(DERMAGA)

Port Authority:infrastructure

Private sector:superstructure

Locks

Docks

Quay Walls

...

Pavement

Handling equipment

Werehouses

...

Transhipment operations: actual situation Transhipment operations: actual situation of the partnership between the PA and the private sectorof the partnership between the PA and the private sector

SHIPS & THEIR INFLUENCE ON PORT FACILITIES

Channels, port entrance, basin layout & harbor tug

MANOEUVRABILITY AT LOW SPEED

Motion of ships & their mooring forces

MOORING EQUIPMENT (ROPES & WIRES)

Mooring & fender designSHAPE OF HULL & MOTION

Handling equipment & storageTYPES OF CARGO UNITS(BULK, CONTAINER, ETC)

Types of CHE (quay cranes & booster pumps)

Cargo handling ratesCARGO HANDLING GEAR (CRANE & PUMPS)

Handling rateMinimum storage requirement for full ship load

CARGO CARRYING CAPACITY

•Widths & bends of channels, the size of port basins

•Width of channels & basins

•Length & layout of terminal, length of quay, location of transit sheds

•The reach of CHE•Water depth along the berth, in channels & basins

MAIN DIMENSIONS :•Length

•Beam

•Draft

INFLUENCE ON PORT FACILITIES

GOVERNING / DETERMINATION

SHIP CHARACTERISTICS

Characteristic loads acting on a berth structure

1.From Sea Side 2.From berth itself 3.From Landside

Horizontalloads

Verticalloads

Horizontal loads Vertical loads Horizontal

loadsVerticalloads

FromSea

ShipBerthing

Shiplying

at berth

Deadweight

Superimposed

loads

1.Wave2.Ice pressure

1.Speedcaused byships ownengine, wind,or current.When V isfixed Ef iscalculatedand the forceon the berthdetermined.2. Forcesalong thefront of theberth.3. Bollardforce

1.Bollardforces2.Current3.Wind4.Waves

1. Vesselhangs upon thefendering2. Bollard3. Heaveforce causeby ice4. Livesavingequipment

1.Temp.shrinkage2.Fromcranes3.Wind forceon building4.Forcesagainst curb.5.Horz.forcesdue tofrictionalmaterial

1.Berth2.Building

1.Superimposedloads and wheelloads2.Snow loads3.Ice forces

1.Dead weight on filling2.Superimposed loadson filling3.Waterporepressure

The design wave height Hdes, which should be The design wave height Hdes, which should be chosen for the design may, depending on the chosen for the design may, depending on the severity of the allowable risk, be as follows:severity of the allowable risk, be as follows:

Type of structureType of structure Hdes/HsHdes/Hs

Erosion protectionErosion protection 1.0 to 1.41.0 to 1.4

Rubble-mound breakwaterRubble-mound breakwater 1.0 to 1.51.0 to 1.5

Concrete breakwaterConcrete breakwater 1.6 to 1.81.6 to 1.8

Berth StructuresBerth Structures 1.8 to 2.01.8 to 2.0

Structure with high safety requirements Structure with high safety requirements 2.02.0

Berth StructureBerth Structure

Berths, Fendering ,Jetties, Pier CaissonBerths, Fendering ,Jetties, Pier Caisson

The purpose of a berth structure is mainly to provide a vertical The purpose of a berth structure is mainly to provide a vertical front where ships can berth safely. The berth fronts are front where ships can berth safely. The berth fronts are constructed according to one of the following two main principles, constructed according to one of the following two main principles, as illustrated in figure 3.4.1. A. :as illustrated in figure 3.4.1. A. :

Solid Berth Structure : The fill is Solid Berth Structure : The fill is extended right out to the berth front extended right out to the berth front where the a vertical front wall is where the a vertical front wall is constructed to resist the horizontal load constructed to resist the horizontal load from the fill and a possible useful load.from the fill and a possible useful load.

Open Berth Structure : From the top of Open Berth Structure : From the top of a dredged or filled slope and out to the a dredged or filled slope and out to the berth front a load bearing slab is berth front a load bearing slab is constructed on columns or lamella walls. constructed on columns or lamella walls. In open structures all vertical loads are In open structures all vertical loads are transmitted via the columns or lamella transmitted via the columns or lamella walls to rock, or to a load resistant sub walls to rock, or to a load resistant sub soil stratum.soil stratum.

The bearing of The bearing of horizontal loads can horizontal loads can take place at three take place at three levels :levels :

at quay levelat quay level between deck between deck

and bottom leveland bottom level at bottom levelat bottom level

Characteristic loads acting on a berth structure

1.From Sea Side 2.From berth itself 3.From Landside

Horizontalloads

Verticalloads

Horizontal loads Vertical loads Horizontal

loadsVerticalloads

FromSea

ShipBerthing

Shiplying

at berth

Deadweight

Superimposed

loads

1.Wave2.Ice pressure

1.Speedcaused byships ownengine, wind,or current.When V isfixed Ef iscalculatedand the forceon the berthdetermined.2. Forcesalong thefront of theberth.3. Bollardforce

1.Bollardforces2.Current3.Wind4.Waves

1. Vesselhangs upon thefendering2. Bollard3. Heaveforce causeby ice4. Livesavingequipment

1.Temp.shrinkage2.Fromcranes3.Wind forceon building4.Forcesagainst curb.5.Horz.forcesdue tofrictionalmaterial

1.Berth2.Building

1.Superimposedloads and wheelloads2.Snow loads3.Ice forces

1.Dead weight on filling2.Superimposed loadson filling3.Waterporepressure

Bowerrope

Bowerbreast

Bowerspring Stern spring Stern breast Stern rope

BerthFront

BerthLine

Apron

NaturalTerrain

Wat

erD

epthBer

thFr

ont

Hei

ght

HabourBasin

DredgedBottom

Quay slab

Filled

Front wall

Dredged

GENERAL

SOLIDBERTH

Front wall

Quay slab

Columns(piles)

Erosionprotection

Dredgedor

Excavated

OPEN BERTH

Figure : Type of berth front structureFigure : Type of berth front structure

General considerationGeneral consideration

General considerations should be taken before making a quay General considerations should be taken before making a quay wall are whether the quay wall are built along shore line, inland wall are whether the quay wall are built along shore line, inland or in deep water.or in deep water.

a) along shoreline b) inland c) in deep water

Figure : Location choice of berth construction

A choice of quay wall structure is strongly affected A choice of quay wall structure is strongly affected by some boundary condition, such as:by some boundary condition, such as:

Soil condition; it is the most important consideration since it Soil condition; it is the most important consideration since it

has more or less 50% geotechnical problem.has more or less 50% geotechnical problem. Soil pressureSoil pressure Life load on quay, uniform load, point loads, mooring forcesLife load on quay, uniform load, point loads, mooring forces

(bollard, fenders)(bollard, fenders) Depth in front of quayDepth in front of quay Tidal effects/water table behind quayTidal effects/water table behind quay Secondary effects; wind, current, waves, swell, seismic Secondary effects; wind, current, waves, swell, seismic

loads, ice loadsloads, ice loads

Boundary Condition :Boundary Condition :

QUAY WALLQUAY WALL

Type of Quay WallsType of Quay Walls

Figure. : Cross-Section of a Quay Wall in Block ConstructionFigure. : Cross-Section of a Quay Wall in Block Construction

Figure. : Design of Quay Wall in Blockwork ConstructionFigure. : Design of Quay Wall in Blockwork Construction in an Earthquake in an Earthquake

Pertimbangan Praktis Pertimbangan Praktis

Tanah keras harus dekat ke dasar dock Tanah keras harus dekat ke dasar dock Memerlukan banyak penggalian dan penurunan Memerlukan banyak penggalian dan penurunan

water table water table Kualitas sempurna dapat diperolehKualitas sempurna dapat diperoleh Ongkos pemeliharaan yang rendahOngkos pemeliharaan yang rendah

Overall stabilityOverall stability

SlidingH

M

Figure : Stability of Berth Structure