b&es indoor air quality group meeting - riba london

Peter Dyment Ltd April 2015

Indoor Air Quality for City Buildings

For Health , Personal Comfort and Improved Working Efficiency

Building Energy Efficiency with Indoor Air Quality

Typically 50% of Energy use in Large Buildings is in the HVAC systemsCity centre air quality is

typically above WHO annual warning levels for PM2.5 and NO2.

Indoor Air Quality for Buildings

Indoor Air Quality perception is different for each individual

Clean air of the correct temperature and humidity is required.

ECONOMIC AND HEALTH PENALTY

Loss of Work Efficiency with poor IAQ or Sick Building Syndrome

ECONOMIC AND HEALTH BENEFIT

In an office study productivity increased by 6.5% and error rate reduced

by 18% when an air pollution source was removed. Wargocki et al 2002

Indoor Air Quality for buildings 3

Indoor Air Quality for Buildings 4

CO

Benzene

Particles size- weight

Ozone

Nitrogen

oxidesSO

2

Poly cyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

Metals

10 μm = 10/1.000.000 m

sub-micron

NO & NO2 = NO

x

PAH

Nano particles < 0,05 μm (<50 nm)

2.5 μm 1 μm

PM 2.5PM 10

What is in the air that we do not see?

What is risk to our Health?

Some Pollutants are Outdoor Sourced Some are Indoor Sourced Which are more harmful?


Healthvent EU Project Report 2013


DALYDisability Adjusted Life Year

Healthvent EU Project Report 2013


8Ref. Daily Mail 110415 Ref. Daily Telegraph 110415Ref. Kings College London

Frequent Air Pollution episodes recorded in London and other cities.

13 in 2014 usually lasting several days

9

Four Shops over an six week period

Voluntary study showing air pollution entering buildings

40% penetration with closed doors

60% penetration with open doors

NOTE:

Particle pollution concentrations can frequently vary

Outside 10 to 30 times for fine particles

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What particle concentration delivers clean healthy Indoor Air?

At 0.3 – 0.5 micron dia. Particles

Clean indoor air reading typically 5 to 10 million particles per M3

Chart shows increasing cause for concern as concentration rises

Example London Office building

What is the major risk to health?Air Pollution causes up to 360,000 premature deaths per year in the EU. Pope et al 2002


Airborne Particles (0.5 micron and below) Fine combustion particles (traffic)Cardio vascular diseasesLung diseasesAsthmaIncreased mortality in heart and lung diseasesand cancer Nitrogen dioxideAsthma and breathing disorderReduced lung functionReduced immunological defense.Cancer?

OzoneAsthmatic disorders, mucous irritation, eye irritation, headache

Benzene & PAHCancer

Web Seminar

LONDON

US Six Cities Survey indicates PM2.5 exposure is raising mortality rates across the UK London Region

The WHO REVIHAAP Report 2013 advises that the previous 2005 guidelines for PM2.5

10m/m3, annual average and 25 mg/m3, 24h average

are set too high and must be reduced PM2.5 is a WHO Group1 carcinogen

Relationship between PM2.5 and mortality

10% 15% 20% 30%

INCREASE IN THE MORTALITY RATE

The WHO says There is no safe level of exposure to PM2.5


What are the key elements that make

Good IAQ

1. Clean Air that has the minimal levels of air pollution

2. Comfortable Air Temperature

3. Comfortable level of Humidity

4. Ventilation rate is able to dilute Carbon Dioxide and replace Oxygen

5. An Air tight building envelope with tested performance

6. Planned maintenance that includes AHU and Air Duct Hygiene inspection and cleaning

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Particle counting in Knightsbridge LondonOutside Traffic pollution will enter buildings



1. Clean air can be an issue especially in urban and industrial locations with high levels of background air pollution. Air filtration is usually needed

2. For comfort we need the air to be clean and in a narrow band of temperature 20-24 deg.C.

3. For comfort Relative Humidity should be about 40% to 60%


Typically we spend about 90% of our time inside buildings so IAQ matters.


4. Optimum ventilation can be effective to certain level to dilute Carbon dioxide and air pollutants.

5. An airtight building envelope can be designed and tested on new build projects.

6. Standards and Guidelines should be followed to ensure Clean Healthy Indoor Air Quality is maintained with effective Air Filtration to remove air pollution.


How much is too much?

Particles PM2.5 *

Max 25 μg/m3 /24 h

Max 10 μg/m3 /year annual mean

Nitrogen dioxide:

Max 200 μg/m3 /1h mean

Max 40 μg/m3 /year annual mean

Ozone:

Below 100 μg/m3 – 8 h mean


To protect people's health & the environmentAgreed with EU directives

* WHO has declared fine combustion particles from diesel engines are now classed as a Group 1 Carcinogen

Indoor Air Quality problems can be determined by Air Quality testing


Indoor air pollutants can be measured and assessed by use of a particle counter or for gas pollutants a gas monitor or a City check kit as shown. This kit can determine concentration levels for 39 different problem gas pollutants.

Once the type and concentration of the pollutants has been determined and the risk level determined, action can be taken when required to make reductions.

Portable handheld particle counter


HiFlo M7 Bag filterCity-Flo Bag filter

Citycarb compact filter Citysorb compact filter

Low Energy Air Filters consistent and effective IAQ performance

• Low Energy Air Filters with EN13779:2007 performance F7 to F9

• Gas filtration also to EN13779:2007 when required.

• Micro-fibre glass medium performs consistently for up to 2 years.

• Low operating pressure drop for best energy efficiency.

• Minimal maintenance and disposal costs

2015Over 15%ImprovementLow Energy Air Filter

In 2015 EUROVENT have introduced an A+ class energy rating to take into account air filter industry improved energy performance


• Particle filtration• Gas filtration• Without upgrading

the main HVAC system

• Energy efficient

Stand alone portable air cleaners provide a practical health and economic solution

Mix recirculation and supply air

Fast response and portable to give Clean Indoor Air Quality

21

Camfil City M - Air purifier – Clean Indoor Air at point of need

Low Energy Air Purifier

Air Flow Rate 430 M3/hr

6 Fan speeds

Air Duct hygiene inspection and cleaning


BS EN15780 : 2011 Ventilation for buildings also the new updated B&ES TR19 Guide to good practice - Internal Cleanliness of Ventilation Systems

An airtight building envelope can prevent ingress of air pollution for clean IAQ


Particles counted are mainly toxic fine combustion particulates from traffic

BenefitParticle Reduction of 78% between Outside and Inside Air

Particle Reduction to Supply Air also byEffective Air Filtration

Note: Daily Concentrations of fine combustion particles 0.5 micron and below can vary greatly. (10x – 30x)

It is important HVAC air filters are effective on high concentration days.

Airtight building testing


Airtight building envelope testing is becoming a requirement for many new-build projects

BSRIA Air Tightness for compliance to Part L1 and L2 building regulations. Member of ATTMA, the appointed air pressure testing organisation for the BINDT

Once the air tightness of a building envelope is known it is possible to assess the required air change rates to give adequate ventilation.

Carbon dioxide reduction along with other internal background gas phase pollutants can be achieved.


Clearly the elements are available for

Good Indoor Air Quality

1. Effective Low Energy Air Filters in Air Handling Units or stand alone air cleaners

2. Air Temperature control

3. Humidity level control when needed

4. Ventilation rate sufficient to dilute levels of Carbon Dioxide and replace Oxygen.

5. An Air tight building envelope with tested performance

6. Effective monitoring and planned maintenance that includes AHU and Air Duct Hygiene inspection and cleaning. Also effective air filtration

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Air System AHU and Duct maintenance is a short payback measure to achieve clean IAQ.


The opportunity for improvement is great

Thank you for your attention


Questions?

[email protected]

www.b-es.org

b&es indoor air quality group meeting - riba london

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