. 756-88) takesCordoba, rules as emir of al-Andalus

909 Fatimids establish territories in N. Africa

912-61 Reign of ‘Abd al-Rahman III

929 ‘Abd al-Rahman III declares himselfcaliph, founding Umayyad caliphate ofCordoba

961-76 Reign of al-Hakam II

musta‘ribun - Mozarabs

976 Death of al-Hakam II. Hisham accedesto throne, but Ibn Abi ‘Amir takes control

1031 Collapse of the Umayyad caliphate ofCordoba

652-902 Gradual conquest ofSicily by Muslims

Early 9th c. Muslims take Crete

846 Muslim forces pillage Rome

891 Muslim forces settle at Nice, conductattacks in France

915 Byzantines expel Muslims from central Italy

962 Byzantines re-take Crete

972/73 Muslim forces driven from Nice

1061-91 Normans under Roger(r. 1061-1101) take Sicily

895 Magyars arrive in Hungary

c. 900 Magyars enter German lands

906 Magyars plunder Saxony. Over next twodecades attack Germany, Italy, France

937 Magyars reach Reims

955 Otto I (r. 936-73) defeats Magyars at theLechfeld

968 Otto I establishes bishopric of Magdeburg

End 9th c./start 10th c. Bohemia, under influenceof bishopric of Regensburg, converts toChristianity

c. 960-92 Reign of Prince Mieszko of Polandwho converts to Christianity and (in 990)places Poland directly under papalprotection

Second half of 10th c. Magyars acceptmissionaries from Regensburg andSalzburg into Hungary

997-1038 Reign of St Stephen as King ofHungary

1000 Stephen receives crown from pope

863 Byzantine emperor sends Cyril (d. 869)and Methodius (d. 889) as missionariesto Slavs (with Slavonic Gospels)

867 Cyril and Methodius gain papal approvalfor activities

Eventually Croats follow Roman rite,Serbs follow Greek Orthodox rite

9th c. Bulgars create state in modern Bulgaria,Khan (king) Boris (r. 852-89) interestedin converting to Christianity

858 Dispute between Rome and Constantinopleas result of replacement of PatriarchIgnatius, by regent Bardas andEmperor Michael III (r. 842-67), withPhotius. Pope Nicholas I (p. 858-67)sends legates to investigate, but they arebought off

863 Nicholas summons church council at Rome,which repudiates Photius, re-instatesIgnatius. Michael III and Nicholasexchange rejections

864 Baptism of Boris into Greek OrthodoxChristianity, with Michael III as sponsor,but Photius disregards Boris’ requests, soBoris seeks papal support. Nicholas writesin support, but raises issue of filioquedoctrine

381 Council of Constantinople approves“The Holy Spirit, who proceeds from theFather”

Nicholas writes to Boris with “who proceedsfrom the Father and the Son (patrefilioque)”

867 Synod of eastern bishops excommunicatesNicholas. Start of Photian Schism

867-86 Reign of Basil I as Byzantine Emperor

870 Boris returns to Greek Orthodox Church

877 Death of Ignatius. Photius becomesPatriarch of Constantinople, this time withpapal approval

879 End of Photian Schism

890 Bulgaria adopts Slavonic liturgy of Cyriland Methodius