besemer 2012 - intergenerational transmission of criminal and violent behaviour - ebook

7/23/2019 Besemer 2012 - Intergenerational Transmission of Criminal and Violent Behaviour - eBook

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lj frgag`ci c`d vglie`t hebcvglurG`terme`erctgl`ci trc`sagssgl`

Vytsoe Heseaer



Vgdestlè ^ress C èw meèrctgl` lj ûhigsbg`m

Wlu cre recdg`m c juii versgl` lj tbgs hllo, jlr jree!

Tbgs hllo gs pcrt lj tbe Vgdestlè e-ighrcry wbere alst lj lur

puhigfctgl`s cre juiiy cffessghie jlr jree. Jlr cffess tl alre

jree hllos vgsgt; www.sgdestlè.fla/ighrcry

Dlwìlcd Juii ^DJ

Zgsgt tbe Vgdestlè e-ighrcry tl hrlwse lur e-hllos. Jlr c ag`gaci

jee ylu fc` purfbcse c juiiy ju`ftgl`ci ^DJ c`d hy dlg`m sl, ylu

beip tl oeep lur ighrcry ru``g`m.

www.sgdestlè.fla/ighrcry



Vgdestl`e ^ress

lj frgag`ci c`d vglie`t hebcvglur

G`terme`erctgl`ci trc`sagssgl`



lj frgag`ci c`d vglie`t hebcvglur

G`terme`erctgl`ci trc`sagssgl`

Vytsoe Heseaer



© 8>38 V. Heseaer

ûhigsbed hy Vgdestlè ress, Iegde` www.sgdestlè.flaVgdestlè remgstrctgl` uaher; VV^36>5>>>>3

GVH@ 7=2-7>-227>-3>3->

^bltlmrcpb flver; Fbcichcic | Drecastgae.flaFlver desgm`; O. ]e`tgò, Vgdestlè ^ressIcy-lut; V. Heseaer

^rg`tg`m c`d puhigsbg`m lj tbgs dgssertctgl` wcs acde plssghie wgtb ffi`c`fgcisupplrt jrla tbe K.E. Kurrgcc`se Vtgfbtg`m c`d tbe @etberic`ds G`stgtute jlr

tbe Vtudy lj Frgae c`d Icw E`jlrfeae`t (@VFX).

Tgs dgssertctgl` wcs wrgtte` g`

Dgssertctgl` suhagtted jlr tbe Demree lj Dlftlr lj ^bgilslpby , 2 Acrfb 8>38

G`stgtute lj Frgag`lilmy, U`gversgty lj Fcahrgdme | bttp;//www.frga.fca.cf.uo

Kesus Fliieme, Fcahrgdme | bttp;//www.kesus.fca.cf.uo

@etberic`ds G`stgtute jlr tbe Vtudy lj Frgae c`d Icw E`jlrfeae`t (@VFX) | bttp;//www.`sfr.ì

Vupervgsed hy ^rljesslr Dcvgd . Jcrrg`mtl`^rljesslr Fctrge` F.K.B. Hgkieveid

ICTER.



^rejcfe

Tbgs dgssertctgl` gs tbe resuit lj ay lw` wlro c`d fl`tcg`s `ltbg`m wbgfbgs tbe lutflae lj wlro dlè g` fliichlrctgl` wgtb ltbers, exfept wberespefgffifciiy g`dgfcted g` tbe text. Tbgs dgssertctgl`, g`fiudg`m jllt`ltes, dles

`lt exfeed tbe peragtted ie`mtb.

Citblumb tbgs wlro gs ay lw`, G dl wc`t tl cfo`lwiedme c ùaher lj pelpie wbl supplrted ae tbrlumblut ay tgae cs c ^b.D. stude t. G bcvebcd c` extreaeiy rewcrdg`m, stgauictg`m c`d cisl persl`ciiy g`spgrg`m exper-ge`fe. G ca mrctejui jlr tbe lpplrtu`gtges G bcve bcd c`d jlr tbe wl`derjuipelpie G bcve aet cil`m tbe wcy.

Jgrst, G ca mrctejui tl hltb ay supervgslrs, Dcvgd Jcrrg`mtl` c`d Fc-trge` Hgkieveid. G bcd èver tblumbt lj dlg`m c ^b.D. wbe` Fctrge`, slaeffive yecrs cml, summested tbct G sbluid cppiy tl dl c ^b.D. Tbcò ylu jlr

ylur fl`ffide`fe c`d e`tbusgcsa, jlr heg`m frgtgfci c`d wl`derjuiiy dlw`-tl-ecrtb. Dcvgd, G jeei iufoy tbct ylu were gaaedgcteiy e`tbusgcstgf wbe` Gsummested tl fl`duft ^b.D. resecrfb usg`m ylur dctc. Tbcò ylu jlr ylurtrust, ylur wcra persl`cigty, ylur expertgse, jlr heg`m frgtgfci g` sufb cè`flurcmg`m ac`èr c`d jlr tecfbg`m ae tl illo ct ay lw` wlro igoe tbct.

Jlr tbe wlro g` ay dgssertctgl`, G fliichlrcted wgtb twl ltber pelpietl wbla G ca mrctejui; Kle Aurrcy c`d Zgftlr vc` der Meest. Tbcò ylujlr stcrtg`m wgtb ae l` ay ^b.D. klurèy hy wlrog`m l` lur crtgfie c`djlr e`flurcmg`m ae tbrlumblut ay ^b.D. G bcve fl`dufted ay resecrfb cttbe G`stgtute lj Frgag`lilmy cs weii cs ct tbe @VFX c`d jeei iufoy tl he

pcrt lj twl stgauictg`m flaau`gtges. Tbe @VFX `lt lìy prlvgded jlr cprljessgl`ci resecrfb e`vgrlàe`t wbe` G wcs g` tbe @etberic`ds, hut cislc slfgci flaau`gty. Tbere cre tll ac`y `caes tl ae`tgl`, hut G wc`t tltbcò ylu jlr ciwcys acog`m ae jeei weiflae wbe` G wcs g` ay Dutfb igje.êter c`d Crge`c were ciwcys bcppy tl beip.

Vgagicriy, G wc`t tl tbcò tbe stcjj ct tbe G`stgtute lj Frgag`lilmy - Klc`è, Ciex, Actt, Klrdg, Acry c`d Vtucrt g` pcrtgfuicr - jlr tbegr g`vciuchiebeip g` cdag`gstrctgve, stctgstgfci, flaputer c`d ighrcry gssues. ]lrog m cttbe GlF wcs c dcgiy piecsure cisl tbcòs tl ay jeiilw ^b.D. stude`ts. ^cr-tgfuicriy, G wc`t tl tbcò ay ljffife actes Kcoe, C`tl`, c`d Estber jlr heg`m

ggg



gv ^rejcfe

ay igvg`m mrcaacr test, acog`m ae icumb sl ljte`, c`d jlr dgsfussg`m Dutfbfrgae pligfges.

Vbee`c Hrgdmac` ct Kesus Fliieme acde ay experge`fe lj Fcahrgdmeaealrchie c`d weiflag`m. G ca prlud tl he lè lj ber ffirst ^b.D. hchges

tl mrcducte. G ca cisl tbcòjui tl Jrgedrgfb Iúsei, Acùei Egsèr, c`d HcrcoCrgei jlr tbegr tblumbtjui jeedhcfo l` ay ffirst- c`d sefl`d-yecr replrts.

G wcs jlrtu`cte tl bcve hee` ju`ded tbrlumblut ay ^b.D. resecrfb c`dwcs chie tl ctte`d severci fl`jere`fes c`d suaaer sfbllis. G ca mrctejui tltbe Mctes Fcahrgdme Trust, ^rg`s Her`bcrd Fuituurjl`ds, ZVH Jl`ds, KesusFliieme Dlftlrci Xesecrfb Ju`d, G`stgtute lj Frgag`lilmy ^b.D. ju`d, tbeFcahrgdme ^bgilslpbgfci Vlfgety c`d tbe Wlroe Ju`d jlr tbgs.

G` teras lj g`termeèrctgl`ci trc`sagssgl`, G fiecriy sblw slae dgsfl`-tgùgty sg`fe G ca tbe ffirst lè pursug`m c` cfcdeagf ‒fcreer‗ g` ay jcagiy.Tbere cre cisl sgagicrgtges c`d G tbcò ay pcre`ts jlr èver pusbg`m us, hutjlr e`flurcmg`m us tl dl wbct we cre g`terested g`. C`d jlr tbe e`diess sup-plrt, vgsgts c`d drgvg`m ae lver tl Fcahrgdme. Vgagicriy, G wc`t tl tbcòay lw` meèrctgl`, ay sgsters (c`d hrltber!) c`d ay jrge`ds jlr tbegr sup-plrt c`d weiflae esfcpe lut lj tbe huhhie. Tbcò ylu (c`d g` pcrtgfuicrFbrgs, Flrg`c, Ogrst, Icurc, Acgoei, Xe`cte, Xlmger, Vc`der, Vgal`, c`d]luter) cisl jlr wc`tg`m tl dgsfuss c`d reeft l` ay resecrfb c`d prlljrecday fbcpters. Igje gs `lt kust wlro c`d hefcuse ay igje lutsgde wlro wcspcrtgfuicriy e`klychie, G wcs chie tl dl tbgs resecrfb.

]luter, tbcò ylu jlr heg`m tbere, jlr jeedg`m ae, jlr sblwg`m ae blw

tl ffi`gsb, jlr beipg`m ae wgtb tbe èrdy hgts lj tbe dgssertctgl`, jlr heg`mwl`derjui c`d jlr èver ever flapicg`g`m chlut tbe jcft tbct G wcs alretbc` ljte` l` tbe ltber sgde lj tbe pl`d.

Vytsoe Heseaer

Fcahrgdme/Iegde`, Kcùcry 8>38



Fl`te`ts

^rejcfe ggg

Igst lj Tchies gx

Igst lj Jgmures xg

3 G trlduftgl` 33.3 Deffi`gtgl`s 8

3.3.3 G`termeèrctgl`ci trc`sagssgl` 83.3.8 Frgae 83.3.6 Cmmressgve c`d vglie t hebcvglur 6

3.8 Aefbc`gsas expicg g`m g termeèrctgl`ci trc`sagssgl` 63.8.3 Xgso jcftlrs; c frgag`lme`gf e`vgrlàe`t 43.8.8 Vlfgci iecr`g m :

3.8.6 Meètgf lr hglilmgfci trc`sagssgl` :3.8.4 Ljffifgci hgcs cmcg`st fertcg` jcagiges =3.8.5 Csslrtctgve actg`m =3.8.: G`tercftgl`ci tbelry lj g`termeèrctgl`ci trc`sagssgl` 2

3.6 Xesecrfb questgl`s c`d lutigè lj tbe dgssertctgl` 73.6.3 Lutigè 73.6.8 G`termeèrctgl`ci spefgcigsctgl` g` vglie`fe 73.6.6 Tgag`m c`d jreque`fy lj pcre`tci frgae g` tbe fbgid‗s igje

c`d rgso jcftlrs 3>3.6.4 G`termeèrctgl`ci fl`tgùgty lj fl`vgftgl` trckeftlrges 333.6.5 Ljffifgci hgcs c`d icheiig`m 333.6.: ^cre`tci gaprgslàe`t 38

3.4 Aetbldlilmy 383.4.3 Frlss-`ctgl`ci flapcrgsl ; E`mic`d c`d tbe @etberic`ds 383.4.8 E`mic`d; Tbe Fcahrgdme Vtudy g` Deig`que`t Deveilp-

ae`t 363.4.6 Tbe @etberic`ds; Tbe @VFX Trc`sffive Vtudy 363.4.4 Aecsures 353.4.5 Dctc C`ciytgf Cpprlcfb 3:

3.5 Vuaacry 3=

v



vg Fl`te`ts

8 Vpefgcigsed versus versctgie g`termeèrctgl`ci trc`sagssgl` lj vg-lie`fe 37

8.3 G`trlduftgl` 378.8 Tbelrges lj spefgcigsctgl` g` g`termeèrctgl`ci trc`sagssgl` 88

8.6 Bypltbeses 848.4 Aetbld 858.4.3 Vcapie 858.4.8 Aecsures 858.4.6 C`ciytgf Cpprlcfb 8:

8.5 Xesuits 828.5.3 Trcdgtgl`ci cpprlcfb 828.5.8 Icte`t Ficss C`ciysgs 6>

8.: Dgsfussgl` 648.= Vuaacry 6=

6 Tbe gapcft lj tgag`m c`d jreque`fy lj pcre`tci frgag`ci hebc-vglur c`d rgso jcftlrs l` ljjsprg`m ljje`dg`m 676.3 G`trlduftgl` 676.8 Tbelretgfci Hcfomrlu`d 4>6.6 Bypltbeses 446.4 Aetbld 4:

6.4.3 Vcapie 4:6.4.8 Aecsures 4:6.4.6 C`ciytgf Cpprlcfb 42

6.5 Xesuits 476.5.3 ^cre`ts‗ jreque`fy lj fl`vgftgl s 47

6.5.8 Tgag`m lj pcre ts‗ frgae g` tbe fbgid‗s igje 5>6.: Dgsfussgl` 546.= Vuaacry 52

4 G`termeèrctgl`ci trc`sagssgl` lj frgag`ci hebcvglur; fl`vgf-tgl` trckeftlrges lj jctbers c`d tbegr ljjsprg`m 57

4.3 G`trlduftgl` 574.8 Bypltbeses :84.6 Aetbld :8

4.6.3 Vcapie :84.6.8 Aecsures :8

4.6.6 C`ciytgf Cpprlcfb :64.4 Xesuits :5

4.4.3 Jctbers‗ fl`vgftgl` trckeftlrges - E`mic`d :54.4.8 Jctbers‗ fl vgftgl` trckeftlrges - tbe @etberic`ds ::4.4.6 Ljjsprg`m ljje`dg`m hebcvglur per jctber trckeftlry mrlup :24.4.4 Vl`s‗ fl`vgftgl` trckeftlrges - E`mic`d :24.4.5 Vl`s‗ fl`vgftgl` trckeftlrges - tbe @etberic`ds =>4.4.: Dcumbters‗ fl`vgftgl` trckeftlrges - E`mic`d =84.4.= G`termeèrctgl`ci reseahic`fe lj fl vgftgl` trckeftlrges =8

4.5 Dgsfussgl` =:4.: Vuaacry =7



Fl`te`ts vgg

5 Ljffifgci hgcs g` g termeèrctgl`ci trc`sagssgl` c`d tbe gapcftlj icheiig`m l` frgag`ci hebcvglur 23

5.3 G`trlduftgl` 235.8 ^revglus resecrfb l` ljffifgci hgcs c`d icheiig`m 26

5.6 Bypltbeses 2:5.4 Aetbld 225.4.3 Vcapie 225.4.8 Aecsures 225.4.6 C`ciytgf Cpprlcfb 7>

5.5 Xesuits 785.5.3 Gapcft lj hgcsg`m vcrgchies l` seij-replrted ljje`dg`m

versus ljffifgci fl`vgftgl`s 785.5.8 Xeictgl`sbgp hetwee` hgcsg`m vcrgchies c`d ljjsprg`m fl -

vgftgl`s wbgie fl`trliig`m jlr seij-replrted ljje`dg`m 785.5.6 Tbe gapcft lj c fl`vgftgl` l` suhseque`t ljje`dg`m 7=

5.5.4 G`tercftgl` hetwee` icheiig`m c`d fl`vgfted pcre`t 7=5.: Dgsfussgl` 775.= Vuaacry 3>6

: Tbe reictgl`sbgp hetwee` pcre`tci gaprgslàe`t c`d ljjsprg`mljje`dg`m g` E`mic`d c`d tbe @etberic`ds 3>5

:.3 G`trlduftgl` 3>5:.8 Tbelretgfci Hcfomrlu`d 3>=

:.8.3 U`jcvlurchie gapcft 3>2:.8.8 @l gapcft 3>7:.8.6 Jcvlurchie gapcft 3>7

:.8.4 Alderctlrs 33>:.8.5 Bypltbeses 338

:.6 Aetbld 338:.6.3 Vcapie 338:.6.8 Aecsures 336:.6.6 Dctc c`ciysgs 336

:.4 Xesuits 336:.4.3 Alderctlrs 335:.4.8 Auitgvcrgcte Xemressgl` C`ciyses 337

:.5 Dgsfussgl` 383:.: Vuaacry 38=

= Dgsfussgl` 387=.3 ]bct we o`lw `lw 387

=.3.3 G`termeèrctgl`ci spefgcigsctgl` lj vglie`fe 387=.3.8 Tgag`m c`d jreque`fy lj pcre`tci frgae g` tbe fbgid‗s igje

c`d rgso jcftlrs 36>=.3.6 G`termeèrctgl`ci fl`tgùgty lj fl`vgftgl` trckeftlrges 36>=.3.4 Ljffifgci hgcs c`d icheiig`m 363=.3.5 ^cre`tci gaprgslàe`t 363=.3.: Frlss- ctgl`ci flapcrgsl`; E`mic`d c`d tbe @etber-

ic`ds 368



vggg Fl`te`ts

=.8 Gapigfctgl`s jlr tbelrges l` g termeèrctgl`ci trc`sagssgl` 366=.8.3 Xgso jcftlrs; c frgag`lme`gf e`vgrlàe`t 364=.8.8 Vlfgci iecr`g m; gagtctg`m hebcvglur 365=.8.6 Meètgf lr hglilmgfci trc`sagssgl` 36:

=.8.4 Tbe gapcft lj se`te`fg`m lj pcre`ts l` g`termeèrctgl`citrc`sagssgl` 36:=.6 Vtre`mtbs c d igagtctgl s lj tbe prese`t resecrfb 362

=.6.3 Vtre`mtbs 367=.6.8 Igagtctgl`s 367

=.4 Gapigfctgl`s jlr juture resecrfb 343=.4.3 G`termeèrctgl`ci trc`sagssgl` wgtb seij-replrted ljje`d-

g`m hebcvglur 343=.4.8 G`termeèrctgl`ci trc`sagssgl` jlr jeacies 348=.4.6 G`termeèrctgl`ci spefgcigsctgl` lj vglie`fe 348=.4.4 G`termeèrctgl`ci reseahic`fe lj fl vgftgl` trckeftlrges 346

=.4.5 Expergae`tci desgm`s 346=.4.: Xefgprlfci reictgl`sbgps 344=.4.= êers c`d sfblli e`vgrlàe`t 345=.4.2 Ltber settg`ms 345

=.5 Gapigfctgl`s jlr pligfy c`d pligtgfs 34:=.: Fl`fiusgl` 347

Xejere`fes 353

Vuaacry 3:7

Cppe`dgx 3=3

Vuhkeft G`dex 3=6

Cutblr G`dex 3=5



Igst lj Tchies

8.3 Vl s‗ meèrci c`d vglie t ljje`dg`m jlr vglie`t c`d `l`‖vglie`t jctbers 87

8.8 Lvervgew lj resuits c`d frgtergc jlr tbe IFC aldeis - jctbers- E`mic`d 63

8.6 Lvervgew lj resuits c`d frgtergc jlr tbe IFC aldeis - jctbers- tbe @etberic`ds 63

8.4 Desfrghg`m tbe twl-ficss aldei jlr jctbers - fl`dgtgl`ci gteaprlhchgigtges - E`mic`d 68

8.5 Desfrghg`m tbe twl-ficss aldei jlr jctbers - fl`dgtgl`ci gteaprlhchgigtges - tbe @etberic`ds 68

8.: Vl s‗ ljje`dg`m jlr tbe twl icte`t ficsses jlr jctbers; vgli-e`fe/ltber versus tbejt 66

6.3 Gapcft lj pcre`tci fl`vgftgl` (wbe pcre`t cmed 38-67) l`ljjsprg`m‗s fl`vgftgl` rcte 38-67 47

6.8 Gapcft lj ùaher lj pcre`tci fl`vgftgl`s (wbe` pcre`t cmed38-67) l` ljjsprg`m‗s fl`vgftgl` rcte 38-67 47

6.6 Gapcft lj tbe ùaher lj pcre`tci fl`vgftgl`s (wbe` pcre`tcmed 38-67) l` ljjsprg`m‗s fl`vgftgl` rcte jlr pcre`ts wbl bcdct iecst lè fl`vgftgl` 5>

6.4 Tbe gapcft lj tgag`m lj pcre`ts‗ fl`vgftgl s l` ljjsprg`m‗sfl`vgftgl` rcte 5>

6.5 Flapcrg`m ljjsprg m‗s fl`vgftgl` rcte jlr fbgidre` wblsepcre`ts bcd lìy hee` fl`vgfted hejlre tbe fbgid‗s hgrtb

versus tblse wblse pcre`ts bcd èver hee` fl`vgfted up u`tgitbe fbgid‗s 37tb hgrtbdcy c`d tbe gapcft lj rgso jcftlrs 536.: Flapcrg`m ljjsprg m‗s fl`vgftgl` rcte jlr fbgidre` wblse

pcre`ts bcd lìy hee` fl`vgfted hejlre tbe fbgid‗s hgrtbversus tblse wblse pcre`ts bcd hee` fl`vgfted hetwee` tbefbgid‗s hgrtb c`d 37tb hgrtbdcy c`d tbe gapcft lj rgso jcftlrs 58

6.= Tbe gapcft lj tbe tgag m lj pcre`ts‗ fl`vgftgl`s g` tbe fbgid‗sigje l` ljjsprg`m‗s fl`vgftgl` rcte 56

4.3 Ljjsprg`m fl`vgftgl` rcte hetwee` 38tb c`d 4>tb hgrtbdcysper jctber trckeftlry mrlup :7

4.8 Xeseahic`fe hetwee` jctbers c`d sl`s; perfe`tcmes lj mrlupaeahersbgp jlr jctbers c`d sl`s - E`mic`d =6

gx



x Igst lj Tchies

4.6 Xeseahic`fe hetwee` jctbers‗ c`d sl`s‗ mrlups; prlplrtgl`lj sl`s per jctber mrlup c`d Cdkusted Vtc`dcrdgsed Xesgducis- E`mic`d =6

4.4 Xeseahic`fe hetwee` jctbers c`d sl`s; perfe`tcmes lj mrlup

aeahersbgp jlr jctbers c`d sl`s - tbe @etberic`ds =44.5 Xeseahic`fe hetwee` jctbers‗ c`d sl`s‗ mrlups; prlplrtgl`lj sl`s per jctber mrlup c`d Cdkusted Vtc`dcrdgsed Xesgducis- tbe @etberic`ds =4

4.: Xeseahic`fe hetwee` jctbers c`d dcumbters; perfe`tcmes lj mrlup aeahersbgp jlr jctbers c`d dcumbters =5

4.= Xeseahic`fe hetwee` jctbers‗ c`d dcumbters‗ mrlups; prl-plrtgl` lj dcumbters per jctber mrlup c`d Cdkusted Vtc`d-crdgsed Xesgducis =5

5.3 Lvervgew lj vcrgchies 7>

5.8 êrfe`tcme lj ljjsprg`m wgtb c fl`vgftgl` versus seij-replrtedljje`dg`m g` reictgl` tl hgcsg`m vcrgchies. 765.6 êrfe`tcme lj ljjsprg`m wgtb c fl`vgftgl` versus seij-replrted

ljje`dg`m g` reictgl` tl hgcsg`m vcrgchies. 745.4 ^crtgci ldds rctgls jlr tbe reictgl`sbgp hetwee` ljjsprg`m

fl`vgftgl`s c`d hgcsg`m vcrgchies wbgie fl`trliig`m jlr seij-replrted ljje`dg`m. 7:

5.5 Tbe gapcft lj c fl`vgftgl` hetwee` cmes 37-8: (tgae 8)jlr ljjsprg`m wgtb `l prevglus fl`vgftgl`s l` ievei lj seij-replrted ljje`dg`m hetwee` cmes 8=-68 (tgae 6) wbgie fl`-trliig`m jlr tbe ievei lj seij-replrted ljje`dg`m hetwee` cmes

35-32 (tgae 3) c`d tbe g`tercftgl` wgtb pcre`tci fl`vgftgl`. 725.: G`tercftgl` ejjeft lj pcre`tci fl`vgftgl` c`d ljjsprg`m fl`vgf-

tgl` l` seij-replrted ljje`dg`m. 72

:.3 ^cre`tci gaprgslàe t c`d pcre`tci fl`vgftgl` versus ljj-sprg`m fl`vgftgl` rcte - E`mic`d c`d tbe @etberic`ds 334

:.8 Gapcft lj pcter`ci versus acter`ci gaprgslàe`t l` ljj-sprg`m ljje`dg`m - E`mic`d 33:

:.6 Vl`s‗ cme ct pcre`tci gaprgslàe`t c`d sl`s‗ fl`vgftgl` rcte- E`mic`d 33=

:.4 @uaher c`d ie`mtb lj pcre`tci gaprgslàe`t - E`mic`d 332

:.5 ^cre`tci gaprgslàe`t c`d pcre`tci fl`vgftgl` jlr vglie`tc`d `l`-vglie`t pcre`ts versus sl`s‗ fl`vgftgl` rcte - E`mic`d 337

:.: Auitgvcrgcte remressgl` c`ciyses predgftg`m sl s‗ fl`vgftgl`rcte hy pcre`tci gaprgslàe`t fl`trliig`m jlr pcre`tci fl`-vgftgl`s c`d vglie`fe - E`mic`d 38>

:.= Auitgvcrgcte remressgl` c`ciyses predgftg`m sl s‗ fl`vgftgl`rcte hy pcre`tci gaprgslàe`t fl`trliig`m jlr rgso jcftlrs -E`mic`d 383

3 Hcyesgc` G`jlractgl` Frgtergl` (HGF) Zciues per aldei 3=3



Igst lj Jgmures

3.3 Trc`sagssgl` lj c frgag`lme`gf e`vgrlàe`t 5

4.3 Cme-frgae furves jlr jctbers‗ fl`vgftgl`s - E`mic`d ::

4.8 Cme-frgae furves jlr jctbers‗ fl`vgftgl s - tbe @etberic`ds :=4.6 Cme-frgae furves jlr sl`s‗ fl`vgftgl`s - E`mic`d =>4.4 Cme-frgae furves jlr sl`s‗ fl`vgftgl`s - tbe @etberic`ds =34.5 Cme-frgae furves jlr dcumbters‗ fl`vgftgl`s - E`mic`d =8

5.3 êrfe`tcmes lj ljjsprg`m wgtb c fl`vgftgl` hetwee` cmes 35-32 c`d/lr 8=-68, ct dgjjere`t ieveis lj seij-replrted ljje`dg`mwgtb c`d wgtblut hgcsg`m vcrgchie. 75

5.8 G`tercftgl` ejjeft lj pcre`tci fl`vgftgl` c`d ljjsprg`m fl`vgf-tgl` l` seij-replrted ljje`dg`m. 72

:.3 @uaher lj pcre`tci gaprgslàe`ts c`d sl`‗s fl`vgftgl` rcte37-67 - E`mic`d 332

xg



Fbcpter 3

G`trlduftgl`

‒Vbe‗s mlg m tl e`d up igoe ae. G dl `lt wc`t ber tl igve tbct igje. G dl `lt wc`t ber tl he lut tbere acog`m alèy lr usg`m drums lr ru``g`m g` c`d lut lj kcgi.‗

( Mglrdc`l, 8>3>, p. 358)

Fbgidre` wblse pcre`ts exbghgt frgag`ci hebcvglur bcve c` g`frecsed rgsolj heflag`m frgag`ci tbeaseives.3 Frgag`ci lr c`tgslfgci pcre`ts cppecr tlhe tbe strl`mest jcagiy jcftlr predgftg`m ljje`dg`m ( Jcrrg`mtl`, 8>33). Vgagi-criy wgtb cmmressgl`, fbgidre` lj cmmressgve pcre`ts te`d tl heflae cmmressgve

( Cvcocae, 3772c,h? Fl`mer, @eppi, Kel`m Oga & Vfcrcaeiic, 8>>6). Ci-tblumb ac`y studges bcve sblw` tbe exgste`fe lj tbgs pbe`lae`l`, igttie re-secrfb bcs jlfused l` tbe aefbc`gsas u`deriyg`m tbgs trc`sagssgl`. Tbgs dgs-sertctgl` g`vestgmctes aefbc`gsas tbct agmbt expicg` g`termeèrctgl`ci trc`s-agssgl` lj frgag`ci c`d vglie`t hebcvglur.

Frgae c`d vglie`t hebcvglur gs wgdesprecd g` lur slfgety; g` tbe @etber-ic`ds cs weii cs g` E`mic`d c`d ]cies chlut twe`ty-ffive per fe`t lj tbe plp-uictgl` heflae vgftgas lj c frgae every yecr, c`d hetwee` tbree tl ffive perfe`t experge`fe c vglie`t ljje`fe ( Fbcpig`, Jictiey & Vagtb, 8>33? Ocigdge`& De Beer-de Ic`me, 8>33). Gt gs g`frecsg`miy reflm`gsed tbct espefgciiy heg`m

vgftgagsed hy c vglie`t frgae fc` bcve il`m-tera pbysgfci, ealtgl`ci, prcf-tgfci c`d ffi`c`fgci fl`seque`fes ([edèr, 8>>8). Hefcuse lj tbese prljlu`dèmctgve fl`seque`fes jlr tblse wbl cre ljte` tbe alst vuièrchie aeaherslj slfgety, sufb cs fbgidre`, gt gs gaplrtc`t tl desgm` ejjeftgve g`terve`tgl`stl redufe vglie`t c`d frgag`ci hebcvglur. Tl dl tbgs, c alre flaprebe`sgve

3 Vee jlr excapie Heskes & Zc` Mccie` (8>>2)? Hgkieveid & ]gkoac` (8>>7)? Jcrrg`mtl`, Hcrès& Icahert (377:)? Jcrrg`mtl`, Kliigjje, Ileher, Vtlutbcaer-Ileher & Ocih (8>>3)? Jcrrg`m-tl` ( 8>33)? Mglrdc`l (8>3>)? Mlrac`-Vagtb, Tlic`, Ileher & Be`ry (3772)? Kcjjee, Aljffitt,Fcspg & Tcyilr (8>>6)? Oga, Fcpcidg, êcrs, Oerr & Lwe` (8>>7)? @gkblj, E`meis, ]ge`tkes &Oeap (8>>=)? Xlwe & Jcrrg`mtl` (377=)? Tblr`herry (8>>7)? Tblr`herry, Jreeac`-Mciic`t,

Igzltte, Orlb` & Vagtb (8>>6)? Tblr`herry, Jreeac`-Mciic`t & Ilvemrlve ( 8>>7)? Zc` deXcot, @geuwheertc & Cpei (8>>7).

3

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8 G`trlduftgl`

u`derstc`dg`m lj tbe cetglilmy lj sufb hebcvglur gs èfesscry. Tbgs studyfl`trghutes tl tbct ejjlrt hy prlvgdg`m o`lwiedme chlut tbe deveilpae`t lj vglie`t c`d frgag`ci hebcvglur c`d plg`tg`m tl reievc`t jcftlrs c`d aefbc`-gsas tbct c preve`tgl` prlmrca fluid tcfoie. G` cddgtgl`, alst g`terve`tgl`

prlmrcas cre tcrmeted ct g`dgvgduci ljje`ders. C mrecter u`derstc`dg`m lj tbeaefbc`gsas tbct fcuse fbgidre` lj vglie`t lr frgag`ci pcre`ts tl heflae vg-lie`t lr frgag`ci tbeaseives wluid e`chie g`terve`tgl`s tbct wluid lpercte`lt lìy ct tbe ievei lj tbe ljje`der, hut ct bgs lr ber e`tgre jcagiy systea.

Citblumb igttie eapgrgfci resecrfb bcs hee` fcrrged lut l` aefbc`gsasexpicg`g`m g`termeèrctgl`ci trc`sagssgl`, tbelretgfci o`lwiedme exgsts l`tbese aefbc`gsas. G` tbgs g`trlduftgl`, cjter mgvg`m deffi`gtgl`s lj slae lj tbe oey fl`fepts used g` tbgs dgssertctgl`, G wgii ffirst dgsfuss aefbc`gsas tbctfluid expicg` g`termeèrctgl`ci trc`sagssgl`. Vuhseque`tiy G wgii prese`t c`lutigè lj tbgs dgssertctgl` c`d dgsfuss tbe resecrfb questgl`s tbgs dgssertctgl`cgas tl c`swer. Tbgs wgii he jliilwed hy c dgsfussgl` lj tbe aetbldlilmyeapilyed tl excagè tbese questgl`s, g`fiudg`m c desfrgptgl` lj tbe dctc usedc`d aetblds lj c`ciysgs.

3.3 Deffi`gtgl`s

3.3.3 G`termeèrctgl`ci trc`sagssgl`

G`termeèrctgl`ci trc`sagssgl` dles `lt igterciiy aec` tbct slaetbg`m pbys-

gfci gs trc`sagtted, sufb cs c fcr lr alèy, hut aec`s tbct slae fbcrcftergstgflr hebcvglur gs see` g` hltb tbe pcre`t c`d tbe fbgid (Igejhrler, 8>>5). G`-termeèrctgl`ci trc`sagssgl` gs cisl rejerred tl cs g`termeèrctgl`ci fl`tgù-gty. G`termeèrctgl`ci trc`sagssgl` lj hebcvglur fc` he wgde-rc`mg`m, jrlaslfglefl`lagf stctus (e.m. Hlwies & Mg`tgs, 8>>8? Hcgiey, Bgii, Lesterie& Bcwog`s, 8>>7? Vbcroey, 8>>2? Vlil`, 3778), edufctgl` (e.m. Mcalrc`,8>>3, ae`tci becitb stctus (e.m. Verhg` et ci., 3772), pcre`tg`m hebcvglurs(e.m. Hcgiey et ci., 8>>7? Fcpcidg, êcrs, ^cttersl` & Lwe`, 8>>6? Vbcjjer,Burt, Lhrcdlvgf, Berhers & Acste`, 8>>7), suhstc`fe use (e.m. Hcgiey, Bgii,Lesterie & Bcwog`s, 8>>:? Hcgiey et ci., 8>>7), tl frgag`ci hebcvglur. Tbgs

dgssertctgl` jlfuses l` tbe trc`sagssgl` lj frgag`ci c`d vglie`t ljje`dg`m.

3.3.8 Frgae

Flaal` deffi`gtgl`s lj frgag`ci hebcvglur g`fiude ‒hebcvglur wbgfb gs prl-bghgted hy tbe frgag`ci flde‗ ( Agfbcei & Cdier, 3766, p. 8) c`d ‒c`y cftflaagtted g` vglictgl` lj c icw tbct prlbghgts gt c`d cutblrgzes pu`gsbae`tjlr gts flaagssgl`‗ ( K. S. ]gisl` & Berr`steg`, 3725, p. 88). Frgag`ci he-bcvglur fc` he deffièd g` severci wcys, depe`dg`m l` tbe perspeftgve tcoe`c`d gt gs gaplssghie tl ffi`d lè meèrci deffi`gtgl` lj frgae. Tbese twl deffi`-

gtgl`s cisl jcfe prlhieas, hefcuse icws fbc`me lver tgae c`d picfe, tberehy



Aefbc`gsas expicg`g`m g`termeèrctgl`ci trc`sagssgl` 6

sblwg`m tbct frgae gs `lt c` eapgrgfciiy dergved fl`fept tbct we fc` uèqug-vlfciiy aecsure cs tbe scae g` cii tgaes c`d picfes. @evertbeiess, tbere gs cmrect deci lj fl`sgste`fy cal`m ]ester` g`dustrgcigsed flu`trges c`d lvertgae g` wbct gs deffièd cs frgae. G` tbgs dgssertctgl` frgag`ci hebcvglur gs

lperctgl`cigsed cs hebcvglur prlbghgted hy frgag`ci icw c`d aecsured hyljffifgci fl`vgftgl`s. Lè fbcpter ( 5) cisl g`fiudes aecsures lj seij-replrtedljje`dg`m, hut tbese cre cisl hcsed l` tbe frgag`ci icw g`jrgftgl` deffi`gtgl`.

3.3.6 Cmmressgve c`d vglie t hebcvglur

Cmmressgl` gs ljte` deffièd cs ‒hebcvglur g`te`ded tl g`kure c`ltber persl`lr c`gaci‗ ( Vblrter Lxjlrd E`migsb Dgftgl`cry, 8>>8). G` tbe Flapcft Lxjlrd

E`migsb Dgftgl`cry lj Furre`t E`migsb ( 8>>5) cmmressgl` gs deffièd cs ‒blstgie lrvglie`t hebcvglur lr cttgtudes‗. G` tbgs scae dgftgl`cry, vglie`fe gs deffièd cs

‒hebcvglur g`vlivg`m pbysgfci jlrfe g`te`ded tl burt, dcacme, lr ogii‗. Tbeg`te`tgl` g`vlived g` tbgs deffi`gtgl` gs prlhieactgf; blw dl ylu o`lw gj slaelè g`te`ds tl burt c`ltber persl` lr `lt< Gj gt were plssghie tl recdslaelè‗s ag`d, tbgs wluid he tbe alst vcigd wcy lj aecsurg`m g`te`tgl`?sg`fe tbgs gs `lt plssghie, alst resecrfb reiges l` c` lhserver‗s lpg`gl` chlutwbetber tbe hebcvglur wcs g`te`ded lr `lt. Alrelver, c`mer c`d jecr fc`slaetgaes iecd tl gapuisgve recftgl`s, wbgfb were `lt g`te`ded. Hefcuse gtgs prlhieactgf tl deteragè wbetber tbe bcrajui hebcvglur wcs g`te`ded,Ileher c`d Vtlutbcaer-Ileher (3772, p. 848) deffièd cmmressgl` cs ‒tblsecfts tbct g`gft hldgiy lr ae`tci bcra l` ltbers‗. Cmmressgl` gs meèrciiy

perfegved cs slfgciiy u`desgrchie. Cs Treahicy (8>>>, p. 36>) bcs plg`tedlut, g` slae sgtuctgl`s cmmressgl` fc` he desgrchie; ‒Alst pcre`ts wluid heprlud tl becr tbegr fbgid desfrghed cs c` cmmressgve te``gs picyer. Alst sciesac`cmers wc`t cmmressgve sciesae`. Alst pligtgfci pcrtges wc`t iecders wblfc` he cmmressgve wbe` èeded.‗ Citblumb lè fluid crmue tbct vglie`fe c`dcmmressgl` cre `lt excftiy tbe scae, tbe fl`fepts cre fiecriy reicted. ]beùsg`m tbe tera vglie`fe g` tbgs tbesgs, tbgs rejers tl tbe u`desgrchie hebcvglurdeffièd chlve. G wgii acgìy jlfus l` tbe iemci lutflaes lj tbgs hebcvglur;fl`vgftgl`s jlr vglie`t ljje`fes, rc`mg`m jrla tbrects, csscuit, rlhhery, rcpetl aurder.

3.8 Aefbc`gsas expicg`g`m g`termeèrctgl`ci

trc`sagssgl`

Jcrrg`mtl` (8>33) desfrghes sgx expic`ctgl`s jlr tbe g`termeèrctgl`ci trc`s-agssgl` lj frgag`ci hebcvglur; (c) g`termeèrctgl`ci explsure tl auitgpiergso jcftlrs, (h) aedgctgl` tbrlumb e`vgrlàe`tci rgso jcftlrs, (f) tecfbg`mc`d fl-ljje`dg`m, (d) meètgf aefbc`gsas, (e) ljffifgci (pligfe c`d kustgfe) hgcs,

c`d (j) csslrtctgve actg`m. Tbese expic`ctgl`s cre `lt autuciiy exfiusgve c`dtbey cre eapgrgfciiy g`tertwgèd? c flahg`ctgl` lj tbese aefbc`gsas fluid



4 G`trlduftgl`

expicg` g`termeèrctgl`ci trc sagssgl`. Cjter dgsfussg`m tbese aefbc`gsas,G wgii prese`t Tblr`herry‗s g`termeèrctgl`ci exte`sgl` lj bgs G`tercftgl`ciTbelry lj Ljje`dg`m (Tblr`herry, 8>>5? Tblr`herry & Orlb`, 8>>3, 8>>5).

3.8.3 Xgso jcftlrs; c frgag`lme`gf e`vgrlàe`t

Tbe ffirst twl expic`ctgl`s hltb g`vlive rgso jcftlrs. C rgso jcftlr gs ‒c fbcr-cftergstgf, experge`fe, lr eve`t tbct, gj prese`t, gs csslfgcted wgtb c` g`frecseg` tbe prlhchgigty (rgso) lj c pcrtgfuicr lutflae lver tbe hcse rcte lj tbelutflae g` tbe meèrci (uèxplsed) plpuictgl`‗ (Oczdg`, Orceaer, Oessier,Oupjer & Ljjlrd, 377=, p. 6==). C rgso jcftlr gs alre tbc` c flrreicte. Gj c vcrgchie gs c flrreicte, gt gs csslfgcted wgtb tbe lutflae. Xgso jcftlrs creflrreictes tbct cisl predgft frgag`ci hebcvglur. Tl he c rgso jcftlr, c vcrgchieèeds tl prefede tbe lutflae (Aurrcy, Jcrrg`mtl`, Veoli & Lise`, 8>>7).

]e fc` dgstg`mugsb hetwee` rgso jcftlrs, fcusci rgso jcftlrs c`d rgso acro-ers (Orceaer et ci., 377=? Orceaer, Vtgfe, Oczdg`, Ljjlrd & Oupjer, 8>>3?Aurrcy, 8>>:). Tbe dgjjere`fe hetwee` tbese types lj jcftlrs iges g` tbeo`lwiedme chlut fcusctgl`. ^redgftlrs cre fciied rgso jcftlrs wbe` tbere gs`l o`lwiedme chlut wbetber tbe predgftlr fcuses tbe lutflae. Gj resecrfbbcs deal`strcted tbct tbe predgftlr fcuses tbe lutflae, gt gs icheiied c fcusci rgso jcftlr . ]be`, fl`verseiy, resecrfb bcs sblw` tbct tbere gs `l fcusci re-ictgl`sbgp, tbe predgftlr gs teraed c rgso acroer . C rgso acroer sblws tbcttbe predgftlr c`d depe`de`t vcrgchie cre flrreicted, hut ltber (fl`jlu`dg`m)jcftlrs fc` expicg` tbe reictgl`sbgp hetwee` tbe twl. C ficssgfci excapie gs

tbe reictgl`sbgp hetwee` pelpie fcrryg`m actfbes c`d iu`m fc`fer. Tbesetwl cre flrreicted, hut salog`m gs tbe fcusci vcrgchie; saloers cre alreigoeiy tl fcrry actfbes c`d tbey cisl bcve c bgmber fbc`fe lj deveilpg`miu`m fc`fer. Fcrryg`m actfbes, g` tbgs fcse, gs c rgso acroer jlr deveilpg`miu`m fc`fer, hut gt gs g` `l wcy tbe fcusci jcftlr.

Jcrrg`mtl` desfrghes blw frgae ‒seeas tl he lìy lè eieae`t lj c icr-mer sy`drlae lj c`tg-slfgci hebcvglur wbgfb crgses g` fbgidblld c`d usuciiypersgsts g`tl cduitblld‗ (377=, p. 6:6). êlpie wbl ljje`d cisl exbghgt prlh-ieas g` ltber crecs lj tbegr igje, sufb cs uèapilyae`t, drum use, becvyciflbli use c`d u`stchie igvg`m cfflaaldctgl`. Jcrrg`mtl`‗s ( 8>33) ffirst ex-pic`ctgl` desfrghes blw tbese fgrfuastc`fes cre trc`sagtted jrla pcre`ts tlfbgidre`. Vuffessgve meèrctgl`s ‒acy he e`trcpped g` plverty, bcve dgsrup-ted jcagiy igves, acy experge`fe sg`mie c`d tee`cme pcre`tg`m, c`d acy igveg` tbe alst deprgved ègmbhlrbllds‗ (Jcrrg`mtl`, 8>33, p. 368). Be dles `ltdgstg`mugsb hetwee` tbe tbree types lj rgso jcftlrs desfrghed chlve, hut bgsexpic`ctgl` fc` he g`terpreted g` twl dgjjere`t wcys, depe`dg`m l` wbetbertbe fgrfuastc`fes cre fcusci rgso jcftlrs lr rgso acroers. Cssuag`m tbey crergso acroers, tbe prlfess pgftured g` ffimure 3.3(c) gs represe`tctgve. ‒Tbe c`-tgslfgci sy`drlae‗ ( Jcrrg`mtl`, 377=, p. 6:6) gs trc`sagtted jrla pcre`ts tl

fbgidre`, c`d lè eieae`t lj tbgs sy`drlae fc` he frgag`ci hebcvglur.



Aefbc`gsas expicg`g`m g`termeèrctgl`ci trc`sagssgl` 5

(c) Trc`sagssgl` lj rgso acro-ers

(h) Trc`sagssgl` lj fcusci rgso jcftlrs

(f) Aedgctg`m jcftlrs

Jgmure 3.3; Trc sagssgl` lj c frgag`lme`gf e`vgrlàe`t

Gj, g`stecd, we cssuae tbe fgrfuastc`fes cre fcusci rgso jcftlrs, tbe prl-

fess pgftured g` ffimure 3.3(h) gs exbghgted. G` tbgs fcse, c`tgslfgci jectures cresgagicriy trc`sagtted jrla pcre`ts tl fbgidre`, hut g`stecd lj heg`m lè eie-ae`t lj c` c`tgslfgci sy`drlae, frgae gs fcused hy tbe frgag`lme`gf jcftlrstbct cre trc`sagtted. G` hltb fcses frgae gs `lt dgreftiy trc`sagtted jrlapcre`ts tl fbgidre`, hut rctber tbrlumb fl`tgùgty lj c fl`steiictgl` lj c`-tgslfgci jectures lr ‒c icrmer fyfie lj deprgvctgl` c`d c`tgslfgci hebcvglur‗( Jcrrg`mtl , 8>33, p. 366).

Jcrrg`mtl`‗s sefl`d aefbc`gsa gs fl`èfted tl tbe ffirst, hefcuse gt cislfl`fer`s frgag`lme`gf lr rgso jcftlrs. Bere, tbese jectures cre ègtber fcuscirgso jcftlrs `lr rgso acroers, hut aedgctg`m jcftlrs. C aedgctlr gs ‒tbe me`-

erctgve aefbc`gsa tbrlumb wbgfb tbe jlfci g`depe`de`t vcrgchie gs chie tlgùe`fe tbe depe`de`t vcrgchie lj g`terest‗ (X. A. Hcrl` & Oe``y, 372:,p. 33=6). ^cre`tci frgag`cigty fcuses tbe aedgctg`m jcftlr c`d tbgs aedgctg`mjcftlr fcuses tbe fbgid‗s frgag`cigty. Aedgctg`m jcftlrs fc` he tbe scae rgsojcftlrs cs ae`tglèd chlve, sufb cs plverty, igvg`m g` c hcd ègmbhlurblld,pllr pcre tg`m prcftgfes, c`d sl l`. Tbe aedgctlr gs c igò g` tbe fcuscifbcg` hetwee` pcre`ts‗ c`d fbgidre`‗s frgag`cigty cs pgftured g` ffimure 3.3(f).



: G`trlduftgl`

3.8.8 Vlfgci iecr`g`m

C tbgrd plssghie aefbc`gsa gs tbct pcre`ts acy tecfb tbegr fbgidre` (blw)tl flaagt frgae c`d acy plssghiy ljje`d tlmetber wgtb tbegr ljjsprg`m (Jcr-

rg`mtl`, 8>33). Tbgs reictes tl tbelrges chlut slfgci iecr`g`m. G` bgs Dgjjer-e`tgci Csslfgctgl` Tbelry, Vutberic`d bypltbesgzes tbct pelpie iecr` hebc-vglur tbrlumb g`tercftgl` wgtb ltber pelpie sufb cs tbegr pcre`ts (Ic`ger &Be`ry, 8>>4? Vutberic`d & Fressey, 3755). Fbgidre` wgii deveilp sgagicrcttgtudes tl tbegr pcre`ts. C` g`dgvgduci wgii flaagt deig`que`t cfts wbe`be/sbe bcs iecrèd (alre) altgvctgl`s tl hreco rctber tbc` tl jliilw tbe icw.Hc`durc ( 37=6, 37==) plsgts tbct fbgidre` iecr` hebcvglur tbrlumb lhservc-tgl` c`d gagtctgl` lj rlie aldeis. ^cre`ts cre gaplrtc`t rlie aldeis? gj tbeycre cmmressgve, fbgidre` wgii flpy tbegr cmmressgl`. Jurtberalre, fbgidre`‗sc`tgslfgci lr vglie`t hebcvglur agmbt he reg`jlrfed hy tbegr pcre`ts c`d tbey

agmbt lhserve tbegr pcre`ts‗ c`tgslfgci hebcvglur heg`m reg`jlrfed (Hc`durc,37=3? Hicfo, Vussac` & U`mer, 8>3>). Cfflrdg`m tl tbese twl tbelrges fbgi-dre` wgtb cmmressgve pcre`ts wgii gagtcte cmmressgve hebcvglur c`d wgii iecr`tbct gt gs cffeptchie tl e`mcme g` sufb hebcvglur. ^revglus c`ciyses wgtb tbeFcahrgdme Vtudy g` Deig`que`t Deveilpae`t deal`strcted tbct fl-ljje`dg`mlj pcre`ts c`d fbgidre` gs uùsuci (Xegss & Jcrrg`mtl`, 3773? ]est & Jcr-rg`mtl`, 37==). ^cre`ts cisl dl `lt seea tl lpeìy supplrt tbegr fbgidre` g`heg`m frgag`ci. Tbgs, blwever, dles `lt aec` tbct fbgidre` wgii `lt flpytbe pcre`ts‗ hebcvglur? fbgidre` fc` stgii lhserve c`d gagtcte pcre`ts, eve` gj tbegr pcre`ts dgscpprlve lj tbgs gagtctgl`.

3.8.6 Meètgf lr hglilmgfci trc`sagssgl`

@ext tl tbgs ùrture perspeftgve lj slfgci iecr`g`m, Jcrrg`mtl` ( 8>33) de-sfrghes c `cture perspeftgve; frgag`ci lr cmmressgve hebcvglur agmbt he trc`s-agtted hy meètgf aefbc`gsas. Veverci studges bcve summested tbct tberecre pbysglilmgfci hcses lj frgag`ci c`d cmmressgve hebcvglur, sufb cs bgmbtestlsterlè ieveis (Liweus, 372=) c`d c ilw restg`m becrt rcte (Jcrrg`mtl`,8>>=? Xcgè, 8>>8c,h). Tbese hglilmgfci hcses te`d tl he (pcrtiy) beredgtcryc`d cs sufb tbey fluid expicg` g`termeèrctgl`ci trc`sagssgl`. Tbe hest wcy

tl study meètgf versus e`vgrlàe`tci fl`trghutgl`s tl hebcvglur gs hy usg`mtwg` lr cdlptgl` desgm`s ( DgIciic & Mlttesac`, 3773).

Citblumb tbe furre`t study gs u`chie tl excagè meètgf gùe`fes, gt gsgaplrtc`t tl `lte tbct severci studges bcve deal`strcted c meètgf gapcft l`frgag`ci lr c`tgslfgci c`d l` cmmressgve c`d vglie`t hebcvglur (^. C. Hre`-`c`, Aed`gfo & Aed`gfo, 3776? Mrlve et ci., 377>? Acsl` & Jrgfo, 3774?Aed`gfo, Aljffitt & Vtcfo, 372=? Xcgè, Hre``c`, Jcrrg`mtl` & Aed`gfo,377=? Xbee & ]cidac`, 8>>8? ]cidac` & Xbee, 8>>:? Hre`dme` et ci.,8>>5? Fcdlret, Ieve & Devlr, 377=? DgIciic & Mlttesac`, 3773? DgIciic,8>>8? Budzgco et ci., 8>>6). Tbe hldy lj resecrfb l` hglilmgfci c`d beredgt-

cry hcses lj frgag`ci c`d vglie`t hebcvglur gs stgii mrlwg`m c`d refe`tiy alre



Aefbc`gsas expicg`g`m g`termeèrctgl`ci trc`sagssgl` =

ctte`tgl` bcs jlfused l` tbe g`tercftgl` lj slaelè‗s meètgf acoe-up c`dtbe e`vgrlàe`t. C meètgf predgsplsgtgl` jlr cmmressgve hebcvglur dles `ltèfesscrgiy aec` tbct slaelè wgii cftuciiy deveilp tbgs hebcvglur? gt gs `ltc deterag`gstgf prlfess. Tbe e`vgrlàe`t wgii gùe`fe blw tbe meètgf pl-

te`tgci deveilps. Tbe me`ltype , tbe meètgf plte`tgci lr g`bergted g`struftgl`s,wgii g`tercft wgtb tbe e`vgrlàe`t tl prldufe tbe pbe`ltype , tbe lhservchielutflae lj tbe me`ltype, g` tbgs fcse tbe vglie`t lr frgag`ci hebcvglur. Jur-tberalre, fertcg` meès agmbt aldercte tbe gapcft lj fertcg` experge`fes l`tbe rgso jlr deveilpg`m deig`que`t hebcvglur (Fcspg et ci., 8>>8? Kcjjee et ci.,8>>5? Oga-Flbe` et ci., 8>>:? Xutter, 8>>=). Citblumb gt reacg`s lutsgde tbesflpe lj tbe furre`t study tl g`vestgmcte tbgs meètgf plte`tgci, gt gs gaplrtc`ttl cfo`lwiedme gts plssghie gapcft c`d gts g`tercftgl` wgtb tbe e`vgrlàe`tg` g`termeèrctgl`ci trc`sagssgl`.

3.8.4 Ljffifgci hgcs cmcg`st fertcg` jcagiges

Tbe ffijtb aefbc`gsa gs tbct ljffifgci kustgfe systeas, sufb cs tbe pligfe c`dtbe flurt, cre hgcsed cmcg`st o`lw` frgag`ci jcagiges. Cs c resuit, tbey pcyalre ctte`tgl` tl tbese jcagiges, wbgfb aec`s tbct jcagiy aeahers cre alreigoeiy tl he ljffifgciiy prlfessed (prlsefuted, fcutglèd c`d fl`vgfted) cjter c`ljje`fe c`d tbus cppecr g` ljffifgci stctgstgfs alre ljte`. ]est c`d Jcrrg`mtl`( 37==) jlu`d supplrt jlr tbgs g` tbe Fcahrgdme Vtudy lj Deig`que`t Deveilp-ae`t . Tbgs expic`ctgl` csserts tbct tbere gs `l reci trc`sagssgl`? tbere lìyseeas tl he c` csslfgctgl` hefcuse (cjter equctg`m jlr ljje`dg`m) fbgidre` lj

fl`vgfted pcre`ts wgii he ljffifgciiy prlfessed alre jreque`tiy tbc` fbgidre`wgtblut fl`vgfted pcre`ts. Gt dles cppecr, blwever, tbct ljffifgci hgcs gs `lttbe lìy expic`ctgl` jlr g`termeèrctgl`ci fl`tg ugty g` c`tgslfgci hebcvglur.G` tbegr resecrfb, ]est c`d Jcrrg`mtl` ( 37==) deal`strcted tbct sl`s lj c`tg-slfgci jctbers, g` cddgtgl` tl bcvg`m alre fl`vgftgl`s, cisl sblwed c bgmberievei lj seij-replrted c`tgslfgci hebcvglur tbc` sl`s lj `l -fl`vgfted pcre`ts.

3.8.5 Csslrtctgve actg`m

Tbe icst aefbc`gsa jlfuses l` csslrtctgve actg`m; ‒tbe te`de`fy jlr pelpie

tl jlra u`gl`s wgtb sgagicr ltbers‗ (Aljffitt, Fcspg, Xutter & Vgivc, 8>>3,p. 325). êlpie te`d tl cjffiigcte wgtb tblse wbl cre sgagicr tl tbea, c`dc`tgslfgci pelpie te`d tl acrry lr flbchgt c`d bcve fbgidre` wgtb ltber c`-tgslfgci pelpie. Fbgidre` wgtb twl frgag`ci pcre`ts bcve c` g`frecsed rgsolj sblwg`m c`tgslfgci hebcvglur? tbey experge`fe c ‒dluhie wbcaay‗ ejjeft( Aljffitt et ci., 8>>3, p. 375? ]est & Jcrrg`mtl`, 37==). Tbey g`bergt c` c`tg-slfgci pbe`ltype twgfe c`d mrlw up g` c frgag`lme`gf blae e`vgrlàe`t.

Tbere cre severci plssghgigtges tl expicg` wby tbgs pbe`lae`l` bcppe`s.Jgrst, c`tgslfgci pelpie cre igoeiy tl aeet ltber c`tgslfgci pelpie, hefcusetbey sbcre tbe scae ficss hcfomrlu`d c`d alve g` tbe scae slfgci c`d prl-jessgl`ci fgrfies. Tbey ml tl tbe scae sfbllis, sblps, fiuhs, puhs, c`d sl l`.



2 G`trlduftgl`

Tbgs gs fciied ‒ slfgci blalmcay‗ (Jcrrg`mtl`, 8>33, p. 366). G` tbegr resecrfbl` tbe Duèdg` Vtudy, blwever, Oruemer et ci. (3772) jlu`d `l evgde`fe lj tbgs. C sefl`d plssghgigty gs tbct c`tgslfgci pelpie acoe c` cftgve fblgfe tlacte wgtb slaelè wbl sbcres tbe scae vciues c`d hcfomrlu`d. Tbegr pcrt-

èrs wgii `lt dgscpprlve lj tbegr deig`que`t igjestyie. Tbgs gs teraed ‒ pbe`l-typgf csslrtae`t ‗ c`d gs reicted tl tbe desfrgptgl` chlve chlut tbe g`tercftgl`hetwee` me`ltype c`d pbe`ltype; pelpie wgtb c` c`tgslfgci plte`tgci wgiifbllse tl acte wgtb ltber pelpie wgtb sgagicr hebcvglur c`d persl`cigty(Jcrrg`mtl`, 8>33, p. 366). Tbgrd, gt agmbt he dgjffifuit jlr c` c`tgslfgci per-sl` tl ffi`d c prlslfgci persl` wbl wluid weiflae c reictgl`sbgp. ^rlslfgcipelpie agmbt cvlgd slfgci fl`tcft wgtb deig`que`ts, wbgfb igagts tbe plte`-tgci plli lj pcrtèrs jlr c`tgslfgci pelpie. C` g`vestgmctgl` g`tl tbe excftfcuses lj csslrtctgve actg`m gs heyl`d tbe sflpe lj tbgs study, hut gt gs fiecrtbct gt seeas tl iecd tl frgae-prlè jcagiges (Aljffitt et ci., 8>>3). Gj twlc`tgslfgci pelpie bcve fbgidre` tlmetber, we fc` speco lj c og`d lj ‒seieftgvereprlduftgl`‗ (Aljffitt et ci., 8>>3, p. 37:).

Blwever, G crmue tbct csslrtctgve actg`m gs `lt c aefbc`gsa g` gtseij, he-fcuse ltber expic`ctgl`s sufb cs meètgf, slfgci iecr`g`m lr rgso jcftlr aefb-c`gsas cre èeded tl expicg` trc`sagssgl` g` tbe ffirst picfe. Csslrtctgve act-g`m lìy plsgts tbct tbe g`termeèrctgl`ci trc`sagssgl` gs strl`mer wgtb twlfrgag`ci pcre`ts tbc` wgtb lè.

3.8.: G`tercftgl`ci tbelry lj g`termeèrctgl`ci

trc`sagssgl`C`ltber tbelry cgag`m tl expicg` g`termeèrctgl`ci trc`sagssgl` gs Tblr`-herry‗s g`termeèrctgl`ci exte`sgl` tl bgs c`d Acrvg` Orlb`‗s G`tercftgl`ciTbelry lj Ljje`dg`m (Tblr`herry, 8>>5? Tblr`herry & Orlb`, 8>>3, 8>>5).Fe`trci plg`ts lj tbe G`tercftgl`ci Tbelry cre tbct ljje`dg`m fc` stcrt ct c`yplg`t g` slaelè‗s igje c`d tbct slaelè‗s (ljje`dg`m) hebcvglur wgii g`ter-cft wgtb ltber recias lj igje. Fcusci gùe`fes wgii he dgjjere`t ct vcrglusdeveilpae`tci stcmes c`d, jlr excapie, pcre`ts wgii bcve alre gùe`fe l`hebcvglur g` fbgidblld, wbgie peers wgii bcve alre gùe`fe durg`m cdlies-

fe`fe. Tbe g`termeèrctgl`ci exte`sgl` tl tbgs tbelry plsgts tbct pelpie wblwere g`vlived g` deig`que`t hebcvglur durg`m cdliesfe`fe wgii jcfe prlhieasacog`m suffessjui trc`sgtgl`s g`tl cduit rlies g`fiudg`m pcre`tblld. Tbgs g`tur` wgii gapcft l` tbegr fbgidre`‗s deveilpae`t. Tblr`herry (8>>5, p. 326)cfo`lwiedmes c dgreft gùe`fe lj c`tgslfgci hebcvglur g` lè meèrctgl` tltbe èxt - hltb g` tbe jlra lj slfgci iecr`g`m cs weii cs meètgfciiy - hut pre-dlag`c`tiy expicg`s trc`sagssgl` tbrlumb c` g`dgreft aedgctgl` lj jcagiyprlfesses (lr rgso jcftlrs) sufb cs ‒jcagiy fl`gft, blstgigty, c`d espefgciiy hytbe qucigty lj pcre`tg`m‗. êlpie g`vlived g` c`tgslfgci hebcvglur cre alreigoeiy tl bcve fbgidre` ct c ylu`m cme, experge`fe strufturci cdversgty, cre

igoeiy tl fl`tgùe c`tgslfgci hebcvglur c`d suhstc`fe use, experge`fe alrestress, c`d bcve weco prlslfgci hl`ds cii lj wbgfb agmbt iecd tl prlhieas



Xesecrfb questgl`s c`d lutigè lj tbe dgssertctgl` 7

g` rcgsg`m tbegr fbgidre`. Tbgs tbelry jlfuses l` aedgctg`m jcftlrs. ^cre`ts‗deig`que`fy bcs c strl`m ejjeft l` tbegr lw` deveilpae`t, trc`sgtgl` g`tlcduit rlies, pcre`tg`m styies c`d tberehy tbe ejjeftgveèss lj tbegr pcre`tg`m,wbgfb g` tur` wgii g`frecse tbe rgso tbct tbegr fbgidre` wgii deveilp frgag`ci

hebcvglur.G wgii `lt test tbgs tbelry g` tbe furre`t study, hut tbe tbelry prlvgdes

c` g`terestg`m tbelretgfci jrcaewlro tbct cisl g`fiudes severci lj tbe aefbc`-gsas tbct Jcrrg`mtl` dgsfusses. Tblr`herry‗s tbelry fluid he see` cs c` ex-te`sgl` lj tbe trc`sagssgl` lj c frgag`lme`gf e`vgrlàe`t aefbc`gsa wgtbc pcrtgfuicr jlfus l` tbe g`tercftgl` hetwee` pcre`ts‗ lw` deig`que`fy, pcr-e`tg`m styies c`d tbe exte`t tl wbgfb tbey fc` prlvgde c` e`vgrlàe`t tbcte`flurcmes prlslfgci g`stecd lj c`tgslfgci hebcvglur.

3.6 Xesecrfb questgl`s c`d lutigè lj tbedgssertctgl`

3.6.3 Lutigè

Bcvg`m lutigèd tbe tbelretgfci perspeftgve lj tbgs resecrfb, G wgii `lwprlvgde c hrgej lvervgew lj tbe dgssertctgl`. Cjter dgsfussg`m tbe resecrfbquestgl`s, G prlvgde c desfrgptgl` lj tbe dctcsets used tl g`vestgmcte g`terme`-erctgl`ci trc`sagssgl` c`d dgsfuss tbe eapgrgfci tllis c`d wcys lj c`ciysg`mtbgs g`jlractgl`. Vuhseque tiy, tbgs dgssertctgl` fl`sgsts lj ffive eapgrgfci

fbcpters ecfb sbeddg`m igmbt l` dgjjere`t cspefts lj g`termeèrctgl`ci trc`s-agssgl`. G` Fbcpter 8, G expilre wbetber c spefgffif trc`sagssgl` lj vglie thebcvglur exgsts, lr wbetber tbgs gs pcrt lj c trc`sagssgl` lj meèrci frgag`cihebcvglur. G` Fbcpter 6, G excagè tbe gapcft lj tgag`m c`d jreque`fy lj pcre`tci frgag`ci hebcvglur c`d tbe gapcft lj rgso jcftlrs l` g`termeèrc-tgl`ci trc`sagssgl`. G` Fbcpter 4, trc`sagssgl` gs g`vestgmcted usg`m sl-fciieddeveilpae`tci trckeftlrges. Tbe icst twl tlpgfs cre alre reicted tl pe`cipligfy c`d pligtgfci e`vgrlàe`t. G` Fbcpter 5, G illo ct wbetber ljffifgcihgcs exgsts c`d cisl g`vestgmcte tbgs g` flahg`ctgl` wgtb icheiig`m ejjefts. G`Fbcpter :, G excagè wbetber pcre`tci gaprgslàe`t agmbt cdd extrc rgsojlr fbgidre` lj fl`vgfted pcre`ts. Jg`ciiy, g` tbe Dgsfussgl` (Fbcpter =) Gmgve c` lvervgew lj tbe ffi`dg`ms c`d dgsfuss stre`mtbs c`d igagtctgl`s lj tbgs study. G cisl dgsfuss tbese resuits g` tbe vgew lj fl`teaplrcry slfgetyc`d prese`t gapigfctgl`s jlr juture resecrfb c`d pligfy. Heilw G prese`t tberesecrfb questgl`s jlr ecfb lj tbe eapgrgfci fbcpters.

3.6.8 G`termeèrctgl`ci spefgcigsctgl` g` vglie`fe

Citblumb prevglus studges bcve g`vestgmcted g`termeèrctgl`ci trc`sagssgl`lj vglie`fe c`d lj frgag`ci hebcvglur, tbe acklrgty dl `lt flapcre tbesetwl types lj trc`sagssgl . Cs sufb, gt gs u`fiecr wbetber tbere gs c spe-



3> G`trlduftgl`

fgffif trc`sagssgl` lj vglie`t ljje`dg`m jrla pcre`ts tl fbgidre`. Tbe ffirstquestgl` lj tbgs dgssertctgl` gs dl pcre`ts wbl bcve hee` fl`vgfted lj c vglie`t ljje`se trc`sagt frgag`ci c`d vglie`t hebcvglur alre strl`miy tbc` pcre`ts wblwere fl`vgfted, hut èver jlr vglie`fe< G` lrder tl drcw c`y g`jere`fes chlut

vglie`fe spefgcigzctgl` g` g`termeèrctgl`ci trc`sagssgl`, gt gs gaplrtc`t tlestchigsb wbct fl`stgtutes c vglie`t ljje`der c`d wbetber lr `lt sufb c typelj frgag`ci fc` he dgstg`mugsbed jrla ltbers (Hiuasteg`, Flbe`, Xltb &Zgsber, 372:? Jcrrg`mtl`, 8>>6c). G wgii tberejlre ffirst dgsfuss blw vglie`tljje`ders fc` he deffièd c`d wgii tbe` cppiy tbgs tl tbe study lj g`termeèrc-tgl`ci trc`sagssgl`. Twl cpprlcfbes cre flahgèd tl study wbetber spefgci-gsed vglie`fe trc`sagssgl` exgsts.

3.6.6 Tgag m c`d jreque`fy lj pcre`tci frgae g` tbe

fbgid‗s igje c`d rgso jcftlrsHefcuse tbe ùaher lj pelpie wgtb vglie`fe fl`vgftgl`s c`d tbe jreque`fylj tbese fl`vgftgl`s wcs ilw g` tbe scapies used g` tbgs study, gt wcs `ltplssghie tl g`vestgmcte tbe reacg`g`m resecrfb questgl`s jlfusg`m l` vglie`felìy. G` tbe èxt fbcpter, G tberejlre tur` tl tbe trc`sagssgl` lj meèrciljje`dg`m (g`fiudg`m vglie`fe) wbere G jlfus l` hltb tbe tgag`m cs weii cs

jreque`fy lj pcre`tci ljje`dg`m. @lt lìy tbe jcft tbct pcre`ts bcve c fl`vgf-tgl`, hut tbe tgag`m c`d jreque`fy lj pcre`tci ljje`dg`m agmbt he gaplrtc`tg` expicg`g`m trc`sagssgl` lj frgag`ci hebcvglur tl fbgidre`. Hcsed l` tbeaefbc`gsas lj g`termeèrctgl`ci trc`sagssgl`, lè wluid expeft alre per-sgste`t ljje`ders tl bcve alre persgste`tiy ljje`dg m fbgidre . G` tbe ffirstpcrt lj tbgs fbcpter, G wgii g`vestgmcte wbetber tbe jreque`fy lj pcre`tci fl`-vgftgl`s gapcfts l` ljjsprg`m ljje`dg`m.

Vefl`d, tgag`m lj tbe pcre`t‗s frgag`ci hebcvglur g` tbe fbgid‗s igje agmbtgapcft l` trc`sagssgl`. Jlr excapie, c` csslfgctgl` hetwee` pcre`tci lj-je`dg`m hejlre c fbgid‗s hgrtb c`d tbct fbgid‗s icter ljje`dg`m agigtctes cmcg`sttrc`sagssgl` tbrlumb slfgci iecr`g`m hut supplrts meètgf aefbc`gsas lrtrc`sagssgl` lj c frgag`lme`gf e`vgrlàe`t. Jurtberalre, tbe gapcft lj c pcre`t‗s fl`vgftgl` agmbt he dgjjere`t ct dgjjere`t cmes c`d deveilpae`tci

stcmes lj tbe fbgid. Gs tbere slaetbg`m igoe c se`sgtgve pergld wbe` fbgidre`cre alre vuièrchie tl cdverse gùe`fes igoe pcre`tci frgag`ci hebcvglur<Tbgrd, G wgii g`vestgmcte tbe gapcft lj rgso jcftlrs l` g`termeèrctgl`ci

trc`sagssgl`. Jlr excapie, gj fbgidre` wblse pcre`ts bcd hee` fl`vgftedcjter tbegr hgrtb flaagt alre frgae tbc` tblse wblse pcre`ts bcd lìy hee`fl`vgfted hejlre tbegr hgrtb, tbgs wluid supplrt dy`cagf tbelrges lj trc`s-agssgl` sufb cs slfgci iecr`g`m, hefcuse fbgidre` wblse pcre`ts bcd hee`fl`vgfted cjter tbe fbgid‗s hgrtb bcd c (strl`mer) frgag`ci c`d c`tgslfgci rliealdei. Blwever, gt fluid cisl he plssghie tbct tbgs mrlup mrew up g` c alrefrgag`lme`gf e`vgrlàe`t wgtb alre rgso jcftlrs jlr frgae. Tberejlre G wgii

cisl g`vestgmcte tbe gapcft lj rgso jcftlrs g` tbgs trc`sagssgl`. Tbe resecrfbquestgl`s excagèd cre (c) dl ljjsprg`m bcve alre frgag`ci fl`vgftgl`s wbe`



Xesecrfb questgl`s c`d lutigè lj tbe dgssertctgl` 33

pcre`ts bcd alre fl`vgftgl`s< c`d (h) dles tbe tgag`m lj pcre`ts‗ frgag`ci fl`-vgftgl`s g` tbe ljjsprg`m‗s igje bcve c` gapcft l` ljjsprg`m ljje`dg`m< c`d (f)fluid mrlwg`m up g` c frgag`lme`gf e`vgrlàe`t wgtb rgso jcftlrs expicg` g`-termeèrctgl`ci trc`sagssgl`<

3.6.4 G`termeèrctgl`ci fl`tgùgty lj fl`vgftgl`trckeftlrges

G` tbe jliilwg`m fbcpter, G wgii flahgè severci frgag`ci fcreer pcrcaeters g`-fiudg`m jreque`fy, tgag`m lj pcre`tci ljje`dg`m, hut cisl tbe cme lj l`set c`dpeco ljje`dg`m cme hy g`vestgmctg`m fl`vgftgl` trckeftlrges jlr hltb pcre`tsc`d fbgidre`. ]bere g` tbe prevglus fbcpter tgag`m lj pcre`tci ljje`dg`m g`tbe fbgid‗s igje wcs g`vestgmcted, g` tbgs fbcpter tgag`m lj pcre`tci ljje`dg`mg` tbe pcre`t‗s lw` igje wgii he excagèd. Hy eapilyg`m tbe seag-pcrcaetrgf,

mrlup-hcsed trckeftlrges aetbldlilmy ( @cmg`, 8>>5) gt gs plssghie tl g`vestgm-cte spefgffifciiy tbe tgag`m c`d vliuae lj frgag`ci hebcvglur g` pcre`ts c`dfbgidre`. Tbus, tbe tbgrd questgl` lj tbgs dgssertctgl` gs (c) dl fbgidre` lj alre persgste`t ljje`dg`m pcre`ts bcve alre fl`vgftgl`s tbc` fbgidre` lj alre

splrcdgf ljje`dg`m pcre`ts< c`d (h) dl spefgffif types lj pcre`t ljje`dg`m trckeftlr-ges predgft sgagicr types lj ljjsprg`m ljje`dg`m trckeftlrges<

3.6.5 Ljffifgci hgcs c`d icheiig`m

G` tbe sefl`d fbcpter G stcrted tl g`fiude e`vgrlàe`tci jectures g` tbe study

lj g`termeèrctgl`ci trc`sagssgl` hy excag g`m rgso jcftlrs lr c frgag`lme gfe`vgrlàe`t. Tbe jlurtb eapgrgfci fbcpter wgii jlfus alre spefgffifciiy l`tbe pe`ci e`vgrlàe`t hy g`vestgmctg`m wbetber ljffifgci hgcs exgsts cmcg`stfbgidre` lj fl`vgfted pcre`ts. G wgii g`vestgmcte tbgs hy flapcrg`m ljjsprg`m‗sseij-replrted deig`que`fy c`d tbegr ljffifgci fl`vgftgl`s. Gj ljffifgci hgcs ex-gsts, lè wluid expeft c strl`mer reictgl`sbgp hetwee` pcre`tci fl`vgftgl`sc`d ljjsprg`m fl`vgftgl`s tbc` hetwee` pcre`tci fl`vgftgl`s c`d ljjsprg`mseij-replrted ljje`dg`m. Jurtberalre, ltber vcrgchies tbct agmbt hgcs tbe pl-igfe cmcg`st fertcg` jcagiges wgii he g`vestgmcted sufb cs pllr blusg`m, ilwjcagiy Vlfgl-Efl`lagf Vtctus (VEV), ilw jcagiy g`flae, c`d c jctber‗s pllr

klh reflrd. Alrelver, G wgii exte`d tbe study lj ljffifgci hgcs c`d g`fiude ex-cag`ctgl` lj icheiig`m ejjefts. Icheiig`m lffurs wbe` slaelè‗s ljje dg`mhebcvglur g`frecses cjter g`vliveae`t g` tbe frgag`ci kustgfe systea, cjter c`ljffifgci fl`vgftgl`. Ljffifgci hgcs gs deffièd g` c` g`termeèrctgl`ci fl`text?fbgidre` lj fl`vgfted pcre`ts bcve c bgmber rgso lj fl`vgftgl` hefcuse lj-ffifgci kustgfe systeas pcy alre ctte`tgl` tl tbese fbgidre`? tbese fbgidre`‗sseij-replrted ljje`dg`m acy lr acy `lt he bgmber tbc` tbe hebcvglur lj fbgi-dre` lj u`fl`vgfted pcre`ts. G wgii ffirst g`vestgmcte wbetber ljffifgci hgcs exgstsc`d sefl`d, G wgii excagè wbetber c` ljjsprg`m fl`vgftgl` g`frecsed g`dg-

vgducis‗ ljje`dg`m hebcvglur. Alrelver, G wgii study tbe g`tercftgl` hetwee`slaelè‗s lw` fl`vgftgl` c`d c fl`vgfted pcre t. Tbe resecrfb questgl`s



38 G`trlduftgl`

g`vestgmcted cre (c) dl fbgidre` lj fl`vgfted pcre`ts bcve c bgmber rgso lj fl`-vgftgl` cjter fl`trliig`m jlr tbegr seij-replrted ljje`dg`m< c`d (h) dl ltber hg-

csg`m vcrgchies sufb cs pllr blusg`m, ilw jcagiy VEV, ilw jcagiy g`flae lr c jctber‗s pllr klh reflrd g`frecse tbgs fl`vgftgl` rgso< c`d (f) dles c fl`vgftgl`

suhseque`tiy g`frecse pelpie‗s seij-replrted ljje`dg`m hebcvglur< c`d (d) gs tbgsicheiig`m ejjeft strl`mer jlr pelpie wblse pcre`ts bcd hee` fl`vgfted<

3.6.: ^cre`tci gaprgslàe`t

Tbe ffi`ci eapgrgfci fbcpter fl`fe`trctes l` tbe questgl` wbetber ljjsprg`mlj prgslèrs dgspicy alre frgag`ci hebcvglur tbc` ljjsprg`m lj fl`vgftedhut `lt gaprgslèd pcre`ts. Tbgs wgii he g`vestgmcted g` E`mic`d cs weiics tbe @etberic`ds tl e`chie frlss-`ctgl`ci flapcrgsl`s. Tbgs flapcrgsl`gs g`jlractgve, hefcuse g` tbe pergld durg`m wbgfb tbgs study‗s suhkefts ex-

perge`fed pcre`tci gaprgslàe`t (374:-23), Dutfb prgsl`s c`d pe`ci pligfywere aufb alre buacè c`d igherci tbc` g` E`mic`d. Gt gs g`terestg m tlsee wbetber tbe gapcft lj pcre`tci gaprgslàe`t vcrges hy slfgci c`d pe`cifl`text. Tbe resecrfb questgl`s cddressed g` tbgs fbcpter cre (c) dl fbgidre`lj prgslèrs dgspicy alre frgag`ci hebcvglur tbc` fbgidre` lj fl`vgfted hut `lt gaprgslèd pcre`ts< c`d (h) cre tbe resuits dgjjere`t g` tbe @etberic`ds c`d

E`mic`d<

Ecfb fbcpter wgii prlvgde c dgsfussgl` lj reievc`t igtercture c`d prevg-lus resecrfb l` tbe tlpgf cddressed. G wgii prese`t c dgsfussgl` lj ffi`dg`ms

c`d c`swers tl tbese resecrfb questgl`s c`d gapigfctgl`s jlr juture resecrfb,prcftgfe c`d pligfy.

3.4 Aetbldlilmy

3.4.3 Frlss-`ctgl`ci flapcrgsl`; E`mic`d c`d tbe@etberic`ds

C oey eieae`t lj tbgs dgssertctgl` gs tbe use lj dctc jrla E`mic`d cs weii

cs tbe @etberic`ds. Twl prlspeftgve il`mgtudg`ci dctcsets were used g` tberesecrfb jlr tbgs dgssertctgl`. Hy flapcrg`m c mrlup lj pelpie hlr` g` tbescae pergld (hetwee` 374:-37:8) hut g` dgjjere`t flu`trges, gt gs plssghie tlrepigfcte ffi`dg`ms. Jurtberalre, dgjjere`fes hetwee` tbe flu`trges acy heexpicgèd hy vcrgctgl`s g` pligfges g` tbese flu trges. Cs Jcrrg`mtl` c`dIleher (3777, p. 6>>) stcted; ‒Frlss-`ctgl`ci flapcrgsl`s lj rgso jcftlrs jlrdeig`que`fy cre gaplrtc`t jlr cddressg`m tbe questgl` lj blw jcr tbe fcuseslj deig`que`fy cre sgagicr g` dgjjere`t tgaes c`d picfes.‗

G` Fbcpters 8 c`d 4, repigfctgl` lj tbe resuits gs tbe acg` altgvctgl` tlflapcre tbe resuits. Lè wluid `lt expeft dgjjere`t resuits hcsed l` dgjjer-

e`t pligfges. G` Fbcpter :, wbere tbe gapcft lj pcre`tci gaprgslàe`t wgii



Aetbldlilmy 36

he studged, tbe flapcrgsl` gs g`terestg`m jrla c pligfy perspeftgve. Cs wgiihe desfrghed g` alre detcgi g` Fbcpter :, cjter tbe Vefl`d ]lrid ]cr, tbe@etberic`ds hefcae o`lw` cs c` extreaeiy tlierc`t flu`try wgtb buacèpe`ci c`d prgsl` pligfges (Dlwès, 3722? Dlwès & Zc` Vwcc`g`me`, 8>>=).

E`mic`d, g` flapcrgsl`, deveilped alre repressgve c`d pu`gtgve pligfges. Lj flurse, gt gs very dgjffifuit tl dgse`tc`mie tbe gapcft lj pe`ci pligfges jrla tbeac`y ltber jcftlrs tbct agmbt gùe`fe ljje`dg`m, hut flapcrg`m tbe ga-pcft lj gaprgslàe`t g` tbese twl flu`trges g` c pergld wbere tbegr pligfgesdgjjered acroediy agmbt ljjer c` expic`ctgl` jlr c`y dgjjere`fes g` tbe ga-pcft lj tbese pligfges l` ljjsprg`m lj fl`vgfted c`d gaprgslèd pelpie.

3.4.8 E`mic`d; Tbe Fcahrgdme Vtudy g` Deig`que`tDeveilpae`t

Fcahrgdme Vtudy g` Deig`que`t Deveilpae`t (FVDD) gs c prlspeftgve il`mgt-udg`ci study tbct bcs jliilwed 433 acies jrla Il`dl` hlr` crlu`d 3756. Cttbe tgae tbey were ffirst fl`tcfted g` 37:3-37:8, tbese acies were cii igvg`mg` c wlrog`m-ficss g`èr-fgty crec lj Vlutb Il`dl`. Tbe scapie wcs fblse`hy tcog`m cii lj tbe hlys wbl were tbe` cmed 2-7 c`d l` tbe remgsters lj sgxstcte prgacry sfbllis wgtbg` c lè-agie rcdgus lj c resecrfb ljffife tbct bcdhee` estchigsbed. Be`fe, tbe alst flaal` yecr lj hgrtb jlr tbese acies wcs3756. G` ècriy cii fcses (74 per fe`t), tbegr jcagiy hrecdwg`èr g` 37:3-37:8(usuciiy tbe jctber) bcd c wlrog`m ficss lffupctgl` (sogiied, seag-sogiied, lru`sogiied acùci wlroer). Alst lj tbe hlys were wbgte c`d lj Hrgtgsb lrgmg`.Dl`cid K. ]est lrgmg`ciiy dgrefted tbe study c`d Dcvgd ^. Jcrrg`mtl`, wblbcs wlroed l` gt sg`fe 37:7, bcs dgrefted gt sg`fe 3728. Tbe acies bcve hee`studged ct jreque`t g`tervcis hetwee` tbe cmes lj egmbt c`d ffijty. G`jlractgl`l` frgag`ci fl`vgftgl`s c`d seij-replrted deig`que`fy wcs fliiefted lver tbeflurse lj tbese yecrs. Cddgtgl`ciiy, pligfe reflrds lj ljje`dg`m lj tbe pcre`tsc`d sghig`ms lj tbese 433 acies bcve hee` fliiefted. Jlr alre g`jlractgl`c`d acklr ffi`dg`ms see ]est (37:7, 3728), ]est c`d Jcrrg`mtl` ( 37=6? 37==),Jcrrg`mtl` c`d ]est (377>), Jcrrg`mtl` (3775, 8>>6h), c`d Jcrrg`mtl` et ci.( 8>>:? 8>>7).

Jlr tbe resecrfb fcrrged lut g` tbgs dgssertctgl`, tbe juii hglilmgfci sgh-ig`ms lj tbe lrgmg`ci 433 ae` were g`fiuded g` tbe c`ciyses. G`vestgmctg`m tbesghig`ms g`frecsed tbe scapie sgze c`d e`chied c hrlcde`g`m lj tbe c`ciyses csjeacies were g`fiuded. Hefcuse tbe dctc fliieftgl` stcrted wgtb jcagiges tbctbcd ct iecst lè hly hlr` g` 3756-3754, tbe dctc set dgd `lt fl`tcg` jcagi-ges wgtb mgris lìy. Tberejlre tbe prlplrtgl` lj acies versus jeacies g` tbefurre`t scapie gs crlu`d 8;3.

3.4.6 Tbe @etberic`ds; Tbe @VFX Trc`sffive Vtudy

Dctc fliieftgl` g` Trc`sffive stcrted wgtb c mrlup lj 372 bgmb-rgso, wlrog`m-ficss hlys (M8), hlr` crlu`d 3277 g` tbe @etberic`ds. Tbese cdliesfe`t



34 G`trlduftgl`

acies bcd cii hee` se`t tl c rejlra sfblli (Bcrreveid) hetwee` 3733 c`d3734. Vlae were se`t hefcuse tbey exbghgted prlhiea hebcvglur lr ag`lrdeig`que`fy, c`d ltbers hefcuse tbegr pcre`ts fluid `lt tcoe prlper fcre lj tbea cfflrdg`m tl mucrdgc` lrmc`gsctgl`s. Usg`m meècilmgfci c`d au`gfgpci

reflrds, cii desfe`de`ts lj tbese ae` bcve hee` trcfed, wgtb c retrgevci rctelj 3>>%. Dutfb au`gfgpci reflrds fl`tcg persl`ci detcgis jlr everylèhlr` g` tbe @etberic`ds c`d everylè alvg`m g`tl tbe flu`try. Xesgde`tscre lhigmed tl `ltgjy tbe au`gfgpcigty lj c`y fbc`mes (hgrtbs, alves, dectbs)c`d tbus gt wcs plssghie tl trcfe every desfe`de`t usg`m tbese reflrds. Fl`-vgftgl` dctc were cvcgichie jlr tbegr fbgidre` (M6), mrc`dfbgidre` (M4) c`dmrect-mrc`dfbgidre` (M5). ^crtèrs were cisl g`fiuded g` tbe dctcset, wbgfbe`chied c`ciysgs lj trc`sagssgl` jrla hltb pcre`ts. Trc`sffive gs dgrefted hyFctrge` Hgkieveid. Jlr alre g`jlractgl` see Hgkieveid c`d ]gkoac` (8>>7)c`d Hgkieveid, ]gkoac`, c`d Vtugjherme` (8>>=).

Jlr flapcrgsl` lj tbese dctcsets, c flapcrchie scapie wcs tcoe` jrlahltb; ljjsprg`m hlr` hetwee` Kcùcry 374: c`d Vepteaher 37:8. Lìy ljj-sprg`m hlr` cjter tbe Vefl`d ]lrid ]cr wcs g`fiuded. G` tbe @etberic`ds,c jcagè tllo picfe g` tbe wg`ter lj 3744-3745. G dgd `lt wc`t tl g`fiudefbgidre` wblse altbers sujjered jrla jlld sblrtcme wbe` tbey were prem-`c`t. Vepteaher 37:8 wcs fblse` cs tbe fut-ljj dcte, hefcuse G wc`ted fl`-vgftgl` dctc jlr cii suhkefts u`tgi tbegr 4>tb hgrtbdcy. Tbe icst frgag`ci reflrdsecrfb jlr tbe FVDD sghig`ms tllo picfe g` Vepteaher 8>>8. Frgag`ci hebc-

vglur pecos g` tbe tee`s c`d twe`tges c`d alst frgag`ci hebcvglur wgii bcvestlpped lr stchgigsed hy cme jlrty ( Hiuasteg` et ci., 372:? Jcrrg`mtl`, 372:?^gquerl, Jcrrg`mtl` & Hiuasteg`, 8>>=). Tcog`m tbgs cme igagt prlvgded jlrc icrme e`lumb scapie wgtb c reictgveiy il`m aecsureae`t pergld tl e`chieg`vestgmctgl` lj tbe frgag`ci fcreer. Tcog`m tbe hgrtb rc`me 374:-37:8 resui-ted g` c scapie lj 3324 suhkefts g` tbe FVDD (=28 acies c`d 4>8 jeacies) c`d2>4 suhkefts g` Trc`sffive (438 acies c`d 678 jeacies). G` tbe FVDD, cii fbgidsuhkefts fcae jrla tbe scae study meèrctgl`, heg`m tbe lrgmg`ci ae` hlr`crlu`d 3756 c`d tbegr sghig`ms. G` Trc`sffive , tbe lrgmg`ci M8 ae` were hlr`crlu`d tbe scae yecr, hut tbegr fbgidre` c`d mrc`dfbgidre` were hlr` g` c

wgder rc`me lj yecrs. Fl`seque`tiy, ljjsprg`m g` tbe scapie tcoe` jlr tbgsdgssertctgl` fcae jrla M6 ( 142), M4 ( 1=4>) c`d M5 ( 13:). Tbe cvercmeyecr lj hgrtb jlr tbgs scapie wcs 3755.

êlpie wbl dged lr eagmrcted hejlre tbegr 37tb hgrtbdcy were exfiudedjrla tbe c`ciyses. ]be` pelpie bcd eagmrcted, gt wcs `lt plssghie tl aecs-ure tbegr fl`vgftgl`s. G dgd `lt wc`t tl g`fiude pelpie wbl were `lt ‒ct rgso‗jlr tbegr pcre`ts plssghie frgag`ci hebcvglur g` tbgs pergld lr jlr wbla gtwcs `lt plssghie tl aecsure tbegr hebcvglur.



Aetbldlilmy 35

3.4.4 Aecsures

Frgag`ci fl`vgftgl`s

Jlr tbe FVDD, fl`vgftgl`s c`d gaprgslàe`ts were secrfbed g` tbe fe`t-

rci Frgag`ci Xeflrd Ljffife g` Il`dl` (see Jcrrg`mtl`, Hcrès & Icahert,377:). Tbe dcte wbe` tbe ljje`fe wcs flaagtted wcs used tl tgae tbe de-ig`que`t g`fgde`ts. Gj `l flaagssgl` dcte wcs o`lw`, tbe fl`vgftgl` dctewcs used. Ljje`fes were deffièd cs cfts iecdg`m tl fl`vgftgl`s, c`d lìy lèljje`fe per dcy wcs flu`ted. Tbgs ruie wcs cdlpted sl tbct ecfb sepcrcte he-bcvglurci cft fluid ygeid lìy lè ljje`fe? gj cii ljje`fes bcd hee` flu`ted,tbe ùaher lj ljje`fes wluid bcve hee` mrecter tbc` tbe ùaher lj frgag`cihebcvglurci cfts, resuitg`m g` c` lverestgactgl` lj frgag`ci hebcvglurci cfts( Jcrrg`mtl` et ci., 8>>:).

Jlr Trc`sffive , fl`vgftgl` g`jlractgl` wcs fliiefted usg`m tbe flaputer-gsed, pcper c`d agfrlffiiaed crfbgves lj tbe Dutfb Frgag`ci Xeflrds Dlf-uae`tctgl` Vervgfe (’kudgfgci dlfuae`tctgl`‑). Tbese cre flapiete fl`vgf-tgl` dctc, cpcrt jrla tbe ffiiaed crfbgve wbgfb acy agss slae fl`vgftgl`dctc jlr tblse scapie aeahers hlr` g` tbe Ciaeil kurgsdgftgl` hejlre 37:=?tbgs cppiges tl `l alre tbc` 6 % lj respl`de`ts g` M6 c`d M4. Xemgstrctgl`swbgfb resuited g` c fl`vgftgl` were flu`ted. Cfqugttcis c`d sl-fciied tefb-`gfci dgsagsscis (dgsagsscis lj tbe fcse hy tbe puhigf prlsefutlr hefcuse lj g`sujffifge`t evgde`fe c`d tbe fcse heg`m expefted tl resuit g` cfqugttci) were`lt flu`ted. Tbey were iejt lut hefcuse gt wcs `lt fertcg` tbct tbe persl`

flaagtted tbe ljje`fe. Fcses wbgfb were èver dgsplsgtglèd, lr wbgfb res-uited g` c pligfy dgsagssci (g.e. dgsagssci lj tbe fcse hefcuse tbe prlsefutlrdeeaed gt u`jecsghie tl prlsefute, jlr excapie hefcuse tbe perpetrctlr bcdcirecdy pcgd dcacmes), were flu`ted cs tbey bcd hee` remgstered hy tbe kudg-fgci cutblrgtges.

Fl`vgftgl`s were flu`ted jlr reictgveiy serglus ljje`dg`m rc`mg`m jrlatbejt, hurmicry, jrcud tl rlhhery, sexuci ljje`fes c`d aurder. Ag`lr lj-je`fes sufb cs puhigf druòe`èss c`d trcjffif ljje`fes were exfiuded. Zgli-e`t hebcvglur g`fiuded sexuci ljje`fes, g`suitg`m lr tbrecte`g`m hebcvglur,rlhhery, csscuit, wlu`dg`m, aurder c`d ac`sicumbter.8 Fl`vgftgl`s jlr

wecpl` ljje`fes were cisl g`fiuded g` tbe deffi`gtgl` lj vglie`fe, sg`fe Jcr-rg`mtl` (8>>3c) prevglusiy sblwed wgtb tbe FVDD tbct lver bcij lj tblsefl`vgfted lj plssessg`m c` ljje`sgve wecpl` cisl bcd c fl`vgftgl` jlr c vgli-e`t frgae. Jurtberalre, tbrlumb tbe prcftgfe lj piec-hcrmcg g`m, pelpie wblwere lrgmg`ciiy prlsefuted jlr wecpl` ljje`fes c`d vglie`fe agmbt cdagt tltbe wecpl` ljje`fe c`d cs c resuit tbe vglie`t ljje`fe wluid he drlpped.Fl`seque`tiy, tbey wluid lìy bcve c wecpl` fl`vgftgl` wbgie g` recigtytbey bcd flaagtted vglie`fe cs weii. Gt gs gaplrtc`t tl recigse tbct wecpl`lwèrsbgp cs c slfgci pbe`lae`l` g` Eurlpe dgjjers jrla tbct g` tbe U`gted

8 Tbgs jliilws tbe Blae Ljffife UO c`d FHV (Vtctgstgfs @etberic`ds) stc`dcrd ljje`fe ficssgffif-ctgl` lj vglie`fe (Ocigdge` & De Beer-de Ic`me, 8>33? Xesecrfb Deveilpae`t c`d VtctgstgfsDgreftlrcte, 3772).

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3: G`trlduftgl`

Vtctes. Tbe @etberic`ds c`d E`mic`d bcve ilw ieveis lj mu` lwèrsbgp c`dfgvgigc` lwèrsbgp lj ffirecras gs giiemgtgacte wgtblut c igfe`se c`d tgmbtiyremuicted c`d fl`trliied ( Fuoger & Fbcpdeicgè, 8>>3). Bc`d mu`s cre prl-bghgted, exfept jlr tbe pligfe. êlpie fcrryg`m c mu` cre c` exfeptgl` c`d

c wecpl` ljje`fe gs serglus. Fcrryg`m c wecpl` gs devgc t hebcvglur, usu-ciiy reicted tl ltber jlras lj vglie t hebcvglur. Tbgs pcper g`vestgmctes cfl`steiictgl` lj vglie`t hebcvglur c`d heg`m fl`vgfted jlr wecpl` ljje`fe gsc vgtci pcrt lj tbgs fl`steiictgl`. Tberejlre gt gs gaplrtc`t tl g`fiude tbesefl`vgftgl`s g` tbe lperctgl`cigzctgl` lj vglie`t ljje`ders.

Jlr hltb pcre`ts c`d ljjsprg`m, fl vgftgl s jlr ljje`fes flaagttedhetwee` tbe 38tb c`d 4>tb hgrtbdcy were flu`ted. G` tbe @etberic`ds,frgag`ci respl`sghgigty stcrts ct cme 38, tberejlre gt wcs fblse` tl aecsurefrgag`ci fl`vgftgl`s jrla tbe 38tb hgrtbdcy.6 Tbere gs lè exfeptgl` tltbgs, wbgfb wgii cisl he bgmbigmbted g` tbe respeftgve Fbcpter :. G` tbgsfbcpter pcre`tci gaprgslàe`t wgii he studged c`d G wc`ted tl aecsure tbeljjsprg`m‗s ljje`dg m cjter tbe pcre tci gaprgslàe`t. Tberejlre fl`vgf-tgl`s hetwee` tbe 37tb c`d 4>tb hgrtbdcy were aecsured g` tbct fbcpter. C(vglie`t) ljje`der g` tbgs dgssertctgl` gs tberejlre deffièd cs slaelè wblbcd hee` fl`vgfted lj c (vglie`t) ljje`fe hetwee` tbese cmes. Usg`m sufbc flapcrchie aecsure jliilws Tblr`herry‗s (8>>7, p. 6>>) desgm` frgtergcstctg`m tbct ‒g`termeèrctgl`ci studges sbluid bcve flapcrchie aecsureslj M8 c`d M6 c`tgslfgci hebcvglur tbct flver tbe scae cmes lr tbe scaedeveilpae`tci stcmes‗. Every fbcpter wgii mgve c detcgied expic`ctgl` lj tbe

predgftlr c`d lutflae vcrgchies used g` tbe c`ciyses.

3.4.5 Dctc C`ciytgf Cpprlcfb

Meèrcigzed Estgactg`m Equctgl`s (MEE)

Hltb dctcsets fl`tcgèd sghig`ms fiustered wgtbg` jcagiges. ]gtb tbe fiuster-g`m lj sghig`ms, fl`ve`tgl`ci aecsures lj vcrgc`fe cre g`cpprlprgcte, hefcusetblse dl `lt tcoe g`tl cfflu`t tbe depe`de`fges hetwee` fiuster aeahers(C`c`tb, îctt & Vcvgtz, 8>>5). Tberejlre tbe dctc bcve hee` c`ciysed us-g`m Meèrcigzed Estgactg`m Equctgl`s (MEE) g` V^VV (Jlr alre tefb`gfci

g`jlractgl` l` MEE see; Igpsgtz, Icgrd & Bcrrg`mtl`, 3773? [emer & Ig-c`m, 3778). MEE uses tbgs wgtbg`-fiuster sgagicrgty. Gt wegmbts ecfb fiuster lj dctc cfflrdg`m tl tbe wgtbg`-fiuster flrreictgl` (Bcìey, @emcssc, Edwcrdes& Jlrrester, 8>>6). ]be` tbere gs `l flrreictgl` hetwee` jcagiy aeahers,tbe fiuster refegves c wegmbt lj 3 c`d fiuster aeahers cre trected cs gj tbeywere g`depe`de`t suhkefts. Bgmbiy flrreicted sghig`ms refegve c ilwer wegmbt.

6 G` E`mic`d, frgag`ci respl`sghgigty stcrts ct cme 3>. Hy tcog`m cme 38 cs tbe ilwer cme igagt,slae frgaes u`der tbe cme lj 38 bcve hee` dgsremcrded. Vlae pelpie agmbt he errlèlusiyflu`ted cs `l`-ljje`ders wbgie tbey agmbt bcve sblw` frgag`ci hebcvglur hejlre tbe cme lj 38. G` tbe FVDD, tbere were `l jctbers wbl were fl`vgfted hejlre tbegr 38tb hgrtbdcy c`d`lt cjterwcrds, hut tbere wcs lè altber, lè sgster, twl hrltbers c`d lè lrgmg`ci ac` wblbcd hee` fl`vgfted hejlre tbegr 38tb hgrtbdcy c`d `lt cjterwcrds.

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Vuaacry 3=

Usg`m tbese wegmbts, MEE tbe` c`ciyses tbe reictgl`sbgps hetwee` tbe vcrg-chies fl`sgderg`m tbe depe`de`fges wgtbg` fiusters. MEE fc` deci wgtb cicrme ùaher lj sacii fiusters c`d gs tberejlre espefgciiy sugted jlr tbe fur-re`t dctc wgtb c icrme ùaher lj jcagiges, meèrciiy fl`sgstg`m lj jewer tbc`

3> aeahers g` ecfb(Igc`m & [emer, 3776). ]gtbg` MEE gt gs plssghie tlfbllse dgjjere`t c`ciytgfci aldeis. Depe`dg`m l` tbe resecrfb questgl` c`dlutflae studged, ilmgstgf lr èmctgve hg`lagci remressgl` c`ciysgs wcs used.G wgii spefgjy g` ecfb fbcpter wbgfb c`ciytgfci aldei bcs hee` used. G` me`-erci, ilmgstgf remressgl` wgii he used wgtb dgfbltlalus lutflaes c`d èm-ctgve hg`lagci remressgl` wgtb fl`tgùlus flu`t lutflaes. Vg`fe frgag`cihebcvglur gs aecsured, tbe fl`tgùlus lutflae gs igoeiy tl he soewed? ac`ypelpie wgii èver bcve hee` fl`vgfted. ]gtb sufb c soewed dgstrghutgl` gtgs g`cpprlprgcte tl ru` c` lrdg cry iecst squcres igècr remressgl` c`ciysgs.@emctgve hg`lagci remressgl` c`ciysgs sugtchiy decis wgtb soewed dgstrghu-tgl`s.4

Ltber cpprlcfbes; Icte`t Ficss C`ciysgs c`d Mrlup-Hcsed trckeftlrges

aldeiig`m

Tbgs dgssertctgl` eapilys c vcrgety lj quc`tgtctgve aetblds, depe`dg`m l`tbe resecrfb questgl` cddressed. Tefb`gques sufb cs Icte t Ficss C`ciysgs( AfFutfbel`, 372=) c`d tbe seag-pcrcaetrgf, mrlup-hcsed trckeftlrges aetb-ldlilmy ( @cmg`, 8>>5) wgii he expicgèd g` alre detcgi g` tbe respeftgveFbcpters 8 c`d 4.

3.5 Vuaacry

G` suaacry, tbgs dgssertctgl` eapilys dctc jrla twl prlspeftgve il`mgtud-g`ci studges tl g`vestgmcte g`termeèrctgl`ci trc`sagssgl` lj frgag`ci c`d vgli-e`t hebcvglur. Tbgs cisl g`vlives c frlss-`ctgl`ci flapcrgsl` c`d tbe use lj cdvc`fed aetbldlilmgfci tefb`gques. Veverci aefbc`gsas tbct fluid expicg`g`termeèrctgl`ci trc`sagssgl` wgii he excagèd. G` tbe èxt fbcpter, G wgiiffirst g`vestgmcte wbetber spefgffif trc`sagssgl` lj vglie`fe exgsts.

4 Lè fluid cisl defgde tl use c zerl-g`cted plgssgl` remressgl` c`ciysgs wgtb flu`t vcrgchies,hut gt gs `lt plssghie tl use tbgs type lj c`ciysgs wgtb MEE g` V^VV.

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Fbcpter 8

Vpefgcigsed versus versctgie

g`termeèrctgl`ci

trc`sagssgl` lj vglie`fe∝

‒G mlt c wbllpg`‗ wbe` G wcs c ogd jlr `lt ffimbtg`‗. G mlt hect up c`d every tgae G rc` blae, ay acac hect ay css. _...Q Vl G iecrèd blw tl ffimbt c`d stcrt hectg`‗ everyhldy‗s css tbct scgd slaetbg`m tl ae, c`d G mlt suspe`ded jrla sfblli c`d G

mlt ay css wbllped.‗

(Mglrdc`l, 8>3>, p. =3)

8.3 G`trlduftgl`

Tbe ffirst step g` tbe study lj g`termeèrctgl`ci trc`sagssgl` gs tl excagèwbetber trc`sagssgl` agmbt he dgjjere`t jlr vglie`t versus meèrci frgag`cihebcvglur. Cs lutigèd g` tbe prevglus fbcpter, fbgidre` wblse pcre`ts sblwfrgag`ci hebcvglur bcve c bgmber rgso lj heflag`m frgag`ci tbeaseives ( Jcr-

rg`mtl`, 377=? Tblr`herry, 8>>7) c`d, sgagicriy, fbgidre` lj cmmressgve pcr-e`ts bcve c bgmber rgso lj heflag`m cmmressgve ( Cvcocae, 3772c,h? Fl`mer etci., 8>>6). Gt gs u`fiecr, blwever, wbetber tbere gs trc`sagssgl` spefgffifciiylj vglie t ljje`dg`m jrla pcre`ts tl fbgidre` lr c trc`sagssgl` lj frgag`cihebcvglur g` meèrci, wbgfb agmbt g`fiude vglie`t ljje`dg`m. Tbgs fbcpterg`vestgmctes wbetber jctbers wbl bcve hee` fl`vgfted lj c vglie`t ljje`fecre alre igoeiy tl trc`sagt frgag`ci c`d vglie`t hebcvglur tbc` jctbers wblwere fl`vgfted, hut èver jlr vglie`fe.

∝ C` ecriger versgl` lj tbgs fbcpter wcs puhigsbed cs; V. Heseaer (8>38). Vpefgcigsed versus

versctgie g`termeèrctgl`ci trc`sagssgl` lj vglie`fe; C èw cpprlcfb tl studyg`m g`termeèr-ctgl`ci trc`sagssgl` jrla vglie`t versus `l`‖vglie`t jctbers; Icte`t Ficss C`ciysgs. Klur`ci lj Suc`tgtctgve Frgag`lilmy, 82, 845-8:6.

37



8> Zglie`fe spefgcigsctgl`

G` lrder tl e`chie c`y g`jere`fes l` vglie`fe spefgcigsctgl` g` g`terme`-erctgl`ci trc`sagssgl`, gt gs gaplrtc`t tl estchigsb wbct fl`stgtutes c vglie`tljje`der c`d wbetber lr `lt sufb c type lj frgag`ci fc` he dgstg`mugsbedjrla ltbers (Hiuasteg` et ci., 372:? Jcrrg`mtl`, 8>>6c). G` tbe pcst, frgag`ci

fcreer resecrfbers ( Fcpcidg & ^cttersl`, 377:? Jcrrg`mtl`, 3773, 8>>6c, 8>>=?^gquerl et ci., 8>>=) fl`fiuded tbct ljje`dg`m gs versctgie rctber tbc` spefgci-gsed; Zglie`t ljje`ders cisl te`d tl flaagt ltber types lj frgae. Cfflrdg`mtl ^gquerl et ci. (8>>=, p. 2>), ‒vglie`t ljje`ders cre sgapiy jreque`t ljje`d-ers wbl bcppe` tl flaagt c vglie`t ljje`se durg`m tbegr fcreer‗. Zgewed g`tbgs igmbt vglie`t frgae gs `lt èfesscrgiy c blalmeèlus suhset lj hebcvglurdgjjere`t jrla ltber icw‖hrecog`m hebcvglur, g`stecd gt ‒gs pcrt lj c meèrcite`de`fy tl frgag`ci hebcvglr‗ (Fcpcidg & ^cttersl`, 377:, p. 8>2). Xefe`tiy,blwever, usg`m dgjjere`t cpprlcfbes c`d c`ciytgfci tefb`gques, studges bcvedeal`strcted ‒strl`mer g`dgfctgl`s lj spefgcigzctgl`‗ ( Jrc`fgs, Vlltbgii & Jig-meistlè, 8>>4, p. 48>? Lsmlld & Vfbrefo, 8>>=? Vuiigvc`, AfMilg`, ^rctt &^gquerl, 8>>:? Vuiigvc`, AfMilg`, Xcy & Fcudy, 8>>7). Tbe fl`fiusgl` tbctvglie`t ljje`ders cre `l dgjjere`t jrla jreque`t ljje`ders cppecrs tl he iesssupplrted hy refe`t cpprlcfbes.

Trcdgtgl`ciiy, spefgcigsctgl` g` c` g`dgvgduci‗s fcreer bcs hee` g`vestgm-cted usg`m Jcrrg`mtl`, V`yder c`d Jg`èmc`‗s ( 3722, p. 4:3) ‒jlrwcrd spe-fgcigzctgl` flejffifge`t‗ (JVF), wbgfb cssesses tbe demree lj spefgcigsctgl` jlrsuhseque`t ljje`fe types (Vuiigvc` et ci., 8>>7). Vuhseque`tiy, tbe ‒dgversgtyg`dex‗ (DG) wcs g`trldufed, wbgfb aecsures spefgcigsctgl` ct tbe g`dgvgduci

rctber tbc` tbe ljje`fe ievei (Cmrestg & Cmrestg, 37=2, p. 8>2? Hlujjcrd,]rgmbt, Aujtgf & Hlujjcrd, 8>>2? Aczerliie, Hrcae, ^cter`lster, ^gquerl& Dec`, 8>>>? ^gquerl, ^cter`lster, Aczerliie, Hrcae & Dec`, 3777? Vuiig-vc` et ci., 8>>7? ]rgmbt, ^rctt & Deigsg, 8>>2). Tbe DG gs c` estgacte lj tbeigoeigblld tbct twl fl`vgftgl`s g` c persl`‗s ljje`dg`m fcreer wgii he dgjjer-e`t (Vuiigvc`, et ci., 8>>:). Vtudges usg`m tbe JVF lr DG te`d tl fl`fiude tbcttbere gs `l spefgcigsctgl` wgtbg` frgag`ci fcreers. Alre refe`t resecrfb bcsused egtber Icte`t Ficss C`ciysgs (IFC) ( Jrc`fgs et ci., 8>>4? AfFutfbel`,372=? AfMilg`, Vuiigvc` & ^gquerl, 8>>7? Vlltbgii, Jrc`fgs & Jigmeistlè,8>>8? Vuiigvc` et ci., 8>>7) lr Gtea Xespl`se Tbelry (GXT) g` c auitgievei

remressgl` jrcaewlro ( Lsmlld & Vfbrefo, 8>>=? Vuiigvc` et ci., 8>>7).5

JVFc`d DG cre reictgveiy hcsgf cpprlcfbes tl c`ciyse tbe spefgcigsctgl` questgl`.Tbey redufe tbe dctc tl wbetber lr `lt slaelè bcs c (vglie`t) fl`vgftgl`c`d study ljje`fe tl ljje`fe trc`sgtgl`s. IFC c`d GXT, g` fl`trcst, g`fiudeg`jlractgl` l` prlffiies lj fl`vgftgl`s c`d tberehy tbey seea tl mgve c alrehcic`fed sliutgl` tl tbe questgl` lj spefgcigsctgl` g` frgae (Vuiigvc` et ci.,8>>7). Tbey jlfus l` tbe tltci frgag`ci fcreer c`d cppecr tl he alre fl`-mrue`t wgtb recigty; Tbere cre `l ljje`ders wbl exfiusgveiy flaagt vglie`tljje`fes, hut ct tbe scae tgae, gt gs plssghie tl reflm`gse c mrlup lj ljje`d-

5 Gt mles heyl`d tbe sflpe lj tbgs fbcpter tl juiiy dgsfuss GXT g` auitgievei remressgl`, jlr alreg`jlractgl` see Lsmlld c`d Vfbrefo (8>>=) c`d Vuiigvc` et ci. (8>>7). Icte`t Ficss C`ciysgswgii he expicgèd g` alre detcgi u`der tbe aetbld seftgl` (8.4) lj tbgs fbcpter.

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G`trlduftgl` 83

ers wbl flaagt alre vglie`fe tbc` ltbers c`d wbl sblw c fl`steiictgl`lj vglie`t c`d cmmressgve hebcvglur. Cs Jeisl` ( 8>>7, p. 66) stcted; ‒Fiecriy,tbe versctgigty fup gs bcij eapty c`d bcij juii. Tbere gs e`lumb versctgigty tlsummest tbct c meèrci tbelry lj devgc`fe _...Q beips us u`derstc`d frgag`ci

vglie`fe. Tbere gs e`lumb spefgcigzctgl` tl summest tbct tbere gs c èed jlr ex-pic`ctgl`s lj g`dgvgduci dgjjere`fes g` vglie`fe, g`depe`de`t lj tbe te`de`fytl e`mcme g` devgc`fe.‗ Tbe ecriger trcdgtgl`ci cpprlcfbes jlr g`vestgmctg mspefgcigsctgl` bcve hee` u`chie tl deal`strcte tbgs.

Tbese gssues cre reievc`t jlr c reicted tlpgf; spefgcigsctgl` g` g`termeèr-ctgl`ci trc`sagssgl`. Bcvg m c vglie`t pcre`t g`frecses tbe rgso lj vglie`feg` fbgidre`, hut gt gs u`fiecr wbetber tbgs trc`sagssgl` gs vglie`fe‖spefgffiflr wbetber tbere gs c trc`sagssgl` lj meèrci frgag`ci hebcvglur g`fiudg`mvglie`fe ( Fl`mer et ci., 8>>6? Jcrrg`mtl`, 377=). Alre tbc` tbgrty yecrscml, AfFlrd (37==) fl`fiuded tbct g`termeèrctgl`ci trc`sagssgl` wcs `ltfrgae‖spefgffif hut alre meèrci. Vbe dgvgded frgaes g`tl eieve` types; trcjffifljje`fes, druòe`èss, vgftgaiess sex frgaes, wbgte-fliicr husgèss frgaes,use lj giiemci drums, prlperty destruftgl`, icrfe`y, csscuit, rcpe, ltber frgaescmcg`st lrder, c`d aurder lr ctteapted aurder. Vbe tbe` tested wbetbertbere were sgagicrgtges g` tbe ffirst frgae jlr wbgfb jctber c`d sl` were fl`-vgfted, wbetber tbey bcd flaagtted sgagicr types lj frgae lver tbe flurselj tbegr igves c`d wbetber tbere were sgagicrgtges g` tbe alst serglus frgaetbey bcd flaagtted. Ber resuits summest tbct g`termeèrctgl`ci sgagicrgtgescre due alre tl trc`sagssgl` lj ‒meèrci cttgtudes, rctber tbc` frgae‖spefgffif

hebcvglurs‗ ( AfFlrd, 37==, p. 27). AfFlrd (3722) summests tbct pcre`tci cm-mressgveèss iecds tl frgag`ci hebcvglur g` meèrci wbgfb fl`èfts tl ffi`dg msg` tbe Fcahrgdme Vtudy lj Deig`que`t Deveilpae`t ( Jcrrg`mtl`, Mu`dry& ]est, 37=5? Lshlr` & ]est, 37=7). Blwever, tbese tbree prevglus stud-ges l` spefgcigsctgl` g` g`termeèrctgl`ci trc`sagssgl` cii used c reictgveiysgapigstgf jlra lj c`ciysgs wberehy dctc gs redufed tl wbetber lr `lt jctbersc`d sl`s were fl`vgfted lj c vglie`t ljje`fe ct slae plg`t g` tbegr fcreer.Tbgs cpprlcfb gs flapcrchie tl tbe trcdgtgl`ci cpprlcfbes used g` studgesg`tl spefgcigsctgl` g` c` g`dgvgduci‗s fcreer (JVF c`d DG). C`cilmlus tl re-secrfb l` spefgcigsctgl` g` c` g`dgvgduci‗s fcreer, cppiyg`m lè lj tbe alre

refe`t tefb`gques tl spefgcigsctgl` g` g`termeèrctgl`ci trc`sagssgl` agmbtiecd tl dgjjere`t fl`fiusgl`s jrla tblse recfbed tbgrty yecrs cml.Lè agmbt expeft vglie`fe spefgcigsctgl` g` g`termeèrctgl`ci trc`sags-

sgl` jlr twl recsl`s. Jgrst, vglie`fe gs dgjjere`t jrla ltber frgag`ci he-bcvglur sg`fe cmmressgveèss fc` he remcrded cs c persl`cigty trcgt. Cmmres-sgl` gs `lt kust hebcvglur, hut cppecrs tl he c reictgveiy stchie trcgt lverslaelè‗s igje flurse, sgagicr tl tbe stchgigty typgfciiy jlu`d jlr g`teiigme`fe( Jcrrg`mtl , 8>>=? Buesac``, Erl`, Iejolwgtz & ]cider, 3724? Olool &ûioogè`, 8>>5? Liweus, 37=7). êrsl`cigty trcgts cre ct iecst pcrtiy bergt-chie wbgfb supplrts tbe gdec lj vglie`fe spefgcigsctgl` g` g`termeèrctgl`ci

trc`sagssgl` ( Hil`gme`, Bgfos, Oruemer, ^ctrgfo & Gcfl`l, 8>>5? Hlufbcrd,



88 Zglie`fe spefgcigsctgl`

8>>4? Hlufbcrd & Ilebig`, 8>>3). Jurtberalre, sg`fe cmmressgl` gs c trcgt, gtgs expefted tbct vglie`t ljje`dg`m pcre`ts wgii cisl sblw vglie`t hebcvglur ctblae ( Fcpcidg, DeMcral, ^cttersl` & Jlrmctfb, 8>>8). Fbgidre` wgii he ex-plsed tl vglie`t hebcvglur alre tbc` tl ltber types lj frgag`ci hebcvglur,

wbgfb fluid g`frecse tbe ldds lj gagtctgl` lj tbgs hebcvglur hy tbe fbgidre`.Tbe tbelretgfci hcfomrlu`d wgii dgsfuss tbese expic`ctgl`s g` alre detcgi.

8.8 Tbelrges lj spefgcigsctgl` g`

g`termeèrctgl`ci trc`sagssgl`

G` tbe G`trlduftgl`, G dgsfussed aefbc`gsas lj g`termeèrctgl`ci trc`sags-sgl`; slfgci iecr`g`m, meètgf aefbc`gsas, g`termeèrctgl`ci explsure tl lraedgctgl` tbrlumb auitgpie rgso jcftlrs, c`d ljffifgci hgcs. Vlae lj tbese

fluid he cppiged tl spefgcigsctgl` g` g`termeèrctgl`ci trc`sagssgl`. Vlfgciiecr`g`m aec`s tbct pcre`ts acy tecfb tbegr fbgidre` deig`que`t hebcvglurlr c frgag`ci cttgtude. AfFlrd (3722) c`d Vgal`s, ]u, Klb`sl`, c`d Fl`-mer ( 3775) summest tbct g`termeèrctgl`ci trc`sagssgl` lj vglie`fe fc` he ex-picgèd hy tbe trc`sagssgl` lj c` c`tgslfgci lrge`tctgl`. Tbgs reictes tl gdecschlut meèrcigsed c`d spefgffif slfgci iecr`g m (Hc`durc, 37==? Hicfo et ci., 8>3>?Ociauss, 3724). Vpefgffif aldeiig`m lffurs wbe` pelpie gagtcte excftiy tbescae hebcvglur cs tbegr aldei, g` tbgs fcse tbe vglie`t hebcvglur. Meèr-cigsed aldeiig`m bcs alre tl dl wgtb tbe gdec lj c` c`tgslfgci sy`drlae?lhservg m vglie`fe fc` iecd tl ltber jlras lj c`tgslfgci hebcvglur. Tbgsflrrespl`ds tl resecrfb wbgfb deal`strcted tbct fbgidre`, cjter wctfbg`mvglie`fe g` expergae`ts, te`d tl `lt lìy dgspicy cmmressgve hebcvglur, hutcisl meèrci c`tg-slfgci hebcvglur ( Becrlid, 372:). Meèrcigsed slfgci iecr`-g`m supplrts tbe gdec lj versctgie trc`sagssgl` lj cmmressgve hebcvglur. Tbgscisl reictes tl Mlttjredsl` & Bgrsfbg‗s meèrci tbelry lj frgae (377>) wbgfbplsgts tbct ilw seij-fl`trli, deveilped c`d gùe`fed hy uphrg`mg`m, iecdstl frgag`ci hebcvglur. Tbey stress tbe meèrcigty lj tbegr tbelry c`d gtscppigfchgigty tl cii og`ds lj frgag`ci hebcvglur. Cfflrdg`m tl Mlttjredsl`c`d Bgrsfbg (377>, Bgrsfbg & Mlttjredsl`, 3776) ljje`ders dl `lt spefgcigse

c`d be`fe, tbere wluid he `l spefgcigsctgl` g` g`termeèrctgl`ci trc`sagssglègtber.Fl`verseiy, lè wluid expeft slfgci iecr`g`m tl he strl`mer jlr cmmressgve

lr vglie`t cfts tbc` jlr ltber frgag`ci hebcvglurs sufb cs jrcud lr hurmicry(Hgkieveid & ]gkoac`, 8>>7). Alst pcre`ts‗ fl`vgftgl`s bcppeèd hejlre tbefbgid wcs lid e`lumb tl he cwcre lj tbea.: Cs ae`tglèd prevglusiy, vg-lie`t hebcvglur fc` he see` cs c stchie persl`cigty trcgt ( Jcrrg`mtl , 8>>=?Buesac`` et ci., 3724? Olool & ûioogè`, 8>>5? Liweus, 37=7). ^cre`ts

: G` tbe FVDD, 57 per fe`t lj jctbers‗ fl vgftgl`s bcppeèd hejlre tbe fbgid‗s hgrtb, :4per fe`t

hejlre tbe fbgid‗s 5tb

hgrtbdcy, =8 per fe`t hejlre tbe fbgid‗s 3>tb

hgrtbdcy. G` Trc`sffive , 5:per fe`t lj jctbers‗ fl`vgftgl`s bcppeèd hejlre tbe ljjsprg`m‗s hgrtb, 57 per fe`t hejlre tbe5tb hgrtbdcy c`d :5 per fe`t hejlre tbe 3>tb hgrtbdcy.

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Tbelrges lj spefgcigsctgl` g` g`termeèrctgl`ci trc`sagssgl` 86

fl`vgfted lj c vglie`t ljje`fe cre igoeiy tl fl`tgùe sblwg`m cmmressgve hebc-vglur tbrlumblut tbegr ljjsprg`m‗s igje. Fbgidre` wbl experge`fe cmmressgl`g` tbe jcagiy iecr` tbct cmmressgl` gs iemgtgacte hebcvglur tl slive prlhieas.Tbey cfqugre cmmressgl`-prlè aldeis lj slfgci g`jlractgl` prlfessg`m (VG^)

c`d c` cmmressgve-gapuisgve hebcvglur repertlgre (Iúsei, Higeseèr & He`der,8>>=).= Alrelver, fbgidre` fluid see tbe pcre`t‗s vglie`fe heg`m reg`jlrfedc`d pcre`ts agmbt reg`jlrfe tbegr fbgidre` jlr sblwg`m vglie`fe tbeaseives( Hc`durc, 37=3? Hicfo et ci., 8>3>). Gt gs iess igoeiy tbct fbgidre` wluid lh-serve tbegr pcre`ts flaagttg`m jrcud lr c hurmicry. Zglie`fe, g` fl`trcst, gsaufb alre vgsghie c`d tberejlre alre prlè tl he lhserved c`d gagtcted.Fl`seque`tiy, g`termeèrctgl`ci trc`sagssgl` tbrlumb slfgci iecr`g`m gs ex-pefted tl he strl`mer jlr vglie`fe c`d cmmressgl` tbc` jlr ltber iess vgsghietypes lj frgag`ci hebcvglur. Tbgs supplrts tbe gdec lj spefgcigsed g`termeèr-ctgl`ci trc`sagssgl`.

Vefl`d, frgag`ci hebcvglur agmbt he trc`sagtted hy meètgf lr hglilmgfciaefbc`gsas. Zglie`fe agmbt bcve c strl`mer lr dgjjere`t hglilmgfci hcsgs tlltber types lj frgag`ci hebcvglur, sufb cs jrcud lr hurmicry ( . C. Hre``c`& Xcgè, 377=). Jlr g`stc`fe, gapuisgveèss gs alre strl`miy reicted tl vg-lie`t frgae tbc` tl `l`‖vglie`t frgae ( Jcrrg`mtl`, 8>>=? Jeisl`, 8>>7), c`dgapuisgveèss cisl seeas tl he reicted tl èurlilmgfci prlfesses ( DgIciic &Mlttesac`, 3773? Aed`gfo & Oc`dei, 3722). Vg`fe tbese hglilmgfci hcses creljte` g`bergted, vglie`fe agmbt bcve c strl`mer g`termeèrctgl`ci trc`sags-sgl` tbc` ltber types lj frgag`ci hebcvglur (DgIciic, 8>>8). G` bgs resecrfb

l` twg`s, Fbrgstgc`se` (37=4) deal`strcted c strl`mer reictgl`sbgp hetwee`gde`tgfci twg`s jlr alre serglus frgaes sufb cs vglie`fe, summestg`m c bered-gtcry flaplè`t. Tbgs cisl summests spefgcigsed g`termeèrctgl`ci trc`sags-sgl`.

Tbgrd, frgag`ci hebcvglur fluid he trc`sagtted tbrlumb tbe trc`sjerrcilj rgso jcftlrs. Frgae gs tbe` `lt dgreftiy trc`sagtted jrla pcre`ts tl fbgi-dre` hut tbrlumb c fl`tgùgty lr fl`steiictgl` lj c`tgslfgci jectures lr c ‒icr-mer fyfie lj deprgvctgl` c`d c`tgslfgci hebcvglur‗ (Jcrrg`mtl`, 8>33, p. 366).Vtudges bcve fl`fiuded tbct vglie`t ljje`ders cre g`dgstg`mugsbchie jrla jre-que`t ljje`ders g` teras lj rgso jcftlrs (Fcpcidg & ^cttersl`, 377:? Jcrrg`m-

tl`, 3773? ^gquerl, 8>>>). G` igè wgtb tbgs, lè wluid expeft trc`sagssgl`tbrlumb rgso jcftlrs tl he sgagicr jlr vglie`t c`d `l`‖vglie`t pcre`ts, c`dtbgs wluid summest `l spefgffif vglie`t g`termeèrctgl`ci trc`sagssgl`.

Jlurtb, frgag`ci kustgfe systeas agmbt he hgcsed cmcg`st o`lw` frgag`cijcagiges. Cs c resuit, tbey pcy alre ctte`tgl` tl tbese jcagiges, wbgfb aec`stbct jcagiy aeahers cre alre igoeiy tl he crrested c`d tbus cppecr g` ljffifgcistctgstgfs alre ljte`. Gt gs expefted tbct tbgs hgcs gs sgagicr jlr fbgidre` lj vgli-e`t c`d `l`‖vglie`t (hut equciiy jreque`t) frgag`ci pcre`ts. Tbe pligfe c`dflurts wgii o`lw frgag`ci jcagiges wbe` jcagiy aeahers bcve hee` crrested

= Vlfgci g`jlractgl` prlfessg`m rejers tl tbe wcy pelpie perfegve c`d evciucte slfgci sgtuctgl`sc`d g`gtgcte c recftgl` tl tbese sgtuctgl`s (Frgfo & Dldme, 3774? Iúsei et ci., 8>>=)

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c`d/lr fl`vgfted jreque`tiy. Be`fe, tbey wgii he hgcsed cmcg`st jcagiges lj jreque`t ljje`ders, c`d tbgs g`fiudes vglie`t ljje`ders.

Testg`m tbese dgjjere`t aefbc`gsas reacg`s lutsgde tbe sflpe lj tbgsfbcpter. Tbey dl giiustrcte, tblumb, blw spefgcigsed lr versctgie g`termeèrc-

tgl`ci trc`sagssgl` agmbt he expicgèd.

8.6 Bypltbeses

Tbgs fbcpter cgas tl fl`èft tbe resecrfb g` spefgcigsctgl` g` g`dgvgducis‗fcreers tl tbe study lj spefgcigsctgl` g` g`termeèrctgl`ci trc`sagssgl`. Cre

sl`s lj vglie`t jctbers alre igoeiy tl dgspicy vglie`fe c`d/lr frgag`ci hebcvglur tbc` sl`s lj jctbers wbl bcve hee` fl`vgfted, hut `lt lj c vglie`t ljje`fe< Tbgsquestgl` gs c`swered g` twl wcys. Jgrst, c alre trcdgtgl`ci cpprlcfb gs used

wbere pelpie cre deffièd cs vglie`t ljje`ders wbe` tbey bcve hee` fl`vgftedlj c vglie`t ljje`fe ct iecst l`fe. Zglie`t ljje`ders te`d tl flaagt alre lj-je`fes tbc` `l`‖vglie`t ljje`ders (Fcpcidg & ^cttersl`, 377:? Flbe`, 372:?Jcrrg`mtl`, 3773? Ileher, 3722? Ileher, Jcrrg`mtl`, Vtlutbcaer-Ileher &Zc` Ocaae`, 3772? ^gquerl, 8>>>). Be`fe lè fc``lt sgapiy flapcre vg-lie`t jctbers wgtb `l`‖vglie`t jctbers, hefcuse tbe ictter wgii flaagt jewerfrgaes. Tberejlre sl`s hlr` tl vglie`t ljje`ders wgii he flapcred wgtb sl`shlr` tl `l`‖vglie`t hut equciiy jreque`t ljje`ders. Vefl`d, Icte t FicssC`ciysgs wgii he used tl excagè wbetber c vglie`t ljje`der mrlup gs dgstg`-mugsbchie cal`m fl`vgfted jctbers c`d wbetber sl`s lj jctbers g` tbgs mrlup

cre alre igoeiy tl ljje`d (vglie`tiy) tbc` sl`s lj jctbers g` tbe ltber mrlup(s).Jlr ecfb lj tbe twl cpprlcfbes, tbe jliilwg`m tbree bypltbeses wgii he

tested;

3. Vl`s hlr` tl vglie`t jctbers bcve c mrecter rgso lj heg`m fl`vgfted tbc`sl`s hlr` tl fl`vgfted, hut `l`‖vglie`t jctbers (vglie`fe g` jctbersg`frecses sl`‗s prevcie`fe lj meèrci fl`vgftgl`s).

8. Vl`s hlr` tl vglie`t jctbers exbghgt alre frgag`ci hebcvglur tbc`sl`s hlr` tl fl`vgfted, hut `l`‖vglie`t jctbers (vglie`fe g` jctbersg`frecses sl`‗s jreque`fy lj meèrci fl`vgftgl`s).

6. Vl`s hlr` tl vglie`t jctbers bcve c mrecter fbc`fe lj heg`m fl`vgftedlj vglie`fe tbc` sl`s hlr` tl fl`vgfted, hut `l`‖vglie`t jctbers (vgli-e`fe g` jctbers g`frecses sl`‗s prevcie`fe lj vglie`t fl`vgftgl`s).2

Tbe ffirst twl bypltbeses test wbetber vglie`t jctbers cre alre igoeiy tltrc`sagt ljje`dg`m hebcvglur tbc` `l`‖vglie`t jctbers. êrbcps tbere gs `lfiecr spefgcigsed vglie`t g`termeèrctgl`ci trc`sagssgl`, hut vglie t jctbers

2 Ljjsprg`m‗s jreque`fy lj vglie`t ljje`dg`m wcs `lt studged, sg`fe tbe ùaher lj vglie`fe

fl`vgftgl`s wcs spcrse.

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Aetbld 85

agmbt trc`sagt alre frgag`ci hebcvglur tbc` `l`‖vglie`t jctbers. Bypl-tbesgs 6 tests wbetber g`termeèrctgl`ci trc`sagssgl` gs spefgcigsed rctber tbc`versctgie.

8.4 Aetbld

8.4.3 Vcapie

Tbese bypltbeses were tested usg`m dctc jrla hltb tbe Fcahrgdme Vtudy g` Deig`que`t Deveilpae`t (FVDD) c`d tbe @VFX-Trc`sffive Vtudy (Trc`sffive).Tbese were desfrghed g` alre detcgi g` tbe G`trlduftgl` (see pcme 36). Tbefurre`t g`vestgmctgl` excagèd tbe acies c`d tbegr jctbers. G`gtgciiy, tbe g`-te`tgl` wcs tl cisl study dcumbters c`d altbers wbl bcd hee` fl`vgfted lj c vglie`t ljje`fe. Blwever, tbere were lìy twl altbers g` tbe FVDD, egmbtaltbers g` Trc`sffive c`d jew dcumbters fl`vgfted lj vglie`fe. Jurtberalre,jeacies te`d tl bcve jewer fl`vgftgl`s tbc` acies. Vg`fe tbese ùahers jlrjeacies were sl ilw, gt wcs defgded tl jlfus l` acies lìy.

8.4.8 Aecsures

Lutflae Zcrgchies

Tbe lutflae vcrgchie jlr bypltbesgs 3 wcs wbetber sl`s bcd hee` fl`vgftedhetwee` tbe 38tb c`d 4>tb hgrtbdcys. Jlr bypltbesgs 8 tbe lutflae vcrgchie

wcs tbe ùaher lj fl`vgftgl`s g` tbgs pergld jlr sl`s wbl were fl`vgfted.Jlr bypltbesgs 6 tbe lutflae vcrgchie wcs wbetber sl`s bcd hee` fl`vgftedlj c vglie`t ljje`fe hetwee` tbe 38tb c`d 4>tb hgrtbdcys. Zglie`t sl`s wereflapcred wgtb sl`s wbl bcd hee` fl`vgfted, hut `lt lj c vglie`t ljje`fe.

^redgftlr Zcrgchie

Tbe predgftlr vcrgchie g` hltb cpprlcfbes wcs wbetber sl`s bcd c vglie`tversus c `l`‖vglie`t jctber.7 G` tbe trcdgtgl`ci cpprlcfb tbgs wcs deffièd cswbetber jctbers bcd fl`vgftgl`s jlr vglie`fe. Zglie`t ljje`ders te`d tl bcve

alre fl`vgftgl`s tbc` `l`‖vglie`t ljje`ders (Fcpcidg & ^cttersl`, 377:?Jcrrg`mtl , 3773? ^gquerl, 8>>>). Tberejlre sl`s lj vglie`t ljje`ders fluid`lt he sgapiy flapcred wgtb sl`s lj `l`‖vglie`t ljje`ders. Tl dgse`tc`mievglie`fe c`d ljje`dg`m jreque`fy, gt wcs gaplrtc`t tl test wbetber tbere wcsc dgjjere`fe g` ljje`dg`m jreque`fy hetwee` vglie`t c`d `l`‖vglie`t jctbers.

7 Cs expicgèd g` tbe G`trlduftgl` (see pcme 35), g` Trc`sffive pligfy dgsagsscis were g`fiudedg` tbe flu`t lj fl`vgftgl`s. Tbey were g`fiuded g` ljjsprg`m ljje`dg`m hebcvglur c`d g` tbec`ciysgs tl gde`tgjy tbe icte`t ficsses cal`m jctbers. Blwever, jctbers were lìy g`fiudedg` tbe c`ciysgs tl g`vestgmcte tbe stre`mtb lj g`termeèrctgl`ci spefgcigsctgl` wbe` tbey bcdljffifgci fl`vgftgl s, hut `lt gj tbey lìy bcd dgsagsscis. Vl; jctbers wgtb dgsagsscis lìy were

exfiuded, hut dgsagsscis were g`fiuded. Tbgs wcs dlè tl acoe tbe c`ciyses wgtb Trc`sffive flapcrchie tl tbe c`ciyses wgtb tbe FVDD, hefcuse dgsagsscis were èver flu`ted g` tbeFVDD.

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8: Zglie`fe spefgcigsctgl`

G` tbe FVDD, vglie`t jctbers ( 1 83) bcd l` cvercme 6.:8 fl`vgftgl`s(VD16.43), wbgie `l`‖vglie`t hut fl`vgfted jctbers (`1=3) bcd l` cv-ercme 8.>2 fl`vgftgl`s (VD13.76). Tbgs gs kust `lt sgm`gffifc`tiy dgjjere`tt(84)13.7=, p1.>:3? blwever, gt dgd represe`t c aedgua-sgzed ejjeft r1.6=.

Vg`fe tbgs dgjjere`fe wcs cialst sgm`gffifc`t c`d gt represe`ted c aedgua-sgzedejjeft, vglie`t jctbers were cisl flapcred wgtb jctbers wbl were èver fl`-vgfted lj c vglie t ljje`fe, hut bcd ct iecst twl fl`vgftgl s (`168). Tbese`l`‖vglie`t jctbers bcd l` cvercme 6.43 fl`vgftgl`s (VD18.8:), wbgfb wcs`lt sgm`gffifc`tiy dgjjere`t jrla tbe cvercme lj vglie`t jctbers t(63)1>.858,

p1.2>6. Vg`fe tbe dgjjere`fe hetwee` vglie`t c`d `l`‖vglie`t jctbers wcs`lt sgm`gffifc`t, hut bcd c aedgua ejjeft sgze, sl`s lj vglie`t jctbers wereflapcred wgtb `l`‖vglie`t jctbers cs weii cs wgtb `l`‖vglie`t jctbers wblbcd hee` fl`vgfted ct iecst twgfe.

G` Trc`sffive , vglie`t jctbers (`16>) bcd l` cvercme 4.3> fl`vgftgl`s(VD16.3:), wbgie `l`‖vglie`t hut fl`vgfted jctbers (`15:) bcd l` cver-cme 3.28 fl`vgftgl`s (VD13.27). Tbgs gs sgm`gffifc`tiy dgjjere`t t(4>)16.:8,

p1.>>3? c`d gt represe`ted c icrme ejjeft r1>.5>. Vg`fe tbgs dgjjere`fe gssgm`gffifc`t, vglie`t jctbers were tbe` flapcred wgtb jctbers wbl were èverfl`vgfted lj c vglie`t ljje`fe, hut bcd ct iecst twl fl`vgftgl`s (`137).Tbese `l`‖vglie`t jctbers bcd l` cvercme 6.48 fl`vgftgl`s (VD18.:3),wbgfb gs `lt sgm`gffifc`tiy dgjjere`t jrla tbct lj vglie`t jctbers t(4=)1>.23=,

p1.462. G` tbe c`ciyses wgtb Trc`sffive , sl`s lj vglie`t jctbers were tbusflapcred wgtb sl`s lj `l`‖vglie`t jctbers wbl bcd hee` fl`vgfted ct iecst

twgfe.Vuhseque`tiy, tbe predgftlr vcrgchie lj bcvg`m c vglie`t versus `l`‖vglie`t jctber wcs deffièd usg`m IFC.

8.4.6 C`ciytgf Cpprlcfb

C`ciytgf Cpprlcfb; Icte`t Ficss C`ciysgs (IFC)

IFC wcs perjlraed usg m tbe Apius stctgstgfci pcfocme (Zersgl` 5.83?Autbç` & Autbç`, 3772-8>>7). IFC eapgrgfciiy gde`tgffies icte`t ficssescal`m c mrlup lj suhkefts usg`m twl lr alre lhserved, ac`gjest vcrgchies

(AfFutfbel`, 372=). Tbe icte`t ficss vcrgchie gs bypltbetgfci lr tbelretgfcic`d gt gs `lt plssghie tl dgreftiy lhserve tbgs vcrgchie. IFC gs c`cilmlustl jcftlr c`ciysgs (JC), hut g` IFC fctemlrgfci lr dgsfrete vcrgchies crec`ciysed, wbgie JC c`ciyses fl`tgùlus vcrgchies. IFC cssuaes tbct flv-crgctgl` cal`m tbe lhserved vcrgchies resuits jrla ecfb lhserved vcrgchie‗sreictgl`sbgp tl tbe icte`t vcrgchie. Mgve` tbe icte`t ficsses, tbese lhservedvcrgchies cre g`depe`de`t c`d u`reicted, wbgfb gs fciied ‒ilfci g`depe`de`fe‗(AfFutfbel`, 372=, p. 34).

Tbgs study trged tl gde`tgjy c` u`lhserved, icte`t vcrgchie lj type lj lj-je`ders. Tbe lhserved, ac`gjest vcrgchies were types lj ljje`fes. Tl suaacr-

gse tbese types lj ljje`fes, tbe Blae Ljffife Ljje`ders G`dex Fldehllo wcs



Aetbld 8=

used ( Xesecrfb Deveilpae`t c`d Vtctgstgfs Dgreftlrcte, 3772). Tbgs Flde-hllo mrlups ljje`fes cal`m tbe jliilwg`m te` fctemlrges; Zglie`fe cmcg`sttbe persl`, Vexuci ljje`fes, Hurmicry, Xlhhery, Tbejt c`d bc`dig`m stlie`mllds, Jrcud c`d jlrmery, Frgag`ci dcacme, Drum ljje`fes, Ltber (exfiud-

g`m altlrg m ljje`fes), c`d Altlrg m ljje`fes. G` tbe FVDD dctc tbrectsc`d wecpl` ljje`fes were cisl reflrded. G` tbe Blae Ljffife Fldehllotbrects cre fctemlrgzed depe`dg`m l` tbe og`d lj ljje`fe. G` tbe FVDD dctc,blwever, tbe og`d lj ljje`fes tl wbgfb tbese tbrects reicted were `lt ciwcysreflrded. Tberejlre twl extrc fctemlrges were frected; Tbrects c`d ]ecpl`ljje`fes. Tbe fctemlry Altlrg m ljje`fes wcs `lt used, hefcuse ag`lr lj-je`fes sufb cs trcjffif ljje`fes were `lt g`fiuded g` tbe lperctgl`cigsctgl` lj frgag`ci hebcvglur g` tbgs dgssertctgl` (see tbe G`trlduftgl`, pcme 35). Jlrecfb ljje`der, c` g`dgfctlr (>,3) vcrgchie wcs jlraed jlr ecfb lj tbese ljje`fefctemlrges cfflrdg`m tl wbetber lr `lt tbe ljje`der bcd hee` fl`vgfted lj c`y lj tbe ljje`fes jlrag`m tbct mrlup wbe` cmed 38-67. Tbe ùaher lj tgaes tbct c fl`vgftgl` jlr c fctemlry cppecred wcs `lt reflrded. Jlr IFCgt wcs defgded tl jlfus l` hrecdtb lj ljje`dg`m g`stecd lj vliuae. Tbgs ci-ilws tbe g`vestgmctgl` lj ljje`der types wgtblut tbe fl`jlu`dg`m jcftlr lj jreque`fy lj ljje`dg`m.

IFC gde`tgffies mrlups lj ljje`ders wgtb c sgagicr pctter` lj ljje`dg`mhebcvglur. Fl`seque`tiy, gt agmbt he plssghie tl gde`tgjy c mrlup lj ljje`d-ers wbl flaagt alre vglie`fe tbc` ltbers, tblumb `lt every persl` g` tbgsmrlup èfesscrgiy bcs c fl`vgftgl` jlr c vglie`t ljje`fe. C bgmb prlhchgigty

lj aeahersbgp tl tbgs ficss fluid he c` g`dgfctlr lj c fertcg` igjestyie tbct g`-fiudes vglie`fe c`d cmmressgl` ( Jrc`fgs et ci., 8>>4). Gt gs gaplrtc`t tl recigsetbct IFC dles `lt frecte c fiecr dgfbltlay hcsed l` wbetber pelpie bcvec fl`vgftgl` jlr c fertcg` type lj ljje`fe, hut illos ct tbe tltci pgfture lj ljje`dg`m hebcvglur.

IFC g`vestgmctes blw tbese ljje`fe types fiuster tlmetber cal`m tbemrlup lj ljje`ders c`d trges tl gde`tgjy fiusters lr ficsses. Tbe mlci gs tl ffi`dtbe lptgaci sliutgl`, wbere ‒tbere wgii he slae ùaher lj ficsses wberecii ficsses cre dgstg`ft, hut wbere cddg`m c` cddgtgl`ci ficss tl tbe aldeiprlvgdes `l extrc expic`ctlry plwer‗ (Jrc`fgs et ci., 8>>4, p. 5=). Tl dl tbgs,

IFC uses acxgaua igoeigblld estgactgl . Veverci frgtergc fc` he used tldeteragè tbe lptgaci ùaher lj ficsses. Tbese frgtergc mgve c` g`dgfctgl`lj aldei ffit hcsed l` dgjjere`fes hetwee` tbe estgacted aldei c`d tbe lhser-vctgl`s. Tbe Hcyesgc` G`jlractgl` Frgtergl` (HGF) gs ljte` used. Tbe HGFgs hcsed l` igoeigblld, hut cisl flrrefts jlr tbe ùaher lj pcrcaeters ffittedc`d jlr tbe ùaher lj lhservctgl`s. Tberejlre, HGF estgactes aldei ffit, hutcisl illos ct pcrsgal`y lj tbe aldei. Jlr defgdg`m l` tbe ùaher lj ficsses,lè fbllses tbe aldei wgtb tbe ag`gaua HGF vciue, sg`fe tbgs ùaher gsc` g`dgfctlr lj tbe dgjjere`fe hetwee` tbe aldei c`d tbe lhserved dctc c`dlè wc`ts tbct dgjjere`fe tl he cs sacii cs plssghie (D‗U`mer, Ic`d, AfFcii

& @cmg`, 3772). Blwever, wgtb c sacii (lr icrme) scapie sgze, tbe scapie sgze




cdkusted HGF (VCHGF) agmbt he alre cpprlprgcte (Tlffimbg & E`ders, 8>>2?Wc`m, 8>>:). Jurtberalre, @yiu`d, Cspcrlublv, c`d Autbç` (8>>=) fla-pcred frgtergc jlr IFC c`d giiustrcted tbct tbe Hlltstrcp Igoeigblld XctglTest (HIXT) cisl prlved tl he c fl`sgste`t g`dgfctlr lj defgdg`m l` tbe ùa-

her lj ficsses g` c study plpuictgl`, espefgciiy wgtb c sacii scapie. ]beìllog`m ct tbe HIXT lutput, lè sbluid illo ct tbe aldei tbct bcs c sgm-`gffifc`fe tbct gs ilwer tbc` .>5, sg`fe tbct aec`s tbct tbe aldei mgves c sgm-`gffifc`tiy hetter ffit tbc` tbe aldei wgtb lè ficss iess. G` tbe furre`t study,HGF, VCHGF cs weii cs HIXT were used tl defgde wbgfb aldei ffitted hest.

Jurtberalre, tbe fl`te t lj tbe ficsses gs gaplrtc`t. C aldei wgtbficsses tbct bcve `l recsl`chie g`terpretctgl` gs lj igttie use. Be`fe, cjterg`speftg`m tbe aldei frgtergc, gt gs gaplrtc`t tl illo ct tbe fl`te`t lj tbeficsses. Tbese fc` he deffièd l` tbe hcsgs lj tbe fl`dgtgl`ci gtea prlhchgigt-ges,3> wbgfb represe`t tbe fbc`fe tbct slaelè g` tbct ficss wgii sflre 3 l`tbct spefgffif gtea. Cjter defgdg`m wbgfb aldei ffits tbe dctc hest, gt gs plssghietl cssgm` suhkefts tl tbe icte`t ficsses.

C`ciytgf Cpprlcfb; Meèrcigzed Estgactg`m Equctgl`s (MEE)

Cs desfrghed g` tbe G`trlduftgl` (pcme 3:), tbe bypltbeses were c`ciysedusg`m Meèrcigzed Estgactg`m Equctgl`s (MEE) wbeèver sghig ms were g`-fiuded g` tbe scapie. Jlr tbe prese`t c`ciyses, ilmgstgf remressgl` wcs usedjlr tbe prevcie`fe lutflae c`d èmctgve hg`lagci remressgl` jlr tbe jre-que`fy lutflae. @emctgve hg`lagci remressgl` wcs used hefcuse tbe lut-

flae vcrgchie jreque`fy lj sl`‗s ljje`dg`m (bypltbesgs 8) wcs bgmbiy soewed?ac`y pelpie bcd èver hee` fl`vgfted. ]gtb sufb c soewed dgstrghutgl` gtwcs g`cpprlprgcte tl ru` c igècr remressgl` c`ciysgs. @emctgve hg`lagci re-mressgl` c`ciysgs sugtchiy decis wgtb soewed dgstrghutgl`s.

8.5 Xesuits

8.5.3 Trcdgtgl`ci cpprlcfb

Jlr ecfb lj tbe c`ciyses, G wgii ffirst dgsfuss resuits jlr tbe FVDD c`d tbe` jlrTrc`sffive . Tbe resuits jlr tbe trcdgtgl`ci cpprlcfb cre prese`ted g` tchie 8.3.33

G` tbe FVDD, tbere cppecred tl he `l dgjjere`fe g` tbe prevcie`fe lj meèrciljje`dg`m hetwee` sl`s wgtb c vglie`t c`d `l`‖vglie`t jctber (56.= versus57.= c`d 5=.>%). Vgagicriy, tbere wcs bcrdiy c`y dgjjere`fe g` tbe jreque`fylj meèrci ljje`dg`m (=.:8 versus 5.:> c`d 5.56 fl`vgftgl`s). ]be` illo-g`m ct sl`‗s vglie`t ljje`dg`m tbere seeaed tl he c dgjjere`fe hetwee` tbe

3> Tbe fl`dgtgl`ci gtea prlhchgigty gs flapcrchie tl tbe jcftlr ilcdg`m g` jcftlr c`ciysgs.33 Tbe @ g` tchie 8.3 c`d tchie 8.: represe`t tbe ùaher lj sl`s g` ecfb mrlup. Vg`fe tbe scapie

cisl g`fiuded sghig`ms jrla tbe scae jctbers, tbe ùaher lj jctbers wcs ilwer tbc` tbe @ lj sl`s. Tbe LX c`d H vciues were flrrefted jlr tbgs usg`m MEE.

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Xesuits 87

T c h i

e 8 . 3 ; V l ` s ‗ m e ` e r c i c ` d v g l i e ` t l j j e ` d g ` m j l r v g l i e ` t c ` d ` l ` ‖ v g l i e ` t j c t b e r s

C

H

F

C v e r s u s H

C v e r s u s F

J c t b e r l j j e ` d e d

v g l i e ` t i y

J c t b e r l j j e ` d e d , ` l t

v g l i e `

t i y

J c t b e r l j j e ` d e d 0

8 ,

` l t v g l i e ` t i y

L X ( 7 5 % F G )

L X ( 7 5 % F G )

V l ` f l ` v g f t g l ` s

@

@

@

H ( p )

H ( p )

E ` m i c ` d

^ r e v c i e ` f e m e ` e r c i f l ` v g f t g l ` s

5 4

5 6 . = %

3 = :

5 7 . = %

7 6

5 = . > %

> . = : ( > . 6 2 - 3 . 5 8 )

> . 2 5 ( > . 4 > - 3 . = 2 )

J r e q u e ` f y

8 7

= . : 8

3 > 5

5 . : >

5 6

5 . 5 6

> . 8 3 ( . 6 7 = )

> . 3 2 ( . 5 8 8 )

^ r e v c i e ` f e v g l i e ` f e f l ` v g f t g l ` s

8 7

: 8 . 3 %

3 > 5

4 8 . 7 %

5 6

5 > . 7 %

8 . > 5 ( > . 7 3 - 4 . : > )

3 . : > ( > . : 7 - 6 . = 4 )

T b e @

e t b e r i c ` d s

^ r e v c i e ` f e m e ` e r c i f l ` v g f t g l ` s

8 :

5 > . > %

8 2

4 : . 4 %

3 . > 4 ( > . 4 > - 8 . = 8 )

J r e q u e ` f y

3 8

5 . 6 6

3 6

8 . = =

> . : 5 ( . > = : )

^ r e v c i e ` f e v g l i e ` f e f l ` v g f t g l ` s

3 6

5 6 . 2 %

3 6

4 : . 8 %

3 . 2 6 ( > . 6 5 - 7 . = > )

J r e q

u e ` f y g s ` u a h e r l j f l ` v g f t g l ` s j l r s l

` s h e t w e e ` c m e 3 8 c ` d 4 > , l ` i y s l ` s w

b l w e r e f l ` v g f t e d j l r c t i e c s t l ` e l j j

e ` s e w e r e g ` f i u d e d g ` t b g s c v e r c m e v c i u

e ? 7 5 %

F G , 7 5 %

f l ` ffi

d e ` f e g ` t e r v c i ? J L , j c t b e r l j j e ` d e d ? * p

9

. > 5



6> Zglie`fe spefgcigsctgl`

mrlups; :8.3% lj fl`vgfted sl`s lj vglie`t jctbers bcd fl`vgftgl`s jlr vg-lie`fe, flapcred wgtb 48.7% lj sl`s lj jctbers fl`vgfted lj ljje`fes `ltg`fiudg`m vglie`fe, c`d 5>.7% lj sl`s lj jctbers wbl bcd hee` fl`vgfted ctiecst twgfe hut èver jlr vglie`fe. Blwever, `lè lj tbese dgjjere`fes wcs

sgm`gffifc`t.G` Trc`sffive , tbere gs igttie dgjjere`fe g` tbe prevcie`fe lj meèrci ljje`d-

g`m hetwee` sl`s wgtb c vglie`t c`d `l`‖vglie`t jctber (4:.4 versus 5>.>%).Vl`s lj vglie`t jctbers seea tl bcve alre fl`vgftgl`s tbc` sl`s lj `l`‖vglie`t jctbers (5.66 versus 8.== fl`vgftgl`s), hut tbgs dgjjere`fe gs `lt sgm`gj-gfc`t.38 Tbe dgjjere`fe g` vglie`t ljje`dg`m gs sigmbtiy icrmer tbc` jlr meèrciljje`dg`m (4:.8 versus 56.2%), hut jcr jrla sgm`gffifc`t (LX13.2, 75% FG>.65-7.=>).

Tbe resuits jrla tbe trcdgtgl`ci cpprlcfb dl `lt supplrt bypltbesgs 3.Jurtberalre, tbe resuits wgtb tbe FVDD dl `lt supplrt bypltbesgs 8, ci-tblumb tbe resuits wgtb Trc`sffive te`d tl supplrt tbe bypltbesgs tbct sl`slj vglie`t jctbers flaagt alre meèrci frgae. Blwever, tbgs dgjjere`fe gs`lt sgm`gffifc`t c`d tbe ùahers g`vlived g` tbe c`ciyses wgtb Trc`sffive creilw. Tbe resuits jrla tbe trcdgtgl`ci cpprlcfb te`d tl supplrt bypltbesgs 6tbct sl`s lj vglie`t jctbers bcve c bgmber rgso lj dgspicyg`m vglie`fe, hut(g` tbe c`ciyses wgtb tbe FVDD) lìy wbe` sl`s lj vglie`t jctbers cre fla-pcred wgtb tbe ffirst flapcrgsl` mrlup lj sl`s lj `l`‖vglie`t jctbers. Gt gsprejerchie tl flapcre sl`s lj vglie`t jctbers wgtb sl`s lj `l`‖vglie`t jctb-ers wbl were fl`vgfted ct iecst twgfe cs `lt tl fl`jlu`d wgtb tbe jreque`fy

lj jctber‗s ljje`dg`m c`d tbese resuits dl `lt supplrt bypltbesgs 6.

8.5.8 Icte`t Ficss C`ciysgs

Jlr ecfb lj tbe ljje`fe fctemlrges, gt wcs reflrded wbetber lr `lt tbe jctberbcd hee` fl`vgfted lj c`y lj tbe ljje`fes jlrag`m tbct mrlup wbe` cmed38-67. G` tbe FVDD, `l jctbers were fl`vgfted lj wecpl` ljje`fes lr drumsdurg`m tbct pergld, c`d be`fe tbese fctemlrges were exfiuded jrla tbe IFC.Tchie 8.8 prese`ts c` lvervgew lj tbe aldeis wgtb g`frecsg`m ùaher lj ficsses, c`d tbe vciues jlr tbe Hcyesgc` G`jlractgl` Frgtergl` (HGF), tbescapie sgze cdkusted HGF (VCHGF) c`d tbe Hlltstrcp Igoeigblld Xctgl Test(HIXT). Cs ae`tglèd g` tbe Aetbld seftgl`, tbese frgtergc were used tldefgde l` tbe ùaher lj ficsses tbct desfrghed tbe dctc hest.

Jgrst, lè illos ct tbe ilwest vciue lj HGF g` tbe tchie, wbgfb turèdlut tl he tbe aldei wgtb kust lè ficss. Vefl`d, tbe VCHGF wcs ilwestjlr tbe aldei wgtb tbree ficsses. Tbgrd, tbe HIXT wcs lìy sgm`gffifc`t jlrtbe aldei wgtb twl ficsses. Tbe frgtergc dgd `lt iecd tl lè fl`fiusgl` l`wbgfb aldei ffitted tbe dctc hest? HGF plg`ted tl lè ficss, VCHGF tl tbreec`d HIXT tl twl ficsses. Gt wcs tberejlre gaplrtc`t tl illo ct tbe fl`te`t

38 G` tbe mrlup lj sl`s lj vglie`t jctbers, lè lutiger wgtb 85 fl vgftgl`s wcs exfiuded. G`fiud-g`m tbgs lutiger ygeided c sgm`gjfc`t dgjjere`fe g` jreque`fy lj fl`vgftgl`s hetwee` sl`s lj vglie`t c`d `l`‖vglie`t jctbers (H1>.7>3, p1.>85).

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Xesuits 63

Tchie 8.8; Lvervgew lj resuits c`d frgtergc jlr tbe IFC aldeis - jctbers - E`mic`d

@uaher lj ficsses 3 8 6 4

HGF :34.2=> :65.3=6 ::5.542 =>8.28:VCHGF 526.6>5 5:2.22: 5:4.562 5:=.>74HIXT >.>>>> >.36>4 >.:::=

Tbe hlid vciues cre tbe lptgaci vciues jlr ecfb lj tbe frgtergc

Tchie 8.6; Lvervgew lj resuits c`d frgtergc jlr tbe IFC aldeis - jctbers - tbe @etberic`ds

@uaher lj ficsses 3 8 6 4

HGF 583.74> 537.>4: 543.>53 5=3.>3>VCHGF 47:.:27 4:5.622 452.72= 4:>.567HIXT >.>>>> >.>758 >.5>>>

Tbe hlid vciues cre tbe lptgaci vciues jlr ecfb lj tbe frgtergc

lj tbese ficsses. Tchie 8.4 desfrghes tbe fl`te`t lj tbe twl-ficss aldei. Jgrst,gt mgves tbe prlplrtgl` lj jctbers tbct fluid he gde`tgffied cs c aeaher lj tbe ficsses? ::.66 % lj jctbers jeii g` ficss 3, 66.:=% jeii g` ficss 8. Tbe`,jlr ecfb lj tbe twl ficsses, tchie 8.4 mgves prlhchgigtges tbct c jctber bcs cfl`vgftgl` jlr ecfb lj tbe ljje`fe types. Jlr g`stc`fe, c jctber g` ficss 3 bcsc prlhchgigty lj 3 tl he fl`vgfted lj tbejt. G` ficss 8, jctbers bcve c fbc`felj >.458 lj heg`m fl`vgfted lj vglie`fe cmcg`st tbe persl`, c`d c fbc`fe lj >.6:= lj bcvg`m c fl`vgftgl` jlr c` ljje`fe g` tbe fctemlry ’ltber‑.36 Ficss

3 wcs tberejlre icheiied cs c prlperty (ljje`fe) ficss, c`d ficss 8 wcs icheiiedcs c vglie t‖ltber ficss. Jctbers g` ficss 8 cisl bcve c prlhchgigty lj >.654lj heg`m fl`vgfted lj tbejt. Tbgs sblws tbct citblumb cii pelpie g` ficss 3bcd c fl`vgftgl` jlr tbejt, tbgs dles `lt aec` tbct every persl` wgtb c tbejtfl`vgftgl` cutlactgfciiy jciis g`tl ficss 3. IFC illos ct tbe flahg`ctgl` lj ljje`fe types? jctbers wgtb c tbejt fl`vgftgl` g` ficss 3 wgii bcve c dgjjere`tflahg`ctgl` lj tbejt wgtb ltber types lj ljje fes tbc` jctbers g` ficss 8 wgtbc tbejt fl`vgftgl`.

Vg`fe tbe VCHGF wcs ilwest jlr tbe tbree-ficss aldei, tbe fl`te`t lj tbe ficsses g` tbgs aldei wcs cisl studged. Ficsses 3 c`d 8 g` tbgs aldei

were sgagicr tl tbe lès g` tbe twl-ficss aldei. Tbe tbgrd ficss, blwever,wcs dgjffifuit tl g`terpret, hefcuse gt lìy fl`tcgèd tbree pelpie c`d tbeprlhchgigtges jlr tbejt, vglie`fe c`d ltber ljje`fes were sgagicr tl egtber ficss3 lr ficss 8. Hcsed l` tbe g`terpretchgigty c`d tbe HIXT, tbe twl-ficss aldeijlr jctbers wcs fblse`.

G` Trc`sffive , `l jctbers were fl`vgfted lj rlhhery lr drums hetwee` tbegr38tb c`d 4>tb hgrtbdcys c`d tberejlre tbese fctemlrges were exfiuded jrla

36 Tbe ’ltber‑ fctemlry fl`sgsts lj c rc`me lj fl`vgftgl`s, sufb cs mlg`m equgpped jlr stecig`m,heg`m c suspefted persl`, ilgterg`m, tcaperg`m wgtb c altlr vebgfie, c`d frueity tl c`gacis.

Jlr detcgied g`jlractgl` see tbe Blae Ljffife Ljje`ders G`dex Fldehllo (Xesecrfb Devei-lpae`t c`d Vtctgstgfs Dgreftlrcte, 3772).

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Tchie 8.4; Desfrghg`m tbe twl-ficss aldeijlr jctbers - fl`dgtgl`ci gtea prlhchgigtges -E`mic`d

Ficss prlplrtgl`s

Ficss 3 Ficss 8Gtea ::.66 % 66.:= %

Zglie`fe >.>>> >.458Vex >.>6> >.3>6Hurmicry >.34= >.374Xlhhery >.>66 >.>>>Tbejt 3.>>> >.654Jrcud >.3:> >.8>3Dcacme >.>8= >.343Ltber >.>78 >.6:=Tbrects >.>36 >.>=3

Tchie 8.5; Desfrghg`m tbe twl-ficss aldeijlr jctbers - fl`dgtgl`ci gtea prlhchgigtges -tbe @etberic ds

Ficss prlplrtgl`s

Ficss 3 Ficss 8Gtea :3.38 % 62.22 %

Zglie`fe >.>27 >.:86Vex >.>>5 >.837Hurmicry >.>6= >.34>Tbejt 3.>>> >.537Jrcud >.>67 >.>2>Dcacme >.>>> >.826Ltber >.>>> >.826]ecpl` >.>6: >.>>>

tbe IFC. Tchie 8.6 prese`ts c` lvervgew lj tbe aldeis wgtb g`frecsg`m ùa-her lj ficsses, c`d tbe vciues jlr tbe Hcyesgc` G`jlractgl` Frgtergl` (HGF),tbe scapie sgze cdkusted HGF (VCHGF) c`d tbe Hlltstrcp Igoeigblld XctglTest (HIXT). Tbe HGF vciue wcs ilwest jlr tbe aldei wgtb twl ficsses? tbeVCHGF wcs ilwest jlr tbe aldei wgtb tbree ficsses? c`d tbe HIXT wcs lìysgm`gffifc`t jlr tbe aldei wgtb twl ficsses. Hcsed l` tbe acklrgty lj twllut lj tbree frgtergc, tbe twl ficss aldei wcs fblse` cs tbe lptgaci sliu-tgl`. Tchie 8.5 desfrghes tbe fl`te`t lj tbe twl ficsses. Tbe prlplrtgl`s g`tbgs tchie sblw tbct :3.38% lj jctbers were gde`tgffied cs aeahers lj ficss

3, 62.22% jeii g` ficss 8. Jurtberalre, gt sblws tbct c jctber g` ficss 3 bcsc prlhchgigty lj 3 tl he fl`vgfted lj tbejt. G` ficss 8, jctbers bcve c fbc`felj >.:86 lj heg`m fl`vgfted lj vglie`fe cmcg`st tbe persl`, c`d c fbc`fe lj >.826 lj bcvg`m c fl`vgftgl` jlr c` ljje`fe g` tbe fctemlry dcacme lr ltber.Ficss 8 wcs tberejlre icheied cs c vglie`t‖ltber ficss c`d ficss 3 wcs icheiedcs c prlperty (ljje`fe) ficss.

Gt gs g`terestg`m tl `lte tbct tbe IFC sliutgl`s jlr hltb scapies cre qugtesgagicr. G` hltb scapies, c aldei wgtb twl ficsses wcs tbe lptgaci sliutgl`.Jurtberalre, g` hltb scapies tbese ficsses fluid he desfrghed cs c tbejt c`dc vglie`fe‖ltber ficss.

Ljjsprg`m ljje`dg`m per jctber IFC ficss

Tbe twl ficsses lj jctbers gde`tgffied wgtb IFC dgvgded tbe sl`s g`tl twlmrlups; sl s wgtb jctbers g` tbe prlperty ficss (3) c`d sl s wgtb jctbersg` tbe vglie`t‖ltber ficss (8). Tbese twl mrlups were tbe` flapcred l`tbe tbree lutflae vcrgchies; prevcie`fe c`d jreque`fy lj meèrci ljje`dg`mc`d prevcie`fe lj vglie`t ljje`dg`m. Tchie 8.: deal`strctes tbct tbere cre`l sgm`gffifc`t dgjjere`fes jlr tbe FVDD jlr meèrci ljje`dg`m hetwee` tbesemrlups. Illog`m ct sl`s‗ vglie`t ljje`dg`m, c sgm`gffifc`t dgjjere`fe gs vgsghie(LX18.387, 75% FG 3.>>=, 4.525). :8.8% lj fl`vgfted sl`s lj vglie`t jctb-



Xesuits 66

ers bcd hee` fl`vgfted lj vglie`fe, flapcred wgtb 43.8% lj fl`vgfted sl`slj jctbers g` tbe prlperty ficss.

Tchie 8.:; Vl`s‗ ljje`dg`m jlr tbe twl icte`t ficsses jlr jctbers; vglie`fe/ltber versus tbejt

Jctber vglie fe / Jctberltber ficss tbejt ficss LX (75% FG)

Vl` fl`vgftgl`s @ @ H ( p)

E`mic`d ^revcie fe meèrci fl`vgftgl`s :: 5:.3% 3:4 57.3% >.2: (>.44-3.:7)Jreque`fy 6= =.:5 7= 5.48 >.82 (.883)^revcie fe vglie`fe fl`vgftgl`s 6= :8.8% 7= 43.8% 8.36 * (3.>3-4.57)

Tbe @etberic`ds^revcie`fe meèrci fl`vgftgl`s 84 6=.5% =3 4>.2% >.25 (>.6:-8.>3)Jreque`fy 7 4.5: 87 4.63 >.>6 (.76:)^revcie`fe vglie`fe fl`vgftgl`s 7 55.:% 87 44.2% 3.2: (>.4>-2.:3)

Jreque`fy gs ùaher lj fl`vgftgl`s jlr sl`s hetwee` cme 38 c`d 4>, lìy sl`s wbl were fl`-vgfted jlr ct iecst lè ljje`se were g`fiuded g` tbgs cvercme vciue? 75% FG, 75% fl`ffide`feg`tervci? * p 9 .>5

Jlr Trc`sffive , c sgagicr pctter` gs vgsghie, citblumb `lè lj tbe dgjjere`fesgs sgm`gffifc`t c`d tbe stre`mtb lj tbe dgjjere`fe jlr vglie`t ljje`dg`m gs wecoer(LX13.2: flapcred wgtb LX18.36). Tbe (`l`-sgm`gffifc`t) dgjjere`fe jlu`djlr jreque`fy lj ljje`dg`m g` tbe trcdgtgl`ci cpprlcfb gs `lt vgsghie g` tbeIFC c`ciyses jlr Trc`sffive .

Cs ae`tglèd prevglusiy, jreque`fy lj ljje`dg`m fc` fl`jlu`d tbe c`c-iyses sg`fe vglie`t ljje`ders te`d tl bcve alre fl`vgftgl`s tbc` `l`‖vglie`tljje`ders. Tberejlre, ljje`dg`m jreque`fy wcs flapcred jlr jctbers g` tbetwl icte`t ficsses. G` tbe FVDD, jctbers g` tbe vglie`t‖ltber ficss (`18:) bcdl` cvercme 8.4: fl`vgftgl`s (VD18.76), jctbers g` tbe prlperty ficss (`1::)bcd l` cvercme 8.48 fl`vgftgl`s (VD18.83). Tbgs gs `lt sgm`gffifc`tiy dgjjer-e`t t(7>)1-.>=, p1.74=. Ljje`dg`m jreque`fy dgd `lt fl`jlu`d tbe IFCc`ciyses. G` Trc`sffive , jctbers g` tbe vglie`t‖ltber ficss (`18:) bcd l` cv-ercme 6.25 fl`vgftgl`s (VD16.88), jctbers g` tbe prlperty ficss (`1:>) bcdl` cvercme 8.88 fl`vgftgl`s (VD18.66). Tbgs gs sgm`gjfc`tiy dgjjere`t t(6=)1-

8.66, p1>.>85. Blwever, g`terestg`miy e`lumb, fbgidre` lj tbese alre jre-que`t ljje`der mrlup dl `lt sblw alre frgag`ci hebcvglur c`d tbere cre`l ltber sgm`gffifc`t dgjjere`fes hetwee` fbgidre` lj tbese mrlups. Tbe dgjjer-e`fe hetwee` tbe ùaher lj fl`vgftgl`s lj jctbers g` tbe twl ficsses reacg`swbe` lìy jctbers wgtb ct iecst twl fl`vgftgl`s lr c vglie`fe fl`vgftgl` creg`fiuded.

Tbe resuits eaermg`m jrla tbe IFC dl `lt supplrt bypltbeses 3 c`d 8,hut dl supplrt bypltbesgs 6.




8.: Dgsfussgl`

Tbgs study g`vestgmcted wbetber g`termeèrctgl`ci trc`sagssgl` gs vglie`fe‖spefgffif. Jgrst, c alre trcdgtgl`ci cpprlcfb wcs tcoe` wberehy jctbers were

dgvgded g`tl twl mrlups hcsed l` wbetber tbey bcd hee` fl`vgfted lj c vgli-e`t ljje`fe. Vefl`d, Icte`t Ficss C`ciysgs (IFC) wcs perjlraed tl gde`tgjytwl ficsses lj ljje`dg`m jctbers, lj wbgfb lè wcs deffièd cs c vglie`t‖ltberficss wbgie tbe ltber fluid he fbcrcftergsed cs c prlperty (ljje`fe) ficss. Tbgswcs g`vestgmcted usg`m dctc jrla tbe FVDD cs weii cs Trc`sffive . Tbe trcdg-tgl`ci cpprlcfb deal`strcted c bgmber rgso lj ljje`dg`m vglie tiy jlr sl`slj vglie`t jctbers flapcred wgtb sl`s lj `l`‖vglie`t jctbers, hut tbgs dgj-jere`fe wcs `lt sgm`gffifc`t. Jurtberalre, wbe` tbese sl`s were flapcredwgtb sl`s lj `l`‖vglie`t jctbers wbl were fl`vgfted ct iecst twgfe, tbe dgj-jere`fe wcs aufb iess suhstc`tgci. Vuhseque`tiy, sl`s lj tbe icte`t ficss lj vglie`t jctbers were flapcred wgtb sl`s lj tbe icte`t ficss lj prlperty jctb-ers. Tbese sl`s dgd `lt dgjjer g` tbegr meèrci ljje`dg m. Blwever, g` tbeFVDD, sl`s wblse jctbers were g` tbe vglie`t ficss bcd c sgm`gffifc`tiy bgmberrgso lj vglie`t ljje`dg`m tbc` sl`s lj jctbers wbl were g` tbe prlperty ficss.C sgagicr pctter` wcs vgsghie jlr Trc`sffive , hut tbe dgjjere`fe hetwee` tbesemrlups lj sl`s wcs saciier c`d `l`-sgm`gffifc`t. Tbese resuits supplrt tbebypltbesgs tbct g`termeèrctgl`ci trc`sagssgl` lj ljje`dg`m jrla jctbers tlsl`s gs vglie`fe‖spefgffif.

Tbe dgjjere`fe hetwee` tbe twl cpprlcfbes gs blw tbe vglie`t jctber wcs

deffièd. Tbe trcdgtgl`ci aetbld deffiès tbgs c prglrg hcsed l` fl`vgftgl`s jlrvglie`fe, wberecs IFC gde`tgffies mrlups lj ljje`ders wgtb c sgagicr prlffiielj ljje`dg`m. IFC ‒gde`tgffies fiusters tbct mrlup tlmetber gteas tbct sbcresgagicr fbcrcftergstgfs‗ (Jrc`fgs et ci., 8>>4, p. 5>). Tbe trcdgtgl`ci aetbldfc` he vgewed cs c tbelretgfci cpprlcfb; tbe tbelry gaplses c strufture tltbe dctc c prglrg; hy dgfbltlagzg`m ljje`dg`m g` vglie`t versus `l`‖vglie`t.IFC gs esse tgciiy c` g`duftgve cpprlcfb; tbe dctc c`d ‒stctgstgfci c`ciysgsprldufe_sQ tbe strufture rctber tbc` tbe c`ciyst gaplsg`m tbe strufture c prg-lrg‗ ( Jrc`fgs et ci., 8>>4, p. =7). C` cdvc`tcme lj IFC bere gs tbct cii jctbersc`d sl`s wgtb fl`vgftgl`s were g`fiuded g` tbe flapcrgsl`. G` tbe trcdg-

tgl`ci aetbld, sl`s lj vglie`t jctbers were prejerchiy flapcred wgtb sl`slj jctbers wgtb ct iecst twl fl`vgftgl`s, wbgfb exfiuded 67 jctbers c`d tbegr26 sl`s jrla tbe FVDD c`ciyses c`d 6= jctbers c`d 43 sl`s g` Trc`sffive . Us-g`m IFC tbus g`frecsed tbe @ c`d tberejlre stctgstgfci plwer. C dgscdvc`tcmelj IFC gs tbct tbe ficsses agmbt `lt he cs fiecr cs tbe tbelretgfciiy gaplseddgfbltlay g` tbe trcdgtgl`ci aetbld, lr tbct tbe ficsses agmbt `lt he tbemrlups ylu cre illog`m jlr. Jlr excapie, `lt every jctber g` tbe vglie`t‖ltber ficss bcd c fl`vgftgl` jlr vglie`fe.34 Lè fluid scy, blwever, tbct

34 Jliilwg`m tbe deffi`gtgl` used g` tbe trcdgtgl`ci aetbld, g` tbe FVDD :5% lj jctbers g` tbe

vglie`fe ficss were lrgmg`ciiy g` tbe vglie`t jctber mrlup. Tbe ltber 65% fcae jrla tbe `l`‖vglie`t jctber mrlup g` tbe trcdgtgl`ci aetbld. G` Trc`sffive , 78% lj jctbers g` tbe vglie`feficss were lrgmg`ciiy g` tbe vglie`t jctber mrlup. Tbe ltber 2% fcae jrla tbe `l`‖vglie`t

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Dgsfussgl` 65

c bgmb prlhchgigty lj aeahersbgp jlr tbgs ficss fluid he c` g`dgfctlr jlr ‒cstyie lj igje‗ ( Jrc`fgs et ci., 8>>4, p. =7). Tbe pctter`g`m lj fl`vgftgl`s gs sufbtbct tbey reseahie tbe vglie t jctbers alst. Fl`vgftgl s tbct acoe pelpiepcrt lj tbe vglie`t‖ltber ficss acy g`dgfcte c igje styie tbct g`fiudes vglie`t

c`d cmmressgve hebcvglur. Ljje`ders g` tbe vglie`t ficss wgtblut c` cftucivglie`t fl`vgftgl` agmbt he expefted tl bcve sblw` vglie`t hebcvglur, huttbgs fluid bcve mlè u`detefted hy tbe pligfe. Lr, tbey fluid bcve exbghgtedjlras lj cmmressgve hebcvglur tbct wluid `lt èfesscrgiy iecd tl c fl`vgftgl ,sufb cs destrlyg`m tbg`ms lr heg`m verhciiy cmmressgve. Igòg`m tl tbe ecrigerae`tglèd slfgci g`jlractgl` prlfessg m (VG^), pelpie g` tbgs ficss fluid bcvec` cmmressgve-gapuisgve respl`se repertlgre (Frgfo & Dldme, 3774? Iúsei etci., 8>>=). Cs ae`tglèd prevglusiy, tbere cre `l ljje`ders wbl exfiusgveiyflaagt vglie`t ljje`fes, hut ct tbe scae tgae tbere seeas tl he c mrlup lj ljje`ders wbl flaagt alre vglie`fe tbc` ltbers, sblwg`m c fl`steiictgl`lj hebcvglur g` wbgfb vglie`fe gs prlagè`t.

Tbe furre`t resuits fl`trcdgft prevglus studges tbct sblwed `l spefgci-gsctgl` g` vglie`fe g` g`termeèrctgl`ci trc`sagssgl` (Jcrrg`mtl` et ci., 37=5?AfFlrd, 37==? Lshlr` & ]est, 37=7). Jurtberalre, c`cilmlus tl resecrfbg`tl spefgcigsctgl` g` c` g`dgvgduci‗s fcreer, trcdgtgl`ci cpprlcfbes were u`-chie tl deteft spefgcigsctgl` wbgie IFC bcs deal`strcted slae spefgcigsctgl`g` g`termeèrctgl`ci trc`sagssgl`.

Tbgs study dgd `lt dgreftiy test tbelrges lr aefbc`gsas, hut tbe ffi`dg`mtbct g`termeèrctgl`ci trc`sagssgl` seeas tl he vglie`fe‖spefgffif gs reievc`t

tl slae tbelrges. Tbe resuits sblw c dgjjere`fe hetwee` sl`s lj vglie`t c`d`l`‖vglie`t ljje`ders c`d tberejlre supplrt typlilmgfci tbelrges tbct stctetbct dgjjere`t types lj ljje`ders exgst. IFC sblws blw c fertcg` mrlup lj ljje`ders fc` he gde`tgffied hcsed l` tbegr fl`vgftgl` pctter`. Lè fluid scytbct tbgs mrlup gs dgverse c`d `lt èfesscrgiy spefgcigsed, sg`fe tbe fctemlr-gzctgl` gs `lt kust hcsed l` wbetber jctbers bcve c fl`vgftgl` jlr vglie`felr `lt. Tbe IFC mrlup gs g`deed alre dgverse tbc` tbe fiecr tbelretgfcidgfbltlay, hut tbct dles `lt aec` tbct gt gs c` g`flbere`t mrlup? tbey sblwc sgagicr pctter` lj fl`vgftgl`s lver tbegr frgag`ci fcreer. Tbgs fl`vgftgl`pctter` gs `ltchiy dgjjere`t jrla tbe ltber mrlup. Jurtberalre, sl`s lj jctb-

ers g` tbgs mrlup cre sgm`gffifc`tiy alre igoeiy tl he fl`vgfted lj vglie`fe.Tbe furre`t resuits sblw tbct sl`s lj c fertcg` ficss lj ljje`ders sblw alrevglie`t hebcvglur tbc` sl`s lj c`ltber ficss lj ljje`ders c`d tberehy tbeseresuits rejute tbe gdec tbct ljje`dg`m lr g`termeèrctgl`ci trc`sagssgl` lj lj-je`dg`m gs `lt spefgcigsed. Jurtberalre, tbe resuits wluid supplrt tbe gdec lj spefgffif slfgci iecr`g`m wbgfb agmbt he reievc`t jlr deveilpae`tci tbelrgessufb cs Jcrrg`mtl`‗s GFC^ tbelry (8>>6c) tbct stress tbe gùe`fe lj slfgci

jctber mrlup g` tbe trcdgtgl`ci aetbld (g`fiudg`m ljje`ders wgtb ct iecst twl fl`vgftgl`slìy). Tcog`m g`tl cfflu`t cii jctbers (g`fiudg`m tbe lès wgtb kust lè fl`vgftgl` wbl wereexfiuded g` tbe trcdgtgl`ci cpprlcfb), 25% lj jctbers g` tbe vglie`fe ficss were lrgmg`ciiy g`tbe vglie`t jctber mrlup. Tbe ltber 35 % were deffièd cs l`‖vglie`t jctbers g` tbe trcdgtgl`ciaetbld. Tbe reseahic`fe hetwee` tbe trcdgtgl ci aetbld c`d IFC gs bgmber g` Trc`sffive tbc` g` tbe FVDD, g` teras lj mrlupg`ms lj jctbers cs weii cs ljjsprg`m hebcvglur lutflaes.



6: Zglie`fe spefgcigsctgl`

aldeis sufb cs pcre`ts c`d Fctcic`l c`d Bcwog`s‗ (377:) slfgci deveilp-ae`t aldei tbct flahgès slfgci iecr`g`m c`d slfgci hl`dg`m. Gt bcs tl he`lted, blwever, tbct tbe spefgffif g`termeèrctgl`ci trc`sagssgl` fluid cisl heexpicgèd hy c plssghie strl`mer hglilmgfci hcsgs jlr vglie`fe flapcred wgtb

ltber types lj frgag`ci hebcvglur.Tbgs resecrfb u`dluhtediy bcs igagtctgl`s c`d severci ltber g`terpretc-

tgl`s lj tbe resuits sbluid he fl`sgdered. Lè igagtctgl` lj tbgs study gs tbechse`fe lj jeacies. Gt wcs `lt plssghie tl g`vestgmcte tbe trc`sagssgl` jrlaaltbers due tl c ilw ùaher lj altbers wbl bcd hee` fl`vgfted lj vgli-e`fe. Vgagicriy, tbe scapie lj dcumbters wcs tll sacii c`d tbegr jreque`fy lj ljje`dg`m tll ilw tl meèrcte reigchie fl`fiusgl`s. Gt gs gaplrtc`t tl studywlae` hefcuse g`termeèrctgl`ci aefbc`gsas agmbt he dgjjere`t jlr aciesc`d jeacies. Hebcvglur fluid he alre strl`miy trc`sagtted g` scae‖me`derpcre`t‖fbgid reictgl`sbgps ( Jcrrg`mtl`, Hcrès & Icahert, 377:). Alst fbgi-dre` cre alre explsed tl tbegr altber‗s hebcvglur. Jurtberalre, wlae`fl`vgfted lj vglie`fe cre uùsuci. Heg`m sufb c` exfeptgl` agmbt iecd tlalre stgmac g` slfgety c`d ljffifgci hldges sufb cs tbe pligfe agmbt pcy alrectte tgl` tl tbese wlae` c`d tbegr jcagiges. Tbey acy cisl he icheiied csdgsturhed rctber tbc` frgag`ci (Bedderac` & Meistblrpe, 377=). Cfflrd-g`m tl icheiig`m tbelry, pelpie wgii hebcve cfflrdg`m tl tbe ichei slfgetycttcfbes tl tbea (Ieaert, 37:=). Cddgtgl`ciiy, Vberac` ( 3776, p. 457) by-pltbesgzed tbct persgste`t pligfe cftgl` agmbt iecd tl ‒deffic`fe‗, c ‒prlud c`dc`mry ealtgl ‗ tbct fc` resuit g` c`tgslfgci hebcvglur. G` igè wgtb tbgs,

lè agmbt expeft g`termeèrctgl`ci trc`sagssgl` jrla vglie`t altbers tl hestrl`mer tbc` jrla jctbers. Gt wluid he desgrchie tl repigfcte tbgs resecrfbwgtb c dctcset tbct g`fiudes alre jeacies. Tbgs wluid e`chie lè tl testwbetber spefgcigsctgl` g` g`termeèrctgl`ci trc`sagssgl` gs vglie`fe‖spefgffifjlr jeacies cs weii c`d wbetber tbgs spefgcigsctgl` gs vgsghie g` scae‖me`der csweii cs lpplsgte‖me`der pcre`t‖fbgid reictgl`sbgps. Jurtberalre, tbe ùa-her lj pelpie g`vlived g` tbe c`ciyses wgtb Trc`sffive gs reictgveiy ilw c`d tbusgt gs bcrd tl meèrcigse tbese resuits. Blwever, tbey dl fl`ffira tbe te`de`fyjlu`d g` tbe resuits wgtb tbe FVDD wbgfb stre`mtbe`s tbese ffi`dg`ms.

G` cddgtgl`, tbgs study lìy used ljffifgci dctc l` ljje`dg`m c`d vglie`t

hebcvglur. Ljffifgci dctc ciwcys sujjer jrla c dcro ùaher ; pcrt lj ljje`dg`mtbct gs `lt aecsured hy ljffifgci stctgstgfs (Hgkieveid, 8>>=? Jgsber & Xlss, 8>>:?Acmugre, 8>>=). Tbgs aec`s tbct we lìy see pcrt lj pelpie‗s tltci ljje`dg`mhebcvglur, we see tbe ‒tgp lj tbe gfeherm‗. êlpie cre igoeiy tl exbghgt alre lj-je`dg`m hebcvglur tbct gs g`vgsghie tl tbe pligfe, c`d ac`y pelpie wgii èvercppecr g` ljffifgci stctgstgfs eve` tblumb tbey exbghgted ljje`dg`m c`d/lr vgli-e`t hebcvglur. Ljffifgci fl`vgftgl`s cre lìy g`dgfctlrs lj tbe reci ljje`dg`mc`d vglie`t hebcvglur. Gt wluid he g`terestg`m tl study spefgcigsctgl` g` g`-termeèrctgl`ci trc`sagssgl` wgtb seij-replrted dctc l` ljje`dg`m c`d vglie`thebcvglur jlr hltb meèrctgl`s. Veij-replrted dctc wgii mgve c alre flapiete

pgfture lj pelpie‗s cftuci hebcvglur c`d agmbt sblw c strl`mer g`termeèrc-



Vuaacry 6=

tgl`ci reictgl`sbgp. Blwever, il`mgtudg`ci studges wgtb seij-replrted dctc l`c`tgslfgci hebcvglur jlr twl meèrctgl`s cre rcre c`d acy sujjer jrla slfgcidesgrchgigty hgcs c`d aealry ilss wbe` replrts cre retrlspeftgveiy fliiefted.

Despgte tbese igagtctgl`s, tbgs gs tbe ffirst study g` lver tbgrty yecrs tbct g`-

vestgmctes spefgcigsctgl` g` g`termeèrctgl`ci trc`sagssgl`, c`d gt gs tbe ffirst tlfl`èft resecrfb g`tl spefgcigsctgl` g` c` g`dgvgduci‗s fcreer tl spefgcigsctgl`g` g`termeèrctgl`ci trc`sagssgl`. G` igè wgtb tbgs, gt wluid he g`terestg`mtl cppiy c`ltber refe`t cpprlcfb, gtea respl`se tbelry (GXT) g` c auitgieveiremressgl` jrcaewlro (Lsmlld & Vfbrefo, 8>>=? Vuiigvc` et ci., 8>>7) tl spe-fgcigsctgl` g` g`termeèrctgl`ci trc`sagssgl`. Jurtberalre, gt wluid he mlldtl repigfcte tbgs study wgtb c icrmer scapie tl g`frecse tbe stctgstgfci plwer g`hltb tbe trcdgtgl`ci aetbld c`d IFC.

Vg`fe fbgidre` lj vglie t ljje`ders bcve c bgmber rgso lj flaagttg`m ju-ture vglie`t frgae, gt wluid he desgrchie tl tcrmet g`terve`tgl`s pcrtgfuicriyjlr tbese fbgidre`. Jlr g`stc`fe, jcagiy-hcsed preve`tgl` prlmrcas, sufb cspcre`t edufctgl` c`d pcre`t ac`cmeae`t trcg`g`m, bcve sblw` tl he ejjeft-gve g` redufg`m ljjsprg`m ljje`dg`m (Jcrrg`mtl` & ]eisb, 8>>=). ^cre`t edu-fctgl` ljte` g`vlives edufctg`m pcre`ts chlut tbe becitb lj tbegr fbgidre`,hut cisl serves tl gaprlve pcre`ts‗ c`d fbgidre ‗s weii heg`m. ^cre`t ac`-cmeae`t trcg`g`m g`vlives trcg`g`m pcre`ts tl citer tbegr fbgid‗s hebcvglur( Oczdg`, 377=). Vufb prlmrcas fluid he ljjered tl pcre`ts wbl bcve ljje`-ded vglie`tiy tl preve`t tbegr fbgidre` tl exbghgt vglie`t hebcvglur.

8.= VuaacryTbgs fbcpter g`vestgmcted wbetber jctbers wbl bcve hee` fl`vgfted lj c vgli-e`t ljje`fe cre alre igoeiy tl trc`sagt frgag`ci c`d vglie`t hebcvglur tbc`jctbers wbl were fl`vgfted, hut èver jlr vglie`fe. Jgrst, c alre trcdgtgl`cicpprlcfb wcs tcoe` wbere ljje`dg`m jctbers were dgvgded g`tl twl mrlupshcsed l` wbetber tbey bcd c vglie`fe fl`vgftgl`. Vefl`d, Icte`t Ficss C`c-iysgs (IFC) wcs perjlraed tl gde`tgjy twl ficsses lj jctbers, lè lj wbgfbwcs fbcrcftergsed cs vglie`t. Vl`s lj jctbers g` tbgs ficss bcd c bgmber rgsolj vglie`t fl`vgftgl`s flapcred wgtb sl`s wblse jctbers were g` tbe ltber

ficss.



Fbcpter 6

Tbe gapcft lj tgag`m c`d

jreque`fy lj pcre`tci

frgag`ci hebcvglur c`d rgso

jcftlrs l` ljjsprg`m

ljje`dg`m∝

‒C`d tbgs gs tbe igje we igve hefcuse we bcve tl igve gt hefcuse G fc`‗t met lut lj gt. G dl`‗t bcve tbe alèy tl met lut lj tbgs. _...Q Gj G wcs`‗t jcfed wgtb gt everydcywbe` G wcio lut ay dllr, igoe tbe dlpe ac` igvg`m crlu`d tbe flrèr c`d tbe weed ac` igvg`m rgmbt tbere? ay sgster saloes, ylu o`lw wbct G‗a scyg`m< Gj G wcs`‗t igvg`m wgtb cii tbese pelpie cii tbe tgae, G wluid`‗t dl gt.‗

(Mglrdc`l, 8>3>, p. 73)

6.3 G`trlduftgl`G` tbe prevglus fbcpter, G g`vestgmcted trc`sagssgl` lj vglie`t ljje`dg`m c`dexcagèd wbetber tbgs gs dgjjere`t jrla trc`sagssgl` lj meèrci ljje`dg`m.G` tbgs fbcpter, G tur` tl tbe trc`sagssgl` lj meèrci frgae - g`fiudg`m vg-lie`fe - c`d jlfus l` hltb tbe tgag`m lj pcre`tci frgag`cigty cs weii cs gtsjreque`fy. Alst studges g`vestgmctg`m g`termeèrctgl`ci trc`sagssgl` sgapiyigò c`y igje-tgae ljje`dg`m lj tbe pcre`t tl c`y igje-tgae ljje`dg`m lj tbe

∝ C revgsed versgl` lj tbgs fbcpter wgii he puhigsbed cs; V. Heseaer (jlrtbflag`m). Tbe ga-

pcft lj tgag`m c`d jreque`fy lj pcre`tci frgag`ci hebcvglur c`d rgso jcftlrs l` ljjsprg`mljje`dg`m. ^syfblilmy, Frgae c`d Icw.

67



4> Tgag`m, jreque`fy c`d rgso jcftlrs

fbgid. G` lrder tl g vestgmcte wbct expicg`s g`termeèrctgl`ci trc`sagssgl`,blwever, gt gs gaplrtc`t tl excagè hltb tbe tgag`m lj pcre`tci frgag`ci-gty cs weii cs tbe jreque`fy. Hy tgag`m G rejer tl tbe cme lj ljjsprg`m wbe`tbe pcre`t flaagtted frgag`ci cfts iecdg`m tl fl`vgftgl`, c`d hy jreque`fy G

rejer tl tbe ùaher lj pcre`tci frgag`ci fl`vgftgl`s. Tbgs fbcpter cgas tl ex-pilre g`termeèrctgl`ci trc`sagssgl` lj frgag`ci hebcvglur hy g`vestgmctg`mspefgffifciiy tbe gapcft lj tbe tgag`m c`d jreque`fy lj tbe pcre`ts‗ frgag`cihebcvglur. Jurtberalre, rgso jcftlrs wgii he g`flrplrcted g` tbe c`ciysestl excagè tbe gapcft lj c frgag`lme`gf e`vgrlàe`t. Tbgs fbcpter seeosc` c`swer tl tbe jliilwg`m questgl`s; Dl ljjsprg`m bcve alre frgag ci fl`-vgftgl`s wbe` pcre`ts bcd alre fl`vgftgl`s< C`d; Dles tbe tgag`m lj pcre`ts‗ frgag`ci fl`vgftgl`s g` tbe ljjsprg`m‗s igje bcve c` gapcft l` ljjsprg`m ljje`d-g`m< C`d; Fluid mrlwg`m up g` c frgag`lme`gf e`vgrlàe`t wgtb rgso jcftlrsexpicg` g`termeèrctgl`ci trc`sagssgl`<

6.8 Tbelretgfci Hcfomrlu`d

Veverci tbelretgfci jrcaewlros cre reievc`t tl tbese resecrfb questgl`s. Jgrst,G wgii hrgey dgsfuss tbe prevglusiy desfrghed aefbc`gsas lj trc`sagssgl`(see G`trlduftgl`) cs prlplsed hy Jcrrg`mtl` (8>33). Vefl`d, G wgii fl`èfttbese questgl`s tl stctgf versus dy`cagf tbelrges lr c plpuictgl` beterlme`-egty versus stcte depe`de`fe vgewplg`t. Tbgrd, tbe gdec lj c frgtgfci lr se`sgtgve

pergld , c deveilpae`tci psyfblilmgfci fl`fept, wgii he expicgèd c`d c fl`-

èftgl` wgii he acde tl tbe furre`t resecrfb. Jlurtb, tbgs wgii he igòedtl tbe fl`fepts lj c fuauictgve deveilpae`tci versus igje-flurse perspeft-gve ( Greic`d, Vagtb & Tblr`herry, 8>>8) lr wbetber experge`fes ecriy gìgje versus alre prlxgaci eve`ts wgii bcve c strl`mer gapcft. Tbgs wgii hejliilwed hy c dgsfussgl` lj prevglus resecrfb l` tgag`m c`d jreque`fy.

G` tbe G`trlduftgl` G dgsfussed Jcrrg`mtl`‗s (8>33) sgx expic`ctgl`sjlr g`termeèrctgl`ci trc`sagssgl`; g`termeèrctgl`ci explsure tl auitgpiergso jcftlrs, aedgctgl` tbrlumb e`vgrlàe`tci rgso jcftlrs, tecfbg`m c`dfl-ljje`dg`m, meètgf aefbc`gsas, csslrtctgve actg`m, c`d ljffifgci (pligfec`d kustgfe) hgcs. Hy g`vestgmctg`m tbe tgag m c`d jreque`fy lj pcre`tci

frgag`cigty g` tbe fbgid‗s igje gt gs plssghie tl excagè slae lj tbese aefb-c`gsas. Jlr excapie, c` csslfgctgl` hetwee` pcre`tci ljje`dg`m lìy hejlrec fbgid‗s hgrtb c`d tbct fbgid‗s icter ljje`dg`m agigtctes cmcg`st trc`sagssgl`tbrlumb slfgci iecr`g`m hut supplrts meètgf aefbc`gsas lr trc`sagssgl`lj c frgag`lme`gf e`vgrlàe t. Vgagicriy, lè wluid expeft tbct, gj slfgciiecr`g`m were tbe aefbc`gsa respl`sghie jlr trc`sagssgl`, fbgidre` wblsepcre`ts cre alre jreque`t ljje`ders wluid bcve c` g`frecsed rgso lj lj-je`dg`m tbeaseives. Tbe slfgci iecr`g`m aefbc`gsa expicg s trc`sagssgl`tbrlumb dgreft c`d autuci gùe`fes lj jcagiy aeahers l` ecfb ltber?tbe pcre`t gs c slfgci rlie aldei jlr tbe fbgidre` (Hc`durc, 37=6, 37==).Alrelver, cfflrdg`m tl Vutberic`d‗s Dgjjere`tgci Csslfgctgl` Tbelry pelpie



Tbelretgfci Hcfomrlu`d 43

wgii flaagt deig`que`t cfts wbe` tbey bcve iecrèd alre altgvctgl`s tlhreco rctber tbc` tl jliilw tbe icw (Vutberic`d & Fressey, 3755). ]be`pcre`ts cre alre jreque`t ljje`ders, fbgidre` bcve alre lpplrtu`gtges tllhserve c`d gagtcte tbegr pcre`ts‗ deig`que`t hebcvglur c`d altgvctgl`s c`d

tbus lè wluid expeft alre ljjsprg`m frgae. Vgagicriy, lè wluid expeftalre ljffifgci hgcs, c strl`mer hglilmgfci hcsgs c`d alre rgso jcftlrs wbe`pcre`ts cre alre persgste`t ljje`ders. Tblr`herry (8>>5) cisl bypltbesgzestbct alre jreque`t c`d persgste`t ljje`ders wgii trc`sagt frgag`ci hebcvglurtl tbegr fbgidre` alre strl`miy. ^cre`ts‗ deig`que`fy bcs c strl`m ejjeftl` tbegr lw` deveilpae`t, trc`sgtgl` g`tl cduit rlies, pcre`tg`m styiesc`d tberehy tbe ejjeftgveèss lj tbegr pcre`tg`m. Tbe alre persgste`t tbegrljje`dg`m, tbe strl`mer tbe gapcft l` tbegr pcre`tg`m c`d tbe bgmber tbe rgsotbct tbegr fbgidre` wgii deveilp frgag`ci hebcvglur.

Hy g`vestgmctg`m rgso jcftlrs gt gs plssghie tl excagè wbetber c frgag`l-me`gf e`vgrlàe`t fluid expicg` g`termeèrctgl`ci trc`sagssgl`. Fbgidre`wblse pcre`ts bcve hee` fl`vgfted agmbt mrlw up g` c alre frgag`lme`gfe`vgrlàe`t fbcrcftergsed hy rgso jcftlrs sufb cs ilw jcagiy Vlfgl-Efl`lagfVtctus (VEV), ilw jcagiy g`flae, pllr blusg`m, icrme jcagiy sgze, tee` altberct hgrtb lj ffirst fbgid, pcre`tci fl`gft, pcre`ts‗ ilw g`terest g` edufctgl , c`dpllr klh reflrd lj tbe jctber. Tbese rgso jcftlrs agmbt expicg` wby tbesefbgidre` bcve c bgmber fl`vgftgl` rcte.

G`vestgmctg`m tgag`m c`d jreque`fy lj frgag`ci hebcvglur cisl reictes tltbelrges l` plpuictgl` beterlmeègty versus stcte depe`de fe ? lr wbetber tbe

deveilpae`t lj frgag`ci hebcvglur gs stctgf versus dy`cagf ( @cmg` & ^cter-`lster, 3773, 8>>>). ^lpuictgl` beterlmeègty cssuaes tbct pelpie dgjjer g`tbegr prlpe`sgty tl exbghgt frgag`ci hebcvglur. Tbgs fc` he see` cs c stctgftbelry lj frgae? pelpie cre hlr` g` c fertcg` wcy lr hebcvglur pctter`s credeveilped ecriy g` igje, hut icter experge`fes dl `lt gùe`fe pelpie‗s he-bcvglur. C` excapie lj c stctgf tbelry gs Mlttjredsl` & Bgrsfbg‗s meèrcitbelry lj frgae ( 377>). Cfflrdg`m tl Mlttjredsl` c`d Bgrsfbg fbgidre` de-veilp seij-fl`trli ecriy g` igje c`d tbgs wgii deteragè wbetber tbey flaagtfrgae. Gj frgag`ci hebcvglur gs trc`sagtted jrla pcre`ts tl fbgidre` tbgs gsdue tl trc`sagssgl` lj seij-fl`trli, c`d pcre`tci fl`vgftgl`s cjter fbgidblld

sbluid `lt gùe`fe ljjsprg`m‗s frgag`ci hebcvglur ( Zc` de Xcot, Xugter, deMrccj & @geuwheertc, 8>3>). Vtcte depe`de`fe tbelrgsts, g` fl`trcst, heigevetbct experge`fes icter g` igje acy gùe`fe pelpie‗s hebcvglur (@cmg` & ^c-ter`lster, 3773, 8>>>). Vufb tbelrges cre dy`cagf, hefcuse tbe te`de`fy jlrc fertcg` g`dgvgduci tl flaagt frgae fc` fbc`me lver tbe igje-flurse. ]bgiefrgag`ci hebcvglur bcs c fcusci ejjeft l` suhseque`t frgag`cigty, ltber exper-ge`fes cisl gùe`fe tbe te`de`fy tl flaagt frgae. Gj pcre`ts cre fl`vgftedtbgs agmbt gùe`fe tbe fbgid‗s hebcvglur ct tbct alae`t. Tbgs fluid gù-e`fe tbe fbgid ecriy g` fbgidblld, hut cisl g` cdliesfe`fe. G`termeèrctgl`citrc`sagssgl` tbrlumb meètgf aefbc`gsas c`d g`termeèrctgl`ci explsure tl

auitgpie rgso jcftlrs wluid jcii u`der tbe stctgf expic`ctgl`s, wbgie aedg-



48 Tgag`m, jreque`fy c`d rgso jcftlrs

ctgl` tbrlumb e`vgrlàe`tci rgso jcftlrs, tecfbg`m c`d fl-ljje`dg`m, csslrt-ctgve actg`m, c`d ljffifgci (pligfe c`d kustgfe) hgcs fluid he see` cs dy`cagftbelrges lj g`termeèrctgl`ci trc`sagssgl`.

Vlaetbg`m tbct Jcrrg`mtl` dles `lt dgsfuss g` bgs aefbc`gsas gs wbetber

gt actters wbe` tbe fbgid bcs hee` explsed tl tbe pcre`t‗s frgag`ci hebc-vglur. Gs tbere slaetbg`m tbct reseahies c frgtgfci lr se`sgtgve pergld wbe`fbgidre` cre alre vuièrchie tl cdverse gùe`fes igoe pcre`tci frgag`ci he-bcvglur< Tbe gdec lj c frgtgfci pergld wcs ffirst prlplsed jlr ic`mucme devei-lpae`t ( Ie`èherm, 37:=? ê`ffieid & Xlherts, 3757). Tbe frgtgfci pergldbypltbesgs stctes tbct buac` heg`ms deveilp ic`mucme g` c spefgffif pergld lj tbegr igje. Tbere gs c` g`frecsed se`sgtgvgty g` tbgs pergld c`d gj tbe fbgidgs `lt heg`m stgauicted durg`m tbgs frgtgfci pbcse, gt gs aufb bcrder lr eve`gaplssghie tl cfqugre ic`mucme. Tbe tera se`sgtgve pergld cppecrs tl cppiyhetter tl tbe deveilpae`t lj hebcvglur, hefcuse gt gs iess strgft? durg`m c`lptgaci pergld tbe persl` gs espefgciiy respl`sgve tl fertcg` stgauig ( Hero,8>>7? Huoctol & Dcebier, 8>>3). Tbe hlu`dcrges lj tbgs pbcse cre alreillseiy deffièd tbc` tblse lj c frgtgfci pergld ( Hlr`steg`, 3727). Vtgauictgl`durg`m tbgs se`sgtgve pergld fc` exert c il`m-icstg`m gapcft l` tbe deveilp-ae`t lj hebcvglur, c`d ealtgl`ci deprgvctgl` lr trcuac g` spefgffif pergldsagmbt preve`t fbgidre` jrla deveilpg`m slfgci sogiis c`d cpprlprgcte hebc-vglur ( Oùdse`, 8>>4? Vfltt, 37:8). Alst resecrfb l` tbe se`sgtgve pergldjlfuses l` tbe deveilpae`t lj desgred hebcvglur ( Hero, 8>>7? Huoctol &Dcebier, 8>>3? Bcriey & ]c`m, 377=). Bcrdiy c`y resecrfb bcs hee` fcrrged

lut l` tbe exgste`fe lj c se`sgtgve pergld jlr tbe deveilpae`t lj u`desgrchiehebcvglur sufb cs deig`que`fy.Cppiyg`m tbe gdec lj c se`sgtgve pergld tl tbe deveilpae`t lj deig`que`t

hebcvglur, tbe gapcft lj pcre`ts‗ frgag`ci hebcvglur agmbt he dgjjere`t ctdgjjere`t cmes c`d deveilpae`tci stcmes lj tbe fbgid. Jlr excapie, c` cdvc`t-cme jlr ylu`mer fbgidre` (pre-sfblli cme, >-: yecrs) agmbt he tbct tbey cre`lt cwcre lj tbegr pcre`ts‗ frgag`ci hebcvglur. C dgscdvc`tcme gs tbct tbeybcve `lt juiiy deveilped tbegr hebcvglurci repertlgre c`d agmbt he alre vui-èrchie tl gagtctg`m tbegr pcre`ts‗ deig`que`t hebcvglur. Jurtberalre, tbeyagmbt `lt bcve deveilped flpg`m strctemges tl bc`die tbe stressjui sgtuctgl`

lj c pcre`t‗s fl`vgftgl` c`d tbey fc``lt kust ru` cwcy tl tbegr jrge`ds tl es-fcpe c stressjui sgtuctgl`. Tbey cre cisl alre igoeiy tl he prese`t wbe` tbegrpcre`ts cre crrested.

G` fl`trcst, sfblli-cme fbgidre` (=-38 yecrs) cre alre igoeiy tl he ct sfblliwbe` tbegr pcre`ts cre crrested. Blwever, tbey agmbt he alre cwcre lj tbegrpcre`ts‗ giiemgtgacte hebcvglur c`d acy experge`fe mrecter stgmac jrla sl-fgety tbc` ylu`mer fbgidre`. Cfflrdg`m tl Icheiig`m Tbelry, pelpie hebcvecfflrdg`m tl tbe ichei slfgety cttcfbes tl tbea (Ieaert, 37:=). Vtgmac agmbtfcuse fbgidre` tl deveilp deig`que`t hebcvglur. Tbese fbgidre` cre cisl stgiideveilpg`m tbegr hebcvglurci repertlgre c`d flpg`m strctemges. Tbey cre stgii

ilyci tl tbegr pcre`ts, c`d agmbt tberejlre he alre igoeiy tl gagtcte tbegr pcr-




e`t‗s deig`que`t hebcvglur tbc` lider tee`cmers. Jurtberalre, tbey cre `ltyet g`depe`de`t e`lumb tl ml cwcy c`d esfcpe c prlhieactgf blae sgtuctgl`wgtb deig`que`t pcre`ts.

Lider fbgidre` (36-32) dl bcve tbgs cdvc`tcme lj heflag`m g`depe`de`t.

Tbey spe`d alre tgae wgtblut tbegr pcre`ts c`d bcve alre lptgl`s tl es-fcpe c plssghiy detrgae`tci blae sgtuctgl . Tbey agmbt bcve deveilpedalre flpg`m strctemges tl deci wgtb sufb c sgtuctgl` ( Flapcs, 372=? Flapcs,Fl``lr-Vagtb, Vcitzac`, Tblase` & ]cdswlrtb, 8>>3? V. B. Mlldac`& Mltigh, 3777? Vrluje & Xutter, 3724). Blwever, cdliesfe`fe gs cisl tbepergld g` wbgfb deig`que`t hebcvglur g`frecses c`d peer gùe`fe heflaesalre gaplrtc`t (]crr, 8>>8). ]be` cdliesfe`ts dl `lt wc`t tl csslfgctewgtb tbegr pcre`ts, tbey fluid resgst hy exbghgtg`m `l deig`que`t hebcvglurcs c recftgl`. ]bct cppecrs alre igoeiy, blwever, gs tbct tbey agmbt csslfgctewgtb fbgidre` jrla ltber prlhiea jcagiges, wbgfb agmbt iecd tl deig`que`thebcvglur cs weii ( Mcrhcrg`l, 3727? Ayers, Vacrsb, Caiu`d-Bcme` & Oe`-`l`, 3777). Jurtberalre, tbese fbgidre` cre rcpgdiy deveilpg`m tbegr lw`persl`ci c`d slfgci gde`tgty, wbgfb ljte` g`vlives c ilt lj g`sefurgty c`d tur-huie`fe. Tbey agmbt experge`fe alre stgmac c`d/lr stress lj bcvg`m c frga-g`ci pcre`t c`d acy he alre igoeiy tl recft tl tbgs hy e`mcmg`m g` ljje`sgvehebcvglur (Cmèw, 3778, 377=? Heseaer, Zc` der Meest, Aurrcy, Hgkieveid &Jcrrg`mtl , 8>33? Icrsl` & Csausse`, 3773? Icrsl` & Bca, 3776).

Tgag`m lj pcre`tci frgag`ci hebcvglur cisl reictes tl c fuauictgve devei-lpae`tci versus igje-flurse perspeftgve (Greic`d et ci., 8>>8). Tbe fuauictgve

deveilpae`tci perspeftgve, hcsed l` deveilpae`tci psyfblilmy c`d psyfbl-pctblilmy, cssuaes tbct experge`fes ecriy g` igje bcve c il`m-icstg`m gapcft.Tbese experge`fes wgii gùe`fe fbgidre ‗s deveilpae`t, hebcvglur, c`d flp-g`m sogiis. Cfflrdg`m tl tbgs perspeftgve, detrgae`tci experge`fes wgii bcve cstrl`mer gapcft g` ecriy fbgidblld tbc` g` cdliesfe`fe. Aljffitt‗s (3776) tbe-lry jlr igje-flurse persgste`t ljje`ders gs c mlld excapie? sbe desfrghes blwdeig`que`t hebcvglur stcrts g` ecriy fbgidblld c`d deveilps fuauictgveiyjlr igje-flurse persgste`t ljje`ders. Tbe igje-flurse perspeftgve, g` fl`trcst,dles `lt de`y tbe gapcft lj experge`fes ecriy g` igje, hut stctes tbct alreprlxgaci eve`ts bcve c strl`mer gapcft. Tbe igje-flurse perspeftgve cssuaes

c alre dy`cagf deveilpae`t lj hebcvglur, wbere experge`fes fc` ciwcysgapcft l` fbgidre ‗s deveilpae`t. Vcapsl` c`d Icuh‗s (3776) cme-mrcdedtbelry lj frgae gs c` excapie lj tbgs perspeftgve; gt cssuaes tbct fertcg` ex-perge`fes wgii gapcft l` pelpie‗s frgag`ci hebcvglur cii tbrlumb tbegr igves.Tbe fuauictgve deveilpae`tci perspeftgve wluid predgft c strl`mer gapcftlj pcre`tci fl`vgftgl`s g` ecriy fbgidblld, wberecs tbe igje-flurse perspeft-gve predgfts c strl`mer gapcft lj pcre`tci fl`vgftgl`s g` icter fbgidblld lrcdliesfe`fe.

Jew prevglus studges bcve jlfused l` tbe tgag`m lj pcre`ts‗ frgae g` tbefbgid‗s igje. Zc` de Xcot et ci. (8>3>) studged tbe gapcft lj tbe tgag`m lj

pcre`tci frgag`ci fl`vgftgl`s l` ljjsprg`m ljje`dg`m c`d jlu`d tbct tbe rgso




lj fl`vgftgl` jlr ljjsprg`m g` c fertcg` yecr g`frecsed wbe` tbe jctber bcdhee` fl`vgfted g` tbct yecr. Tbey cisl jlu`d tbct tbgs ejjeft wcs strl`merdurg`m cdliesfe`fe. Heseaer et ci. ( 8>33 c`d Fbcpter : lj tbgs dgssertctgl`)excagèd tbe tgag`m lj pcre`tci gaprgslàe`t c`d jlu`d tbct pcre`tci g`fcr-

ferctgl` wcs lìy reicted tl ljjsprg`m frgag`ci hebcvglur wbe` gt lffurredcjter tbe fbgid‗s seve`tb hgrtbdcy. ]est c`d Jcrrg`mtl` ( 37==) jlu`d tbctsl`s wblse jctbers bcd hee` fl`vgfted cjter tbe sl`‗s 3>tb hgrtbdcy bcd lìyc acrmg`ciiy mrecter fbc`fe lj fl`vgftgl` tbc` sl`s wblse jctbers‗ icst fl`-vgftgl` lffurred hejlre tbe sl`‗s hgrtb. Xeicted resecrfb bcs excagèd tbegapcft lj fbgid acitrectae`t l` fbgidre ‗s deig`que`t hebcvglur c`d deal`-strcted tbct, fl`trcry tl alst deveilpae`tci tbelrges lj cdverse gùe`festbct summest tbct ylu`mer fbgidre` cre alre vuièrchie (ût`ca, 377=), cd-liesfe`t acitrectae`t gs sgm`gffifc`tiy reicted tl ljjsprg`m‗s prlhiea c`d de-ig`que`t hebcvglur cs weii cs ltber èmctgve fl`seque`fes icter g` igje, wbgiefbgidblld acitrectae`t gs `lt ( Efoe`rlde et ci., 8>>3? Greic`d et ci., 8>>8?Vagtb, Greic`d & Tblr`herry, 8>>5? Tblr`herry, Greic`d & Vagtb, 8>>3).35

Vgagicriy, jew studges bcve g`vestgmcted tbe jreque`fy lj pcre`ts‗ frgag`cihebcvglur. ]est c`d Jcrrg`mtl` ( 37==) jlu`d tbct jctbers wgtb lè fl`vgf-tgl` lìy c`d jctbers wgtb twl lr alre fl`vgftgl`s bcd tbe scae prlplr-tgl` lj fl`vgfted sl`s, wbgfb dles `lt èfesscrgiy supplrt c slfgci iecr`g`maefbc`gsa. Zc` de Xcot et ci. ( 8>>2) g`vestgmcted fl`vgftgl` trckeftlrges lj hltb pcre ts c`d fbgidre`. Tbey jlu`d tbct fbgidre` wblse jctbers heil`mtl c alre persgste`t trckeftlry mrlup were alre igoeiy tl cisl he g` sufb c

trckeftlry mrlup, hut Heseaer c`d Jcrrg`mtl` ( 8>38 c`d Fbcpter 4 lj tbgsdgssertctgl`) dgd `lt ffi`d c sgm`gffifc`t reictgl`sbgp hetwee` trckeftlry mrlupsg` tbe FVDD lr Trc`sffive .

6.6 Bypltbeses

Tbgs fbcpter ctteapts tl ffiii tbgs mcp g` o`lwiedme hy spefgffifciiy g`vestgm-ctg`m tbe gapcft lj tgag`m c`d jreque`fy lj pcre`ts‗ frgag`ci hebcvglur l`ljjsprg`m frgag`ci hebcvglur. Tbe jliilwg`m bypltbeses wgii he tested g` tbgsfbcpter;

3. Tbe ùaher lj ljjsprg`m fl vgftgl`s g`frecses wbe` c pcre`t bcs hee`fl`vgfted jlr alre ljje`fes.

Gj tbe dctc supplrt tbgs bypltbesgs, tbgs supplrts severci lj Jcrrg`m-tl`‗s prlplsed aefbc`gsas. ]be` c pcre`t ljje`ds alre ljte ,strl`mer slfgci iecr`g m gs expefted, hut lè agmbt cisl expeft cstrl`mer hglilmgfci hcsgs, alre rgso jcftlrs, c`d strl`mer ljffifgci hgcs.Tbgs bypltbesgs gs tberejlre `lt èfesscrgiy tl fl`trcst tbe dgjjer-

35 ^cre`tci frgag`ci hebcvglur c`d acitrectae`t cre lhvglusiy dgjjere`t pbe`lae`c, hut tbgsresecrfb g`tl acitrectae`t gs tbe filsest tl wbct gs heg`m studged g` tbe furre`t fbcpter.

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Bypltbeses 45

e`t aefbc`gsas, hut alre c ffirst test tl see blw g`termeèrctgl`citrc`sagssgl` agmbt wlro c`d wbetber lè fc` dgjjere`tgcte hetwee`fbgidre` wblse pcre`ts cre alre lr iess persgste`t ljje`ders.

8. Ljjsprg`m lj pcre`ts wbl bcve lìy hee` fl`vgfted hejlre tbe fbgid‗shgrtb bcve alre frgag`ci fl`vgftgl`s tbc` ljjsprg`m lj pcre`ts wblbcve èver hee` fl`vgfted up tl tbe fbgid‗s 37tb hgrtbdcy.

6. Bcvg`m c fl`vgfted pcre`t hejlre hgrtb (versus c` u`fl`vgfted pcre`t)stgii predgfts c bgmber fl`vgftgl` rcte cjter fl`trliig`m jlr rgso jcftlrsjlr frgae.

Hltb tbese mrlups dgd `lt experge`fe pcre`tci fl`vgftgl` durg`m tbegr

fbgidblld. Eve` tblumb tbe ffirst mrlup‗s pcre`ts bcd hee` fl`vgftedprevglusiy, cssuag`m tbct tbese pcre`ts desgsted jrla frgae, tbesepcre`ts were `lt frgag`ci rlie aldeis jlr tbegr fbgidre` durg`m fbgid-blld. ]e lhvglusiy dl lt o`lw wbetber tbese pcre`ts reciiy desgstedc`d tl wbct exte`t tbey agmbt stgii bcve hee` frgag`ci rlie aldeis,hut jlr tbe purplse lj tbgs fbcpter, gt gs cssuaed tbct tbey g`deeddesgsted jrla frgae. Gj tbese pcre`ts stgii trc`sagt frgag`ci hebcvgluralre strl`miy tbc` pcre`ts wbl bcve èver hee` fl`vgfted, tbgs fluidhe expicgèd hy egtber meètgf aefbc`gsas lr hefcuse tbese pcre`tsfl`tgùe tl igve g` c frgag`lme`gf e`vgrlàe`t, tberehy trc`sagttg`m

fertcg` rgso jcftlrs tl tbegr fbgidre`.Tl g`vestgmcte wbetber c alre frgag`lme`gf e`vgrlàe`t fc` expicg`c bgmber fl`vgftgl` rcte jlr tbe ffirst mrlup, severci vcrgchies o`lw` tlhe rgso jcftlrs jlr frgag`ci hebcvglur wgii he g`fiuded g` c auitgvcrgcteremressgl` c`ciysgs. Tbe Aetbld seftgl` wgii desfrghe tbese rgso jcftlrsg` alre detcgi.

4. G termeèrctgl`ci trc`sagssgl` gs strl`mer wbe` pcre`ts bcve hee` fl -vgfted cjter tbe fbgid‗s hgrtb flapcred wgtb hejlre tbe fbgid‗s hgrtb

lìy.5. Bcvg`m c pcre`t fl`vgfted cjter tbe fbgid‗s hgrtb (versus hejlre hgrtb)

stgii predgfts c bgmber fl`vgftgl` rcte cjter fl`trliig`m jlr rgso jcftlrsjlr frgae.

Cs wgtb bypltbesgs 8, gt gs cssuaed tbct pcre`ts wbl bcd hee` fl`-vgfted lìy hejlre tbegr fbgid‗s hgrtb desgsted jrla frgae. Tbus,tbese pcre`ts were c iess frgag`ci rlie aldei tbc` pcre`ts wbl bcdhee` fl`vgfted cjter tbe fbgid‗s hgrtb. ]be` tbe dctc fl`ffira tbgs

bypltbesgs, gt deal`strctes tbct tbe experge`fe lj c pcre`tci fl`vgf-tgl` acoes c dgjjere`fe. Tbgs wluid supplrt dy`cagf tbelrges lj



4: Tgag`m, jreque`fy c`d rgso jcftlrs

trc`sagssgl` sufb cs tbe slfgci iecr`g`m aefbc`gsa, hefcuse fbgidre`wblse pcre`ts bcd hee` fl`vgfted cjter tbe fbgid‗s hgrtb bcd (strl`mer)frgag`ci rlie aldeis. Fl`vgftgl` cjter tbe fbgid‗s hgrtb fluid cislhe c` g`dgfctlr tbct tbe ljte` prlteftgve ju`ftgl` lj acrrgcme c`d

pcre`tblld - c tur`g`m plg`t tlwcrds c `l`-frgag`ci igje styie - dgd`lt wlro (Vcapsl` & Icuh, 8>>5? Tbelhcid & Jcrrg`mtl`, 8>>7). Gtfluid cisl he plssghie tbct tbgs mrlup mrew up g` c alre frgag`lme`gfe`vgrlàe`t wgtb alre rgso jcftlrs jlr frgae. Tl g`vestgmcte tbgs icstlptgl`, cmcg` rgso jcftlrs jlr frgag`ci hebcvglur wgii he g`fiuded g` cauitgvcrgcte remressgl` c`ciysgs.

:. G`termeèrctgl`ci trc`sagssgl` gs strl`mer wbe` pcre`ts bcve hee`fl`vgfted wbe` tbe fbgid wcs lider.

Tbe tbelrges dgsfussed chlve summest tbct pcre`tci frgae c`d fl`vgf-tgl`s fc` bcve c` gapcft jlr spefgffif recsl`s ct dgjjere`t cmes c`d dl `ltfiecriy plg`t tl lè cme mrlup tbct agmbt he alre vuièrchie tbc` ltb-ers. ^revglus resecrfb, blwever, te`ds tl fl`fiude tbct lider fbgidre`cre alre strl`miy gapcfted hy pcre`tci fl`vgftgl , gaprgslàe`t, c`dacitrectae`t (Zc` de Xcot et ci., 8>3>? Heseaer et ci., 8>33? Efoe`rldeet ci., 8>>3? Greic`d et ci., 8>>8? Vagtb et ci., 8>>5? Tblr`herry et ci.,8>>3). Tberejlre gt gs expefted tbct g`termeèrctgl`ci trc`sagssgl` gsstrl`mer wbe` fbgidre` were lider ct tbe tgae lj pcre`tci fl`vgftgl`.]be` tbe dctc fl`ffira tbgs bypltbesgs, tbgs cisl supplrts dy`cagftbelrges lj frgae c`d c igje-flurse perspeftgve. Gt wluid stre`mtbe` tbegdec tbct stgmac c`d gde`tgffifctgl` wgtb tbe frgag`ci pcre`t agmbt hegaplrtc`t g` g`termeèrctgl`ci trc`sagssgl`.

6.4 Aetbld

6.4.3 Vcapie

Tbese bypltbeses were tested usg`m dctc jrla tbe Fcahrgdme Vtudy g` Deig`-que`t Deveilpae`t (FVDD) (see pcme 36 jlr alre g`jlractgl`). Tbe furre`tg`vestgmctgl` studged tbe lrgmg`ci ae`, tbegr pcre`ts c`d tbegr juii hglilmgfcisghig`ms. Gt wcs `lt plssghie tl dl tbe c`ciyses wgtb tbe @VFX-Trc`sffive Vtudy(Trc`sffive), hefcuse flapcrchie rgso jcftlrs were ever fliiefted g` Trc`sffive .

6.4.8 Aecsures

Lutflae Zcrgchies

Tbe lutflae vcrgchie jlr cii bypltbeses wcs tbe ljjsprg`m‗s fl`vgftgl` rcte,deffièd cs tbe ùaher lj fl`vgftgl`s jlr frgaes flaagtted hetwee` tbe 38tb



Aetbld 4=

c`d 4>tb hgrtbdcys. G` tbgs vcrgchie, `l`-ljje`ders cre cisl g`fiuded. Tbus,c` ljje`der g` tbgs fbcpter gs deffièd cs slaelè wbl bcd hee` fl`vgfted lj c` ljje`fe hetwee` tbese cmes. Tbe bypltbeses were studged sepcrcteiy jlr ciifbgidre`, c`d jlr sl`s c`d dcumbters sepcrcteiy. Vepcrctg`m tbe c`ciyses hy

ljjsprg`m me`der wcs dlè, hefcuse hlys c`d mgris agmbt recft dgjjere`tiy tlstressjui igje eve`ts sufb cs pcre`tci fl`vgftgl`s ( Jcrrg`mtl`, Hcrès & Ica-hert, 377:). G` meèrci, hlys exbghgt alre exter`cigzg`m prlhiea hebcvglursufb cs deig`que`fy, wbgie mgris bcve alre g`ter`cigzg`m prlhieas sufb csc`xgety c`d depressgl` (Fcpcidg et ci., 8>>8? Xlhg`s, 37::, 372:). G`vestgm-ctg`m dgjjere`fes hetwee` tbe twl me`ders reacg`s lutsgde tbe sflpe lj tbgsfbcpter, hut resuits cre ae`tglèd jlr ecfb me`der sepcrcteiy, prefgseiy he-fcuse mgris te`d tl sblw iess frgag`ci hebcvglur.

^redgftlr Zcrgchies

Bypltbesgs 3 plsgts tbct tbe jreque`fy lj pcre`ts‗ frgae wgii gùe`fe ljj-sprg`m‗s frgag`ci hebcvglur; tbe alre fl`vgftgl`s tbe pcre`t bcd, tbe alrefl`vgftgl`s tbe fbgid wgii bcve. Hejlre g`vestgmctg`m wbetber tbe jreque`fylj pcre`ts‗ ljje`dg`m wcs reicted tl ljjsprg`m ljje`dg`m, gt wcs g`vestgmctedwbetber tbe jcft tbct tbe pcre`t bcd c fl`vgftgl` wcs sgm`gffifc`tiy reicted tlljjsprg`m ljje`dg`m. Tbe recsl` tbgs vcrgchie wcs used gs hefcuse tbe cga lj tbgs bypltbesgs wcs tl ffi`d lut wbetber tbe jreque`fy lj pcre`ts‗ frgae bcdc sepcrcte gapcft l` ljjsprg`m ljje`dg`m hebcvglur lver c`d chlve tbe jcfttbct pcre`ts bcd c fl`vgftgl`. Tberejlre, twl predgftlr vcrgchies were used;

c dgfbltlalus vcrgchie g`dgfctg`m wbetber pcre`ts bcd c fl`vgftgl` hetwee`tbegr 38tb c`d 4>tb hgrtbdcys, c`d c fl`tgùlus vcrgchie wgtb tbe ùaher lj fl`vgftgl`s g` tbgs pergld. Tbe dgfbltlalus predgftlr vcrgchie wcs flded3 gj egtber tbe jctber lr tbe altber bcd c fl`vgftgl` hetwee` tbegr 38tb c`d4>tb hgrtbdcys. G`gtgciiy, tbe g`te`tgl` wcs tl study altbers c`d jctbers sep-crcteiy cs weii. Blwever, altbers bcd jew fl`vgftgl`s. Vg`fe tbe prevcie`fec`d jreque`fy lj altber‗s ljje`dg`m wcs sl ilw, gt wcs defgded `lt tl ex-cagè tbe gapcft lj tgag`m c`d jreque`fy lj altber‗s ljje`dg`m sepcrcteiy.G`stecd, g`jlractgl` l` hltb pcre`ts wcs tcoe` tlmetber.

Jlr bypltbeses 8 tl : severci predgftlr vcrgchies wgtb mrlups lj fbgidre`

were flaputed. Jlr bypltbeses 8 c`d 6, twl mrlups were frected; lè wgtbfbgidre` wblse pcre`ts bcd lìy hee` fl`vgfted hejlre tbe fbgid‗s hgrtb c`d`lt up u`tgi tbe fbgid‗s 37tb hgrtbdcy versus tblse wblse pcre`ts bcd èverhee` fl`vgfted up u`tgi tbe fbgid‗s 37tb hgrtbdcy.3: Jlr bypltbeses 4 c`d 5,tbe ffirst mrlup jrla bypltbeses 8 c`d 6, fbgidre` wblse pcre`ts bcd lìyhee` fl`vgfted hejlre tbe fbgid‗s hgrtb, wcs flapcred wgtb fbgidre` wblsepcre`ts bcd hee` fl`vgfted ct slae plg`t hetwee` tbe fbgid‗s hgrtb c`d 37tb

hgrtbdcy (wgtblut illog`m ct wbct lffurred hejlre lr cjter tbgs pergld). Jlrbypltbesgs :, tbree mrlups were flapcred; fbgidre` wblse pcre`ts bcd hee`

3: Fl`vgftgl`s cjter tbe fbgid‗s 37tb hgrtbdcy were `lt tcoe` g`tl cfflu`t. Tbgs study g`vestgm-cted pcre`tci fl`vgftgl`s g` tbe ljjsprg`m‗s fbgidblld lr hejlre tbe fbgid‗s hgrtb.

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fl`vgfted wbe` tbe fbgidre` were hetwee` >-:, =-38, versus 36-32 yecrs lid.Tbese mrlups cre `lt autuciiy exfiusgve; fbgidre` wblse pcre`ts bcd hee`fl`vgfted g` alre tbc` lè pergld, bcve hee` g`fiuded g` every pergld g`wbgfb tbegr pcre`ts bcd hee` fl`vgfted.3=

Jurtberalre, jlr bypltbeses 6 c`d 5, rgso jcftlrs were cdded tl tbe c`c-iysgs. Jgrst, gt wcs g`vestgmcted wbgfb rgso jcftlrs were sgm`gffifc tiy reictedtl tbe lutflae vcrgchie; tbe ljjsprg`m‗s fl`vgftgl` rcte hetwee` tbe 38tb

c`d 4>tb hgrtbdcys. Tbe jliilwg`m egmbt vcrgchies were sgm`gffifc`tiy reictedtl tbe ljjsprg`m‗s fl`vgftgl` rcte; ilw jcagiy Vlfgl-Efl`lagf Vtctus (VEV),ilw jcagiy g`flae, pllr blusg`m, icrme jcagiy sgze, tee` altber ct hgrtb lj ffirst fbgid, pcre`tci fl`gft, pcre`ts‗ g`terest g` edufctgl`, c`d pllr klh re-flrd lj tbe jctber. Tbese cre cii dgfbltlalus vcrgchies aecsured ct egtbercme egmbt lr te`, flded 3 gj tbe fbgid bcd tbe rgso jcftlr, flded > gj tbe jcftlrwcs chse`t (jlr alre detcgis l` blw tbese were aecsured, see Jcrrg`mtl` &^cg`ter, 8>>4). Auitgpie rgso jcftlrs bcve c fuauictgve ejjeft; tbe alre rgsojcftlrs, tbe alre prlhiea hebcvglur (Jcrrg`mtl` et ci., 8>>7? Ileher et ci.,3772? Tblr`herry et ci., 8>>6). Tbe egmbt rgso jcftlrs cisl flrreicted wgtbecfb ltber. Tberejlre, tbese rgso jcftlrs were suaacrgsed hy tcog`m tbegraec` vciue. Tbe rgso jcftlr aec` wcs g`fiuded g` c auitgvcrgcte remressgl`c`ciysgs tlmetber wgtb tbe vcrgchie g`dgfctg`m wbetber pcre`ts bcd hee` fl`-vgfted lìy hejlre hgrtb versus èver (bypltbesgs 6), respeftgveiy wgtb tbevcrgchie g`dgfctg`m wbetber pcre`ts bcd hee` fl`vgfted lìy hejlre hgrtbversus cjterwcrds (bypltbesgs 5).


C`ciytgf Cpprlcfb; Meèrcigsed Estgactg`m Equctgl`s (MEE)

@emctgve hg`lagci remressgl` c`ciysgs wcs used g` Meèrcigzed Estgactg`mEquctgl`s (MEE) (see tbe G`trlduftgl`, pcme 3: jlr alre g`jlractgl`).Jurtberalre, tbe predgftlr vcrgchie ùaher lj pcre`tci fl`vgftgl`s (bypl-tbesgs 3) wcs plsgtgveiy soewed c`d tberejlre ilm-trc`sjlraed g` tbe c`ciysgs.C vciue lj lè bcs hee` cdded tl cii sflres hejlre perjlrag`m tbe ilm `cturcitrc`sjlractgl`.32

3= C`ciyses wgtb autuciiy exfiusgve mrlups ied tl sgagicr fl`fiusgl`s. Jurtberalre, c`ciyseswbere mrlups were flahg ed (>-: c`d =-38, =-38 c`d 36-32, >-: c`d 36-32) c`d flapcred wgtbecfb ltber c`d wgtb tbe mrlups studged g` tbgs fbcpter dgd `lt iecd tl sgm`gffifc`t resuits. Tbecme fut-ljj plg`ts were fblse` tl frecte mrlups wgtb c sgagicr cme g`tervci. Jurtberalre, >-:yecrs lj cme represe`ts c pre-sfblli cme, =-38 represe`ts prgacry sfblli, wbgie 36-32 yecr lidscre igoeiy tl he g` sefl`dcry sfblli, jurtber edufctgl` lr wlrog`m.

32 Ilm `cturci trc`sjlractgl` lj c flu`t vcrgchie wgtb c soewed dgstrghutgl` gs reflaae`ded( Tchcfb`gfo & Jgdeii, 8>>=) c`d used wgdeiy g` frgag`lilmgfci resecrfb (e.m. Orcb`, Bcrt`cmei& Mcrtreii, 372:? Aessèr, 3727? @ecpligtc`, 3774, 3775, 377=). Tbe jliilwg`m jlrauic wcs

used jlr tbe ilm `cturci trc`sjlractgl`; Ilm(x) 1 I`(x+3).

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Xesuits 47

Tchie 6.3; Gapcft lj pcre`tci fl`vgftgl` (wbe` pcre`t cmed 38-67) l` ljjsprg`m‗s fl`vgftgl` rcte38-67

Ljjsprg`mfl`vgftgl`s

^cre`ts l fl vgftgl` ^cre`t fl vgftgl`FX rctgl^F / ^@

@ FX (VD) @ FX (VD) H 75 % FG pCii fbgidre` =7> >.28 (8.4:) 674 8.46 (4.=5) 6.> 3.38 >.==-3.4= .>>3Vl`s 583 3.35 (8.7>) 8:3 6.65 (5.53) 8.7 3.38 >.=5-3.42 .>>3Dcumbters 8:7 >.32 (>.76) 366 >.:4 (3.52) 6.: 3.8: >.4=-8.>: .>>8

75% FG H, 75 % Fl`ffide`fe g`tervci H? FX, fl`vgftgl` rcte? @, ùaher lj fbgidre`? ^F, pcre`tfl`vgftgl`? ^@, pcre`t `l fl`vgftgl`? VD, stc`dcrd devgctgl`.

Tchie 6.8; Gapcft lj ùaher lj pcre`tci fl`vgftgl`s (wbe` pcre`t cmed 38-67) l` ljjsprg`m‗sfl`vgftgl` rcte 38-67

Ljjsprg`m fl`vgftgl`s @ H 75 % FG p

Cii 3324/67= >.=2 >.5=-3.>> .>>3Vl`s =28/67= >.28 >.57-3.>4 .>>3Dcumbters 4>8/848 >.== >.67-3.3: .>>3

75% FG H, 75% Fl`ffide`fe g`tervci H? @, ùaher lj fbgidre` / ùaher lj pcre`ts.

6.5 Xesuits

6.5.3 ^cre`ts‗ jreque`fy lj fl`vgftgl`s

Jgrst, ljjsprg`m ljje`dg`m wcs remressed l` wbetber pcre`ts bcd c fl`vgftgl`lr `lt. Tbgs prlved tl he c sgm`gffifc`t predgftlr lj ljjsprg`m‗s fl`vgftgl`rcte (see tchie 6.3). Tbe fl`vgftgl` rcte rctgl - fcifuicted cs tbe aec` fl`-vgftgl` rcte jlr fbgidre` wgtb c fl`vgfted pcre`t (FX ^F) dgvgded hy tbeaec` fl`vgftgl` rcte jlr fbgidre` wblse pcre`ts bcve `l fl`vgftgl`s (FX^@) - gs 6? fbgidre` wblse pcre`ts bcd hee` fl`vgfted bcd tbree tgaes alrefl`vgftgl`s tbc` fbgidre` wblse pcre`ts bcd `lt hee` fl`vgfted. Tbgs cp-piged tl sl`s cs weii cs dcumbters. Vefl`d, pcre`ts‗ jreque`fy lj ljje`dg mwcs used cs c predgftlr vcrgchie. Tbe fl`tgùlus vcrgchie wcs c sua lj tbe

ùaher lj fl`vgftgl`s tbe jctber c`d altber ecfb bcd hetwee` tbegr 38tb

c`d 4>tb hgrtbdcys. Tbgs cisl prlved tl he c sgm`gffifc`t predgftlr lj ljjsprg`mfl`vgftgl` rcte (see tchie 6.8). Tbe alre fl`vgftgl`s pcre`ts bcd, tbe alrefl`vgftgl`s fbgidre` bcd. Cmcg`, tbgs cppiged tl sl`s cs weii cs dcumbters.

Lur tbgrd step flahgèd tbe dgfbltlalus c`d fl`tgùlus vcrgchie, he-fcuse tbe cga wcs tl g`vestgmcte wbetber tbe jreque`fy lj pcre`ts‗ frgaebcd c sepcrcte gapcft l` ljjsprg`m ljje`dg`m hebcvglur lver c`d chlve tbejcft tbct tbe pcre`t bcd c fl`vgftgl . Lìy fbgidre` wblse pcre`ts bcd ctiecst lè fl`vgftgl` were g`fiuded, c`d tbe ùaher lj pcre`tci fl`vgftgl`swcs used cs tbe predgftlr vcrgchie. Tbe resuits deal`strcte tbct tbe ùaher

lj pcre`tci fl`vgftgl`s wcs c sgm`gffifc`t predgftlr lj ljjsprg`m‗s fl`vgftgl`



5> Tgag`m, jreque`fy c`d rgso jcftlrs

Tchie 6.6; Gapcft lj tbe uaher lj pcre`tci fl`vgftgl s (wbe` pcre`t cmed 38-67) l` ljjsprg`m‗sfl`vgftgl` rcte jlr pcre`ts wbl bcd ct iecst lè fl`vgftgl`

Ljjsprg`m fl`vgftgl`s @ H 75 % FG p

Cii 674/3>6 >.4= >.>7->.25 .>35Vl`s 8:3/3>6 >.57 >.8>->.7= .>>6Dcumbters 366/:2 >.82 ->.6:->.73 .675

75% FG H, 75% Fl`ffide`fe g`tervci H? @, ùaher lj fbgidre` / ùaher lj pcre`ts.

Tchie 6.4; Tbe gapcft lj tgag`m lj pcre`ts‗ fl`vgftgl`s l` ljjsprg`m‗s fl vgftgl` rcte

Cii ljjsprg m Vl`s l iy Dcumbters l iy

^cre`tci fl`vgftgl`; @ FX (VD) @ FX (VD) @ FX (VD)

@ever u`tgi ljjsprg`m‗s 37tb hgrtbdcy =66 >.:8 (3.26) 4=7 >.22 (8.37) 854 >.33 (>.4:)

Hejlre ljjsprg`m‗s hgrtb l iy 33> 3.:8 (6.36) =: 8.8> (6.5:) 64 >.68 (3.>4)]be` ljjspr g m >-32 668 8.=: (5.86) 88> 6.=4 (:.>6) 336 >.28 (8.>3)]be` ljjsprg`m >-: 378 8.=6 (5.37) 382 6.57 (5.75) :4 3.>8 (8.4>)]be` ljjsprg`m =-38 362 6.=> (:.62) 27 5.>: (=.67) 47 3.84 (8.5:)]be` ljjsprg`m 36-32 364 6.>7 (5.:=) 26 4.48 (:.:6) 53 >.78 (8.43)

FX, fl`vgftgl` rcte? @, ùaher lj fbgidre`? VD, stc`dcrd devgctgl`.

rcte, lver c`d chlve tbe pcre`ts bcvg`m c fl`vgftgl` (tchie 6.6). Tl mgve c`g`dgfctgl` lj tbe acm`gtude lj tbe ùaher lj pcre`tci fl`vgftgl`s; fbgidre`wblse pcre`ts bcd lè pcre`tci fl`vgftgl` bcd l` cvercme 3.:4 fl`vgftgl`s(VD16.66), fbgidre` wblse pcre`ts bcd 8-6 fl`vgftgl`s bcd 8.86 fl`vgftgl`s(VD14.8>), wbgie fbgidre` wblse pcre`ts bcd 4 lr alre fl`vgftgl`s bcd l`cvercme 6.53 fl vgftgl`s (VD1:.37). Tbere wcs `l sgm`gffifc`t reictgl`sbgpwbe` dcumbters were c`ciysed sepcrcteiy. Tbe resuits supplrt bypltbesgs 3tbct tbe ùaher lj ljjsprg`m fl`vgftgl`s g`frecses wbe` pcre`ts bcve hee`fl`vgfted alre ljte`.

6.5.8 Tgag m lj pcre`ts‗ frgae g` tbe fbgid‗s igje

Cjter excag`g`m tbe jreque`fy lj pcre`tci frgag`ci hebcvglur, tgag`m wcs g`-vestgmcted. Desfrgptgve resuits cre prese`ted g` tchie 6.4, wbgfb prese`ts tbecvercme fl`vgftgl` rctes c`d stc`dcrd devgctgl`s jlr ecfb lj tbe mrlups fla-pcred c`d tbe ùaher lj ljjsprg`m g`vlived. Tbese resuits wgii he desfrghedalre juiiy g` ecfb lj tbe jliilwg`m seftgl`s.

^cre`t fl`vgfted hejlre tbe fbgid‗s hgrtb versus èver

Bypltbesgs 8 plsgts tbct fbgidre` wblse pcre`ts bcd hee` fl`vgfted lìyhejlre tbe fbgid‗s hgrtb wluid bcve c bgmber fl`vgftgl` rcte tbc` fbgidre`wblse pcre`ts bcd èver hee` fl`vgfted egtber hejlre lr durg`m tbe ljj-

sprg`m‗s fbgidblld. Tbe resuits jlr flapcrg`m tbese twl mrlups cre prese`ted



Xesuits 53

Tchie 6.5; Flapcrg`m ljjsprg`m‗s fl vgftgl` rcte jlr fbgidre` wblse pcre`ts bcd lìy hee` fl`-vgfted hejlre tbe fbgid‗s hgrtb versus tblse wblse pcre`ts bcd èver hee` fl`vgftedup u`tgi tbe fbgid‗s 37tb hgrtbdcy c`d tbe gapcft lj rgso jcftlrs

FX rctgl H 75 % FG H p

Cii fbgidre` step 3‖ ^FH vs. @ 8.: >.7: >.58- 3.67 .>>3step 8‖^FH vs. @ >.28 >.4>- 3.85 .>>3

Xgso jcftlrs 3.36 >.8:- 3.77 .>33Vl`s step 3‖^FH vs. @ 8.5 >.22 >.44- 3.63 .>>3

step 8‖^FH vs. @ >.=8 >.6>- 3.34 .>>3Xgso jcftlrs 3.66 >.48- 8.84 .>>4

Dcumbters step 3‖^FH vs. @ 8.7 3.3> ->.38- 8.68 .>=:

75% FG H, 75% Fl`ffide`fe g`tervci H? FX, fl`vgftgl` rcte? ^FH, pcre`tci fl`vgftgl` hejlrehgrtb fbgid lìy? ^@, pcre`t èver fl`vgfted up u`tgi fbgid‗s 37tb hgrtbdcy.

g` tchie 6.5 (step 3). Fbgidre` wblse pcre`ts bcd lìy hee` fl`vgfted hejlretbe fbgid‗s hgrtb bcd sgm`gffifc`tiy alre fl`vgftgl`s tbc` fbgidre` wblse pcr-e`ts bcd èver hee` fl`vgfted (3.:8 versus >.:8, H1>.7:, p9.>>3). Eve`tblumb pcre`ts bcd lìy hee` fl`vgfted hejlre tbe fbgid‗s hgrtb, tbegr fbgi-dre` stgii flaagtted alre frgae tbc` fbgidre` wblse pcre`ts bcd èver hee`fl`vgfted.37

Tl g`vestgmcte wbetber tbe dgjjere`fe hetwee` tbese mrlups fluid he ex-picgèd hy tbe trc`sagssgl` lj c frgag`lme`gf e`vgrlàe`t, tbe rgso jcftlraec` wcs g`fiuded g` tbe remressgl` c`ciysgs. Fbgidre` wblse pcre`ts bcdèver hee` fl`vgfted bcve c ilwer rgso jcftlr aec` flapcred wgtb fbgidre`

wblse pcre`ts bcd hee` fl`vgfted hejlre hgrtb. Tbese twl mrlups dgjjersgm`gffifc`tiy l` jlur lj tbe rgso jcftlrs; fbgidre` wblse pcre`ts bcd èverhee` fl`vgfted bcve c ilwer fbc`fe tl flae jrla c icrme jcagiy, tl igve g`pllr blusg`m, tl bcve c altber wbl wcs c tee`cmer wbe` ber ffirst fbgid wcshlr` c`d tl bcve c jctber wgtb c pllr klh reflrd. Tbe rgso jcftlr aec` wcsg`fiuded g` c auitgvcrgcte remressgl` c`ciysgs tlmetber wgtb tbe vcrgchie g`-dgfctg`m wbetber pcre`ts bcd hee` fl`vgfted lìy hejlre hgrtb versus èver.Tbgs wcs lìy dlè wbere tbe mrlups were sgm`gffifc`tiy dgjjere`t g` tbe pre-vglus c`ciysgs (step 3, cii fbgidre` c`d sl`s lìy). Tbe resuits prese`ted g`tchie 6.5 (step 8) deal`strcte tbct tbe sgm`gffifc`t reictgl`sbgp jlr mrlup aea-hersbgp (pcre`t èver fl`vgfted versus fl`vgfted hejlre tbe fbgid‗s hgrtb) re-acgèd wbe` fl`trliig`m jlr rgso jcftlrs. ]be` rgso jcftlrs were cdded tl

37 Lè fluid bypltbesgze tbct pcre`ts wbl bcve hee` fl`vgfted hejlre tbe fbgid‗s hgrtb agmbtbcve hee` gaprgslèd durg`m tbe ljjsprg`m‗s fbgidblld. @gè lut lj tbe 33> fbgidre` (2.8%)wblse pcre`ts bcd lìy hee` fl`vgfted hejlre tbe fbgid‗s hgrtb experge`fed pcre`tci gaprgs-làe`t durg`m tbegr fbgidblld. ^revglus resecrfb (see Aurrcy & Jcrrg`mtl`, 8>>2h? Aurrcyet ci., 8>>7? Heseaer et ci., 8>33, c`d Fbcpter : lj tbgs dgssertctgl`) bcs sblw` tbct pcre`tcigaprgslàe`t g`frecses tbe rgso lj ljjsprg`m ljje`dg`m. Tberejlre, c vcrgchie jlr pcre`tci ga-prgslàe`t wcs cdded tl tbe c`ciyses flapcrg`m fbgidre` wblse pcre`ts bcd hee` fl`vgftedhejlre tbe fbgid‗s hgrtb versus fbgidre` wblse pcre`ts bcd èver hee` fl`vgfted. Citblumbpcre`tci gaprgslàe`t wcs c sgm`gffifc`t predgftlr lj ljjsprg`m fl`vgftgl` rcte, bcvg`m c fl`-vgfted pcre`t reacgèd c` g`depe`de`t sgm`gffifc`t predgftlr cs weii. G` tbe g`terest lj spcfe,tbe aldeis cre `lt g`fiuded? tbey cre cvcgichie upl` request.

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Tchie 6.:; Flapcrg`m ljjsprg`m‗s fl`vgftgl` rcte jlr fbgidre` wblse pcre`ts bcd lìy hee`fl`vgfted hejlre tbe fbgid‗s hgrtb versus tblse wblse pcre`ts bcd hee` fl`vgftedhetwee` tbe fbgid‗s hgrtb c`d 37tb hgrtbdcy c`d tbe gapcft lj rgso jcftlrs


Cii fbgidre` step 3 ‖^FH vs. F >-32 3.= >.55 >.3>-3.>> .>3=step 8 ‖^FH vs. F >-32 >.6: ->.>7->.23 .38>

Xgso jcftlrs 3.8= >.54-8.>> .>>3Vl`s step 3 ‖^FH vs. F >-32 3.= >.:4 >.37-3.3> .>>:

step 8 ‖^FH vs. F >-32 >.46 ->.>3->.2= .>5=Xgso jcftlrs 3.4= >.==-8.3= .>>3

Dcumbters step 3 ‖^FH vs. F >-32 8.: >.2> ->.64-3.74 .3:=

75% FG H, 75% Fl`ffide`fe g`tervci H? FX, fl`vgftgl` rcte? ^FH, pcre`tci fl`vgftgl` hejlrehgrtb fbgid lìy? ^F >-32, pcre`t fl`vgfted hetwee` fbgid‗s hgrtb c`d 37tb hgrtbdcy.

tbe c`ciysgs, tbe gapcft lj tbe pcre`t‗s fl`vgftgl` hefcae sigmbtiy saciier gèvery c`ciysgs (tbe Hs cre saciier). Cppcre`tiy, rgso jcftlrs expicg` pcrt lj tbe dgjjere`fe g` fl`vgftgl` rcte hetwee` fbgidre` wblse pcre`ts bcd hee`fl`vgfted lìy hejlre hgrtb versus èver. Blwever, tbe fl`vgftgl` gtseij cislbcs c` gapcft. Cppcre`tiy, pcre ts wbl bcd hee` fl`vgfted hejlre tbegrfbgid wcs hlr` trc`sagt c prlpe`sgty tl tbegr fbgidre` tl flaagt frgae,eve` tblumb tbese fbgidre` dgd `lt cftuciiy experge`fe pcre`tci fl`vgftgl`.Gt cppecrs tbct hltb tbe jcft tbct pcre`ts bcd hee` fl`vgfted c`d tbe prese`felj rgso jcftlrs expicg`s tbe dgjjere`fe hetwee` tbese twl mrlups. Tbe resuitssupplrt bypltbesgs 8 cs weii cs bypltbesgs 6. Tbe èxt step g` tbe c`ciysesflapcred fbgidre` wblse pcre`ts bcd lìy hee` fl`vgfted hejlre hgrtb wgtbfbgidre` wblse pcre`ts bcd hee` fl`vgfted durg`m tbe ljjsprg`m‗s fbgidblld.

^cre`t fl`vgfted hejlre versus cjter tbe fbgid‗s hgrtb

Bypltbesgs 4 plsgts tbct fbgidre` wblse pcre`ts bcd hee` fl`vgfted cjter tbefbgid‗s hgrtb exbghgt alre frgag`ci hebcvglur tbc` fbgidre` wblse pcre`tsbcd hee` fl`vgfted lìy hejlre tbegr hgrtb. Tbe resuits jlr flapcrg`m tbesetwl mrlups cre prese`ted g` tchie 6.: (step 3). Fbgidre` wblse pcre`ts bcdhee` fl`vgfted lìy hejlre tbe fbgid‗s hgrtb bcd l` cvercme 3.:8 fl`vgftgl`s,

flapcred wgtb 8.=: fl`vgftgl`s jlr fbgidre` wblse pcre`ts bcd hee` fl`-vgfted cjter tbe fbgid‗s hgrtb (tchie 6.4). Tbgs wcs sgm`gffifc`tiy dgjjere`t (FXrctgl13.=, H1>.55, p1.>3=). ]be` sl`s c`d dcumbters were c`ciysed sepcr-cteiy, tbe stre`mtb lj tbe dgjjere`fe hetwee` tbe twl mrlups cppecred tl hestrl`mer jlr dcumbters (FX rctgl 1 8.: versus 3.=), hut tbe dgjjere`fe wcs `ltsgm`gffifc`t ( p1.3:=).

Tbe dgjjere`fe hetwee` fbgidre` wblse pcre`ts bcd hee` fl`vgfted he-jlre hgrtb versus cjterwcrds fluid he expicgèd hy tbe lhservctgl` tbct tbeictter mrlup experge`fed pcre`tci fl`vgftgl` c`d bcd c strl`mer frgag`ci rliealdei, hut sgagicriy, tbere fluid he c dgjjere`fe g` rgso jcftlrs hetwee` tbesemrlups. Fbgidre` wblse pcre`ts bcd hee` fl`vgfted lìy hejlre tbe fbgid‗s



Xesuits 56

Tchie 6.=; Tbe gapcft lj tbe tgag`m lj pcre`ts‗ fl`vgftgl`s g` tbe fbgid‗s igje l` ljjsprg`m‗sfl`vgftgl` rcte


Cii fbgidre` ^FH vs. F >-: 3.= >.55 >.>=-3.>6 .>85^FH vs. F =-38 8.6 >.23 >.63-3.6> .>>3^FH vs. F 36-32 3.7 >.:4 >.34-3.34 .>33^F >-: vs. =-38 3.4 >.8> ->.>=->.42 .346^F >-: vs. 36-32 3.3 >.3> ->.3=->.6= .4=3^F =-38 vs. 36-32 >.2 ->.3> ->.4:->.85 .5=8

Vl`s ^FH vs. F >-: 3.: >.5= >.>7-3.>: .>83^FH vs. F =-38 8.6 >.25 >.65-3.65 .>>3^FH vs. F 36-32 8.> >.=3 >.83-3.83 .>>5^F >-: vs. =-38 3.4 >.3: ->.>7->.43 .83=^F >-: vs. 36-32 3.8 >.>7 ->.36->.68 .43=^F =-38 vs. 36-32 >.7 ->.>7 ->.62->.83 .5:5

Dcumbters ^FH vs. F >-: 6.8 3.>= ->.34-8.87 .>24^FH vs. F =-38 6.7 3.8= >.>4-8.47 .>44

^FH vs. F 36-32 8.7 >.7: ->.66-8.85 .344^F >-: vs. =-38 3.8 >.>2 ->.68->.47 .:22^F >-: vs. 36-32 >.7 >.>= ->.63->.44 .=63^F =-38 vs. 36-32 >.= ->.32 ->.5>->.36 .854

75% FG H, 75% Fl`ffide`fe g`tervci H? FX, fl`vgftgl` rcte? ^FH, pcre`tci fl`vgftgl` hejlrehgrtb fbgid lìy? ^F >-:, pcre`t fl`vgfted ct slae plg`t hetwee` fbgid‗s hgrtb c`d =tb hgrtbdcy?^F =-38, pcre`t fl`vgfted ct slae plg`t hetwee` tbe fbgid‗s =tb c`d 36tb hgrtbdcy? ^F 36-32,pcre`t fl`vgfted ct slae plg`t hetwee` tbe fbgid‗s 36tb c`d 37tb hgrtbdcy.

hgrtb bcd c ilwer rgso jcftlr aec` flapcred wgtb fbgidre` wblse pcre`ts

bcd hee` fl`vgfted cjter tbegr hgrtb. Tbe ictter mrlup wcs alre igoeiy tlflae jrla c hcfomrlu`d wgtb ilw jcagiy g`flae, icrme jcagiy sgze, pllr

klh reflrd lj jctber c`d iess g`terest g` edufctgl` hy pcre`ts. Cmcg`, wberetbe mrlups were sgm`gffifc`tiy dgjjere`t g` tbe prevglus c`ciysgs (step 3, cii fbgi-dre` c`d sl`s lìy), tbe rgso jcftlr vcrgchie wcs g`fiuded g` c auitgvcrgcteremressgl` c`ciysgs tlmetber wgtb tbe vcrgchie g`dgfctg`m wbetber pcre`ts bcdhee` fl`vgfted lìy hejlre hgrtb versus cjterwcrds. Tbe resuits prese tedg` tchie 6.: (step 8) deal`strcte tbct tbe gapcft lj tbe pcre`tci fl`vgftgl`defrecsed c`d wcs kust `lt sgm`gffifc`t c`yalre wbe` rgso jcftlrs were tcoe`g`tl cfflu`t. ]betber pcre`ts bcd hee` fl`vgfted hejlre hgrtb lr cjter-

wcrds wcs `lt c sgm`gffifc`t predgftlr c`yalre, hut tbe rgso jcftlr vcrgchiewcs. Cppcre`tiy, tbe dgjjere`fe hetwee` fbgidre` wbl experge`fed pcre`tcifl`vgftgl` hejlre hgrtb versus cjterwcrds fc` he icrmeiy expicgèd hy tbe lh-servctgl` tbct tbese fbgidre` dgjjer g` tbe ùaher lj rgso jcftlrs jlr frgae.

Tbese resuits supplrt bypltbesgs 4 tbct g`termeèrctgl`ci trc`sagssgl` gsstrl`mer wbe` pcre`ts bcve hee` fl`vgfted cjter tbe fbgid‗s hgrtb. Blwever,tbe resuits dl `lt supplrt bypltbesgs 5 strl`miy? rctber tbey sblw tbct tbgstrc`sagssgl` fc` he icrmeiy expicgèd hy tbe lhservctgl` tbct fbgidre` wblsepcre`ts were fl`vgfted cjter tbe fbgid‗s hgrtb bcd alre rgso jcftlrs jlr frgae?tbct gs, tbey mrew up g` c alre frgag`lme`gf e`vgrlàe`t.




Ljjsprg`m cme ct pcre`t‗s fl`vgftgl`s

Jlr bypltbesgs : tbree mrlups were flapcred; fbgidre` wblse pcre`ts bcdhee` fl`vgfted wbe` tbe fbgidre` were hetwee` >-:, =-38, versus 36-32 yecrs

lid. Xesuits jrla tbe c`ciyses flapcrg`m tbe tbree mrlups wgtb ecfb ltberc`d wgtb tbe mrlup lj fbgidre` wblse pcre`ts bcd hee` fl`vgfted lìy he-jlre tbe fbgid‗s hgrtb cre prese`ted g` tchie 6.=. Cii mrlups bcve c bgmbercvercme ùaher lj fl`vgftgl`s tbc` fbgidre` wblse pcre`ts bcd lìy hee`fl`vgfted hejlre tbe fbgid‗s hgrtb (FX rctgl hetwee` 3.: tl 6.7). Fbgidre`wblse pcre`ts bcd hee` fl`vgfted wbe` tbe fbgidre` were hetwee` cmes =c`d 38 bcd tbe bgmbest ùaher lj fl`vgftgl`s (6.=>), jliilwed hy tbe 36-32mrlup (6.>7) c`d tbe >-: mrlup (8.=6) (tchie 6.4). Blwever, tbe dgjjere`feshetwee` tbese mrlups were `lt stctgstgfciiy sgm`gffifc`t. ]be` lhservg`m sl`sc`d dcumbters sepcrcteiy, c sgagicr pctter` gs vgsghie; fbgidre` wblse pcre`ts

bcd hee` fl`vgfted wbe` tbey were hetwee` cmes =-38 exbghgt tbe bgmbestùaher lj fl`vgftgl`s. Cmcg`, `lè lj tbe dgjjere`fes wcs stctgstgfciiy sgm-`gffifc`t. Eve` tblumb c`ciyses cii sblwed c te`de`fy jlr tbe =-38 mrlup tlbcve tbe bgmbest cvercme ùaher lj fl`vgftgl`s, `lè lj tbe dgjjere`fes wcsstctgstgfciiy sgm`gffifc`t c`d tbe ejjeft sgzes jlr tbe dgjjere`fes were sacii. Tberesuits dl `lt supplrt tbe bypltbesgs (:) tbct g`termeèrctgl`ci trc`sagssgl`gs strl`mer wbe` pcre`ts bcve hee` fl`vgfted wbe` tbe fbgid wcs lider. Jur-tber, tbere dles `lt cppecr tl he c se`sgtgve pergld jlr tbe gapcft lj pcre`tcifrgae. Experge`fg`m c pcre`tci fl`vgftgl` g` cii perglds cjter hgrtb g`frecsesljjsprg`m‗s frgag`ci hebcvglur.

6.: Dgsfussgl`

Tbgs study g`vestgmcted wbetber tbe jreque`fy lj pcre`ts‗ frgag`ci hebcvglurc`d tgag`m lj pcre`t‗s frgag`ci hebcvglur g` tbe fbgid‗s igje bcs c` gapcft l`ljjsprg`m‗s frgag`ci hebcvglur. Jurtberalre, rgso jcftlrs were g`fiuded g`tbe c`ciyses tl g`vestgmcte tgag`m lj pcre`tci frgae. Vgx bypltbeses weretested. Jgrst, tbe resuits deal`strcted tbct pcre`ts‗ jreque`fy lj frgag`cihebcvglur wcs sgm`gffifc`tiy reicted tl ljjsprg`m ljje`dg`m. Vefl`d, excag`-

g`m tbe tgag`m lj pcre`ts‗ fl`vgftgl`s, tbe resuits deal`strcted tbct eve`wbe` pcre`ts bcd lìy hee` fl`vgfted hejlre hgrtb, tbegr fbgidre` bcd alrefl`vgftgl`s tbc` fbgidre` wblse pcre`ts bcd èver hee` fl`vgfted hejlrelr durg`m tbe ljjsprg`m‗s fbgidblld. Tbgrd, tbgs dgjjere`fe reacgèd sgm`gffi-fc`t wbe` rgso jcftlrs were tcoe` g`tl cfflu`t, eve` tblumb tbe rgso jcftlrsexpicgèd pcrt lj tbe dgjjere`fe. Tbese resuits supplrt stctgf tbelrges lj trc`s-agssgl` sufb cs meètgf aefbc`gsas c`d/lr trc`sagssgl` lj tbe frgag`lme`gfe`vgrlàe`t. Jlurtb, fbgidre` wblse pcre`ts bcd hee` fl`vgfted cjter tbefbgid‗s hgrtb bcd alre fl`vgftgl`s tbc` tblse wblse pcre`ts bcd lìy hee`fl`vgfted hejlre tbe fbgid‗s hgrtb. Jgjtb, blwever, tbe gapcft lj c pcre`tci

fl`vgftgl` cjter hgrtb defrecsed c`d hefcae g`sgm`gffifc`t wbe` rgso jcftlrs



Dgsfussgl` 55

were tcoe` g`tl cfflu`t. Vgxtb, fbgidre` wblse pcre`ts bcd hee` fl`vgftedwbe` tbe fbgidre` were hetwee` cme = c`d 38 bcd tbe bgmbest fl`vgftgl` rcte,hut `lè lj tbe dgjjere`fes flapcrg`m tbe gapcft lj pcre`tci fl`vgftgl` ctdgjjere`t cmes wcs sgm`gffifc`t.

Tbere cre slae g`terestg`m pctter`s g` tbese resuits wlrtb dgsfussg`m.Jgrst, citblumb tbe cme mrlup =-38 bcd tbe bgmbest fl`vgftgl` rcte, `lè lj tbe dgjjere`fes hetwee` tbe cme mrlups wcs sgm`gffifc`t. Tbe resuits deal`-strcte c` gapcft lj pcre`tci fl`vgftgl` g` ecfb cme mrlup c`d dl `lt supplrttbe gdec lj c se`sgtgve pergld jlr tbe gapcft lj pcre`tci frgag`ci hebcvglur.Tbe resuits fluid `lt dgjjere`tgcte hetwee` tbe fuauictgve deveilpae`tcic`d igje-flurse perspeftgve? pcre`tci fl`vgftgl` g` cii cme perglds bcd c` ga-pcft l` ljjsprg m ljje`dg`m. Tbgs study dgd `lt ffi`d sufb strl`m resuits csjlu`d g` c` ecriger study lj tbe gapcft lj tgag`m lj acitrectae`t wgtb tbeXlfbester Wlutb Deveilpae`t Vtudy ( Greic`d et ci., 8>>8? Vagtb et ci., 8>>5?Tblr`herry et ci., 8>>3). Gt wluid he vciuchie tl repigfcte tbe furre`t studyusg`m dgjjere`t scapies lj pelpie tl g`vestgmcte tbe gapcft lj tgag`m lj pcr-e`tci fl`vgftgl`s l` ljjsprg`m ljje`dg`m hebcvglur.

Vefl`d, wbe` flapcrg`m fbgidre` wblse pcre`ts bcd hee` fl`vgfted he-jlre versus cjter tbe fbgid‗s hgrtb, rgso jcftlrs were alre gaplrtc`t tbc` tbepcre`tci fl`vgftgl` gtseij. Tbgs supplrts tbe trc`sagssgl` lj c frgag`lme`gfe`vgrlàe`t alre tbc` tbe slfgci iecr`g`m perspeftgve. Cjter tcog`m g`tlcfflu`t tbgs frgag`lme`gf e`vgrlàe`t gt dles `lt actter wbetber fbgidre`cftuciiy experge`fed tbe pcre`tci fl`vgftgl`? tbey exbghgt sgagicr ieveis lj

frgag`ci hebcvglur. U`jlrtu`cteiy, tbgs study dles `lt bcve g`jlractgl` l`rgso jcftlrs jlr tbe pcre`ts `lr g`jlractgl` l` tbe teaplrci seque`fe lj rgsojcftlrs c`d pcre`t c`d ljjsprg`m. Tbus, gt wcs `lt plssghie tl dgjjere`tgctehetwee` tbe rgso jcftlr aefbc`gsas dgsfussed g` tbe G`trlduftgl` (see pcme4). Tbgs study gs u`chie tl acoe stcteae`ts chlut wbct gs cftuciiy fcusg`mtbe hebcvglur. Tbe rgso jcftlrs fluid he fcusg m tbe ljjsprg`m‗s ljje`dg`msepcrcteiy jrla tbe pcre`ts‗ ljje`dg`m? tbe rgso jcftlrs fluid he fcusg`m tbepcre`ts‗ cs weii cs tbe ljjsprg`m frgae? lr tbe pcre`t‗s ljje`dg`m fluid hefcusg`m tbe rgso jcftlrs c`d tbe rgso jcftlrs fluid tbe` fcuse tbe ljjsprg`m lj-je`dg`m. Gt wluid lhvglusiy he g`terestg`m tl g`vestgmcte wbetber tbese rgso

jcftlrs cre pcrt lj c icrmer sy`drlae lj c`tgslfgci hebcvglur lr wbetber tbesecre aedgctg`m jcftlrs g` g`termeèrctgl`ci trc`sagssgl`.Eve` tblumb tbgs study fluid `lt dgjjere`tgcte hetwee` tbe rgso jcftlr

aefbc`gsas, gt dles deal`strcte tbct gt gs gaplrtc`t tl g`fiude rgso jcftlrsjlr frgae wbe` g`vestgmctg`m tbe tgag`m lj pcre`ts‗ frgag`ci hebcvglur. Tberesuits deal`strcte tbct pcrt lj tbe dgjjere`fe hetwee` fbgidre` wblse pcr-e`ts bcd hee` fl`vgfted hejlre versus cjter tbe fbgid‗s hgrtb c`d hetwee` tbgsictter mrlup c`d fbgidre` wblse pcre`ts bcd èver hee` fl`vgfted fluid heexpicgèd hy tbe prese`fe lj rgso jcftlrs g` tbe ljjsprg m‗s igje. Fbgidre`wblse pcre`ts bcd hee` fl`vgfted mrlw up g` c alre frgag`lme`gf e`vgr-

làe`t fbcrcftergsed hy ilw jcagiy VEV, ilw jcagiy g`flae, pllr blusg`m,



5: Tgag`m, jreque`fy c`d rgso jcftlrs

icrme jcagiy sgze, tee` altber ct hgrtb lj ffirst fbgid, pcre`tci fl`gft, pcre`ts‗ilw g`terest g` edufctgl`, c`d pllr klh reflrd lj jctber. Tbgs frgag`lme`gfe`vgrlàe`t gs eve` strl`mer wbe` pcre`ts bcd hee` fl`vgfted cjter tbefbgid‗s hgrtb. Jcrrg`mtl`‗s ( 8>33) plstuictgl` tbct g`termeèrctgl`ci trc`sags-

sgl` fc` he expicgèd hy trc`sagssgl` lj c fyfie lj deprgvctgl` c`d c`tgslfgcihebcvglur gs tbus supplrted.

Tbgrd, eve` tblumb studyg`m me`der dgjjere`fes reacgèd lutsgde tbesflpe lj tbgs fbcpter, gt gs g`terestg`m tl flapcre tbe resuits jlr acies c`djeacies. G` tbe jreque`fy c`ciyses, tbe ùaher lj pcre`tci fl`vgftgl`s lverc`d chlve tbe jcft tbct pcre`ts bcve c fl`vgftgl` gs lìy c sgm`gffifc`t pre-dgftlr jlr sl`s, hut `lt jlr dcumbters. Tbgs g`sgm`gffifc`fe agmbt he due tltbe ilwer ùaher lj mgris g` tbe scapie, hut tbe acm`gtude lj tbe gapcftcisl cppecrs tl he saciier jlr mgris tbc` jlr hlys (tbe H gs saciier). C` ex-pic`ctgl` jlr tbgs dgjjere`fe agmbt he tbct hlys c`d mgris recft dgjjere`tiytl stressjui igje eve`ts sufb cs pcre`tci fl`vgftgl`s. G` meèrci, hlys exbghgtalre exter`cigzg`m prlhiea hebcvglur sufb cs deig`que`fy, wbgie mgris bcvealre g`ter`cigzg`m prlhieas sufb cs c`xgety c`d depressgl` (Fcpcidg et ci.,8>>8? Xlhg`s, 37::, 372:). Excag`g m jcagiy igje trc`sgtgl`s g` c scapiehlr` hetwee` 378>-4>, Busfbeo c`d Hgkieveid ( 8>33) jlu`d tbct c fl`vgftedhut `lt gaprgslèd jctber g`frecsed tbe ldds jlr mgris hut `lt jlr hlys tlbcve c `l`-stc`dcrd acrrgcme pctter`. Tbgs g`vlived, jlr excapie, c turhu-ie`t acrrgcme pctter` g`fiudg`m severci dgvlrfes c`d fbgidre` hlr` lut lj wedilfo c`d icte fbgidiess acrrgcmes. C stc`dcrd pctter , g` fl`trcst, fl`-

sgsted lj c acrrgcme jliilwed hy tbe hgrtb lj lè lr alre fbgidre` c`d c ilwprevcie`fe lj dgvlrfe. Tbe g`frecsed prevcie`fe lj c `l`-stc`dcrd acrrgcmeigje jlr dcumbters agmbt he c sgm` lj c dgjjere`t recftgl` pctter` jliilwg`m cpcre`t‗s fl`vgftgl`. Blwever, tbe dgjjere`fe hetwee` mgris wbl experge`fedpcre`tci fl`vgftgl` hejlre versus cjter hgrtb gs icrmer tbc` tbe dgjjere`fe jlrhlys, citblumb tbe dgjjere`fe gs `lt sgm`gffifc`t jlr mgris (FX rctgl 8.: versus3.= jlr hlys). Tbgs dles `lt supplrt tbgs expic`ctgl . Aljffitt et ci. ( 8>>3)studged hlys‗ c`d mgris‗ dgjjere`t recftgl`s tl severci rgso jcftlrs sufb cs pcr-e`tci frgag`cigty. Wet, tbey jlu`d jew dgjjere`fes hetwee` tbe sexes g` tbeejjeft lj tbese rgso jcftlrs, sl tbgs expic`ctgl` lj dgjjere`t recftgl` pctter`s

cppecrs `lt u`gversci.]bct dl tbese resuits aec` tl pligfy acoers wbl wc`t tl hreco tbefyfie c`d redufe g`termeèrctgl`ci trc`sagssgl` lj frgag`ci hebcvglur< Gtcppecrs tbct pcre`ts‗ frgag`ci hebcvglur, hut cisl rgso jcftlrs jlr frgae, crereicted tl alre ljjsprg`m frgae. Vlae lj tbese rgso jcftlrs cre stctgf c`dbcrd tl fbc`me sufb cs c icrme jcagiy sgze lr bcvg`m c altber wbl wcs ctee`cmer wbe` ber ffirst fbgid wcs hlr`. Ltber rgso jcftlrs cre sigmbtiy alrelpe` tl fbc`me sufb cs ilw jcagiy g`flae, pllr blusg`m, pllr klh reflrdlj jctber c`d ilw g`terest g` edufctgl` hy pcre`ts. Tbe furre`t study wcsu`chie tl g`vestgmcte wbetber tbere gs c fcusci reictgl`sbgp hetwee` tbese

rgso jcftlrs c`d ljjsprg`m frgag`ci hebcvglur, hut gj tbey cre aedgctlrs c`d



Dgsfussgl` 5=

gj tbere gs c fcusci reictgl`sbgp tbgs agmbt he c` lpplrtu`gty tl preve`t lrredufe g`termeèrctgl`ci trc`sagssgl` lj frgag`ci hebcvglur. Cpcrt jrlajcagiy-hcsed preve`tgl` prlmrcas tbct jlfus l` pcre`ts‗ fbgid recrg`m tefb-`gques (jlr alre g`jlractgl` see jlr excapie Jcrrg`mtl` & ]eisb, 8>>=?

Oczdg`, 377=), gt agmbt he jrugtjui tl tcrmet tbese dy`cagf rgso jcftlrs. Jlrexcapie, gaprlvg`m slaelè‗s eapilychgigty agmbt `lt lìy defrecse tbctpersl`‗s frgag`ci hebcvglur (cs deal`strcted hy Zc` der Meest, Hgkieveid &Hiloic`d, 8>33? Zerhrumme`, Hiloic`d & Zc` der Meest, 8>33), hut cisl tbegrljjsprg`m‗s juture frgag`ci hebcvglur. Eve` tbe alre stctgf jcftlrs, sufb cstee`cme altberblld, cre lpe` tl g`terve`tgl`.

Gt aust he reflm`gsed tbct tbe resuits jrla tbgs study agmbt `lt he ecs-giy meèrcigschie tl tldcy‗s sgtuctgl` lr tl ltber flu`trges. Tbgs scapie lj hlys c`d mgris wcs hlr` g` E`mic`d g` tbe 374>-:>s wbe` jcagiy struftureswere dgjjere`t jrla tldcy. Meètgf aefbc`gsas lj trc`sagssgl` agmbt stcytbe scae, hut tbe gùe`fe lj ltber slfgci rlie aldeis cpcrt jrla tbe pcr-e`ts agmbt he icrmer `lwcdcys. @lwcdcys c`d g` ltber slfgetges gt agmbthe ecsger tl esfcpe c frgag`lme`gf e`vgrlàe`t. G` E`mic`d, melmrcpbgfcic`d fuiturci ficss hlu`dcrges were strl`m, c`d hgrtb ficss bcd c strl`m jlre-fcstg`m ejjeft l` fbgidre ‗s igje-pctb ( Hic`de`, Mremm & Acfbg`, 8>>5? Hree`,8>>4? Austerd, 8>>5). G` ltber slfgetges gt agmbt he ecsger tl esfcpe c frga-g`lme`gf e`vgrlàe`t, wbgie g` E`mic`d pcre`tci fl`vgftgl` c`d csslfgctedjcftlrs acy bcve sustcgèd rgso jcftlrs jlr frgae jurtber g` igje hefcuse tbeycre aufb alre fl`èfted tl slfgci c`d fuiturci ficss jcftlrs.

Cs wgtb every ltber study, tbgs study bcs gts igagtctgl`s. Cs g` tbe pre-vglus fbcpter, lìy ljffifgci dctc jlr frgag`ci hebcvglur bcve hee` used, c`dtbese sujjer jrla c dcro ùaher (jlr alre g`jlractgl`, see pcme 6:). Ljffifgcifl`vgftgl`s cre lìy g`dgfctlrs lj ljje`dg`m hebcvglur. Gt wluid he g`terest-g`m tl g`vestgmcte tbe gapcft lj tgag`m c`d jreque`fy lj pcre`tci frgae usg`mseij-replrted dctc l` ljje`dg`m hebcvglur jlr hltb meèrctgl`s.

Vefl`d, tbere cre lhvglusiy ac`y alre jcftlrs g`vlived g` g`termeèrc-tgl`ci trc`sagssgl` hesgdes tbe tgag`m c`d jreque`fy lj pcre`tci hebcvglurc`d tbe rgso jcftlrs tbct were g`fiuded g` tbe auitgvcrgcte c`ciyses. Ljffifgcihgcs lr csslrtctgve actg`m wcs `lt g`vestgmcted spefgffifciiy c`d tbe aefbc`-

gsas dgsfussed fluid cisl he excagèd g` ltber wcys (ljffifgci hgcs wgii hestudged g` Fbcpter 5). Gt gs vgtci tbct alre studges cre fcrrged lut tl g`frecseo`lwiedme l` g`termeèrctgl`ci trc`sagssgl` lj frgag`ci hebcvglur.

Despgte tbese igagtctgl`s, tbgs study bcs fl`trghuted tl lur u`derstc`d-g`m lj g`termeèrctgl`ci trc`sagssgl` l` severci plg`ts. Cs jcr cs o`lw` tltbe cutblr, `l ltber study prevglusiy g`vestgmcted tbe prese`fe lj c se`sgtgvepergld c`d tbe gapcft lj tgag`m lj pcre`tci frgae g` tbe fbgid‗s igje l` ljj-sprg`m ljje`dg`m g`tl cduitblld. Lìy lè study ( ]est & Jcrrg`mtl`, 37==)prevglusiy g`vestgmcted tbe ùaher lj jctbers‗ fl`vgftgl`s spefgffifciiy c`dtwl ltbers used tbe fl`vgftgl` trckeftlry aetbld (see Fbcpter 4 lj tbgs Dgs-

sertctgl` c`d Heseaer & Jcrrg`mtl`, 8>38? Zc` de Xcot et ci., 8>>2) hut `lè




g`fiuded altbers‗ fl`vgftgl`s. Hy usg`m c icrme prlspeftgve scapie wgtb g`-jlractgl` l` fl`vgftgl`s lj hltb pcre`ts, tbgs study deal`strcted supplrtjlr stctgf cs weii cs dy`cagf expic`ctgl`s lj g`termeèrctgl`ci trc`sagssgl`sufb cs meètgf aefbc`gsas, tbe trc`sagssgl` lj c frgag`lme`gf e`vgrlàe`t

c`d/lr aedgctgl` tbrlumb rgso jcftlrs.

6.= Vuaacry

Tbgs fbcpter expilred aefbc`gsas lj g`termeèrctgl`ci trc`sagssgl` lj frga-g`ci hebcvglur hy g`vestgmctg`m tgag`m c`d jreque`fy lj pcre`ts‗ frgag`ci he-bcvglur c`d tbe gapcft lj rgso jcftlrs. ^cre`ts‗ ùaher lj frgag`ci fl`vgf-tgl`s wcs plsgtgveiy reicted tl ljjsprg`m fl`vgftgl`s. Jurtberalre, fbgidre`wblse pcre`ts bcd lìy hee` fl`vgfted hejlre tbe fbgid‗s hgrtb bcd alre

fl`vgftgl`s tbc` tblse wblse pcre`ts bcd èver hee` fl`vgfted. Fbgidre`wblse pcre`ts bcd hee` fl`vgfted cjter tbegr hgrtb bcd eve` alre fl`vgf-tgl`s, hut rgso jcftlrs expicgèd pcrt lj tbgs dgjjere`fe. ]be` pcre`tci fl`-vgftgl`s ct dgjjere`t cmes were excagèd, fbgidre` wblse pcre`ts bcd hee`fl`vgfted hetwee` tbegr =tb c`d 36tb hgrtbdcys exbghgted alre frgag`ci he-bcvglur tbc` fbgidre` wblse pcre`ts were fl`vgfted g` ltber perglds, hut`lè lj tbe dgjjere`fes wcs sgm`gffifc`t. Tbe resuits dl `lt sblw prllj jlr cse`sgtgve pergld jlr tbe gapcft lj pcre`tci frgag`ci hebcvglur. Tbe resuitsdeal`strcte supplrt jlr stctgf cs weii cs dy`cagf expic`ctgl`s lj g`terme`-erctgl`ci trc`sagssgl` sufb cs meètgf aefbc`gsas, tbe gapcft lj c frgag`l-

me`gf e`vgrlàe`t c`d/lr aedgctgl` tbrlumb rgso jcftlrs.



Fbcpter 4

G`termeèrctgl`ci

trc`sagssgl` lj frgag`ci

hebcvglur; fl`vgftgl`

trckeftlrges lj jctbers c`d

tbegr ljjsprg`m∝

‒Gt‗s igoe, dc`m, G‗a jliilwg`m g` ay ala‗s jlltsteps.‗ ( Mglrdc`l, 8>3>, p. 33:)

4.3 G`trlduftgl`

G` tbe prevglus fbcpter frgag`ci fcreer pcrcaeters sufb cs tgag`m c`d jre-que`fy were g`vestgmcted g` reictgl` tl g`termeèrctgl`ci trc`sagssgl`. Tbgs

fbcpter cgas tl expilre tbe g`termeèrctgl`ci trc`sagssgl` lj frgag`ci he-bcvglur hy eapilyg`m tbe seag-pcrcaetrgf, mrlup-hcsed trckeftlrges aetb-ldlilmy (@cmg`, 8>>5). Trckeftlrges e`flapcss jreque`fy cs weii cs ltberfrgag`ci fcreer pcrcaeters sufb cs tbe cme lj l`set c`d peco ljje`dg`m cme.G`stecd lj tgag`m g` tbe fbgid‗s igje, tbgs fbcpter g`vestgmctes tgag`m lj frga-g`ci hebcvglur g` tbe pcre`t‗s lw` igje. Hcsed l` tbe aefbc`gsas desfrghedg` tbe G`trlduftgl` c`d cs dgsfussed g` tbe prevglus fbcpter (see pcme 43), lèwluid expeft g`termeèrctgl`ci trc`sagssgl` tl he strl`mer jlr alre persgst-e`t ljje`ders.

∝

C` ecriger versgl` lj tbgs fbcpter wcs puhigsbed cs V. Heseaer c`d D.^. Jcrrg`mtl` (8>38).G`termeèrctgl`ci trc`sagssgl` lj frgag`ci hebcvglur; fl`vgftgl` trckeftlrges lj jctbers c`dtbegr ljjsprg`m. Eurlpec` Klur`ci lj Frgag`lilmy, 7, 38>-343.

57



:> Fl`vgftgl` Trckeftlrges

Cpcrt jrla studyg`m tbe jreque`fy lj pcre`t‗s ljje`dg`m c`d tgag`m g`tbe fbgid‗s igje, gt gs gaplrtc`t tl fl`sgder tgag`m g` tbe pcre`t‗s igje. De-vgc`t hebcvglur pecos g` cdliesfe`fe (Hiuasteg` et ci., 372:? Jcrrg`mtl`,372:? ^gquerl et ci., 8>>=) c`d gt gs qugte flaal` tl dgspicy slae c`tg-

slfgci hebcvglur durg`m tbgs pergld. Gt gs, blwever, c sgm` lj mrecter devg-c`fe gj sufb hebcvglur fl`tgùes cjter cdliesfe`fe. Aljffitt (3776) desfrghestbgs cs cdliesfe`fe-igagted versus igje-flurse persgste`t ljje`dg`m. Cfflrd-g`m tl Aljffitt (3776, p. :=4), ac`y cdliesfe`ts dgspicy c`tgslfgci hebcvglurtl hrgdme c teaplrcry ‒acturgty mcp‗. Tbey cftuciiy agagf tbe hebcvglurlj igje-flurse-persgste`t ljje`ders, wbl bcve hee` dgspicyg`m c`tgslfgci hebc-vglur sg`fe tbey were aufb ylu`mer. Aljffitt (3776) stctes tbct igje-flurse-persgste`ts‗ c`tgslfgci hebcvglur bcs c` ecriy l`set c`d wgii fl`tgùe u`tgiaufb icter g` igje due tl hglilmgfci c`d èurlpsyfblilmgfci prlhieas. Bertbelry gs igòed tl gdecs lj mrlupg`m ljje`ders cfflrdg`m tl dgjjere`t igje-flurse trckeftlrges (@cmg`, Jcrrg`mtl` & Aljffitt, 3775? @cmg` & Ic`d, 3776).Depe`dg`m l` tbe plpuictgl` studged, tbree tl sgx mrlups lj ljje`ders bcvehee` gde`tgffied; lè mrlup wgii èver he fl`vgfted? lè lr alre mrlups wgiilìy dgspicy c`tgslfgci hebcvglur durg`m cdliesfe`fe (tbe ecriger ae`tglèdcdliesfe`fe-igagteds)? lè lr alre mrlups wgii exbghgt deig`que`t hebcvglurtbrlumblut tbegr igves (egtber ilw- lr bgmb-ievei fbrl`gfs)? c`d tbere agmbthe c icte-l`set mrlup lj ljje`ders ( Hiloic`d, @cmg` & @geuwheertc, 8>>5?Jermussl`, Blrwlld & @cmg`, 8>>>? @cmg` et ci., 3775? @cmg` & Ic`d,3776? ^gquerl, 8>>2? Zc` der Meest, Hiloic`d & Hgkieveid, 8>>7? ]gesèr &

]g`die, 8>>4).Gt gs gaplrtc`t tl deci wgtb hebcvglurci beterlmeègty tbct agmbt exgstg` c plpuictgl` (^gquerl et ci., 8>>3). Dgjjere`t mrlups lj pelpie agmbt jli-ilw dgjjere`t pctter`s lj frgag`ci hebcvglur. Tbese vcrglus deveilpae`tcipctbwcys agmbt requgre dgjjere`t etglilmgfci expic`ctgl`s. Jcrrg`mtl` (3777,p. 35:) stctes tbct;

alst prglr frgag`ci fcreer resecrfb trects ljje`ders cs blalme`-elus, hut dgjjere`t types lj pelpie acy bcve dgjjere`t types lj fcreers _...Q. Xesecrfb gs èeded l` wbct cre tbe alst usejui ty-plilmges lj ljje`ders, c`d l` tbegr dgjjere`t deveilpae`tci pctb-

wcys tl frgag`ci fcreers.

Vgagicriy, g`termeèrctgl`ci trc`sagssgl` agmbt he dgjjere`t jlr pcre`tswgtb dgjjere`t frgag`ci hebcvglur trckeftlrges. Jlr excapie, hcsed l` Alj-ffitt‗s tbelry ( 3776) lè wluid expeft g`termeèrctgl`ci trc`sagssgl` tl hestrl`mer jlr igje-flurse-persgste`t tbc` jlr cdliesfe`fe-igagted pcre`ts jlrtbree recsl`s. Jgrst, ber tbelry expicg`s igje-flurse-persgste`ts‗ c`tgslfgcihebcvglur cs bcvg`m c hglilmgfci lrgmg`, c`d tbgs beredgtcry hcsgs fluid hepcssed l` tl fbgidre`. Vlae studges ( ]cidac`, Ievy & Bcy, 3775) g`-deed jlu`d tbct c`tgslfgci hebcvglur tbct gs ecriger g` l`set gs alre ber-

gtchie, citblumb ltbers dgd `lt (Viutsoe et ci., Kuiy 377=). Vefl`d, c igje-flurse-persgste`t pcre`t wgii dgspicy alre deig`que`t hebcvglur c`d wgii



G`trlduftgl` :3

tberejlre he c strl`mer frgag`ci rlie aldei jlr fbgidre` cfflrdg`m tl slfgciiecr`g`m tbelrges. Tbgrd, pligfe c`d kustgfe hldges agmbt he alre strl`miyhgcsed cmcg`st jcagiges wgtb igje-flurse-persgste`t ljje`ders. ]gtb igje-flurse-persgste`t pcre`ts lè wluid tbus expeft c strl`mer ùrture cs weii cs `cture

hcse jlr tbgs hebcvglur c`d tberejlre c strl`mer trc`sagssgl`.Hy g`vestgmctg`m wbetber g`termeèrctgl`ci trc`sagssgl` gs dgjjere`t jlr

pelpie wblse pcre`ts bcve dgjjere`t fl`vgftgl` trckeftlrges, tbgs fbcpter cgastl igò resecrfb g`tl frgag`ci fcreers c`d igje-flurse trckeftlrges wgtb tbestudy lj g`termeèrctgl`ci trc`sagssgl`. ]est c`d Jcrrg`mtl` ( 37==) prevg-lusiy studged tbe gapcft lj tbe ùaher lj pcre`tci fl`vgftgl`s g` tbe Fca-hrgdme Vtudy g` Deig`que`t Deveilpae`t (FVDD). Tbey jlu`d tbct jctberswgtb lè fl`vgftgl` lìy c`d jctbers wgtb twl lr alre fl`vgftgl`s bcd tbescae prlplrtgl` lj fl`vgfted sl`s. Blwever, tbey dgd `lt excagè tbetrckeftlry lj tbese fl`vgftgl`s. ^revglus resecrfb g` g`termeèrctgl`ci trc`s-agssgl` ljte` reictes c`y igje-tgae ljje`dg`m hy tbe pcre`t tl c`y igje-tgaeljje`dg`m hy tbe fbgid (e.m. Jcrrg`mtl` et ci., 8>>3? Xlwe & Jcrrg`mtl`,377=? Tblr`herry, 8>>5? Tblr`herry et ci., 8>>6). C` exfeptgl` gs tbe studyhy Zc` de Xcot et ci. (8>>2) tbct g`vestgmcted tbe trckeftlrges lj hltb pcre`tsc`d fbgidre`. Tbey jlu`d tbct fbgidre` wblse jctbers heil`m tl c alre per-sgste`t trckeftlry mrlup cre alre igoeiy tl cisl he g` sufb c trckeftlry mrlup.Viutsoe et ci. (Kuiy 377=) cisl jlu`d tbct persgste`t c`tgslfgci hebcvglur gsalre bergtchie tbc` c`tgslfgci hebcvglur tbct gs igagted tl egtber fbgidblldlr cduitblld. Zc` de Xcot et ci. (8>>2), blwever, dl `lt test wbetber tbe

reictgl`sbgp hetwee` trckeftlrges lj jctbers c`d fbgidre` gs sgm`gffifc`t, `lrdl tbey mgve c` ejjeft sgze jlr tbgs reictgl`sbgp. Tbese cutblrs lhserve tbctalre resecrfb l` tbgs tlpgf gs èeded? repigfctgl` lj tbe resuits wluid he de-sgrchie. Jurtberalre, Zc` de Xcot et ci. (8>>2) desfrghe severci dgscdvc`tcmeslj prevglus studges g` g`termeèrctgl`ci trc`sagssgl`, sufb cs sacii scapiesc`d retrlspeftgve desgm`s, `l aecsures lj pcre`tci gùe`fe l` tbegr fbgi-dre` cjter cdliesfe`fe, icfo lj jeacies g` tbe scapie, icfo lj c fl`trli mrlup,c`d c` chu`dc`fe lj desfrgptgve tests wgtblut c`y tbelry testg`m. G` igèwgtb tbgs, tbe furre`t fbcpter wgii g`vestgmcte g`termeèrctgl`ci trc`sagssgl`g` trckeftlrges usg`m tbe FVDD g` c` ctteapt tl lverflae slae lj tbese dgs-

cdvc`tcmes.^revglus studges igòg`m c`y igjetgae ljje`dg`m lj tbe pcre`ts c`d fbgi-dre` lr usg`m c suaacry vcrgchie jlr ljje`dg`m hy pcre`ts c`d fbgidre` acoegèjffifge`t use lj il`mgtudg`ci dctc. Hy eapilyg`m trckeftlry c`ciysgs ( @cmg`,8>>5) tl igò pcre`ts‗ c`d fbgidre`‗s frgag`ci hebcvglur, hetter use gs acde lj il`mgtudg`ci dctc. Tbgs cpprlcfb gs c` gaplrtc`t cdvc`fe hefcuse gt fcpturestbe dy`cagf dgae`sgl` lj ljje`dg`m hebcvglur hy suaacrgsg`m gts devei-lpae`tci flurse g` tbe jlra lj trckeftlry mrlups ( @cmg`, 8>>5). Cs @cmg`( 8>>5, p. 34:) crmues, tbe ‒resuit gs c jcr rgfber suaacry lj tbe pctter` lj g`terfl`èftgl`‗ g` tbe deveilpae`tci flurse lj pcre`ts‗ c`d fbgidre`‗s he-

bcvglur.



:8 Fl`vgftgl` Trckeftlrges

4.8 Bypltbeses

Usg`m tbgs aetbld, tbe jliilwg`m bypltbeses wgii he tested g` tbgs fbcpter;

3. Fbgidre` lj alre persgste`t ljje`dg`m jctbers wgii bcve alre fl`vgf-tgl`s tbc` fbgidre` lj alre splrcdgf ljje`dg`m jctbers.

8. Jctber c`d ljjsprg`m trckeftlrges cre sgagicr.

6. @l`-ljje`dg`m jctber trckeftlrges te`d tl predgft `l`-ljje`dg`m fbgid trckeftlrges.

4. Jctbers c`d ljjsprg`m wgii bcve sgagicr ljje`dg`m trckeftlrges (cs lp-plsed tl `l`-ljje`dg`m trckeftlrges).

G`gtgciiy, tbe g`te`tgl` wcs tl estgacte trckeftlry aldeis jlr altbers cs weii.Blwever, aldei estgactgl` dgd `lt ygeid reigchie resuits, hefcuse altbersbcd jew fl`vgftgl`s. Tberejlre, G fblse tl jlfus l` jctbers lìy.

4.6 Aetbld

4.6.3 Vcapie

Tbese bypltbeses were tested usg`m dctc jrla hltb tbe Fcahrgdme Vtudy g` Deig`que`t Deveilpae`t (FVDD) c`d tbe @VFX-Trc`sffive Vtudy (Trc`sffive).

Tbese were desfrghed g` alre detcgi g` tbe G`trlduftgl` (see pcme 36). Tbefurre`t g`vestgmctgl` excagèd jctbers, sl`s c`d dcumbters jrla tbe FVDDc`d jctbers c`d sl`s jrla Trc`sffive . Gt wcs `lt plssghie tl reigchiy estgactealdeis jlr altbers g` egtber dctc set lr jlr dcumbters g` Trc`sffive . G` Trc`s-

ffive , tbere were 6= dcumbters wgtb fl`vgftgl`s, lj wbgfb tbree were lutigerswgtb respeftgveiy 6:, :8, c`d 27 fl`vgftgl`s hetwee` tbe 38tb c`d 4>tb hgrtb-dcys. Tbere were c`ltber twl lutigers wgtb = fl`vgftgl`s wbe` tbey werecmed 67 tbct sgm`gffifc`tiy dgsturhed tbe aldei cs weii. Tbgs ied tl 68 re-acg`g`m dcumbters, lj wbla tbe acklrgty bcd kust lè (8> wlae`) lr twl(7 wlae`) fl`vgftgl`s. Tbgs scapie wcs `lt dgverse c`d icrme e`lumb tlreigchiy estgacte trckeftlry aldeis c`d tberejlre gt wcs defgded tl `lt usetrckeftlrges jlr dcumbters g` Trc`sffive .

4.6.8 Aecsures

Lutflae Zcrgchies

Tbe lutflae vcrgchie jlr bypltbesgs 3 wcs tbe ljjsprg`m‗s fl`vgftgl` rcte,deffièd cs tbe ùaher lj fl`vgftgl`s jlr frgaes flaagtted hetwee` tbe 38tb

c`d 4>tb hgrtbdcys. Tbe lutflae vcrgchie jlr bypltbeses 8, 6, c`d 4 gs tbe

ljjsprg`m‗s trckeftlry, deffièd hy Mrlup-Hcsed Trckeftlry Aldeiig`m.



Aetbld :6

^redgftlr Zcrgchie

Tbe predgftlr vcrgchie wcs tbe jctber‗s ljje`dg`m trckeftlry, deffièd hyMrlup-Hcsed Trckeftlry Aldeiig`m.8>


C`ciytgf Cpprlcfb; Veag-^crcaetrgf Mrlup-Hcsed Trckeftlry

Aldeiig`m

Mrlup-hcsed aldeiig`m wcs perjlraed usg`m tbe VCV acfrl prlf trck (Klès& @cmg`, 8>>=? Klès, @cmg` & Xleder, 8>>3). Vepcrcte trckeftlrges were es-tgacted jlr jctbers, sl`s c`d dcumbters. Xctber tbc` cssuag`m c` cvercme cme-frgae furve jlr every g`dgvgduci, @cmg` c`d Ic`d‗s ( 3776) seag-pcrcaetrgfmrlup-hcsed aldeiig`m cpprlcfb gde`tgffies c ùaher lj dgjjere`t mrlups lj g`-

dgvgducis wbl dgspicy sgagicr hebcvglurci trckeftlrges. Tbgs tefb`gque ciilwsvcrgctgl` hetwee` mrlups lj g`dgvgducis c`d ciilws jlr dgjjere`t cme-frgaefurves. Vee @cmg` ( 8>>4h) jlr c `l`-tefb`gfci lvervgew lj tbe mrlup-hcsedaldeiig`m tefb`gque.

C zerl-g`cted ^lgssl` aldei wcs used. Tbe dgstrghutgl` lj tbe ùa-her lj fl`vgftgl`s gs soewed sg`fe fl`vgftgl`s cre reictgveiy rcre eve`ts? g.e.tbere cre ac`y pelpie wgtb zerl fl`vgftgl`s lr c ilw uaher lj fl`vgftgl`s.Usg`m c` g`ctgl` pcrcaeter ciilws suhkefts tl bcve ‒’teaplrcry‑ speiis lj `l`-ljje`dg`m wgtblut reflrdg`m c fbc`me g` tbegr lvercii rcte lj ljje`dg`m‗( Husbwcy, Tblr`herry & Orlb`, 8>>6, p. 362).

Gj pelpie dged lr were g` prgsl` jlr c wblie yecr durg`m tbe lhservctgl`pergld, g.e. hejlre tbe cme lj 4>, tbgs wcs fl`trliied jlr? u`lhserved yecrswere flded cs agssg`m c`d dgd `lt fl`trghute tl estgactg`m tbe trckeftlrges.83

8> Vgagicr tl tbe c`ciyses g` Fbcpter 8 c`d cs expicgèd g` tbe G`trlduftgl`, g` Trc`sffive pligfydgsagsscis were g`fiuded g` tbe flu`t lj fl`vgftgl`s cs tbey were remgstered hy tbe kudgfgcicutblrgtges. Tbey were g`fiuded g` ljjsprg m ljje`dg m hebcvglur c`d g` tbe c`ciysgs tlg`de`tgjy trckeftlry mrlups cal`m jctbers. Blwever, wbe` g`vestgmctg`m g`termeèrctgl`citrc`sagssgl`, jctbers wgtb lìy dgsagsscis were fctemlrgsed cs `l`-ljje`dg`m jctbers tl acoetbe Dutfb c`ciyses flapcrchie tl tbe E`migsb c`ciyses, hefcuse dgsagsscis were èver flu`tedg` tbe FVDD. C`ciyses jlr Trc`sffive were cisl ru` g`fiudg`m tbe dgsagsscis c`d resuits were

flapcrchie. ]be` resuits dgjjered, tbgs gs g`dgfcted u`der tbe Xesuits seftgl`.83 Tbe trckeftlrges were cisl estgacted wbgie flrreftg`m jlr tgae spe`t gaprgslèd gj tbgs wcs iesstbc` c yecr. Tbe tgae spe`t gaprgslèd wcs cfflu`ted jlr c`d tbe flrrefted rcte lj ljje`dg`mwcs fcifuicted wgtb tbe jliilwg`m jlrauic (Zc` der Meest et ci., 8>>7);

Flrrefted rcte lj ljje`dg`m 1 ljj t k

Ex plsuret k

Explsure t k 1 3∘@uaher lj dcys g`fcrfercted

6:5

C`d

Explsure t k 1 3∘@uaher lj dcys g`fcrfercted

=6>

Gt wcs defgded, blwever, tl use tbe aldeis wgtblut tbgs flrreftgl`. Aldeis estgacted wgtb cflrrefted rcte lj ljje`dg`m mcve rlumbiy tbe scae resuits, wbgfb fl`ffiras prevglus trckeftlry

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Gt gs gaplrtc`t tl fl`trli jlr alrtcigty tl preve`t tbe prlhiea lj ‒jcise de-sgstc`fe‗, wbere gt wluid illo cs tblumb slaelè bcd desgsted wberecs g`jcft tbe persl` bcd pcssed cwcy (Emmiestl` et ci., 8>>4, p. 86).

Tbe mlci lj trckeftlry c`ciysgs gs tl ffi`d tbe lptgaci sliutgl` wbere

mrlups lj g`dgvgducis wgtb dgstg`ftgve g`dgvgduci-ievei trckeftlrges fc` he gde`-tgffied, hut wbere cddg`m c` cddgtgl`ci mrlup tl tbe aldei ljjers `l extrcexpic`ctlry plwer (@cmg`, 8>>5). Veieftgl` lj aldeis gs hcsed l` jlracistctgstgfci frgtergc c`d l` g`terpretchgigty lj tbe aldeis. Tbe test used tl de-teragè tbe lptgaci ùaher lj mrlups gs tbe Hcyesgc` G`jlractgl` Frgtergl`(HGF). HGF mgves c` g`dgfctgl` lj aldei ffit hcsed l` dgjjere`fes hetwee` tbeestgacted aldei c`d tbe lhservctgl`s, hut cisl flrrefts jlr tbe ùaher lj pcrcaeters ffitted c`d jlr tbe ùaher lj lhservctgl`s. HGF estgactes aldeiffit, hut cisl illos ct blw pcrsgal`glus tbe aldei gs? tbe ilwer tbe ùaherlj trckeftlry mrlups, tbe hetter. Jlr defgdg`m l` tbe ùaher lj ficsses, lèfbllses tbe aldei tbct acxgagses HGF, c`d sg`fe HGF gs ciwcys èmctgve, tbgswgii he tbe vciue filsest tl zerl. Tbgs ùaher gs c` g`dgfctlr lj tbe dgjjer-e`fe hetwee` tbe aldei c`d tbe lhserved dctc, c`d tbct dgjjere`fe sbluidhe cs sacii cs plssghie (D‗U`mer et ci., 3772). ^rlf trck prldufes twl HGFvciues; lè jlr c saciier scapie sgze, lè jlr c icrmer scapie sgze. Tbe saci-ier scapie sgze reefts tbe ùaher lj pelpie g` tbe scapie, wbgie tbe icrmerscapie sgze pertcg`s tl tbe tltci ùaher lj cssessae`ts used g` tbe aldei es-tgactgl` cfrlss g`dgvgducis c`d tgae (@cmg`, 8>>5). Vl, g` tbgs fcse, tbe icrmerscapie sgze wgii he tbe ùaher lj pelpie auitgpiged hy tbe ùaher lj yecrs

jlr wbgfb we o`lw tbegr ùaher lj fl`vgftgl`s (every yecr jrla cme 38 tl67). @egtber HGF vciue gs hetter tbc` tbe ltber, gt gs gaplrtc`t tl tcoe hltbg`tl cfflu`t. Gj tbe HGF vciues plg`ted tl dgjjere`t aldeis cs tbe lptgacisliutgl`, G fblse tbe aldei tbct wcs alst pcrsgal`glus; tbe aldei wgtb tbeilwest ùaher lj trckeftlry mrlups. Jurtberalre, tbe fl`te`t c`d sbcpelj tbe trckeftlrges gs gaplrtc`t g` fblgfe c`d g`terpretctgl` lj tbe aldeis.Aldeis wgtb trckeftlrges tbct bcve `l recsl`chie g`terpretctgl` lr wgtb trc-

keftlrges tbct cre `lt dgstg`ftgve cre lj igttie use. Be`fe, cjter g`speftg`m tbeHGF, gt gs gaplrtc`t tl g`speft tbe fl`te`t c`d sbcpe lj tbe trckeftlrges.

Cjter estgactg`m wbgfb aldei desfrghes tbe scapie hest, gt gs plssghie tl

use tbe plsterglr prlhchgigty lj mrlup aeahersbgp tl aecsure tbe prlhch-gigty tbct c` g`dgvgduci agmbt heil`m tl c spefgffif trckeftlry mrlup (@cmg`,8>>5). Usg`m tbe bgmbest prlhchgigty, prlf trck wgii cssgm` every g`dgvgduci tlc spefgffif mrlup.88

c`ciyses wgtb tbe lrgmg`ci ae` lj tbe FVDD (^gquerl, et ci. 8>3>). Flrreftg`m jlr g`fcrferc-tgl` gs alst flaal` wgtb ljje`der scapies, wbere everylè ljje`ded (^gquerl, 8>>2). Gt gsiess flaal` wgtb c (bgmb rgso) plpuictgl` scapie, sufb cs tbe FVDD. L` tbe lè bc`d, gt gsgaplrtc`t tl flrreft jlr tgae spe`t gaprgslèd hefcuse pelpie cre iess igoeiy tl ljje`d wbgiegaprgslèd ( Emmiestl`, Icuh & Vcapsl`, 8>>4? ^gquerl et ci., 8>>3). L` tbe ltber bc`d,pelpie fc` c`d dl stgii ljje`d wbgie tbey cre g` prgsl`. @egtber sliutgl`, flrreftg`m versus`lt flrreftg`m, gs lptgaci c`d e`tgreiy reefts tbe true sgtuctgl`.

88 Tbgs gs lè wcy lj cssgm`g`m g`dgvgducis tl mrlups, wbgfb I. C. Mlldac` ( 8>>=) fciis aldcicssgmàe`t. I. C. Mlldac` cisl deal`strctes c` cpprlcfb (jlr Icte`t Ficss C`ciysgs) g`

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Xesuits :5

C`ciytgf Cpprlcfb; Meèrcigsed Estgactg`m Equctgl`s (MEE)

Cjter cssgm g`m pelpie tl ficsses, tbe bypltbeses were c`ciysed usg m Meèrci-gzed Estgactg`m Equctgl`s (MEE) (see tbe G`trlduftgl`, pcme 3: jlr alre g`-

jlractgl`). Jlr bypltbesgs 3 èmctgve hg`lagci remressgl` wcs used hefcusetbe lutflae vcrgchie jreque`fy lj ljjsprg`m ljje`dg`m wcs bgmbiy soewed?ac`y pelpie bcd èver hee` fl`vgfted. Tl flapcre jctbers‗ c`d ljjsprg`m‗strckeftlrges (bypltbesgs 8) lrdg`ci prlhgt remressgl` wcs used, wbgfb mgvesc ύ8. êcrsl ‗s ύ8 test excagès wbetber twl fctemlrgfci vcrgchies, g` tbgsfcse tbe jctbers‗ c`d ljjsprg`m‗s trckeftlry aeahersbgps, cre reicted tl ecfbltber ( Jgeid, 8>>5). Cdkusted Vtc`dcrdgsed Xesgducis (CVXs) were fcifuictedtl gde`tgjy wbgfb mrlups were respl`sghie jlr sgm`gffifc`t dgjjere`fes.86 C re-sgduci mrecter tbc` 8.> wcs fl`sgdered tl g`dgfcte c sgm`gffifc`tiy bgmber prl-plrtgl` tbc` expefted, c`d c resgduci iess tbc` -8.> wcs tcoe` tl g`dgfcte

c sgm`gffifc`tiy ilwer prlplrtgl` tbc` expefted gj tbere wcs `l reictgl`sbgphetwee` jctbers‗ c`d ljjsprg`m‗s trckeftlry mrlups ( Hursgo, 372>? Bcherac`,37=6). Jurtberalre, ldds rctgls were fcifuicted tl test wbetber dgjjere`ttypes lj jctber ljje`dg`m trckeftlrges predgft dgjjere`t types lj ljjsprg`m lj-je`dg`m trckeftlrges (bypltbesgs 4).

4.4 Xesuits

G` tbgs seftgl`, G ffirst prese`t tbe aldei estgactgl` jlr jctbers, cjter wbgfbljjsprg`m lj tbe dgjjere`t mrlups lj jctbers cre flapcred. Cjter estgactg`maldeis jlr sl`s c`d dcumbters, tbe reseahic`fe hetwee` trckeftlrges lj jctb-ers c`d sl`s c`d lj jctbers c`d dcumbters gs prese`ted. Jlr ecfb seftgl`, Gwgii ffirst dgsfuss resuits jlr tbe FVDD c`d tbe` jlr Trc`sffive .

4.4.3 Jctbers‗ fl`vgftgl` trckeftlrges - E`mic`d

G` tbe FVDD scapie lj 67= jctbers, 78 (86.8%) bcd c fl`vgftgl` hetwee`tbegr 38tb c`d 4>tb hgrtbdcys. Lj tbe fl`vgfted jctbers, 56.8% bcd lè fl`-

wbgfb pelpie wgtb c sgagicr respl`se pctter` cre rc`dlaiy cssgmèd tl c ficss tl met tbe prl-plrtgl`s lj tbe prlhchgigtges lj mrlup aeahersbgp. Jlr excapie, gj g`dgvgducis wgtb c fertcg`respl`se pctter` bcve c prlhchgigty lj .2 tl he g` c fertcg` ficss C c`d .8 tl he g` c fertcg` ficssH, jliilwg`m tbe aldci cssgmàe`t, cii tbese g`dgvgducis wluid he ficssgffied cs ficss C. Jli-ilwg`m tbe rc`dla cssgmàe`t, 2>% lj tbese pelpie wgii he ficssgffied cs C, 8>% cs H. Aldcicssgmàe`t ag`gagzes g`flrreft ficssgffifctgl`s, wbgie rc`dla cssgmàe`t cpprlxgactes tbeprlplrtgl` lj g`dgvgducis g` ecfb mrlup tl he tbe plsterglr prlhchgigty lj mrlup aeaher-sbgp. Xc`dla cssgmàe`t tcoes tbe u`fertcg`ty lj mrlup ficssgffifctgl` g`tl cfflu`t. ]be`we cssgm` pelpie tl ficsses g` prlf trck tl he chie tl fcifuicte wgtb tbea, aldci cssgmàe`t gsused c`d tbe mrlup u`fertcg`ty gs gm`lred. Furre`tiy, blwever, tbgs gs tbe lìy wcy g` prlf trck tl cssgm` pelpie tl ficsses.

86 Gt wcs `lt plssghie tl fcifuicte CVXs usg`m MEE. Tl cfflu`t jlr tbe jcft tbct tbe scapiefl`sgsted lj jctbers wgtb auitgpie fbgidre`, CVXs were fcifuicted jlr scapies wbere lè fbgidwcs rc`dlaiy fblse` jlr every jctber. Tbe CVX vciues replrted cre tbe aec` vciue lj ffijty

rc`dlaiy tcoe` scapies.

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:: Fl`vgftgl` Trckeftlrges

Jgmure 4.3; Cme-frgae furves jlr jctbers‗ fl`vgftgl`s - E`mic`d

vgftgl`, 37.:% bcd twl fl`vgftgl`s, 35.8% bcd tbree tl ffive fl`vgftgl`s c`d38.>% bcd sgx fl`vgftgl`s lr alre.

Jgrst, trckeftlrges jlr jctbers were estgacted. Jliilwg`m @cmg` (8>>5),aldei seieftgl` fl`sgsted lj twl steps. Aldei estgactgl` hemc` wgtb aldeisflaprgsg`m tbree mrlups lr alre. G` tbe ffirst step c defgsgl` wcs acde chlut

tbe ùaher lj mrlups g` tbe aldei. Tbe sefl`d step fl`ferèd tbe sbcpelj ecfb mrlup‗s trckeftlry wgtbg` tbe fblse` aldei. C trckeftlry sbcpe fc`he zerl (`l`-ljje`dg`m), ct, igècr, qucdrctgf lr fuhgf (jlr alre tefb`gfcig`jlractgl` see @cmg`, 8>>5). G` tbe ffirst step, tbe aldei secrfb hemc` wgtbaldeis flaplsed lj qucdrctgf trckeftlrges. Tbe ilw HGF plg`ted tlwcrds cjlur-mrlup aldei, tbe bgmb HGF tl c tbree-mrlup aldei (see Cppe`dgx). G`tbe sefl`d step, tbree-mrlup aldeis wgtb dgjjere`t og`ds lj trckeftlrges wereestgacted. C tbree-mrlup aldei wgtb lè `l`-ljje`dg`m (wgtb c` cftuci c`dpredgfted deig`que`fy lj >), lè g`terfept-lìy c`d lè qucdrctgf trckeftlrycppecred tl he tbe hest estgactgl` jlr tbgs scapie lj jctbers.

Tbe resuitg`m aldei gs prese`ted g` ffimure 4.3. Jlr ecse lj replrtg`m, tbetbree mrlups cre icheiied cs jliilws; `l`-ljje`dg`m jctbers (@L), ilw fbrl`gflr splrcdgf ljje`ders (IF), c`d fbrl`gf ljje`ders (FL). @l`-ljje`dg`m jctb-ers (=:.2%) bcd `l fl`vgftgl`s. Vplrcdgf ljje`ders (32.7%) bcd l` cvercme3.5 fl`vgftgl`s. Fbrl`gf ljje`ders (4.6%) bcd reictgveiy ac`y fl`vgftgl`s(l` cvercme :.5) lver tbe wblie lhservctgl` pergld wgtb c peco durg`m tbeicte tee`s c`d ecriy twe`tges.

4.4.8 Jctbers‗ fl`vgftgl` trckeftlrges - tbe @etberic`ds

G` tbe Trc`sffive scapie lj 653 jctbers, 73 (85.7%) bcd c fl`vgftgl` hetwee`tbegr 38tb c`d 4>tb hgrtbdcys. Lj tbese jctbers, 5>.5 % bcd lè fl`vgftgl`,



Xesuits :=

Jgmure 4.8; Cme-frgae furves jlr jctbers‗ fl`vgftgl`s - tbe @etberic`ds

84.8% bcd twl fl`vgftgl`s, 7.7% bcd tbree tl ffive fl`vgftgl`s c`d 35.4%bcd sgx fl`vgftgl`s lr alre.84

Aldei estgactgl` jlr Trc`sffive jctbers cisl hemc` wgtb aldeis flaprgs-g`m tbree mrlups lr alre. G` tbe ffirst step, tbe aldei secrfb hemc` wgtbaldeis flaplsed lj qucdrctgf trckeftlrges. Hltb HGF vciues plg`ted tlwcrdsc tbree-mrlup aldei (see Cppe`dgx). G` tbe sefl`d step, tbree-mrlup aldeiswgtb dgjjere`t og`ds lj trckeftlrges were estgacted. Tbe ilw HGF vciue plg`-ted tlwcrds c aldei wgtb lè `l`-ljje`dg`m (wgtb c` cftuci c`d predgfteddeig`que`fy lj >) c`d twl qucdrctgf trckeftlrges. Tbe bgmb HGF vciue plg`tedtlwcrds c aldei wgtb lè `l`-ljje`dg`m, lè g`terfept-lìy c`d lè qucd-rctgf trckeftlry. Vg`fe tbgs icst aldei gs sgagicr tl tbe aldei jlu`d wgtb tbeFVDD, tbgs aldei wcs fblse` tl fl`tgùe dlg`m c`ciyses wgtb.

Tbe resuitg`m aldei gs prese`ted g` ffimure 4.8. Tbe tbree mrlups cre ic-heiied cs jliilws; `l`-ljje`dg m jctbers (@L), ilw fbrl gf lr splrcdgf lj-je`ders (IF), c`d fbrl`gf ljje`ders (FL). @l`-ljje`dg`m jctbers (=4.3%)

bcd `l fl`vgftgl`s. Vplrcdgf ljje`ders (8>.2%) bcd l` cvercme 3.4 fl`vgf-tgl`s. Fbrl`gf ljje`ders (5.3%) bcd reictgveiy ac`y fl`vgftgl`s (l` cvercme=.4) lver tbe wblie lhservctgl` pergld, sblwg`m c defig`g`m tre`d.85

84 Tbese ùahers g`fiude dgsagsscis. ]be` exfiudg`m dgsagsscis, 2: jctbers (84.5%) bcd c fl`-vgftgl` hetwee` tbegr 38tb c`d 4>tb hgrtbdcys. Lj tbe fl`vgfted jctbers, 58.6% bcd lèfl`vgftgl`, 8>.7% bcd twl fl`vgftgl`s, 3>.5% bcd tbree tl ffive fl`vgftgl`s c`d 3:.6% bcdsgx fl`vgftgl`s lr alre.

85 Cmcg`, tbese ùahers g`fiude dgsagsscis. Jurtberalre, ffive jctbers wbl, hcsed l` tbe estga-ctgl` g`fiudg`m dgsagsscis, were g`fiuded g` tbe ilw/splrcdgf ljje`dg`m mrlup, cre g`fiudedg` tbe `l`-ljje`dg`m mrlup jlr tbe jliilwg`m c`ciyses. G`fiudg`m tbese ffive jctbers g` tbe`l`-ljje`dg`m trckeftlry mrlup c`d exfiudg`m dgsagsscis, `l`-ljje`dg`m jctbers (=5.5%) bcd

`l fl`vgftgl`s, wbgie splrcdgf ljje`ders (37.4 %) bcd l` cvercme 3.4 fl`vgftgl`s c`d fbrl`gfljje ders (5.3 %) bcd l` cvercme =.8 fl`vgftgl`s.

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4.4.6 Ljjsprg`m ljje`dg m hebcvglur per jctber trckeftlrymrlup

G` tbe FVDD, ljjsprg`m lj splrcdgf (IF) c`d fbrl`gf (FL) jctbers bcve c

bgmber fl`vgftgl` rcte tbc` ljjsprg`m lj `l`-ljje`ders (tchie 4.3). Blwever,tbe dgjjere`fe g` fl`vgftgl` rctes hetwee` ljjsprg`m lj IF c`d FL jctbers gs`lt sgm`gffifc`t.8: G` Trc`sffive , ljjsprg`m lj splrcdgf (IF) c`d fbrl`gf (FL)jctbers cisl bcve c bgmber fl`vgftgl` rcte tbc` ljjsprg`m lj `l`-ljje`ders,hut `lè lj tbe dgjjere`fes hetwee` tbe mrlups gs sgm`gffifc`t.8= Bypltbesgs 3stcted tbct ljjsprg`m lj alre persgste`t ljje`ders wgii bcve alre fl`vgftgl`stbc` ljjsprg`m lj alre splrcdgf ljje`dg`m jctbers. Tbe mrlups jlu`d g` tbgsscapie fc``lt èfesscrgiy he desfrghed cs tbe cdliesfe`t-igagted c`d igje-flurse persgste`t mrlups desfrghed hy Aljffitt ( 3776), hefcuse tbe splrcdgfljje`der mrlup te`ds tl ljje`d durg`m tbe wblie igjetgae cs weii. Lè fluid

scy, blwever, tbct tbe splrcdgf ljje`der mrlup gs c iess serglus mrlup tbc`tbe fbrl`gf ljje`der mrlup c`d be`fe, lè fluid expeft strl`mer g`terme`-erctgl`ci trc`sagssgl`. Blwever, tbe furre`t resuits dl `lt prlvgde fl`vg`-fg`m evgde`fe jlr tbgs bypltbesgs, hefcuse tbere gs `l sgm`gffifc`t dgjjere`fehetwee` ljjsprg`m lj splrcdgf c`d fbrl`gf ljje`ders.

4.4.4 Vl`s‗ fl`vgftgl` trckeftlrges - E`mic`d

Tl test tbe ltber bypltbeses, fl`vgftgl` trckeftlrges were estgacted jlr sl`sg` hltb scapies c`d jlr dcumbters g` tbe FVDD. G` tbe FVDD, tbe scapie

fl`tcgèd =28 sl`s, lj wbla 686 (43.6%) bcd c fl`vgftgl` hetwee` tbegr38tb c`d 4>tb hgrtbdcys.82 Lj tbe fl`vgfted sl`s, 65.:% bcd lè fl`vgftgl`,32.6% bcd twl fl`vgftgl`s, 83.>% bcd tbree tl ffive fl`vgftgl`s c`d 85.3%bcd sgx fl`vgftgl`s lr alre.

G` tbe ffirst step lj aldei estgactgl` jlr FVDD sl`s, c ffive-mrlup aldeiresuited g` tbe hest HGF vciue (see Cppe`dgx). G` tbe sefl`d step, severci ffive-mrlup aldeis were flapcred c`d c aldei wgtb twl ct c`d tbree qucdrctgfigès mcve tbe hest HGF vciue jlr tbgs scapie lj sl`s. Tbe resuitg`m aldei gsprese`ted g` ffimure 4.6. Tbe ffive mrlups cre icheiied cs jliilws; `l`-ljje`ders

8: Tbe p-vciue sgm`gffies c` cialst sgm`gffifc`t dgjjere`fe jlr cii ljjsprg`m c`d jlr acies ( p1.>:3c`d .>58), hut filser g`speftgl` lj tbe dctc revecied tbct tbgs gs due tl c` lutiger wgtb 62fl vgftgl`s. Xealvg`m tbgs lutiger jrla tbe c`ciyses resuits g` c H-vciue lj >.46 (75 % FG->.36-3.>>, p1.365) jlr cii fbgidre` c`d c H-vciue lj >.53 (75% FG ->.33-3.36, p1.3>2) jlracies lìy. Jurtberalre, g`speftgl` lj tbe prevcie`fe c`d jreque`fy lj ljjsprg`m ljje`dg`msepcrcteiy revecied eve` saciier dgjjere`fes hetwee` tbe twl mrlups lj ljjsprg`m.

8= Usg`m tbe trckeftlry mrlups wgtblut exfiudg`m tbe jctbers wgtb dgsagsscis lìy, tbere wcs csgm`gffifc`t dgjjere`fe hetwee` ljjsprg`m lj `l`-ljje`dg`m jctbers (FX1>.5:, VD13.7>) c`dljjsprg`m lj ilw/splrcdgf jctbers (FX13.>3, VD18.:4), H1>.:>, 75%FG >.>5-3.35, p1.>66.

82 Tbe prevcie`fe lj fl`vgftgl`s gs bgmber cal`m sl`s tbc` cal`m jctbers. Cs ]est c`d Jcrrg`m-tl` (37==) `lte, tbgs fc` he expicgèd hy twl tbg`ms. Jgrst, wbe` jctbers were g` tbegr pecocme lj ljje`dg`m, tbe rcte lj fl`vgftgl`s g` tbe meèrci plpuictgl` wcs ilwer? jewer pelpiewere fl`vgfted tbc` wbe` sl`s were g` tbegr peco cme lj ljje`dg`m. Tbgs pctter` gs vgsghie g`

hltb studges. Vefl`d, jctbers were cii jcagiy ae` ct slae plg`t. Tberejlre tbey cre iess igoeiytl bcve c fl`vgftgl` tbc` tbe scapie lj sl`s wbgfb wluid cisl g`fiude acies wgtb `l jcagiytges ( Vcapsl` & Icuh, 8>>5? Tbelhcid & Jcrrg`mtl`, 8>>7).

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Xesuits :7

T c h i

e 4 . 3 ; L j j s p r g ` m f l ` v g f t g l ` r c t e h e t w e e

` 3 8 t b c ` d 4 > t b h g r t b d c y s p e r j c t b e r t r c k e f t l r y m r l u p

T r c k e f t l r y m r l u p j c t b e r s

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I

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@ L - I F

@ L

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F X

( V D )

@

F X

( V D )

@

F X

( V D )

H

7 5 % F G

V g m .

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7 5 % F G

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H

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V g m .

E ` m i c ` d

C i i l

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2 6 6

> . 2 :

( 8 . 5 6 )

8

= 6

8 . 3 4

( 4 . 3 > )

= 2

6 . 2 :

( : . 2 3 )

> . 7 5 *

> . 5 7 - 3 . 6 >

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3 . 5

3

*

> . 7 3 - 8 . 3 3

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> . 5 =

- > . > 6 - 3 . 3 :

. > : 3

A c i e

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5 5 8

3 . 8 >

( 8 . 7 = )

3

= 2

8 . 7 2

( 4 . = 4 )

5 8

5 . 6 5

( = . 2 7 )

> . 7 6 *

> . 5 : - 3 . 6 >

. > > 3

3 . 5

=

*

> . 7 5 - 8 . 8 >

. > > 3

> . : 6

- > . > 3 - 3 . 8 =

. > 5 8

J e a c i e s

8 2 3

> . 8 >

( > . 7 2 )

7

5

> . 5 =

( 3 . : > )

8 :

> . 2 2

( 3 . 4 5 )

3 . > 4 *

> . 3 2 - 3 . 7 3

. > 3 7

3 . 4

3

*

> . 4 : - 8 . 6 =

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> . 6 6

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. 5 > 5

T b e @

e t b e r i c ` d s

C i i l

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: > 3

> . 5 7

( 3 . 7 6 )

3

4 7

> . 7 3

( 8 . : 3 )

4 6

> . = 7

( 8 . 3 3 )

> . 4 :

- > . 3 6 - 3 . > 5

. 3 8 5

> . 8

4

- > . 5 6 - 3 . > >

. 5 4 :

- > . 3 7

- . 3

> : - > . : 2

. : : =

A c i e

s

6 3 8

> . 7 :

( 8 . 4 8 )

=

7

3 . 4 8

( 8 . 7 4 )

3 5

3 . 7 6

( 6 . 8 2 )

> . 6 2

- > . 8 8 - > . 7 2

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> . :

=

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> . 8 7

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J e a c i e s

8 2 7

> . 3 7

( 3 . > 7 )

=

>

> . 6 4

( 8 . > 5 )

8 2

> . 3 2

( > . 4 2 )

> . 5 =

- > . 7 5 - 8 . > 7

. 4 : 8

- > . > 2

- 3 . 3 : - > . 7 7

. 2 = 7

- > . : 4

- 8 . 8 5 - > . 7 2

. 4 4 8

* p 9

. > 5 ? 7 5 % F G , 7 5 % F l ` ffi d e ` f e g ` t e r v c i ? F L , f b r l ` g f l j j e ` d g ` m j c t b e r s ? F X , f l ` v g f t g l ` r c t e ? @ , ` u a h e r l j l j j s p r g ` m ? @

L , ` l ` - l j j e ` d g ` m j c t b e r s ? I F , i l w l r s p l r c d g f l j j e ` d g ` m

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r s ? ^ F , p c r e ` t c i f l ` v g f t g l ` ? V D , s t c ` d c r d d e v g c t g l ` .



=> Fl`vgftgl` Trckeftlrges

Jgmure 4.6; Cme-frgae furves jlr sl`s‗ fl`vgftgl`s - E`mic`d

(@L - :6.>%) wbl bcd `l lr c sg`mie fl`vgftgl`? ilw desgsters (ID - 83.7%)wbl bcd l` cvercme 8 fl`vgftgl`s durg`m tbegr tee`s c`d ecriy twe`tges c`dtbe` desgsted jrla flaagttg`m frgae? ilw fbrl`gf ljje`ders (IF - =.4%)wbl fl`tgùed tl bcve fl`vgftgl`s (l` cvercme 5) lver tbe wblie igje-flurse?bgmb desgsters (BD - 4.7%) wbl bcd reictgveiy ac`y fl`vgftgl`s (l` cver-cme 33) durg`m tbegr tee`s c`d ecriy twe`tges c`d tbe` desgsted? c`d fbrl`gfljje`ders (FL - 8.2%) wbl bcd reictgveiy ac`y fl`vgftgl`s (l` cvercme 32)lver tbe wblie lhservctgl` pergld wgtb c peco durg`m tbe icte tee`s c`d ecriytwe`tges. Tbese ffive mrlups cre sgagicr tl tbe lès jlu`d prevglusiy jlr tbelrgmg`ci ae` g` tbe FVDD ( gquerl et ci., 8>>=).

4.4.5 Vl`s‗ fl`vgftgl` trckeftlrges - tbe @etberic`ds

Tbe Trc`sffive scapie fl`sgsted lj 4>7 sl`s, lj wbla 362 (66.=%) bcd c

fl`vgftgl` hetwee` tbegr 38tb c`d 4>tb hgrtbdcys.87 Lj tbe fl`vgfted sl`s,5>.> % bcd lè fl`vgftgl`, 35.8 % bcd twl fl`vgftgl`s, 34.5 % bcd tbree tlffive fl`vgftgl`s c`d 8>.6% bcd sgx fl`vgftgl`s lr alre.6>

G` tbe ffirst step, aldeis were estgacted g` wbgfb cii mrlups were qucd-rctgf. Tbe bgmb HGF vciue plg`ted tl c tbree-mrlup aldei, tbe ilw HGF vciue

87 Tbree lutigers were exfiuded jrla tbe c`ciyses, hefcuse tbey bcd 85, :> c`d := fl`vgftgl`shetwee` tbegr 38tb c`d 4>tb hgrtbdcys. Tbgs aec`t tbct tbere were yecrs g` wbgfb slaelèbcd 84 fl`vgftgl`s. Tbe aec` ùaher lj fl`vgftgl`s per yecr wcs crlu`d 3-6, c`d cvercmescrlu`d 6 ciwcys g`fiuded sufb c` lutiger. G estgacted aldeis wgtb c`d wgtblut lutigers,hut g`fiudg`m tbese lutigers dgsturhed aldei estgactgl`. Tberejlre tbese tbree pelpie wereexfiuded jrla tbe c`ciyses.

6> Cii ùahers jlr sl`s g`fiude pligfy dgsagsscis.

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Xesuits =3

Jgmure 4.4; Cme-frgae furves jlr sl`s‗ fl`vgftgl`s - tbe @etberic`ds

plg`ted tl c ffive-mrlup aldei. Vg`fe tbese vciues recfbed sufb dgjjere`t fl`-fiusgl`s, aldeis were suhseque`tiy estgacted wgtb ct iecst lè g`terfept-lìymrlup. Tbe bgmb HGF vciue plg`ted tl c jlur-mrlup aldei, tbe ilw HGF vciuetl c ffive-mrlup aldei. G` tbe sefl`d step, tbree-mrlup cs weii cs jlur-mrlup

aldeis were estgacted, c`d c jlur-mrlup aldei wgtb lè g`terfept-lìy c`dtbree qucdrctgf mrlups cppecred tl bcve tbe hest HGF vciue jlr tbgs scapielj sl`s. Tbe resuitg`m aldei gs prese`ted g` ffimure 4.4. Tbe jlur mrlups creicheiied cs jliilws; ilw desgsters (ID - =5.2%) wbl bcd `l fl`vgftgl`s lrc sg`mie fl`vgftgl` durg`m tbegr tee`s c`d ecriy twe`tges c`d tbe` desgstedjrla flaagttg`m frgae? ilw fbrl`gf ljje`ders (IF - 34.8%) wbl fl`tg`-ued tl bcve fl`vgftgl`s (l` cvercme 3.:) lver tbe wblie igje flurse? bgmbdesgsters (BD - 4.3%) wbl bcd reictgveiy ac`y fl`vgftgl`s (l` cvercme 5.=)durg`m tbegr tee`s c`d ecriy twe`tges c`d tbe` desgsted? c`d fbrl`gf ljje`d-ers (FL - 5.7%) wbl bcd reictgveiy ac`y fl`vgftgl`s (l` cvercme 7) lver

tbe wblie lhservctgl` pergld wgtb c peco durg`m tbe icte tee`s c`d ecriytwe`tges. Tbe sbcpes lj tbese jlur mrlups cre sgagicr tl tbe mrlups jlu`dwgtb tbe FVDD, tblumb tbe cvercme ùaher lj fl`vgftgl`s per yecr gs ilwertbc` g` tbe FVDD aldei. Tbe aldei jlr FVDD sl`s cisl g`fiuded c fiecr`l`-ljje`dg`m trckeftlry. Tbgs trckeftlry seeas tl he flahgèd wgtb tbe ilwdesgstg`m mrlup g` Trc`sffive . Jurtberalre, tbe jreque`fy lj ljje`dg`m g` tbefbrl`gf ljje`der mrlup g` Trc`sffive cppecrs tl g`frecse u`tgi tbe icte twe`tges(peco crlu`d 82-87 yecrs lid), wbgie ljje`dg`m g` tbe fbrl`gf mrlup g` tbeFVDD stcrts defig`g`m jrla tbe ecriy twe`tges (peco crlu`d 83-88 yecrs lid).Aldeis wgtb c spefgffif `l`-ljje`der mrlup g` Trc`sffive were estgacted, hut

tbgs dgd `lt iecd tl c hetter aldei ffit.



=8 Fl`vgftgl` Trckeftlrges

Jgmure 4.5; Cme-frgae furves jlr dcumbters‗ fl`vgftgl`s - E`mic`d

4.4.: Dcumbters‗ fl`vgftgl` trckeftlrges - E`mic`d

Tbe scapie fl`tcgèd 4>8 dcumbters, lj wbla 5> (38.4%) bcd c fl`vgftgl`hetwee` tbegr 38tb c`d 4>tb hgrtbdcys. Lj tbe fl`vgfted dcumbters, 48.> %bcd lè fl`vgftgl`, 88.>% bcd twl fl`vgftgl`s, 8:.>% bcd tbree tl ffivefl`vgftgl`s c`d 3>.>% bcd sgx fl`vgftgl`s lr alre.

Vgagicr tl jctbers c`d sl`s, tbe aldei secrfb jlr dcumbters hemc` wgtbaldeis flaplsed lj qucdrctgf trckeftlrges. Tbgs plg`ted tlwcrds c aldeiwgtb tbree mrlups (see Cppe`dgx). C tbree-mrlup aldei wgtb lè `l`-ljje`dg`m mrlup c`d twl qucdrctgf furves mcve tbe hest HGF vciue jlr tbree-mrlup aldeis. Tbe resuitg`m aldei gs prese`ted g` ffimure 4.5. Tbe tbreemrlups cre icheiied cs jliilws; `l`-ljje`ders (@L - 2=.:%) wbl bcd `l fl`-vgftgl`s? ilw desgstg`m ljje`ders (ID - 3>.8%) wbl bcd l` cvercme 8 fl`vgf-tgl`s c`d desgsted g` tbegr twe`tges? c`d fbrl`gf ljje`ders (FL - 8.8%) wblbcd reictgveiy ac`y fl`vgftgl`s (l` cvercme =) lver tbe wblie lhservctgl`pergld wgtb c peco durg`m tbe icte tee`s c`d ecriy twe`tges.

4.4.= G`termeèrctgl`ci reseahic`fe lj fl`vgftgl`trckeftlrges

Cjter aldeiig`m ljjsprg`m trckeftlrges, tbese were flapcred wgtb jctbers‗trckeftlrges. Jlr tbe FVDD, prlplrtgl`s lj sl`s jlr every flahg`ctgl`lj jctber c`d sl` trckeftlry mrlup cre prese`ted g` tchie 4.8. Tbe prlplr-tgl`s lj sl`s per mrlup lj jctbers c`d tbe CVXs cre prese`ted g` tchie 4.6.Tbe lvercii csslfgctgl` hetwee` jctbers‗ c`d sl`s‗ trckeftlrges wcs sgm`gffifc`t

( ύ8(3) 1 87.63, p 9 .>>3

).



Xesuits =6

Tchie 4.8; Xeseahic`fe hetwee jctbers c`d sl`s; perfe`tcmes lj mrlup aeahersbgp jlr jctbersc`d sl`s - E`mic`d

Jctber‗s trckeftlry

@l -ljje ders Ilw ljje ders Fbrl`gf ljje dersVl`‗s trckeftlry @ % @ % @ % Tltci %

@l`-ljje`ders 62= 47.5 25 3>.7 83 8.= :6.>Ilw desgstg`m 338 34.6 47 :.6 83 3.6 83.7Ilw fbrl`gf 87 6.= 83 8.= 2 3.> =.4Bgmb desgstg`m 3= 8.8 34 3.2 = >.7 4.7Bgmb fbrl`gf = >.7 7 3.8 : >.2 8.2

=>.: 88.2 :.: 3>>

Tchie 4.6; Xeseahic`fe hetwee` jctbers‗ c`d sl`s‗ mrlups; prlplrtgl` lj sl`s per jctber mrlupc`d Cdkusted Vtc`dcrdgsed Xesgducis - E`mic`d


Vl ‗s trckeftlry @l`-ljje`ders Ilw ljje`ders Fbrl gf ljje ders Tltci

@l`-ljje`ders % =>.3 4=.2 4>.4 :6.>CVX 4.2* -6.:* -8.:*

Ilw desgstg`m % 8>.6 8=.5 37.8 83.7CVX -3.7 3.7 >.6

Ilw fbrl`gf % 5.6 33.2 35.4 =.4CVX -3.7 3.6 3.4

Bgmb desgstg`m % 6.3 =.7 36.5 4.7CVX -8.8* 3.6 8.3*

Bgmb fbrl`gf % 3.6 5.3 33.5 8.2CVX -6.6* 8.6* 8.4*

Tltci 3>>.> % 3>>.> % 3>>.> %

% 1 perfe`tcme lj fliua`, per jctber mrlup? CVX 1 Cdkusted Vtc`dcrdgsed Xesgduci? * p9.>5

Tbgs vciue mgves c` g`dgfctgl` jlr tbe wblie tchie, hut dles `lt scy aufbchlut tbe spefgffif reictgl`sbgps. Tbe CVXs deal`strcte tbct `l`-ljje`dg`m(@L) jctbers bcve c sgm`gffifc`tiy bgmber prlplrtgl` lj `l`-ljje`dg`m (@L)sl`s c`d c sgm`gffifc`tiy ilwer prlplrtgl` lj bgmb desgstg`m (BD) c`d fbrl`gfljje`dg`m (FL) sl`s. Tbgs pctter` gs reversed jlr fbrl`gf ljje`dg m (FL)jctbers? tbey bcve c sgm`gffifc`tiy bgmber prlplrtgl` lj BD c`d FL sl`s,hut c sgm`gffifc`tiy ilwer prlplrtgl` lj @L sl`s. Ilw fbrl`gf ljje dg`m

(IF) jctbers bcve c sgm`gffifc`tiy ilwer prlplrtgl` lj @L sl`s c`d c sgm`gj-gfc`tiy bgmber prlplrtgl` lj FL sl`s. IF jctbers cppecr tl bcve c bgmberprlplrtgl` lj IF c`d BD sl`s tbc` expefted, hut tbgs gs `lt sgm`gffifc`t.Alrelver, tbe prlplrtgl` lj IF lr BD sl`s cal`m IF jctbers c`d FLjctbers dles `lt dgjjer sgm`gffifc`tiy jrla ecfb ltber (=.7% versus 36.5% c`d5.3% versus 33.5%, LX13.73, 75% FG; >.:>-:.3> c`d LX18.46, 75% FG;>.=>-2.42). Tbese resuits summest tbct fbrl`gf ljje`dg`m jctbers cre `l hettertbc` ilw fbrl`gf ljje`dg`m jctbers ct predgftg`m fbrl`gf ljje`dg`m sl`s.

Jlr Trc`sffive , prlplrtgl`s lj sl`s jlr every flahg`ctgl` lj jctber c`dsl` trckeftlry mrlup cre prese`ted g` tchie 4.4. Tbe prlplrtgl`s lj sl`s

per mrlup lj jctbers c`d tbe CVXs cre prese`ted g` tchie 4.5. Tbe lver-




Tchie 4.4; Xeseahic`fe hetwee jctbers c`d sl`s; perfe`tcmes lj mrlup aeahersbgp jlr jctbersc`d sl`s - tbe @etberic`ds


@l -ljje ders Ilw ljje ders Fbrl gf ljje dersVl`‗s trckeftlry @ % @ % @ % Tltci %

Ilw desgstg`m 846 57.7 5: 36.2 3> 8.5 =:.3Ilw fbrl`gf 48 3>.6 36 6.8 8 >.5 34.>Bgmb desgstg`m 35 6.= 3 >.8 3 >.8 4.8Bgmb fbrl`gf 6.> 38 7 8.8 8 >.5 5.=

=:.2 37.5 6.= 3>>

Tchie 4.5; Xeseahic`fe hetwee` jctbers‗ c`d sl`s‗ mrlups; prlplrtgl` lj sl`s per jctber mrlupc`d Cdkusted Vtc`dcrdgsed Xesgducis - tbe @etberic`ds


Vl ‗s trckeftlry @l`-ljje`ders Ilw ljje`ders Fbrl gf ljje ders Tltci

Ilw desgstg`m % ==.7 =>.7 ::.= =:.3CVX 8.>* -3.4 ->.=

Ilw fbrl`gf % 36.5 3:.5 36.6 34.>CVX ->.2 >.7 ->.3

Bgmb desgstg`m % 4.2 3.6 :.= 4.8CVX >.4 ->.: >.8

Bgmb fbrl`gf % 6.2 33.4 36.6 5.=CVX -8.3* 3.= 3.8

Tltci 3>>.> % 3>>.> % 3>>.> %


cii csslfgctgl` hetwee` jctbers‗ c`d sl`s‗ trckeftlrges wcs kust sgm`gffifc`t ( ύ8

(3)16.7:5, p1.>4:). Tbe CVXs deal`strcte tbct `l`-ljje`dg`m (@L) jctb-ers bcve c sgm`gffifc`tiy bgmber prlplrtgl` lj `l`-ljje`dg`m (ID) sl`s c`dc sgm`gffifc`tiy ilwer prlplrtgl` lj fbrl`gf ljje`dg`m (FL) sl`s. @lè lj tbe ltber CVXs gs sgm`gffifc`t. Jurtberalre, tbe prlplrtgl` lj IF lr BDsl`s cal`m IF jctbers c`d FL jctbers dles `lt dgjjer sgm`gffifc`tiy jrlaecfb ltber (3.6% versus :.=% c`d 33.4% versus 36.6%, LX15.:4, 75%FG; >.6:-27.3> c`d LX13.88, 75% FG; >.84-:.3>). Tbese resuits summest tbctfbrl`gf ljje`dg`m jctbers dl `lt predgft fbrl`gf ljje`dg`m sl`s hetter tbc`

ilw fbrl`gf ljje`dg`m jctbers.Jlr hltb dctc sets, tbe sgm`gffifc`t ύ8 fl`ffiras bypltbesgs 8 tbct jctber c`dsl` trckeftlrges cre sgagicr g` slae respefts. Jurtberalre, tbe CVXs sblwtbct `l`-ljje`dg`m jctbers te`d tl predgft `l`-ljje`dg m sl`s (citblumb g`Trc`sffive tbgs mrlup gs flahgèd g`tl lè ilw desgstg`m mrlup), wbgfb fl`-ffiras bypltbesgs 6. Blwever, tbe ldds rctgls dl `lt supplrt bypltbesgs 4,tbct dgjjere`t types lj jctber ljje`dg`m trckeftlrges predgft dgjjere`t types lj ljjsprg`m ljje`dg`m trckeftlrges. Csslfgctgl`s jlr tbe FVDD cppecr strl`mertbc` jlr Trc`sffive .

C sgagicr pctter` wcs vgsghie jlr jctbers c`d dcumbters (tchie 4.: c`d

4.=). Tbe csslfgctgl` hetwee` jctbers c`d dcumbters‗ trckeftlrges gs sgm`gffi-



Xesuits =5

Tchie 4.:; Xeseahic`fe hetwee` jctbers c`d dcumbters; perfe`tcmes lj mrlup aeahersbgp jlrjctbers c`d dcumbters


@l`-ljje`ders Ilw ljje ders Fbrl`gf ljje dersDcumbter‗s trckeftlry @ % @ % @ % Tltci %

@l`-ljje`ders 85= :6.7 =2 37.4 3= 4.8 2=.:Ilw desgstg`m 83 5.8 38 6.> 2 8.> 3>.8Fbrl`gf ljje`ders 6 >.= 5 3.8 3 >.8 8.8

:7.7 86.: :.5 3>>

Tchie 4.=; Xeseahic`fe hetwee` jctbers‗ c`d dcumbters‗ mrlups; prlplrtgl` lj dcumbters perjctber mrlup c`d Cdkusted Vtc`dcrdgsed Xesgducis


Dcumbter‗s trckeftlry @l`-ljje ders Ilw ljje`ders Fbrl`gf ljje ders Tltci

@l`-ljje`ders % 73.5 28.3 :5.4 2=.:CVX 8.6* -3.5 -3.2Ilw desgstg`m % =.5 38.: 6>.2 3>.8

CVX -3.2 >.= 8.>*Fbrl`gf ljje`ders % 3.3 5.6 6.2 8.8

CVX -3.6 3.: ->.3Tltci 3>>.> % 3>>.> % 3>>.> %


fc`t ( ύ8(3) 1 36.=:, p 9 .>>3). Tbe CVXs deal`strcte tbct `l`-ljje`dg`m(@L) jctbers bcve c sgm`gffifc`tiy bgmber prlplrtgl` lj `l`-ljje`dg`m (@L)dcumbters tbc` expefted hy fbc`fe. Fbrl`gf ljje`dg`m (FL) jctbers bcve csgm`gffifc`tiy bgmber prlplrtgl` lj ilw desgstg m (ID) dcumbters. Tbgs prlplr-tgl` lj ID dcumbters gs cisl sgm`gffifc`tiy bgmber tbc` tbe prlplrtgl` lj IDdcumbters cal`m ilw fbrl`gf ljje`dg`m (IF) jctbers (6>.2% versus 38.:%,LX18.77, 75% FG; 3.>6, 2.:2). Cmcg`, sgagicr tl tbe fcse lj jctbers‗ c`dsl`s‗ trckeftlrges, FL jctbers dl `lt predgft fbrl`gf ljje`dg`m (FL) dcumb-ters hetter tbc` IF jctbers. Tbe sgm`gffifc`t reictgl sbgp fc` he cttrghutedalstiy tl tbe jcft tbct `l`-ljje`dg`m jctbers bcve `l`-ljje`dg`m dcumbters,wbgie ljje`dg`m jctbers (IF c`d FL) bcve ljje`dg`m dcumbters. Tbe resuits

jlr dcumbters cisl fl`ffira bypltbeses 8 c`d 6, hut `lt bypltbesgs 4. Tbeldds rctgls cftuciiy sblw c flu`ter-g`tugtgve resuit; fbrl`gf ljje`dg`m jctb-ers predgft ilw desgstg`m dcumbters.

Eve` tblumb tbe MEE c`ciyses deal`strcte c sgm`gffifc`t reictgl`sbgphetwee` jctbers‗ c`d ljjsprg`m‗s ljje`dg`m trckeftlrges, alre detcgied c`ciysgslj tbe sepcrcte feiis dles `lt supplrt bypltbesgs 4, tbct spefgffif jctberljje`dg`m trckeftlrges predgft sgagicr spefgffif ljjsprg`m ljje`dg`m trckeftlrges.Tbey fl`ffira tbe prevglus resuits jlr bypltbesgs 3, tbct ljjsprg`m lj jctberswbl bcve c alre fbrl`gf fl`vgftgl` trckeftlry dl `lt sblw alre frgag`cihebcvglur tbc` ljjsprg`m lj splrcdgfciiy ljje`dg`m jctbers.



=: Fl`vgftgl` Trckeftlrges

4.5 Dgsfussgl`

Tbgs study g`vestgmcted g`termeèrctgl`ci trc`sagssgl` hy eapilyg`m tbemrlup-hcsed trckeftlrges aetbldlilmy. Tbree types lj trckeftlrges jlr jctbers

were jlu`d g` tbe Fcahrgdme Vtudy g` Deig`que`t Deveilpae`t cs weii csg` tbe @VFX Trc`sffive Vtudy; `l`-ljje`ders (@L), ilw fbrl`gf lr splrcdgfljje`ders (IF), c`d fbrl`gf ljje`ders (FL). Cal`m dcumbters g` tbe FVDD,tbree types were gde`tgffied; `l`-ljje`ders (@L), ilw desgsters (ID), c`dfbrl`gf ljje`ders (FL), c`d twl cddgtgl`ci mrlups were gde`tgffied cal`mFVDD sl`s; ilw fbrl`gf ljje`ders (IF) c`d bgmb desgsters (BD). Cal`mTrc`sffive sl`s, ljje`dg`m mrlups were gde`tgffied tbct were sgagicr tl tblsejlu`d cal`m FVDD sl`s, citblumb tbere wcs `l fiecr `l`-ljje`dg`m mrlupgde`tgffied cal`m Trc`sffive . Tbe acg` fl`fiusgl`s lj tbgs fbcpter cre;

• Ljjsprg`m lj alre persgste`t ljje`dg`m jctbers dl `lt bcve alre fl`-vgftgl`s tbc` ljjsprg m lj splrcdgf ljje`dg`m jctbers. G` tbe FVDD,ljjsprg`m lj IF c`d FL jctbers bcve sgm`gffifc`tiy alre fl`vgftgl`stbc` ljjsprg`m lj @L jctbers, hut ljjsprg`m lj IF jctbers dl `lt dgjjersgm`gffifc`tiy jrla ljjsprg`m lj FL jctbers.

• Citblumb jctber c`d ljjsprg`m trckeftlrges illo sgagicr, tbe sgm`gffifc`treictgl`sbgp fc` he expicgèd hy tbe lhservctgl` tbct `l`-ljje`dg`mjctber trckeftlrges te`d tl predgft `l`-ljje`dg`m fbgid trckeftlrges.

• Fbrl`gf ljje`dg`m (FL) jctbers dl `lt predgft fbrl`gf ljje`dg`m (FL)

lr bgmb desgstg`m (BD) sl`s hetter tbc` splrcdgf (IF) jctbers.

• Vurprgsg`miy, fbrl`gf ljje`dg`m (FL) jctbers predgft ilw desgstg`m (ID)dcumbters hetter tbc` splrcdgf jctbers. Tbgs gs c resuit `lt expeftedhcsed l` tbe g`termeèrctgl`ci tbelrges.

Tbe meèrci fl`fiusgl` jrla tbgs study gs tbct, surprgsg`miy, tbe g`te`s-gty lj tbe jctber‗s fcreer dles `lt predgft tbe g`te`sgty lj tbe fbgid‗s fcreer.Tbe resuits deal`strcte c strl`m g`termeèrctgl`ci trc`sagssgl` lj frgag`cihebcvglur, hut gt gs tbe jcft tbct jctbers bcve c fl`vgftgl` rctber tbc` wbcttbegr fl`vgftgl` trckeftlry illos igoe tbct gs reicted tl ljjsprg`m fl`vgftgl`s.

Tbgs fl`ffiras prevglus c`ciyses wgtb tbe FVDD lrgmg`ci ae`, g` wbgfb jctb-ers wgtb lè fl`vgftgl` g` cduitblld lr fl`vgftgl`s cs c kuve`gie lìy wereflapcred wgtb jctbers wgtb twl fl`vgftgl`s lr alre ( ]est & Jcrrg`mtl`,37==).63

Blwever, tbe resuits jrla tbgs fbcpter dl `lt fl`ffira c`ciyses jrla tbeprevglus fbcpter wbgfb sblwed tbct tbe jreque`fy lj pcre`tci fl`vgftgl`s gssgm`gffifc`tiy reicted tl ljjsprg`m fl`vgftgl` rcte. Twl recsl`s fluid expicg`

63 Tbe furre`t study cisl fbefoed wbetber resuits were dgjjere`t jlr tbe lrgmg`ci FVDD ae`versus tbegr hrltbers. C`ciyses ru` sepcrcteiy jlr tbe lrgmg`ci ae` c`d jlr tbegr hrltbers

iecd tl tbe scae fl`fiusgl`? tbct tbere gs `l fl`vg`fg`m supplrt jlr tbe bypltbesgs tbct alrepersgste`t ljje`ders bcve alre persgste`t ljje dg`m fbgidre`.

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Dgsfussgl` ==

tbgs dgjjere`fe. Jgrst, g` tbe trckeftlry c`ciyses c dgfbltlay wcs frected hyflapcrg`m twl mrlups lj fbgidre` jrla twl types lj jctbers, wberecs c fl`-tgùlus aecsure (ùaher lj fl`vgftgl`s) wcs used g` Fbcpter 6. ]be` usg`mc dgfbltlalus aecsure, slae suhtiety g` tbe vcrgchie gs ilst, c`d tbgs fluid

expicg` wby `l sgm`gffifc`t dgjjere`fes were jlu`d g` tbgs fbcpter. Vefl`d, g`tbgs fbcpter trckeftlrges lj jctbers lìy were studged, wbgie tbe jreque`fy vcrg-chie g` Fbcpter 6 g`fiuded fl`vgftgl`s hy altbers cs weii cs jctbers. Tcog`mhltb pcre`ts g`tl cfflu`t gs gaplrtc`t, sg`fe tbey wgii hltb gapcft l` tbegrljjsprg`m‗s deveilpae`t (see jlr excapie Tblr`herry et ci.‗s (8>>7, Tblr`-herry, 8>>7) resecrfb l` tbe gapcft lj jctbers c`d altbers c`d l`mlg`m fl`-tcft wgtb tbegr ljjsprg`m). Tbe csslrtctgve actg`m fl`fept (see G`trlduftgl`,pcme =) heflaes reievc`t bere, sg`fe trc`sagssgl` wgii he strl`mer wbe` twlpcre`ts bcve sblw` frgag`ci hebcvglur. Gj lè pcre`t gs frgag`ci, hut tbeltber gs `lt, tbgs `l`-frgag ci pcre`t fluid cft cs c prlteftgve jcftlr g` tbeljjsprg`m‗s deveilpae`t. U`jlrtu`cteiy gt wcs `lt plssghie tl excagè tbegapcft lj jctbers‗ c`d altbers‗ fl`vgftgl`s sepcrcteiy g` Fbcpter 6, hefcusetbe ùaher lj altbers wgtb c fl`vgftgl` wcs tll ilw. Gt wluid he g`ter-estg`m tl g`vestgmcte tbe plssghgigty lj tbe dgjjere`t gapcft lj jctbers‗ versusaltbers‗ fl`vgftgl`s. Cs cirecdy dgsfussed g` Fbcpter 8 (see pcme 6:), tberegs iess frgag`ci cftgvgty cal`m wlae` c`d g`termeèrctgl`ci trc`sagssgl`c`d slfgci iecr`g`m acy he strl`mer g` scae-me`der reictgl`sbgps ( Jcrrg`m-tl`, Hcrès & Icahert, 377:).

]bct dl tbese resuits aec` jlr tbelrges lj g`termeèrctgl`ci trc`sags-

sgl`< Tbey fl`ffira prevglus ffi`dg`ms (see jlr excapie Hgkieveid & ]gkoac`,8>>7? Jcrrg`mtl` et ci., 8>>3? Jermusl`, 3758? Mlrac`-Vagtb et ci., 3772?Xlwe & Jcrrg`mtl`, 377=? Tblr`herry, 8>>5? B. ]gisl`, 37=5) tbct deal`-strcte tbct bcvg`m c fl`vgfted jctber g`frecses tbe fbc`fe c`d tbe ùaher lj ljjsprg`m fl`vgftgl`s. Blwever, fl`trcry tl wbct wcs expefted hcsed l`tcxl`lagf tbelrges c`d tbelrges l` g`termeèrctgl`ci trc`sagssgl`, tbere gs`l dgjjere`fe hetwee` ljjsprg`m lj splrcdgf c`d alre persgste`t ljje`ders.Tbe trckeftlrges jlu`d jlr jctbers dgd `lt reseahie tbe cdliesfe`t-igagtedversus igje-flurse persgste`t ljje`der mrlups cs desfrghed hy Aljffitt (3776).Blwever, tbe resuits dgd sblw twl dgstg`ft ljje`dg`m trckeftlrges, lè lj

wbgfb dgspicyed alre fbrl`gf c`d jreque`t ljje`dg`m, hut ljjsprg`m lj tbesefbrl`gf ljje`ders dgd `lt exbghgt sgm`gffifc`tiy alre frgag`ci hebcvglur tbc`ljjsprg`m lj splrcdgf ljje`ders. Tbgs study wcs `lt chie tl test tbelrges dgr-eftiy, hut tbe resuits dl `lt supplrt tbe strl`mer hglilmgfci, slfgci iecr`g`mc`d ljffifgci hgcs gùe`fe cs bypltbesgzed g` tbe G`trlduftgl` lj tbgs fbcpter.

Tbgs study u`dluhtediy bcs igagtctgl s. Cs g` tbe prevglus fbcpters,lìy ljffifgci dctc bcve hee` used, c`d tbese sujjer jrla c dcro ùaher; tbepcrt lj ljje`dg`m tbct gs `lt aecsured hy ljffifgci stctgstgfs (Hgkieveid, 8>>=?Jgsber & Xlss, 8>>:? Acmugre, 8>>=). Tbe dgjjere`fe hetwee` ljffifgci fl`vgf-tgl`s c`d seij-replrted ljje`dg`m agmbt he dgjjere`t jlr pelpie wgtb dgjjere`t

fl`vgftgl` trckeftlrges. êrbcps persgste`t ljje`ders flaagt reictgveiy alre




u`see` ljje`fes flapcred wgtb splrcdgf ljje ders. Lr, seeag`miy cdliesfe`tigagted-ljje`ders agmbt iecr` blw tl cvlgd mettg`m fcumbt cs tbey met lider.êlpie wbl cre g`fiuded g` tbe ljje`dg`m trckeftlrges cii bcve ct iecst lèfl`vgftgl` c`d tberehy tbey cre alre blalmeèlus tbc` tbe wblie scapie

lj jctbers. Gt wcs `lt plssghie tl dgsfrgag`cte lr aecsure tbe ljje`dg`m lj jctbers wgtblut c fl`vgftgl`. Gt gs igoeiy tbct tbere cre jctbers wgtblut c fl`-vgftgl` wbl bcve cftuciiy sblw` slae og`d lj deig`que`t hebcvglur. Gj lèwluid use seij-replrted dctc l` ljje`dg`m, tbgs wluid iecd tl c ffièr mrcdc-tgl` lj vliuae c`d tgag`m lj ljje`dg`m, c`d gt gs plssghie tbct tbgs wluid iecdtl dgjjere`t resuits. Tberejlre, gt wluid he g`terestg`m tl g`vestgmcte trckeft-lrges lj ljje`dg`m wgtb seij-replrted dctc l` ljje`dg`m hebcvglur jlr hltbmeèrctgl`s.

Vefl`d, tbe scapies were reictgveiy sacii, espefgciiy jlr jeacies. Alretrckeftlry mrlups te`d tl he jlu`d wbe` c scapie fl`sgsts lj c mrecterùaher lj fl`vgfted g`dgvgducis c`d alre aecsureae`ts per g`dgvgduci(D‗U`mer et ci., 3772? Emmiestl` et ci., 8>>4? @cmg` & Treahicy, 8>>5c).Meèrciiy, tbe ùaher lj mrlups gde`tgffied gs stchie wgtb c scapie lj lver6>>-5>> g`dgvgducis, sl tbgs study‗s scapie sgzes sbluid he icrme e`lumb(@cmg` & Treahicy, 8>>5c). Tbe dgjjere`fe g` ùaher lj trckeftlry mrlupshetwee` ( FVDD) sl`s versus jctbers c`d dcumbters, blwever, fluid plssghiyhe expicgèd hy tbe jcft tbct tbe scapie lj sl`s gs twgfe cs icrme c`d tbct sl`sbcve alre fl`vgftgl`s tbc` dcumbters lr jctbers. Gt wluid he g`terestg`m tlcacimcacte tbe scapie lj jctbers c`d sl`s c`d estgacte trckeftlry aldeis

jlr tbgs flahgèd mrlup. Tbgs wluid jcfgigtcte flapcrgsl` lj jctber c`dsl` trckeftlrges. G dgd try tbgs citer`ctgve wcy lj c`ciysgs usg`m tbe FVDDc`d tbe resuitg`m aldei wcs flapcrchie tl tbe aldei wgtb ffive mrlups jlrsl`s. Blwever, tbe ùaher lj jctbers g` slae mrlups wcs extreaeiy ilw.Cs c resuit gt wcs `lt plssghie tl flapcre tbe jctber c`d sl` aldeis reigchiy.Gt wluid he g`terestg`m tl estgacte aldeis jlr c` cacimcacted scapie lj pcre`ts c`d ljjsprg`m g` c icrmer dctc set wgtb e`lumb fl`vgftgl`s jlr hltbmeèrctgl`s. Tbe ùaher lj altbers wgtb fl`vgftgl`s wcs eve` saciier; tllsacii tl gde`tgjy c reigchie aldei. Gt gs u`jlrtu`cte tbct gt wcs `lt plssghie tlexcagè altbers‗ trckeftlrges, hefcuse g`termeèrctgl`ci aefbc`gsas agmbt

he dgjjere`t jlr acies c`d jeacies (see cisl pcme 6:). Cfflrdg`miy, gt wluidhe g`terestg`m tl see wbetber g`vestgmctg`m g`termeèrctgl`ci reseahic`felj fl`vgftgl` trckeftlrges jrla altbers tl fbgidre` wluid ygeid tbe scaefl`fiusgl` cs jlr jctbers. Gt wluid he desgrchie tl repigfcte tbgs resecrfb wgtbc dctcset tbct g`fiudes alre jeacies.

Tbgrd, gt gs gaplrtc`t tl recigse tbct desfrghg`m mrlups lj pelpie g` teraslj tbegr trckeftlrges dles `lt aec` tbct tbese fctemlrges cre c perjeft reef-tgl` lj recigty. Fctemlrgsg`m pelpie usg`m tbe seag-pcrcaetrgf, mrlup-hcsedtrckeftlry aetbldlilmy gs c wcy lj desfrghg`m tbe dctc. Gt gs fertcgìy `lprllj lj tbe exgste`fe lj fiecriy dgstg`mugsbchie mrlups tbct jliilw excftiy

tbe trckeftlry lj tbe mrlup tbey bcve hee` cssgmèd tl. Ljje`ders cre `lt



Vuaacry =7

spefges tbct exfiusgveiy heil`m tl c fertcg` type. Tbe tefb`gque lj trckeft-lry aldeiig`m sbluid he used cs c beurgstgf tlli c`d tbe resuits sbluid `lthe perfegved cs tbe trutb (@cmg`, 8>>4c, 8>>5? @cmg` & Ic`d, 3776? @cmg`& Treahicy, 8>>5c,h? ^gquerl, 8>>2? Vocrdbcacr, 8>3>). C` excapie gs tbe

ffi`dg`m tbct c aldei wgtb jlur mrlups jlr tbe Trc`sffive sl`s wcs tbe hest es-tgactgl`, wbgfb jlrfed tbe ::.6% lj sl`s wgtblut c fl`vgftgl` g` c mrlupwgtb c`ltber 7.5% lj sl`s wgtb lè fl`vgftgl` g` cdliesfe`fe. Gt wluid healre g`tugtgve tl bcve c fiecr l`-ljje`dg`m mrlup, hut tbe tefb`gque defgdedtbct c aldei wgtb c flahgèd mrlup desfrghed tbe dctc hetter. Gt gs plssghietbct c icrmer scapie wluid bcve ied tl ffive trckeftlry mrlups (tbe scapie lj Trc`sffive sl`s fl`sgsted lj 4>7 acies flapcred wgtb =28 sl`s g` tbe FVDD).

Despgte tbese igagtctgl`s, tbgs study g`frecsed lur o`lwiedme l` severciplg`ts. Xejerrg`m hcfo tl Zc` de Xcot et ci.‗s (8>>2) gde`tgffifctgl` lj tbe iga-gtctgl`s lj prevglus studges l` g`termeèrctgl`ci trc`sagssgl`, tbe furre`tstudy gaprlved l` exgstg`m wlro hy usg`m icrme prlspeftgve scapies g`fiud-g`m c fl`trli mrlup wgtb `l`-ljje`dg`m pcre`ts. Jurtberalre, jctbers‗ c`dljjsprg`m‗s frgag`ci hebcvglur wcs aecsured up u`tgi cme jlrty. Cddgtgl`ciiy,tbgs study gaprlved l` vc` de Xcot et ci. hy g`vestgmctg`m tbe reictgl`sbgphetwee` pcre`t c`d ljjsprg`m trckeftlrges alre filseiy hy fcifuictg`m CVXsjlr ecfb flahg`ctgl` c`d LXs flapcrg`m prlplrtgl`s lj ljjsprg`m g` trc-

keftlry mrlups jlr dgjjere`t jctber trckeftlrges. Tberehy gt deal`strcted tbct,citblumb tbere cppecrs tl he c reictgl`sbgp hetwee` jctber c`d ljjsprg`m trc-

keftlrges, tbgs fc` he cttrghuted tl tbe ffi`dg`m tbct `l`-ljje`dg`m jctbers bcve

`l`-ljje`dg`m ljjsprg`m, wbgie jctbers g` fl`vgftgl` trckeftlrges bcve alreljjsprg`m g` fl`vgftgl` trckeftlrges. Cs ae`tglèd prevglusiy, tbgs bcs heeò`lw` jlr defcdes. Tbe furre`t resuits fl`trcdgft Zc` de Xcot et ci. (8>>2),wbl fl`fiuded tbct ljjsprg`m lj jctbers g` c alre persgste`t trckeftlry mrlupbcve c bgmber fbc`fe lj heil`mg`m tl c sgagicr trckeftlry mrlup.

Cs jcr cs gs o`lw` tl ae, tbgs c`d Zc` de Xcot et ci.‗s study cre tbe lìylès sl jcr tbct bcve g`vestgmcted g`termeèrctgl`ci trc`sagssgl` hy eapily-g`m tbe seag-pcrcaetrgf, mrlup-hcsed trckeftlrges aetbldlilmy. Vg`fe tbesestudges recfb dgjjere`t fl`fiusgl`s, gt gs vgtci tbct tbgs resecrfb gs repigfcted,prejerchiy wgtb icrme scapies g`fiudg`m ac`y jeacies. Tbgs c`d Zc` de Xcot

et ci.‗s study cre tbe ffirst step g` u`rcveiig`m g`termeèrctgl`ci trc`sagssglùsg`m trckeftlrges. Tbese studges rcgse èw questgl`s c`d tbus gt gs esse tgcitl g`vestgmcte trckeftlrges c`d g`termeèrctgl`ci trc`sagssgl` g` reictgl`sbgptl ltber jcftlrs sufb cs types lj ljje`dg`m, l`mlg`m fl`tcft hetwee` pcre`tsc`d fbgidre` c`d meèrcigschgigty lj tbe resuits tl ltber fgrfuastc`fes.

4.: Vuaacry

Tbgs fbcpter g`vestgmcted jctber c`d ljjsprg`m frgag`ci fcreers hy eapily-g`m tbe seag-pcrcaetrgf, mrlup-hcsed trckeftlrges aetbldlilmy. Tbe ffi`d-g`ms deal`strcte tbct ljjsprg`m lj splrcdgf c`d fbrl`gf ljje`ders bcd sgm`gffi-



2> Fl`vgftgl` Trckeftlrges

fc`tiy alre fl`vgftgl`s tbc` ljjsprg`m lj `l`-ljje`ders. Blwever, fl`trcrytl expeftctgl`s hcsed l` tcxl`lagf c`d g`terme`erctgl`ci tbelrges, fbrl`gfljje`dg`m jctbers dgd `lt bcve alre fbrl`gf ljje`dg`m ljjsprg`m tbc` splrcd-gfciiy ljje`dg`m jctbers. Tbe resuits deal`strcte strl`m g`terme`erctgl`ci

trc`sagssgl` lj frgag`ci hebcvglur, hut gt gs tbe jctbers bcvg`m c fl`vgftgl`rctber tbc` tbegr fl`vgftgl` trckeftlry tbct wcs reicted tl ljjsprg`m fl`vgf-tgl`s.



Fbcpter 5

Ljffifgci hgcs g`

g`termeèrctgl`ci

trc`sagssgl` c`d tbe gapcft

lj icheiig`m l` frgag`ci

hebcvglur∝

‒Veeg`m dcd met crrested... gt‗s reciiy bcrd. _...Q Xgmbt wbe` ay hus puiied up tbeywere hrg`mg m bga lut g` bc`dfujjs. Gt og`d lj eahcrrcssed ae, hut G wcs kust igoe, ’Wlu o`lw, wbctever.‑ Ay dcd dgd`‗t scy `ltbg`m. Be kust mlt g` tbe fcr.

C`d G bcte flps tl tbgs dcy. Hefcuse G see` tbea tcoe ay dcd cwcy. _...Q hut tbe wcy tbey crrested tbea wcs.. gt wcs`‗t rgmbt. Tbey dgd`‗t bcve tl stu` bga wgtbtbe stu` mu`... `lt igoe tbct. Tbct wcs `lt rgmbt.‗

(Mglrdc`l, 8>3>, p. 77)

5.3 G`trlduftgl`

G` tbe prefedg`m fbcpters lj tbgs dgssertctgl` G jlfused l` fbcrcftergstgfs lj tbe ljje`dg`m hebcvglur c`d tbegr reictgl` tl g`termeèrctgl`ci trc`sagssgl`.G` tbgs fbcpter, G wgii sbgjt tbe jlfus tl tbe recftgl` lj tbe pligfe c`d kustgfecme`fges tlwcrds tbgs ljje`dg`m hebcvglur c`d tbe gapcft lj tbese recftgl`sl` ljjsprg`m ljje`dg`m. Lè lj tbe expic`ctgl`s Jcrrg`mtl` ( 8>33) prlplses

∝ C` edgted versgl` lj tbgs fbcpter wcs suhagtted cs; V. Heseaer, D. . Jcrrg`mtl`, c`d F.F.K.B.Hgkieveid (suhagtted). Ljffifgci hgcs g` g`termeèrctgl`ci trc`sagssgl` lj frgag`ci hebcvglur.

23



28 Ljffifgci hgcs c`d icheiig`m

jlr g`termeèrctgl`ci fl`tgùgty lj frgag`ci hebcvglur gs ljffifgci hgcs. Cf-flrdg`m tl tbgs aefbc`gsa ljffifgci kustgfe systeas cre hgcsed cmcg`st o`lw`frgag`ci jcagiges. Cs c resuit, tbey pcy alre ctte`tgl` tl tbese jcagiges,wbgfb aec`s tbct jcagiy aeahers cre alre igoeiy tl he fcumbt c`d tbus cp-

pecr g` ljffifgci stctgstgfs alre ljte`. Tbgs expic`ctgl` csserts tbct tbere gs `ltèfesscrgiy c reci trc`sagssgl` lj hebcvglur? tbere lìy seeas tl he c` cssl-fgctgl` hefcuse fbgidre` lj fl`vgfted pcre`ts wgii he fcumbt alre jreque`tiytbc` fbgidre` wgtblut fl`vgfted pcre`ts.

C` gaplrtc`t fl`fept reicted tl ljffifgci hgcs g` g`termeèrctgl`ci trc`s-agssgl` gs icheiig`m. Ficssgf Icheiig`m Tbelry prlplses tbct pelpie wgii cft g`cfflrdc`fe wgtb tbe ichei cttcfbed tl tbea hy slfgety ( Hefoer, 37:6? Ieaert,37:=). Tbgs ichei agmbt he c frufgci eve`t iecdg`m tl c alre persgste`t deig`-que`t igje flurse. Xevgsed versgl`s lj Icheiig`m Tbelry reflm`gse twl acklrtbelretgfci perspeftgves lj blw c` ljffifgci ichei cs deig`que`t agmbt g`frecseslaelè‗s frgag`ci hebcvglur ( Her`hurm, 8>>7? ^cter`lster & Glvc``g, 3727?Vcapsl` & Icuh, 377=). Jgrst, tbe ichei lr stgmac agmbt gùe`fe slaelè‗sseij-perfeptgl`. Capigffifctgl` lj tbe devgc`t hebcvglur lffurs cs c resuit lj fl`jlrag`m tl tbe frgag`ci stereltype. Vberac` (3776, p. 457) prlplsed tbefl`fept lj ‗deffic`fe‗. Be desfrghed blw jcgrèss c`d iemgtgacfy (lr prlfed-urci kustgfe) lj c` gaplsed se`te`fe cre vgtci jlr tbe ejjeftgveèss lj gt. ]be`g`dgvgducis perfegve c pu`gsbae`t cs u`jcgr, tbey fc` deveilp c fertcg` prgdetbct resuits g` c` g`frecse lj tbegr frgag`ci hebcvglur. Jcrrg`mtl` ( 37==) c`dAurrcy, Hiloic`d, Jcrrg`mtl` & Tbelhcid (jlrtbflag`m) g`deed jlu`d c`

g`frecse g` blstgigty tlwcrds tbe pligfe cjter c fl`vgftgl`.Vefl`d, tbe frgag`ci ichei agmbt hilfo fl`ve`tgl`ci c`d `l`-frgag`cipctbwcys c`d tberehy pusbes pelpie g`tl c frgag`ci igjestyie. Jlr excapie,pelpie agmbt bcve trluhie ffi`dg`m c stchie klh wbe` tbey bcve c frgag`cireflrd (see jlr excapie Aurrcy et ci., jlrtbflag`m c`d Zc` der Meest, 8>33).Her`hurm c`d Orlb` ( 8>>6) revecied tbct c fl`vgftgl` bcd c èmctgve ga-pcft l` edufctgl`ci cttcgàe`t wbgfb g` tur` g`frecsed ljje`dg`m. Tbgs sup-plrts tbe gdec lj hilfoed fl`ve`tgl`ci lpplrtu`gtges jliilwg`m c frgag`ciichei. Cisl, pelpie agmbt gde`tgjy alre wgtb devgc`t slfgci mrlups cjterrefegvg`m c frgag`ci ichei ( Her`hurm, Orlb` & Xgverc, 8>>:). ^revglus stud-

ges l` icheiig`m ejjefts bcve sblw` c fl`sgderchie gapcft lj fl`vgftgl`s l`suhseque`t frgag`ci hebcvglur ( Her`hurm & Orlb`, 8>>6? Jcrrg`mtl`, 37==?Jcrrg`mtl`, Lshlr` & ]est, 37=2? Aurrcy et ci., jlrtbflag`m? ]est & Jcr-rg`mtl`, 37==).

Tbgs fbcpter cgas tl flahgè tbese twl perspeftgves l` ljffifgci hgcs g`g`termeèrctgl`ci trc`sagssgl` c`d icheiig`m ejjefts. Hy dlg`m tbgs, gt gs ga-plrtc`t tl dgstg`mugsb tbese twl fl`fepts fiecriy. Ljffifgci hgcs gs deffièdg` c` g`termeèrctgl`ci fl`text? fbgidre` lj fl`vgfted pcre`ts bcve c bgmberrgso lj fl`vgftgl` hefcuse ljffifgci kustgfe systeas pcy alre ctte`tgl` tl tbesefbgidre`. Blwever, tbe ùaher lj seij-replrted ljje`fes lj tbese fbgidre` gs

`lt èfesscrgiy bgmber tbc` lj ljjsprg`m lj u`fl`vgfted pcre`ts. Icheiig`m



^revglus resecrfb l` ljffifgci hgcs c`d icheiig`m 26

lffurs wbe` slaelè‗s ljje`dg`m hebcvglur g`frecses cjter g`vliveae`t g`tbe frgag`ci kustgfe systea, sufb cs cjter c` ljffifgci fl`vgftgl`. G wgii ffirstg`vestgmcte wbetber ljffifgci hgcs g`frecses tbe rgso lj fl`vgftgl` jlr ljjsprg`mwgtb fl`vgfted pcre`ts c`d sefl`d, G wgii excagè wbetber c` ljjsprg`m fl`-

vgftgl` g`frecses g`dgvgducis‗ ljje`dg`m hebcvglur. Alrelver, tbe g`tercftgl`hetwee` slaelè‗s lw` fl`vgftgl` c`d c fl`vgfted pcre`t wgii he g`vestgm-cted. Heilw G wgii ffirst dgsfuss prevglus resecrfb l` ljffifgci hgcs c`d icheiig`m.

5.8 ^revglus resecrfb l` ljffifgci hgcs c`d

icheiig`m

]est c`d Jcrrg`mtl` ( 37==) jlu`d supplrt jlr ljffifgci hgcs g` tbe Fcahrgdme Vtudy g` Deig`que`t Deveilpae`t (FVDD). Tbey mrluped sl`s cfflrdg`m tljlur dgjjere`t ieveis lj seij-replrted ljje`dg`m c`d tbe` spigt tbese g`tl twlmrlups; pcre`t fl`vgfted versus pcre`t `lt fl`vgfted. Ct cii ieveis lj seij-replrted ljje`dg`m, hlys wgtb fl`vgfted jctbers were alre igoeiy tl he fl`-vgfted tbeaseives tbc` were hlys wgtb u`fl`vgfted jctbers. Gt dles cppecr,blwever, tbct ljffifgci hgcs gs `lt tbe lìy expic`ctgl` jlr g`termeèrctgl`cifl`tgùgty g` c`tgslfgci hebcvglur. ]est c`d Jcrrg`mtl` ( 37==) cisl jlu`dtbct sl`s lj fl`vgfted jctbers, g` cddgtgl` tl bcvg`m alre fl`vgftgl`s, cislsblwed c bgmber ievei lj seij-replrted c`tgslfgci hebcvglur tbc` sl`s lj `l`-fl`vgfted pcre`ts. Cddgtgl`ciiy, Jcrrg`mtl` ( 37=7) g`vestgmcted tbe reictgl`-

sbgp hetwee` seij-replrted ljje`dg`m c`d fl`vgftgl`s c`d tbe gùe`fe lj rgso jcftlrs l` tbgs reictgl`sbgp. Alst lj tbese rgso jcftlrs sufb cs c` errctgfpcre`tci eapilyae`t reflrd, pllr blusg`m fl`dgtgl`s c`d pllr pcre`tcifbgid- recrg`m were reicted tl ljffifgci fl`vgftgl`s, hut `lt tl seij-replrtedljje`dg`m. Alre refe`tiy, Jcrrg`mtl` (8>>3c) excagèd fbgidblld predgftlrslj cduit vglie`fe aecsured hy seij-replrts c`d ljffifgci fl`vgftgl`s. Bcvg`m cfl`vgfted pcre`t c`d flag`m jrla c ilw g`flae jcagiy were alre strl`miyreicted tl fl`vgftgl`s jlr vglie`fe tbc` tl seij-replrts, wbgfb supplrts tbegdec lj ljffifgci hgcs. Blwever, ilw slfgci ficss wcs reicted tl seij-replrtedvglie`fe, hut `lt tl fl`vgftgl`s jlr vglie`fe. Cs jcr cs G o`lw, `l ltber

studges l` ljffifgci hgcs g` g`termeèrctgl`ci trc`sagssgl` lj frgae bcve hee`fcrrged lut.Tbct dles `lt aec` tbct hgcs g` tbe kustgfe systea bcs `lt hee` studged.

Veverci studges bcve hee` fcrrged lut l` wbetber dgjjere`tgci trectae`t exgstsg` tbe kustgfe systea depe`dg`m l` rcfe, me`der, lr slfgci hcfomrlu`d (Dciy,3774? Bcmc`, 37=4? Agtfbeii, 8>>5? ^rctt, 3772? ^rugtt & ]gisl`, 3726). Tberesuits cre `lt ciwcys fl`sgste`t, ljte` depe`dg`m l` tbe resecrfb desgm`,citblumb slae te`de`fges bcve hee` jlu`d. Jeacies cre iess igoeiy tl he cr-rested tbc` acies c`d cre ct c` cdvc`tcme g` severci stcmes lj deig`que`fyfcse prlfessg`m g` tbe flurt (Hgsblp & Jrczger, 3773? Vecilfo & Vgapsl`,

3772? Vplb` & Hegfbèr, 8>>>). Blwever, Dciy (3727, 3774) bcs crmued




tbct tbgs fc` he expicgèd hy deje`dc`ts‗ jcagigci reictgl`s. @uaerlus stud-ges bcve sblw` tbct Hicfo lr Bgspc`gf ljje`ders cre alre igoeiy tl he cr-rested, fl`vgfted, c`d gaprgslèd ( Hgsblp, 8>>5? Hgsblp & Jrczger, 377:?^. O. Hre``c` & Vplb`, 8>>2? Hrgdmes & Frutfbffieid, 3722? Iegher & Klb`-

sl`, 8>>2? Agtfbeii, 8>>5? @eisl`, 3774? êtersgigc, 3726, 3725? Vecilfo &Vgapsl`, 3772? ]u & Jue`tes, 3772). Tblumb slae studges dgd `lt ffi`d tbgshgcs (Bugzg`mc et ci., 8>>=? Kliigjje et ci., 8>>6). Alst reievc`t tl hgcs g` g`-termeèrctgl`ci trc`sagssgl` gs tbct pelpie jrla c ilw slfgl-efl`lagf hcfo-mrlu`d seea tl he crrested dgsprlplrtgl`cteiy ljte` ( Vecilfo & Vgapsl`,3772? ]u & Jue`tes, 3772). Jcrrg`mtl` et ci. ( 8>>6) cisl sblwed tbct flurtsagmbt he hgcsed cmcg`st o`lw` ljje`ders; fl tgùgty lj ljje`dg`m wcs mrecterjlr flurt rejerrcis tbc` jlr seij-replrts. Gt seeas surprgsg`m wgtb tbe wecitb lj resecrfb g`tl hgcs g` tbe kustgfe systea, tbct tbere gs sufb c pcufgty lj resecrfbl` hgcs cmcg`st frgag`ci jcagiges.

Tbgs study ctteapts tl ffiii tbgs mcp hy flahg`g`m tbe cpprlcfbes usedprevglusiy tl g`vestgmcte ljffifgci hgcs c`d hy flahg`g`m tbe twl perspeftgveslj ljffifgci hgcs g` g`termeèrctgl`ci trc`sagssgl` c`d icheiig`m ejjefts. Bcmc`c`d ^ciil`g (377>) ctteapted tl igò tbese twl prlfesses wgtb tbegr pcperl` tbe reprlduftgl` lj c slfgci ficss, hut tbey jlfused l` tbe ictter lj tbesetwl prlfesses c`d dgd `lt excagè wbetber tbe fl`fept lj ljffifgci hgcs ex-gsts. Usg`m dctc jrla tbe Fcahrgdme Vtudy g` Deig`que`t Deveilpae`t , tbeyg`vestgmcted tbe gapcft lj c fl`vgftgl` (sl`‗s icheiig`m) c`d c pcre`tci fl`-vgftgl` (pcre`ts‗ icheiig`m; ljffifgci hgcs). Tbey jlu`d supplrt jlr tbe gdec lj

tbe ‒slfgci reprlduftgl` lj c frgag`ci ficss‗, c prlfess g` wbgfb tbe frgag`ci kustgfe systea gs respl`sghie jlr tbe reprlduftgl` lj frgag`ci hebcvglur lj ljje`ders‗ fbgidre` tbrlumb tbegr trectae`t lj tbese fbgidre` ( Bcmc` & ^ci-il`g, 377>, p. 8:5). Tbey deal`strcted tbct tbe icheiig`m ejjeft wcs strl`merjlr pelpie wgtb c fl`vgfted jctber flapcred wgtb pelpie wblse jctbers bcd`lt hee` fl`vgfted. U`jlrtu`cteiy, tbegr desgm` sujjered jrla aetbldlil-mgfci cws. Tbey trected severci aecsures lj seij-replrted ljje`dg`m cs g`-depe`de`t, wbe` tbgs wcs `lt cftuciiy tbe fcse. Jlr excapie, tbey trectedseij-replrted ljje`dg`m ct cmes 3:-3= cs g`depe`de`t lj seij-replrted ljje`d-g`m ct cmes 34-35 c`d used seij-replrted ljje`dg`m ct cmes 3:-3= tl predgft seij-

replrted ljje`dg`m ct cmes 32-37. Tbgs gs prlhieactgf, hefcuse seij-replrtedljje`dg`m ct cmes 3:-3= gs aecsured up tl tbct cme c`d tberejlre g`fiudes lj-je`fes ct cmes 34-35. Vgagicriy, seij-replrted ljje`dg`m ct cmes 3:-3= lvericpswgtb seij-replrted ljje`dg`m ct cmes 32-37 (wbgfb rejerred tl tbe prevglustbree yecrs) c`d tberejlre gt gs `lt plssghie tl trect tbea cs g`depe`de`t vcrg-chies. Hefcuse lj tbese cws, gt gs gaplrtc`t tl repigfcte tbgs study usg`mg`depe`de`t aecsures tl g`vestgmcte wbetber tbe ejjeft jlu`d hy Bcmc` c`d^ciil`g (377>) gs vcigd.

Alst studges excag`g`m icheiig`m ejjefts bcve g`vestgmcted tbgs lìy up tltbe cme lj 88, wberecs tbgs study wgii illo ct ljje`dg`m hebcvglur u`tgi cme

68. C` exfeptgl` gs tbe study hy Aurrcy et ci. (jlrtbflag`m), wbl deal -



^revglus resecrfb l` ljffifgci hgcs c`d icheiig`m 25

strcted rlhust reictgl`sbgps hetwee` kuve`gie fl`vgftgl` c`d cduit frgag`cihebcvglur, c`tgslfgci persl`cigty c`d auitgpie igje lutflaes sufb cs eapily-ae`t, reictgl`sbgps, c`d ae`tci becitb up tl cme 42. Gt gs gaplrtc`t tl illoct ljje`dg`m hebcvglur g`tl cduitblld sg`fe ljje`dg`m cjter tbe ecriy twe`tges

agmbt g`dgfcte c alre serglus ljje`dg`m pctter`. Devgc`t hebcvglur pecos g`cdliesfe`fe ( Hiuasteg` et ci., 372:? Jcrrg`mtl`, 372:? ^gquerl et ci., 8>>=)c`d gt gs qugte flaal` tl dgspicy slae c`tgslfgci hebcvglur durg`m tbgspergld. Gt gs, blwever, c sgm` lj mrecter devgc`fe gj sufb hebcvglur fl`tgùescjter cdliesfe`fe lr stcrts g` cduitblld. Gt gs vgtci tl excagè blw icheiig`mgapcfts ljje`dg`m g` tbe il`m ru`.

Alre gaplrtc`tiy, wbe` studyg`m icheiig`m ejjefts, gt gs frufgci tl lh-serve tbe teaplrci seque`fe lj tbe icheiig`m eve`t c`d suhseque`t devgc`thebcvglur, wbgie fl`trliig`m jlr dgjjere`fes g` devgc`t hebcvglur hejlre tbeicheiig`m eve`t lffurred. Tbe acklrgty lj prevglus studges g`vestgmctg`m ic-heiig`m ejjefts (Her`hurm & Orlb`, 8>>6? Her`hurm et ci., 8>>:? De Ig, 3777?Jcrrg`mtl , 37==? Jcrrg`mtl` et ci., 37=2? Vtewcrt, Vgal`s, Fl`mer & Vfcrc-aeiic, 8>>8? ]est & Jcrrg`mtl`, 37==) bcve jcgied tl fiecriy dgstg`mugsb tbeseperglds.68 Her`hurm c`d Orlb` (8>>6), jlr excapie, aecsured ljffifgci g`ter-ve`tgl` ct cmes 36.5-3:.5 wbgie fl`trliig`m jlr seij-replrted ljje`dg`m ct cmes34-3:. C`ltber excapie gs ]est c`d Jcrrg`mtl` ( 37==, Jcrrg`mtl`, 37==)wblflapcred pelpie wgtb c`d wgtblut c fl`vgftgl` hetwee` cmes 34-32 l` tbegrseij-replrted ljje`dg`m hetwee` tbese scae cmes (wbgie fl`trliig`m jlr seij-replrted ljje`dg`m hejlre tbe cme lj 34).66 Hy `lt sepcrctg`m tbese perglds g`

tgae, gt gs uò`lw` wbetber tbe seij-replrted ljje`dg`m hebcvglur aecsuredbcs `lt cirecdy g`frecsed hefcuse lj c fl`vgftgl` durg`m tbgs pergld. Gt gsfrufgci tl o`lw pelpie‗s seij-replrted ljje`dg`m hebcvglur hejlre tbey wereffirst fl`vgfted c`d flapcre tbe ievei lj seij-replrted ljje`dg`m cjter tbe fl`-vgftgl`. Tbgs study gaprlves l` prevglus resecrfb g`tl icheiig`m hy fiecriysepcrctg`m tbese perglds g` tgae.

Jurtber, tbgs study hugids upl` ecriger resecrfb lj ljffifgci hgcs hy illog`mct dgjjere`t vcrgchies tbct fluid hgcs pligfe c`d ltber kustgfe cme`fges cmcg`stfertcg` jcagiges. Hesgdes pcre`tci fl`vgftgl`s, ltber jcftlrs cre cisl fl`-sgdered g`fiudg`m pllr blusg`m fl`dgtgl`s, ilw jcagiy g`flae, ilw jcagiy

slfgl-efl`lagf stctus (VEV) c`d c jctber‗s pllr eapilyae`t reflrd. êlpiejrla ilwer ficss hcfomrlu`ds, wbl igve g` pllr blusg`m, lr wblse jctbers creuèapilyed agmbt cttrcft alre ctte`tgl` jrla tbe pligfe c`d kustgfe cme`-fges. Tbese jectures acy acoe fbgidre` ecsgiy tcrmetchie c`d reflm`gzchiejlr tbe pligfe (AfCrc & AfZge, 8>>5). Jurtberalre, wbere prevglusiy ljffi-fgci hgcs wcs g`vestgmcted u`tgi cme 83 ( Jcrrg`mtl , 37=7? ]est & Jcrrg`mtl`,

68 Ocpic` c`d Klb`sl` (3773) c`d Klb`sl` et ci. (8>>4) sepcrcted tbese perglds fiecriy hy g`vest-gmctg`m deig`que`fy ct tgae 3, kustgfe systea g`vliveae t ct tgae 8 c`d deig`que`fy ct tgae 6.Aurrcy et ci. (jlrtbflag`m) cisl sepcrcte tbese perglds weii.

66 ]est & Jcrrg`mtl` (37==, Jcrrg`mtl`, 37==) ctteapted tl alre fiecriy sepcrcte tbese perglds

hy excag`g`m c sacii suhset lj pelpie wbl were ffirst fl`vgfted cjter cme sgxtee`. Tbey sblwslae evgde`fe lj wlrse`g`m hebcvglur cjter c fl`vgftgl`? tbegr seij-replrted ljje`dg`m lìystcrted tl deterglrcte cjter cme sgxtee` c`d `lt hetwee` jlurtee` c`d sgxtee`.

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2: Ljffifgci hgcs c`d icheiig`m

37==), tbgs study wgii exte`d tbgs g`tl cduitblld u`tgi cme 68. Cjter excag`-g`m wbetber ljffifgci hgcs exgsts c`d wbetber fbgidre` lj fl`vgfted pcre`tsbcve c bgmber rgso lj fl`vgftgl`, tbgs study g`vestgmctes wbetber c fl`vgftgl`suhseque`tiy g`frecsed tbese g`dgvgducis‗ ljje`dg`m hebcvglur. Jurtberalre,

tbe g`tercftgl` hetwee` ljffifgci hgcs c`d icheiig`m wgii he g`vestgmcted. Us-g`m dctc jrla tbe Fcahrgdme Vtudy g` Deig`que`t Deveilpae`t (FVDD) tbejliilwg`m bypltbeses wgii he studged;

5.6 Bypltbeses

3. Tbe reictgl`sbgp hetwee` hgcsg`m vcrgchies (jcftlrs tbct fluid hgcs lj-ffifgci kustgfe cme`fges cmcg`st fertcg` jcagiges sufb cs pcre`tci fl`vgf-tgl`s, ilw jcagiy g`flae, ilw jcagiy VEV, pllr blusg`m fl`dgtgl`s

c`d c jctber‗s pllr eapilyae`t reflrd) c`d ljjsprg`m fl`vgftgl`s gsstrl`mer tbc` tbe reictgl`sbgp hetwee` hgcsg`m vcrgchies c`d ljjsprg`mseij-replrted ljje`dg`m.

8. Tbere gs c sgm`gffifc`t reictgl`sbgp hetwee` hgcsg`m vcrgchies c`d ljj-sprg`m fl`vgftgl`s, wbe` fl`trliig`m jlr seij-replrted ljje`dg`m.

6. C fl`vgftgl` suhseque`tiy g`frecses tbe ùaher lj c` g`dgvgduci‗s seij-replrted ljje`fes; tbere gs c sgm`gffifc`t reictgl`sbgp hetwee` bcvg`m cfl`vgftgl` hetwee` cmes 37 c`d 8: c`d seij-replrted ljje`dg`m hetwee`cmes 8= c`d 68, cjter fl`trliig`m jlr tbe ievei lj seij-replrted ljje`dg`m

hetwee` cmes 35 c`d 32.

4. Tbgs icheiig`m ejjeft gs strl`mer jlr pelpie wblse pcre`ts bcve hee`fl`vgfted.

Jgrst, gt gs gaplrtc`t tl estchigsb tbct pcre`tci fl`vgftgl`s cre alrestrl`miy reicted tl ljjsprg`m fl`vgftgl`s tbc` tl ljjsprg`m seij-replrted lj-je`dg`m. ]be` pligfe c`d kustgfe cme`fges cre hgcsed cmcg`st fertcg` jcagiges,lè wluid expeft tbe fbc`fe lj ljjsprg`m heg`m fcumbt c`d fl`vgfted tlg`frecse, hut `lt èfesscrgiy tbe cftuci hebcvglur tl g`frecse (uìess icheiig`m

ejjefts lffur, see bypltbesgs 6). Gt gs gaplrtc`t tl dgstg mugsb hetwee`seij-replrted ljje`dg`m c`d ljffifgci fl`vgftgl`s. Aecsures lj seij-replrtedljje`dg`m depe`d l` tbe cffurcfy lj aealry, tbe wgiig`mèss tl cdagt, c`dtbe true exte`t lj deig`que`t g`vliveae`t, wbgfb gs c bypltbetgfci fl`strufttbct fc``lt he aecsured dgreftiy. Veij-replrted ljje`dg m gs perfegved csc reeftgl` lj tbe flaagtted frgag`ci hebcvglur, wbgie fl`vgftgl`s cre cflahg`ctgl` lj tbe flaagtted hebcvglur c`d tbe recftgl`s lj pligfe c`d

kustgfe cme`fges. Tbgs dgstg`ftgl` gs gaplrtc`t jlr tbe c ciyses g` tbgs fbcpter.Veverci tests bcve hee` fcrrged lut g` tbe FVDD tl excagè tbe vcigdgty lj

seij-replrts ( Jcrrg`mtl`, 37=7, 3727? Jcrrg mtl` et ci., 8>>:). Veij-replrted de-

ig`que`fy sgm`gffifc`tiy predgfts juture frgag`ci reflrds lj fl`vgftgl`s. Jur-tberalre, 73% lj deig`que`t cfts iecdg`m tl fl`vgftgl`s were cdagtted g`



Bypltbeses 2=

seij-replrts ct cme 34 c`d ct cme 32, 74% lj fl`vgfted hlys cdagtted tbcttbey bcd hee` fl`vgfted ( Mghsl`, Alrrgsl` & ]est, 37=>? ]est & Jcrrg`m-tl`, 37==). Gt cppecred tbct pcrtgfgpc`ts respl`ded trutbjuiiy c`d tbere were`l sgm`s lj serglus prlhieas lj deighercte fl`feciae`t lr dgstlrtgl`. @u-

aerlus ltber studges cisl sblwed tbct tbe vcigdgty lj seij-replrts gs meèr-ciiy cffeptchie cfflrdg`m tl trcdgtgl`ci psyfblaetrgf frgtergc (Kliigjje et ci.,8>>6). Tbgs fbcpter g`vestgmctes c scapie lj ylu`m wbgte acies, c fctemlry g`wbgfb vcigdgty gs meèrciiy bgmbest (Jcrrg`mtl`, 8>>3h? Kliigjje et ci., 8>>6).64

Tbrlumblut tbgs fbcpter, seij-replrted ljje`dg`m gs cssuaed tl he c reeftgl`lj tbe cftuci flaagtted frgag`ci hebcvglur.

Cjter excag`g`m wbetber hgcsg`m vcrgchies cre alre strl`miy reicted tlljjsprg`m fl vgftgl`s tbc` tl seij-replrted hebcvglur, gt gs gaplrtc`t tl fbefotbct tbese vcrgchies sgm`gffifc`tiy predgft c fl`vgftgl` lver c`d chlve tbe lh-servctgl` tbct pelpie flaagt c fertcg` calu`t lj frgae (bypltbesgs 8). Tlg`vestgmcte tbgs, seij-replrted ljje`dg`m èeds tl he beid fl`stc`t. G` ltberwlrds, tbe gapcft lj c pcre`t‗s fl`vgftgl` sbluid he excagèd jlr pelpiewgtb flapcrchie ieveis lj seij-replrted ljje`dg`m. Cs dgsfussed chlve, jlrtbgs study gt gs cssuaed tbct seij-replrted ljje`dg`m fc` he perfegved cs creeftgl` lj tbe flaagtted frgag`ci hebcvglur wbgie fl`vgftgl`s cre c fla-hg`ctgl` lj tbgs hebcvglur c`d tbe respl`se lj ljffifgci cme`fges sufb cs tbepligfe c`d flurts. Tbe dgsfrepc`fy hetwee` tbese twl aecsures tbus reeftstbgs ljffifgci respl`se. Gj tbere were `l hgcs g` tbe kustgfe systea, tbere sbluidhe `l vcrgctgl` g` tbe dgsfrepc`fy hetwee` tbese aecsures. Tbe rgso lj c fl`-

vgftgl` mgve` c fertcg` ievei lj seij-replrted ljje`dg`m sbluid he tbe scae gj tbere were `l hgcs. Hy testg`m wbetber tbgs dgsfrepc`fy hetwee` seij-replrtedljje`dg`m c`d ljffifgci fl`vgftgl`s vcrges depe`dg`m l` vcrgchies sufb cs bcv-g`m c fl`vgfted pcre`t, ilw jcagiy g`flae, ilw jcagiy VEV, pllr blusg`mfl`dgtgl`s lr pllr klh reflrd, lè fc` g`vestgmcte wbetber tbese vcrgchiesg`deed hgcs ljffifgci cme`fges cmcg`st ljje`ders wgtb tbese fbcrcftergstgfs.

Lè fluid lhkeft hy scyg`m tbct tbese scae vcrgchies cisl predgft frgag`cihebcvglur tbeaseives c`d agmbt he cetglilmgfci vcrgchies lj frgag`ci hebc-vglur, blwever tbgs gs excftiy wby tbese vcrgchies fluid hgcs ljffifgci cme`fgescmcg`st ljje`ders. Ljffifgci cme`fges o`lw tbct pelpie wgtb tbese fbcrcfter-

gstgfs cre alre igoeiy tl flaagt frgag`ci hebcvglur, c`d tbus tbese jecturesbeip jlfus tbe ctte`tgl` lj ljffifgci cme`fges. ^refgseiy jlr tbct recsl`, gt gs ga-plrtc`t tl g`vestgmcte tbe dgsfrepc`fy hetwee` seij-replrted ljje`dg`m c`dljffifgci fl`vgftgl`s tl e`chie excag`g`m tbe respl`se lj ljffifgci cme`fges.

Bypltbeses 6 c`d 4 jlfus l` tbe icheiig m prlfess. Cs expicgèd prevg-lusiy, gt gs gaplrtc`t tl lhserve tbe teaplrci seque`fe lj fl`vgftgl`s c`dseij-replrted hebcvglur wbe` g`vestgmctg`m tbe gapcft lj fl`vgftgl`s. Twl

64 G` meèrci, vcigdgty gs ilwer jlr jeacies c`d jlr lider respl`de`ts (Jcrrg`mtl`, 8>>3h?Acxffieid, ]egier & ]gdla, 8>>>). Cisl, slae studges sblw ilwer vcigdgty jlr hicfos(Bg`deic`m, Bgrsfbg & ]egss, 3723? Bugzg`mc & Eiigltt, 372:) lr etb`gf ag`lrgtges (Ku`mer,377>), hut ltbers dgd `lt ffi`d c dgjjere`fe hetwee` wbgte c`d hicfo respl`de`ts (Jcrrg`mtl`,Ileher, Vtlutbcaer-Ileher, Zc` Ocaae` & Vfbagdt, 377:? Kliigjje et ci., 8>>6? Acxffieid etci., 8>>>). Kliigjje et ci. (8>>6) deal`strcted c` exfeptgl`ciiy ilw vcigdgty jlr Csgc` jeacies.

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mrlups lj pelpie wgii he flapcred, cii lj wbla were `lt fl`vgfted hejlrecme 32? `lè lj tbese pelpie fluid bcve experge`fed icheiig`m up tl cme 32.^crt lj tbgs mrlup wcs fl`vgfted durg`m tbe jliilwg`m yecrs (cme 37-8:), wbgietbe reacg`g`m were `lt fl`vgfted. Vuhseque`tiy, tbe ievei lj seij-replrted lj-

je`dg`m g` tbe jliilwg`m pergld (cme 8=-68) wgii he flapcred jlr tbese twlmrlups. G wgii excagè wbetber tbgs ievei lj seij-replrted ljje`dg`m gs sgm`gj-gfc`tiy reicted tl bcvg`m c fl`vgftgl` g` tbe prevglus pergld (37-8:) wbgiefl`trliig`m jlr tbe ievei lj seij-replrted ljje`dg`m g` tbe ffirst pergld (35-32).Jlr tbe purplse lj ficrgty, tbese perglds wgii he fciied tgae 3 (35-32), tgae 8(37-8:), c`d tgae 6 (8=-68). Gj tbe fl`vgfted mrlup bcs c sgm`gffifc`tiy bgmberievei lj seij-replrted ljje`dg`m g` tbe pergld jliilwg`m fl`vgftgl`, tbgs sup-plrts tbe gdec tbct c fl`vgftgl` g`frecses ljje`dg`m hebcvglur.

G wgii cisl g`vestgmcte wbetber tbe gapcft lj c fl`vgftgl` gs strl`mer jlrpelpie wblse pcre`ts bcve hee` fl`vgfted tbc` jlr pelpie wblse pcre`tsbcve `lt hee` fl`vgfted. Hy dlg`m tbgs G fl`èft tbe twl prlfesses lj ljffifgcihgcs c`d icheiig`m.

5.4 Aetbld

5.4.3 Vcapie

Tbese bypltbeses were g`vestgmcted usg`m dctc jrla tbe Fcahrgdme Vtudy g` Deig`que`t Deveilpae`t (FVDD) (see pcme 36 jlr alre g`jlractgl`). Tbe

furre`t g`vestgmctgl` studged tbe lrgmg`ci ae` lìy, hefcuse seij-replrted lj-je`dg`m dctc wcs èfesscry tl g`vestgmcte tbe fl`fept lj ljffifgci hgcs c`d `lsufb g`jlractgl` wcs cvcgichie jlr FVDD sghig`ms `lr jlr Trc`sffive .

5.4.8 Aecsures

Veij-Xeplrted Ljje`dg`m

Veij-replrted ljje`dg`m wcs aecsured ct cmes 32 c`d 68 c`d rejerred tl tbeperglds hetwee` cmes 35-32 c`d 8=-68. Ct cme 32, 627 (75%) lj tbe lrgmg`ciacies were g`tervgewed, c`d 6=2 (74%) ct cme 68. Acies wbl dgd `lt bcve c`

g`tervgew ct hltb cmes were exfiuded jrla tbe furre`t c`ciyses. Egmbty-`gèper fe`t lj 433 ae` were g`tervgewed ct hltb cmes, wbgfb resuited g` c scapielj 6:5 acies. Vee Jcrrg`mtl` et ci. (8>>:) jlr alre g`jlractgl` l` dctc fli-ieftgl` lj tbe seij-replrted dctc. Te` types lj ljje`fes were e`qugred chlut;hurmicry, tbejt lj altlr vebgfies, tbejt jrla altlr vebgfies, sblpigjtg`m, tbejtjrla acfbgès, tbejt jrla wlro, jrcud, csscuit, drum use c`d vc`dcigsa. Jlrtbe furre`t c`ciyses, c sua lj tbe ùaher lj seij-replrted ljje`fes wcs used.Drum use c`d jrcud were `lt g`fiuded g` tbe sua vcrgchie, sg`fe drum usebcd c dgjjere`t sfcie c`d dgstrghutgl` up tl 3,>>> (wbgie tbe ltbers bcd c sfcieup tl 3>>) c`d prevglus c`ciyses sblwed tbct tbe rctgl hetwee` seij-replrtedc`d ljffifgci fl`vgftgl`s jlr drum use c`d jrcud gs bgmb; tbe fbc`fes lj heg`m



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fcumbt jlr tbese ljje`fes cre ilw ( Jcrrg`mtl` et ci., 8>>:). Gj drum ljje`feswere g`fiuded, tbey wluid dgsprlplrtgl`cteiy dlag`cte tbe sua vcrgchie jlrseij-replrted ljje`dg`m.

Lutflae vcrgchies

Tl g`vestgmcte tbe reictgl`sbgp hetwee` hgcsg`m vcrgchies c`d seij-replrtedljje`dg`m versus ljffifgci fl`vgftgl`s (bypltbesgs 3), tbese twl lutflae vcrg-chies sbluid he flapcrchie. Veij-replrted ljje`dg`m wcs aecsured hetwee`cmes 35-32 c`d 8=-68. Be`fe, fl`vgftgl`s were flu`ted jlr tbese scae cmerc`mes.

Jurtberalre, c dgfbltlalus vcrgchie wcs used jlr hltb lutflaes, he-fcuse tbe dgjjere`t dgstrghutgl` lj tbe vcrgchies acoes flapcrgsl` dgjffifuit;tbe ùaher lj seij-replrted ljje`fes wcs aufb bgmber. Usg`m dgfbltlalus

vcrgchies c`d ilmgstgf remressgl` e`chies c strcgmbtjlrwcrd flapcrgsl` lj ej-jeft sgzes jlr seij-replrted ljje`dg`m versus ljffifgci fl`vgftgl`s tbrlumb lddsrctgls. Jlr ljffifgci fl`vgftgl`s, tbe dgfbltlay wcs hcsed l` tbe dgstrghu-tgl` lj pelpie g` tbe scapie wgtb (8:.>%) c`d wgtblut c` ljffifgci fl`vgf-tgl` (=4.> %). Jlr flapcrgsl , c sgagicr dgstrghutgl` wcs used jlr tbe seij-replrted ljje`dg`m vcrgchie. êlpie wgtb 86 seij-replrted ljje`fes lr iess mltc vciue lj > l` tbe dgfbltlalus seij-replrt vcrgchie, pelpie wgtb 84 seij-replrted ljje`fes lr alre mlt c vciue lj 3, resuitg`m g` c sgagicr dgstrghutgl`(=6.=% versus 8:.6 %). Ljje`dg`m wcs flaal ; 26% lj tbe pelpie replr-ted bcvg`m flaagtted c` ljje`fe. Hcsg`m tbe dgfbltlay l` wbetber pelpie

bcd replrted lè ljje`fe wluid bcve resuited g` c soewed vcrgchie wgtb igttiese`sgtgvgty.

Jlr bypltbesgs 8, ljffifgci fl`vgftgl`s were tbe lutflae c`d tbe scaedgfbltlalus vcrgchie wcs used. ]gtb bypltbesgs 6 c`d 4, icheiig`m ejjeftswere excagèd c`d tbus tbe ievei lj seij-replrted ljje`dg`m wcs aecsuredhetwee` cmes 8= c`d 68.

G`depe`de t vcrgchies

Tl g`vestgmcte ljffifgci hgcs, severci hgcsg`m vcrgchies were used. Hgcsg`m vcrg-

chies cre deffièd cs jcftlrs tbct fluid hgcs ljffifgci kustgfe cme`fges cmcg`st fer-tcg` jcagiges. Tbe ffirst hgcsg`m vcrgchie used g` tbgs study wcs wbetber egtberpcre`t bcd c fl`vgftgl` hejlre tbe ljjsprg`m‗s 35tb hgrtbdcy. Vg`fe ljjsprg`mljje`dg`m wcs aecsured cjter tbgs cme, pcre`tci fl`vgftgl`s were tcoe` g`tlcfflu`t u`tgi tbgs alae`t. G` tbgs wcy, tbe pcre`tci fl`vgftgl`s bcppeèdhejlre tbe ljjsprg`m‗s hebcvglur wcs aecsured. Tbe ltber jlur vcrgchies wereilw jcagiy g`flae, ilw jcagiy slfgl-efl`lagf stctus (VEV), pllr blusg`mc`d jctber‗s pllr klh reflrd (jlr alre detcgis l` blw tbese were aecsured,see Jcrrg`mtl` & ^cg`ter, 8>>4). Tbese vcrgchies were aecsured ct cme 3>,cpcrt jrla ilw jcagiy g`flae wbgfb wcs aecsured ct cme 2.



7> Ljffifgci hgcs c`d icheiig`m

Tchie 5.3; Lvervgew lj vcrgchies

Depe`de`t vcrgchiesBypltbesgs 3;

Ljjsprg`m ljffifgci fl`vgftgl` (35-32+8=-68) (lè lr alre fl`vgftgl`1yes)

Ljjsprg`m seij-replrted ljje`fe (35-32+8=-68) (84 seij-replrted ljje`fes lralre1yes)

Bypltbesgs 8; Ljjsprg`m ljffifgci fl`vgftgl` (35-32+8=-68) (l e lr alre fl`vgftgl`1yes)Bypltbesgs 6, 4;Ljjsprg`m ievei lj seij-replrted ljje`dg`m (8=-68)

G`depe`de`t vcrgchiesBypltbesgs 3; Hgcsg`m vcrgchie (see heilw)Bypltbesgs 8; Hgcsg`m vcrgchie c d ievei lj seij-replrted ljje dg`m (35-32+8=-68)Bypltbesgs 6; Ljjsprg`m ljffifgci fl`vgftgl` (37-8:) (lè lr alre fl vgftgl`1yes) c`d

ljjsprg`m ievei lj seij-replrted ljje`dg`m (35-32)Bypltbesgs 4; Ljjsprg`m ljffifgci fl`vgftgl` (37-8:) (lè lr alre fl vgftgl`1yes),

ljjsprg`m ievei lj seij-replrted ljje`dg`m (35-32), c`d pcre`t fl`vgfted(hejlre ljjsprg`m‗s 35tb hgrtbdcy)

Hgcsg`m vcrgchiesBypltbesgs 3, 8;^cre`t fl`vgfted hejlre ljjsprg`m‗s 35tb hgrtbdcy

Ilw jcagiy g`flaeIlw jcagiy VEV^llr blusg`m^llr klh reflrd jctber

Cmes g`vlived g` tbe vcrgchies cre de`lted hetwee` pcre`tbeses? ljjsprg`m ljffifgci fl`vgftgl`(35-32+8=-68) aec`s tbct fl`vgftgl`s wbe` tbe ljjsprg`m wcs cmed 35-32 c`d 8=-68 were tcoe`g`tl cfflu`t. ]beèver tbe ievei lj seij-replrted ljje dg`m wcs used cs c` g`depe`de`t vcrgchie,gt wcs ilm trc`sjlraed. Cii hgcsg`m vcrgchies cre dgfbltlalus.

G` tbe c`ciyses jlr bypltbesgs 8, seij-replrted ljje`dg`m wcs used cs c` g`-depe`de`t vcrgchie. Tbgs tgae c fl`tgùlus aecsure lj seij-replrted ljje`d-g`m wcs used, sg`fe tbe gapcft lj hgcsg`m vcrgchies l` tbe rgso lj fl`vgftgl`wcs g`vestgmcted ct dgjjere`t ieveis lj seij-replrted ljje`dg`m.

Tbe g`depe`de`t vcrgchies jlr bypltbeses 6 c`d 4 were wbetber pelpiebcd hee` fl`vgfted durg`m tgae 8 (37-8: yecrs) c`d tbegr ievei lj seij-replrtedljje`dg`m jlr tgae 3 (35-32 yecrs). Jlr bypltbesgs 4, tbe vcrgchie pcre`tcifl`vgftgl` u`tgi tbe ljjsprg`m‗s 35tb hgrtbdcy wcs cdded tl tbe c`ciysgs.Tchie 5.3 mgves c` lvervgew lj tbe vcrgchies used g` tbgs study.


Jgrst, gt wcs gaplrtc`t tl estchigsb tbct pcre`tci fl`vgftgl`s were alrestrl`miy reicted tl ljjsprg`m fl`vgftgl`s tbc` tl ljjsprg`m seij-replrted lj-je`dg`m hebcvglur. ]be` pligfe c`d kustgfe cre hgcsed cmcg`st fertcg` jca-giges, lè wluid expeft tbe fbc`fe lj ljjsprg`m heg`m fl`vgfted tl g`frecse,hut `lt èfesscrgiy tbe cftuci hebcvglur tl g`frecse (uìess icheiig`m ejjeftswluid lffur). Tl test tbgs bypltbesgs, ilmgstgf remressgl` c`ciyses were ru`wgtb tbe hgcsg`m vcrgchies cs predgftlrs c`d tbe (dgfbltlalus) vcrgchies ljj-

sprg`m fl`vgftgl` respeftgveiy seij-replrted ljje`dg`m cs lutflaes.



Aetbld 73

Vefl`d, G excagèd wbetber tbere wcs c sgm`gffifc`t reictgl`sbgp hetwee`ljjsprg`m fl`vgftgl`s c`d hgcsg`m vcrgchies, wbgie seij-replrted ljje`dg`m wcsbeid fl`stc`t. Jgrst, tbgs wcs dlè g` c wcy sgagicr tl ]est c`d Jcrrg`mtl`( 37==), citblumb bere ljjsprg`m fl`vgftgl`s were g`fiuded u`tgi cme 68. Vl`s

were mrluped cfflrdg`m tl jlur ieveis lj seij-replrted ljje`dg`m (ilw tl bgmb)c`d tbe` ecfb ievei wcs spigt g`tl twl fctemlrges hcsed l` wbetber sl`s bcdtbe hgcsg`m vcrgchie lr `lt. Jlr ecfb lj tbe jlur ieveis lj seij-replrted lj-je`dg`m, gt wcs tbe` g`vestgmcted wbetber sl`s wgtb tbe hgcsg`m vcrgchie bcdc bgmber rgso lj fl`vgftgl` flapcred wgtb tbe sl`s wgtblut tbe hgcsg`m vcrg-chie. Vefl`d, pcrtgci ldds rctgls were fcifuicted jlr ecfb lj tbe hgcsg`m vcrg-chies, tcog`m g`tl cfflu t pelpie‗s seij-replrted ljje`dg m. C pcrtgci lddsrctgl gs c reeftgl` lj tbe reictgl`sbgp hetwee` twl vcrgchies, g` tbgs fcsetbe hgcsg`m vcrgchie c`d ljjsprg`m fl`vgftgl`s, g` wbgfb tbe gapcft lj c tbgrdvcrgchie, g` tbgs fcse seij-replrted ljje`dg`m, gs beid fl`stc`t ( Jgeid, 8>>5).Fcifuictg`m tbe pcrtgci ldds rctgl mgves tbe u`gque predgftgl` lj tbe gapcftlj tbe hgcsg`m vcrgchies l` ljjsprg`m fl`vgftgl`s wbgie fl`trliig`m jlr seij-replrted ljje`dg`m. ^crtgci ldds rctgls were fcifuicted usg`m ilmgstgf remres-sgl`. C fl`tgùlus vcrgchie wcs used jlr tbe ievei lj seij-replrted ljje`dg`m;tbe sua lj seij-replrted ljje`fes aecsured ct 32 c`d 68. Tbgs vcrgchie wcsbgmbiy soewed; ac`y pelpie replrted jew ljje`fes. Tbgs vcrgchie wcs tbere-jlre ilm-trc`sjlraed g` tbe c`ciysgs. C vciue lj lè wcs cdded tl cii sflreshejlre perjlrag`m tbe `cturci ilm trc`sjlractgl`.

Tbgrd, tur`g`m tl tbe study lj icheiig`m, G excagèd wbetber tbere wcs c

sgm`gffifc`t reictgl`sbgp hetwee` c fl`vgftgl` hetwee` cmes 37 c`d 8: (tgae 8)c`d tbe ievei lj seij-replrted ljje`dg`m hetwee` cmes 8= c`d 68 (tgae 6), wbgiefl`trliig`m jlr tbe ievei lj seij-replrted ljje`dg`m hetwee` cmes 35 c`d 32(tgae 3). G fblse tl fl`trli jlr tbe seij-replrted ljje`dg`m durg`m tgae 3, sg`fetbe seij-replrted ljje`dg`m durg`m tgae 8 agmbt bcve hee` gapcfted cirecdyhy c fl`vgftgl` durg`m tbct pergld. @emctgve hg`lagci remressgl` wcs usedhefcuse tbe depe`de`t vcrgchie (seij-replrted ljje`dg`m hetwee` cmes 8= c`d68) wcs bgmbiy soewed. ]gtb sufb c soewed dgstrghutgl` gt wcs g`cpprlprgctetl ru` c igècr remressgl` c`ciysgs. @emctgve hg`lagci remressgl` c`ciysgssugtchiy decis wgtb soewed dgstrghutgl`s. Jurtberalre, tbe predgftlr vcrgchie

(seij-replrted ljje`dg`m hetwee` cmes 35 c`d 32) wcs sgagicriy soewed c`dtberejlre ilm-trc`sjlraed g` tbe c`ciysgs.Jlurtb, tl g`vestgmcte wbetber tbe gapcft lj c fl`vgftgl` wcs strl`mer

jlr pelpie wblse pcre`ts bcve hee` fl`vgfted, tbe g`tercftgl` hetwee` tbevcrgchies lj bcvg`m c fl`vgftgl` hetwee` cmes 37-8: c`d bcvg`m c fl`vgftedpcre`t wcs g`vestgmcted. C` g`tercftgl` tera (fl`vgftgl` 37-8: * pcre`tcifl`vgftgl`) wcs cdded tl tbe èmctgve hg`lagci remressgl`. Tbe predgftlrvcrgchies were fe`tred crlu`d tbe aec` hejlre c`ciysg`m tbea g` tbe remres-sgl` c`ciysgs. Fe`terg`m vcrgchies crlu`d tbe aec` gs reflaae`ded wbe` g`-vestgmctg`m g`tercftgl` ejjefts g` auitgpie remressgl` c`ciysgs (Cgoe` & ]est,

3773).




5.5 Xesuits

5.5.3 Gapcft lj hgcsg`m vcrgchies l` seij-replrted

ljje`dg`m versus ljffifgci fl`vgftgl`sTbe resuits prese`ted g` tchie 5.8 deal`strcte tbct cii hgcsg`m vcrgchies werealre strl`miy reicted tl ljjsprg`m fl`vgftgl`s tbc` tl ljjsprg`m seij-replrtedljje`dg`m? tbe ldds rctgls (LXs) jlr ljffifgci fl`vgftgl`s were fl`sgderchiybgmber tbc` jlr seij-replrted ljje`dg m. Cii hgcsg`m vcrgchies were sgm`gffi-fc`tiy reicted tl ljjsprg`m fl`vgftgl`s, hut `lt cii were sgm`gffifc`tiy reictedtl seij-replrted ljje`dg m. Tbe LXs dgjjered sgm`gffifc`tiy jlr seij-replrtedversus ljffifgci ljje`dg`m jlr tbe hgcsg`m vcrgchies pcre`tci fl`vgftgl` c`d cjctber‗s pllr klh reflrd.65 Tbe dgjjere`fe cpprlcfbed sgm`gffifc`fe jlr ilwjcagiy g`flae. Tbese resuits supplrt bypltbesgs 3 tbct tbe reictgl`sbgphetwee` pcre`tci fl`vgftgl`s, c jctber‗s pllr klh reflrd c`d ilw jcagiy g`-flae wgtb ljjsprg`m fl`vgftgl`s gs strl`mer tbc` wgtb ljjsprg`m seij-replrtedljje`dg`m. G` tbe `ext step G wgii g`vestgmcte wbetber tbe reictgl`sbgphetwee` hgcsg`m vcrgchies c`d ljjsprg`m fl`vgftgl`s reacg`ed sgm`gffifc`twbgie fl`trliig`m jlr tbe ievei lj seij-replrted ljje`dg`m.

5.5.8 Xeictgl`sbgp hetwee` hgcsg`m vcrgchies c`d ljjsprg`mfl`vgftgl`s wbgie fl`trliig`m jlr seij-replrtedljje`dg`m

Tbe ffirst aetbld tl test bypltbesgs 8 g`vlived frectg`m jlur fctemlrges lj seij-replrted ljje`dg`m. Tbe scapie lj sl`s wcs dgvgded g`tl jlur cpprlxgacteiyequci mrlups; ilw (> seij-replrted ljje`fes - 3=.6%), ilw cvercme (3-5 ljje`fes- 63.> %), bgmb cvercme (:-85 ljje`fes - 8=.3 %), bgmb (8:-656 ljje`fes - 84.= %).Ecfb lj tbese mrlups wcs tbe` sepcrcted g`tl twl hcsed l` wbetber tbey bcdtbe hgcsg`m vcrgchie lr `lt. Ldds rctgls (LXs) were fcifuicted tl c`ciysewbetber sl`s wgtb tbe hgcsg`m vcrgchie bcd c bgmber rgso lj fl`vgftgl` tbc`sl`s wgtblut tbe hgcsg`m vcrgchie. Jgmure 5.3 mrcpbgfciiy prese`ts tbe prlplr-tgl` lj fbgidre` g` ecfb mrlup wgtb c fl`vgftgl`. Tbe resuits prese`ted g`

tchie 5.6 deal`strcte tbct g` every fctemlry, sl`s lj fl`vgfted pcre`ts bcdc bgmber rgso lj fl`vgftgl`, wgtb LXs rc`mg`m jrla 6.4 tl 5.5 g`dgfctg`m c

65 Ldds rctgls were flapcred usg`m tbe jlrauic;

z 1 ILX3 ∘ ILX8

s pllied

wbere ILX3 1 I`(3st ldds rctgl), ILX8 1 I`(8`d ldds rctgl), c`d s pllied 1tbe pllied stc`d-crd errlr lj ILX3 c`d ILX8. V pllied gs dergved jrla tbe jlrauic;

s pllied 1

(`3 ∘ 3)s38 + (`8 ∘ 3)s88

`3 + `8 ∘ 8

wbere `3 1 scapie sgze lj mrlup 3, `81 scapie sgze lj mrlup 8, s31stc`dcrd errlr jlr ILX3,c`d s81stc`dcrd errlr jlr ILX8.

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Xesuits 76

T c h i

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c s g ` m v c r g c h i e ` l t p r e s e ` t

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s g ` m v c r g c h i e p r e s e ` t

L F

V X

H g c s g ` m v c r g c h i e

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L F

V X

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L F

V X

L X

7 5 % F G

L X

7 5 % F G

F l ` v g f t e d p c r e ` t

8 : >

3 : . 5 %

8 3 . 8 %

3 > 5

4 7 . 5 %

6 7 . > %

4 . 7 >

*

8 . 7 5 - 2 . 3 8

8 . 6 5

*

3 . 4 6 - 6 . 2 =

I l w

j c a g i y g ` f l a e

8 2 3

8 3 . 4 %

8 4 . 8 %

2 4

4 3 . = %

6 6 . 6 %

8 . : 6

*

3 . 5 5 - 4 . 4 5

3 . : 3

> . 7 4 - 8 . = :

I l w

j c a g i y V E V

8 7 3

8 6 . = %

8 5 . 4 %

= 4

6 5 . 3 %

8 7 . = %

3 . 2 5

*

3 . > : - 6 . 8 3

3 . 6 4

> . = 5 - 8 . 6 =

^ l l r

b l u s g ` m

8 8 :

3 7 . 5 %

8 8 . 3 %

3 6 7

6 : . = %

6 6 . 3 %

8 . 6 4

*

3 . 4 4 - 6 . = 7

3 . = 6

*

3 . > = - 8 . = 7

^ l l r

k l h r e f l r d j c t b e r c

6 > >

8 6 . > %

8 5 . > %

4 8

5 > . > %

6 3 . > %

6 . 5 8

*

3 . = 7 - : . 7 >

3 . 5 4

> . = 5 - 6 . 3 :

* p 9

. > 5 ? 7 5 % F G , 7 5 % F l ` ffi d e ` f e g ` t e r v

c i ? @ , ` u a h e r l j l j j s p r g ` m ? L F , l j ffi f g c i f l ` v g f t g l ` w b e ` l j j s p r g ` m h e t w e e ` c m

e s 3 5 - 3 2 c ` d / l r 8 = - 6 8 ? L X , l d d s r c t g l ?

V X , s e i j - r e p l r t e d

l j j e `

d g ` m h e t w e e ` c m e s 3 5 - 3 2 c ` d 8 = - 6 8 .

c G ` j l r a c t g l ` l ` p l l r k l h r e f l r d j c t b e r g s a g s s g ` m j l r 8 6 p e l p i e , s l t b e s c a p i e b e r

e f l ` s g s t s l j 6 4 8 p e l p i e .

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Tchie 5.6; êrfe tcme lj ljjsprg`m wgtb c fl`vgftgl` versus seij-replrted ljje`dg`m g` reictgl` tlhgcsg`m vcrgchies.

Hgcsg`mvcrgchie `lt

prese`t

Hgcsg`mvcrgchie

prese`tLjjsprg`m fl`vgfted (35-32+8=-68) ^cre t fl`vgfted hejlre fbgid 35 @ LF @ LF LX 75 % FG

VX - Ilw 5> 8.> % 36 =.= % 4.>2 >.84- =>.>2VX - Ilw cvercme 73 :.: % 88 88.= % 4.3=* 3.34- 35.86VX - Bgmb cvercme := 8>.7 % 68 57.4 % 5.56* 8.83- 36.2=VX - Bgmb 58 48.6 % 62 =3.3 % 6.65* 3.6=- 2.3:

Ilw jcagiy g`flae VX - Ilw 5> 4.> % 36 > % >.7: >.73- 3.>8VX - Ilw cvercme 76 7.= % 8> 3>.> % 3.>4 >.83- 5.83VX - Bgmb cvercme =5 82.> % 84 5>.> % 8.5=* 3.>>- :.:8VX - Bgmb :6 44.4 % 8= ==.2 % 4.62* 3.5:- 38.63

Ilw jcagiy VEV VX - Ilw 56 6.2 % 3> > % >.7: >.73- 3.>8VX - Ilw cvercme 2= 2.> % 8: 35.4 % 8.>2 >.5:- =.=5VX - Bgmb cvercme 28 87.6 % 3= 58.7 % 8.=8 >.74- =.22VX - Bgmb :7 58.8 % 83 :3.7 % 3.47 >.55- 4.>5

^llr blusg`m VX - Ilw 46 8.6 % 8> 5.> % 8.83 >.36- 6=.85VX - Ilw cvercme =5 :.= % 62 35.2 % 8.:6 >.=5- 7.84VX - Bgmb cvercme :3 84.: % 62 4=.4 % 8.=:* 3.3:- :.54VX - Bgmb 4= 42.7 % 46 :>.5 % 3.:> >.:7- 6.:7

^llr klh reflrd jctber VX - Ilw 5= 6.5 % 6 > % >.7= >.78- 3.>3VX - Ilw cvercme 78 3>.7 % 36 =.= % >.:2 >.>2- 5.26VX - Bgmb cvercme 28 82.> % 36 :7.8 % 5.=2* 3.:8- 8>.:>VX - Bgmb :7 47.6 % 3: 24.: % 5.::* 3.3=- 8=.4:

* p 9 .>5? 75% FG, 75% Fl`ffide`fe g`tervci? @, ùaher lj ljjsprg`m? LF, ljffifgci fl`vgftgl`wbe` ljjsprg`m hetwee` cmes 35-32 c`d/lr 8=-68? LX, ldds rctgl? VX, seij-replrted ljje`dg`mhetwee` cmes 35-32 c`d 8=-68.

strl`m reictgl`sbgp. Tbe LX jlr tbe ilwest fctemlry lj seij-replrted ljje`d-g`m wcs `lt sgm`gffifc t, hut equciiy icrme. Ilw jcagiy g`flae, tbe sefl`dhgcsg`m vcrgchie, lìy g`frecsed fl`vgftgl` rgso g` tbe twl bgmbest fctemlrges.Tbgrd, ilw jcagiy VEV g`frecsed fl`vgftgl` rgso g` tbe tbree bgmbest fctemlr-ges, hut tbe rgso g`frecse wcs `lt sgm`gffifc`t. Jlurtb, wbe` sl`s igved g` pllrblusg`m, g` every fctemlry lj seij-replrted ljje`dg`m tbey bcd c bgmber rgso lj bcvg`m c fl`vgftgl`, citblumb tbe g`frecse wcs lìy sgm`gffifc`t g` lè lj tbefctemlrges. Jg`ciiy, bcvg`m c jctber wgtb c pllr klh reflrd g`frecsed fl`vgf-tgl` rgso sgm`gffifc`tiy g` tbe bgmb cvercme c`d bgmb fctemlrges. Tbe strl`mestjcftlr g`frecsg`m ljjsprg`m fl`vgftgl`s, wbgie blidg`m seij-replrted ljje`dg`mfl`stc`t, gs c pcre`tci frgag`ci reflrd. Blwever, ilw jcagiy g`flae, pllrblusg`m c`d c jctber‗s pllr klh reflrd cisl sgm`gffifc`tiy g`frecsed ljjsprg`mfl`vgftgl` rgso, tblumb `lt èfesscrgiy g` every fctemlry.

@ext tl jliilwg`m ]est & Jcrrg`mtl`‗s (37==) cpprlcfb, c`ltber aetbldwcs used tl g`vestgmcte tbe gapcft lj ljffifgci hgcs l` g`termeèrctgl`ci trc`s-

agssgl`. Xesuits jrla ilmgstgf remressgl` c`ciyses cre prese`ted g` tchie 5.4.Bcvg`m c pcre`tci fl`vgftgl`, ilw jcagiy g`flae, pllr blusg`m, c`d tbe



Xesuits 75

Jgmure 5.3; ^erfe`tcmes lj ljjsprg`m wgtb c fl`vgftgl` hetwee` cmes 35-32 c`d/lr 8=-68, ct dgj-jere`t ieveis lj seij-replrted ljje`dg`m wgtb c`d wgtblut hgcsg`m vcrgchie.



7: Ljffifgci hgcs c`d icheiig`m

Tchie 5.4; ^crtgci ldds rctgls jlr tbe reictgl`sbgp hetwee` ljjsprg`m fl`vgftgl`s c`d hgcsg`mvcrgchies wbgie fl`trliig`m jlr seij-replrted ljje`dg`m.

Ljjsprg`m fl`vgfted (35-32+8=-68) LX 75% FG

Fl`vgfted pcre`t 4.34* 8.68-=.62Ilw jcagiy VEV 3.28 >.7:-6.44Ilw jcagiy g`flae 8.53* 3.48-4.45^llr blusg`m 8.>4* 3.3=-6.55^llr klh reflrd jctber 6.88* 3.:>-:.53

* p 9 .>5? 75% FG, 75% Fl`ffide`fe g`tervci? LX, ldds rctgl.

jctber bcvg`m c pllr klh reflrd cii g`frecsed fl`vgftgl` rgso cjter fl`trliig`mjlr seij-replrted ljje`dg`m. ^cre`tci fl`vgftgl` gs tbe strl`mest jcftlr (LX4.3), jliilwed hy c jctber‗s pllr klh reflrd (LX 6.8), ilw jcagiy g`flae (LX8.5), c`d pllr blusg`m (LX 8.>).

Hltb aetblds tl test bypltbesgs 8 sblw tbct fertcg` jcftlrs tbct agmbthgcs ljffifgci cme`fges g`deed bcd c sgm`gffifc`t gapcft l` ljjsprg`m‗s fl`vgf-tgl` rgso wbe` seij-replrted ljje`dg`m wcs fl`trliied jlr. Gt gs plssghie tbctc pcre`tci fl`vgftgl` fcuses tbe ltber hgcsg`m vcrgchies (ilw jcagiy g`flae,ilw jcagiy VEV, c jctber‗s pllr klh reflrd lr pllr blusg`m). Tberejlre, Gexcagèd wbetber tbe hgcsg`m vcrgchies were g`depe`de`t predgftlrs lj lj-ffifgci hgcs wbe` tbe pcre`tci fl`vgftgl` wcs tcoe` g`tl cfflu`t. Ilmgstgfremressgl` c`ciyses were ru` wbere ecfb lj tbe hgcsg`m vcrgchies wcs used cs

c predgftlr vcrgchie tlmetber wgtb tbe pcre`tci fl`vgftgl` wbgie ct tbe scaetgae fl`trliig`m jlr ljjsprg`m‗s ievei lj seij-replrted ljje`dg`m. Ilw jcagiyg`flae cs weii cs c jctber‗s pllr klh reflrd predgfted ljffifgci hgcs g`depe`d-e`tiy jrla c pcre`tci fl`vgftgl` (LX13.7=, 75 % FG 3.>2-6.57 c`d LX18.>:75% FG 3.>>-4.86). ^llr blusg`m wcs c reictgveiy strl`m predgftlr c`d cialstsgm`gffifc`t (LX13.=5 75% FG >.77-6.3>).6: Twl meèrci hgcsg`m jcftlrs cp-pecr jrla tbese resuits. Jgrstiy, c fl`vgfted pcre`t g`frecsed fl`vgftgl` rgso(tcog`m g`tl cfflu`t slaelè‗s seij-replrted ljje`dg`m). Vefl`d, c flahg`-ctgl` lj slfgci fgrfuastc`fes sufb cs ilw jcagiy g`flae, c jctber‗s pllr klhreflrd c`d igvg`m g` pllr blusg`m cppecrs tl hgcs ljffifgci cme`fges cmcg`st

fertcg` ljje`ders.

6: G cisl g`vestgmcted wbetber tbe serglusèss lj ljjsprg`m ljje`dg`m agmbt expicg` c bgmber rgsolj fl`vgftgl`. Tl excagè tbgs, c vcrgchie jlr tbe ievei lj seij-replrted serglus ljje`fes wcsused; tbe sua lj seij-replrted hurmicry c`d vglie`fe aecsured ct cme 32 c`d 68. Tbgs serglus-èss vcrgchie wcs cdded tl tbe auitgpie ilmgstgf remressgl` wgtb tbe hgcsg`m vcrgchies c`d tbeievei lj seij-replrted ljje`dg`m cs predgftlr vcrgchies c`d ljjsprg`m ljffifgci fl`vgftgl` hetwee`cmes 35-32/8=-68 cs lutflae vcrgchie. Cii hgcsg`m vcrgchies, exfept jlr ilw jcagiy VEV, re-acgèd sgm`gffifc`t predgftlrs lj ljjsprg`m fl`vgftgl`s wbe` fl`trliig`m jlr seij-replrted lj-je`dg`m c`d serglus ljje`dg`m. G` tbe g`terest lj spcfe, tbe aldeis cre `lt g`fiuded, hut tbeycre cvcgichie upl` request.

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Xesuits 7=

5.5.6 Tbe gapcft lj c fl`vgftgl` l` suhseque`t ljje`dg m

Cjter g`vestgmctg`m ljffifgci hgcs, tbe c`ciyses wgii `lw jlfus l` icheiig`m.Twl-bu`dred c`d seve`ty g`dgvgducis dgd `lt bcve c fl`vgftgl` hejlre tbegr

37tb

hgrtbdcy. Tbgrty-lè lj tbese were fl`vgfted hetwee` tbegr 37tb

c`d8=tb hgrtbdcy c`d tbese were flapcred wgtb tbe 867 pelpie wbl bcd `lthee` fl`vgfted g` egtber lj tbese perglds. Tbe resuits g` tchie 5.5 (aldei3) deal`strcte tbct bcvg`m c fl`vgftgl` hetwee` tbe 37tb c`d 8=tb hgrtbdcy(tgae 8) c`d tbe ievei lj seij-replrted ljje`dg`m hetwee` tbe 35tb c`d 37tb

hgrtbdcy (tgae 3) were hltb sgm`gffifc`t predgftlrs lj tbe ievei lj seij-replrtedljje`dg`m hetwee` tbe 8=tb c`d 68`d hgrtbdcy (tgae 6). C fl`vgftgl` pre-dgfted slaelè‗s icter seij-replrted ljje`dg`m hebcvglur, eve` wbe` prevglusljje`dg`m hebcvglur wcs tcoe` g`tl cfflu`t.

5.5.4 G`tercftgl` hetwee` icheiig m c`d fl`vgfted pcre`tAldei 8 g` tchie 5.5 deal`strctes tbe resuit lj tbe èmctgve hg`lagci re-mressgl` c`ciysgs wbere tbe g`tercftgl` hetwee` bcvg`m c fl`vgfted pcre`tc`d c fl`vgftgl` l` suhseque`t seij-replrted ljje`dg`m wcs cdded. Tberegs c strl`m g`tercftgl` ejjeft lj c fl`vgfted pcre`t c`d c` ljjsprg`m fl`vgf-tgl` l` seij-replrted ljje`dg`m. Jurtberalre, tbe gapcft lj c fl`vgftgl` cttgae 8 heflaes c` g`sgm`gffifc`t predgftlr wbe` tbe g`tercftgl` wgtb c fl`-vgfted pcre`t gs tcoe` g`tl cfflu t. ]be` tbe gapcft lj c fl`vgftgl` jlrtbe twl sepcrcte mrlups wcs excagèd, c strl`m gapcft lj c fl`vgftgl` l`

slaelè‗s ljje`dg`m hebcvglur wcs vgsghie jlr tbe mrlup wblse pcre`ts bcdhee` fl`vgfted ( H 18.>4, 75% FG13.36-8.75, p1.>>3), wberecs tbere wcs `lsgm`gffifc`t gapcft lj c fl`vgftgl` jlr tbe mrlup wblse pcre`ts bcd `lt hee`fl`vgfted ( H 1->.8>, 75% FG1->.=6->.64, p1.4=6). Tbgs g`tercftgl` ejjeft gscisl vgsghie g` ffimure 5.8 c`d tchie 5.:, wbgfb mgves tbe cvercme ùaher lj seij-replrted ljje`fes ct tbe twl cmes jlr ecfb lj tbe jlur mrlups.6= Tbe ùaherlj seij-replrted ljje`fes defrecsed hetwee` tgae 3 c`d tgae 6 jlr tbe ffirsttbree mrlups, hut tbe mrlup wbl bcd c fl`vgfted pcre`t c`d bcs hee` fl`-vgfted ct tgae 8 sblws c sbcrp g`frecse g` seij-replrted ljje`dg`m hetwee`tgae 3 c`d tgae 6. Cppcre`tiy, tbere wcs `l icheiig`m ejjeft jlr tbe mrlup

wblse pcre`ts bcve `lt hee` fl`vgfted, wbgie tbere wcs c strl`m ejjeft jlrfbgidre` wblse pcre`ts bcve hee` fl`vgfted.62

6= Trcdgtgl`ciiy, wbe` plrtrcyg`m c` g`tercftgl` ejjeft, lè wluid lìy replrt tbe lutflae(seij-replrted ljje`dg`m hetwee` cmes 8=-68) jlr tbe jlur mrlups. Blwever, sg`fe tbe lutflaegs becvgiy gùe`fed hy tbe prevglus ievei lj seij-replrted ljje`dg m, gt gs alre cpprlprgcte tlsblw tbe dgjjere`fe hetwee` tbe furre`t c`d prevglus ievei lj ljje`dg`m.

62 Cmcg`, tbe gapcft lj tbe serglusèss lj ljjsprg`m ljje`dg`m wcs g`vestgmcted. Tbe sua lj seij-replrted hurmicry c`d vglie`fe aecsured ct cme 32 wcs used (seij-replrted ljje`dg`m aecsuredct cme 68 wcs tbe lutflae vcrgchie). Tbgs serglusèss vcrgchie wcs cdded tl tbe remressgl`c`ciysgs tl test tbe g`tercftgl` hetwee` c pcre`tci fl`vgftgl` c`d ljjsprg`m fl`vgftgl` l`ljjsprg`m seij-replrted ljje`dg`m. Tbe g`tercftgl` reacgèd sgm`gffifc`t. Jurtberalre, G ex-

cagèd wbetber tbe serglus ess lj pcre ts‗ fl`vgftgl s gapcfted l` tbgs reictgl`sbgp. Cdgfbltlalus vcrgchie wcs used tbct wcs flded 3 wbe` pcre`ts bcd hee` fl`vgfted jlr hurm-icry, rlhhery, csscuit, wlu`dg`m, g`suitg`m lr tbrecte`g`m hebcvglur, sexuci ljje`fes, aurder,

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Tchie 5.5; Tbe gapcft lj c fl vgftgl` hetwee` cmes 37-8: (tgae 8) jlr ljjsprg`m wgtb `l prevglusfl`vgftgl`s l` ievei lj seij-replrted ljje`dg`m hetwee` cmes 8=-68 (tgae 6) wbgiefl`trliig`m jlr tbe ievei lj seij-replrted ljje`dg`m hetwee` cmes 35-32 (tgae 3) c`dtbe g`tercftgl` wgtb pcre`tci fl`vgftgl`.

Depe`de`t vcrgchie; Veij-replrtedljje`dg`m 8=-68

Aldei 3 Aldei 8H 75 % FG p H 75 % FG p

Fl`vgfted 37-8: lr lt >.7> >.53- 3.87 .>>3 >.62 ->.>:- >.23 .>22Veij-replrted ljje`dg m 35-32 >.88 >.33- >.68 .>>3 >.6: >.86- >.42 .>>3Fl`vgfted pcre`t ->.43 ->.=5- ->.>= .>37Fl`vgfted pcre`t*ljjsprg`m fl`vgftgl` 8.52 3.:>- 6.55 .>>3

Tchie 5.:; G`tercftgl` ejjeft lj pcre`tci fl`vgftgl` c`d ljjsprg`m fl`vgftgl` l` seij-replrtedljje`dg`m.

^cre`t lt fl`vgfted ^cre`t fl`vgfted

Ljjsprg`m ltfl`vgfted37-8:

Ljjsprg`mfl`vgfted37-8:

Ljjsprg`m ltfl`vgfted37-8:

Ljjsprg`mfl`vgfted37-8:

(tgae 8) (tgae 8) (tgae 8) (tgae 8)

@ 37: 88 46 7Aec` ùaher lj seij-replrted ljje fes;

Ljjsprg`m 35-32 (tgae 3) =.>5 37.68 7.:> 6.5:Ljjsprg`m 8=-68 (tgae 6) =.85 36.34 6.73 8=.5:

Jgmure 5.8; G`tercftgl` ejjeft lj pcre`tci fl`vgftgl` c`d ljjsprg`m fl`vgftgl` l` seij-replrtedljje`dg`m.

Tbe resuits supplrt bypltbesgs 4 c`d sgagicriy sblw tbct bypltbesgs 6 gslìy supplrted jlr tbe mrlup wblse pcre`ts bcve hee` fl`vgfted c`d `lt jlrpelpie wblse pcre`ts bcve `lt hee` fl`vgfted.

ac`sicumbter, drum lr wecpl` ljje`fes. Tbgs cisl dgd `lt fbc`me tbe resuits; tbe g`tercftgl`

ejjeft reacgèd sgm`gffifc`t. G` tbe g`terest lj spcfe, tbe aldeis cre `lt g`fiuded, hut tbey crecvcgichie upl` request.



Dgsfussgl` 77

5.: Dgsfussgl`

Tbgs fbcpter g`vestgmcted ljffifgci hgcs g` g`termeèrctgl`ci trc`sagssgl` csweii cs tbe gapcft lj c fl`vgftgl` l` suhseque`t ljje`dg`m hebcvglur. C fl`-

vgfted pcre`t wcs tbe strl`mest predgftlr lj ljjsprg`m fl`vgftgl`s cjter fl`-trliig`m jlr ljjsprg`m seij-replrted ljje`dg`m. Ilw jcagiy g`flae, c jctber‗spllr eapilyae`t reflrd c`d pllr blusg`m fl`dgtgl`s cisl predgfted ljj-sprg`m fl`vgftgl`s g`depe`de`t lj bcvg`m c fl`vgfted pcre`t. Tbus, èxttl bcvg`m c fl`vgfted pcre`t, tbese slfgci fgrfuastc`fes cisl cppecr tl hgcsljffifgci cme`fges c`d g`frecse fl`vgftgl` rgso jlr pelpie wgtb tbese fbcrcf-tergstgfs. Jurtberalre, tbe resuits sblw tbct c fl`vgftgl` suhseque`tiy g`-frecsed c` g`dgvgduci‗s seij-replrted ljje`dg`m hebcvglur jlr tbe mrlup lj pelpie wblse pcre`ts bcd hee` fl`vgfted, hut `lt jlr pelpie wblse pcre`tsbcd `lt hee` fl`vgfted.

]est c`d Jcrrg`mtl` (37==) deal`strcted supplrt jlr ljffifgci hgcs jlrljjsprg`m wgtb fl`vgfted pcre`ts. Tbe furre`t study vcigdcted tbese prevglusresuits c`d revecied tbct fertcg` slfgci fgrfuastc`fes cisl g`frecse fl`vgftgl`rgso jlr g`dgvgducis wgtb tbese jcftlrs. Gt gs `lt surprgsg`m tbct tbese jcftlrswluid hgcs ljffifgci cme`fges. Jlr excapie, pligfe cre alre igoeiy tl pctrliicrme puhigf blusg`m prlkefts lr deprgved ègmbhlurbllds rctber tbc` tbesuhurhs lr rgfber crecs, c`d, fl`seque`tiy, pelpie igvg`m g` tblse crecs crealre igoeiy tl he crrested.

Xesuits jrla tbgs study supplrt tbe gdec tbct tbe hgcsg`m vcrgchies cf-

tuciiy fcuse tbe ljje`dg`m hebcvglur, hefcuse c fl`vgfted pcre`t c`d pllrblusg`m cre sgm`gffifc`tiy reicted tl ljjsprg`m seij-replrted ljje`dg`m. Blw-ever, tbese vcrgchies fcusg`m frgag`ci hebcvglur dles `lt rejute tbe ffi`dg`mtbct tbey cisl - g`depe`de`tiy lj tbegr plssghie cetglilmgfci vciue - g`frecseljjsprg`m fl`vgftgl` rgso. Tbe jlfus lj tbe furre`t study wcs l` tbe dgsfrep-c`fy hetwee` ljjsprg`m seij-replrted ljje`dg`m c`d ljjsprg`m fl`vgftgl` rgso.Tbgs dgsfrepc`fy wcs lperctgl`cigsed cs tbe recftgl` lj ljffifgci cme`fges. Gtgs `lt surprgsg`m tbct vcrgchies tbct agmbt fcuse frgag`ci hebcvglur cre cisl,wbetber expigfgtiy lr `lt, used tl mugde tbe hebcvglur lj ljffifgci cme`fges.

Vlae g`terestg`m pctter`s cre vgsghie g` tbe resuits. Jgrstiy, wbe` excag`-

g`m tbe gapcft lj hgcsg`m vcrgchies ct dgjjere`t ieveis lj seij-replrted ljje`dg m(tchie 5.6), ilw jcagiy g`flae c`d c jctber‗s pllr klh reflrd dl `lt bcve c`gapcft l` tbe rgso lj c fl`vgftgl` ct tbe ilwest ievei lj seij-replrted ljje`d-g`m, hut tbey dl ct bgmber ieveis. Tbgs ilwest fctemlry fl`sgsted lj pelpiewbl replrted `l flaagtted ljje`fes hetwee` tbegr 35tb tbrlumb 32tb c`d8=tb tbrlumb 68`d hgrtbdcy. Tberejlre, uìess pelpie cre wrl`miy fl`vgfted,tbese g`dgvgducis fc``lt he fl`vgfted.67 Gt gs `lt surprgsg`m tbct `l ljffifgcihgcs gs vgsghie g` tbgs mrlup; wbe` pelpie flaagt `l lr igttie frgae, tberegs igttie sflpe jlr tbe pligfe tl g`terveè. ]be` pelpie flaagt alre frgae,

67 Twl pelpie were fl`vgfted jlr c` ljje`fe wbe` tbey were 3: yecrs lid wbgfb tbey dgd `ltreplrt.

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3>> Ljffifgci hgcs c`d icheiig`m

tbe pligfe bcve alre rlla tl g`terveè lr `lt, c`d tl fbllse tl cppiy tbegrdgsfretgl`cry plwer.

Vefl`d, c pcre`tci fl`vgftgl` g`frecsed tbe rgso lj ljjsprg`m fl`vgftgl`s,hut gt cisl g`frecsed ljjsprg`m‗s seij-replrted ljje`dg`m hebcvglur. Tbe res-

uits g` tchie 5.8 sblw tbct cpprlxgacteiy 67% lj sl`s wblse pcre`ts bcdhee` fl`vgfted jcii g` tbe bgmber seij-replrt fctemlry flapcred wgtb cpprlx-gacteiy 83 % lj sl`s wblse pcre`ts bcve `lt hee` fl`vgfted. Tbgs dgjjer-e`fe agmbt he cttrghutchie tl tbe prlfess dgsfussed prevglusiy c`d excagèdg` tbgs fbcpter wbere c pcre`tci fl`vgftgl` g`frecses tbe rgso lj ljjsprg`mfl`vgftgl`s wbgfb suhseque`tiy g`frecses ljjsprg`m‗s ljje`dg`m hebcvglurtbrlumb icheiig`m lr ltber fliicterci fl`seque`fes lj c fl`vgftgl` sufb csilsg`m lè‗s klh (Zc` der Meest, 8>33). Gt gs cisl plssghie tbct ltber aefb-c`gsas lj g`termeèrctgl`ci trc`sagssgl` (cs dgsfussed g` tbe G`trlduftgl` lj tbgs dgssertctgl`) cre pcrtiy respl`sghie jlr g`termeèrctgl`ci fl`tgùgty lj frgag`ci hebcvglur. Cs prevglusiy ae`tglèd, tbe expic`ctgl`s jlr g`terme`-erctgl`ci trc`sagssgl` cre `lt autuciiy exfiusgve c`d tbey cre eapgrgfciiyg`tertwgèd? c flahg`ctgl` lj tbese aefbc`gsas fluid expicg` g`termeèrc-tgl`ci trc`sagssgl` c`d tbe furre`t resuits cisl sblw tbct ljffifgci hgcs gs `ltslieiy respl`sghie jlr g`termeèrctgl`ci fl`tgùgty.

Jg`ciiy, gt gs surprgsg`m tbct tbe sgm`gffifc`t gapcft lj c fl`vgftgl` l`slaelè‗s suhseque`t ljje`dg`m hebcvglur wcs lìy jlu`d jlr tbe pelpiewblse pcre`ts bcd hee` fl`vgfted, hut `lt jlr tbe pelpie wblse pcre`tsbcd `lt hee` fl`vgfted. Gt cppecrs tbct Icheiig`m Tbelry lìy cppiges tl

pelpie wbl cre cirecdy dgscdvc`tcmed hy c fl`vgfted pcre`t. Tbere gs c fu-auictgve ejjeft lj bcvg`m c fl`vgfted pcre`t c`d heg`m fl`vgfted ylurseij. CsHer`hurm c`d Orlb` (8>>6, p. 387>) eapbcsgsed; ‒Vtrufturci ilfctgl`, sufbcs rcfe lr slfgci ficss, acy prlvgde pelpie wgtb dgjjere`tgci aec`s tl resgstdevgc`t icheiig`m g` tbe jcfe lj ljffifgci g`terve`tgl`.‗ C fl`vgftgl` dles `ltcutlactgfciiy iecd tl devgc`t icheiig`m, hut depe`ds l` ltber jcftlrs cs weii.]be` pelpie cre g` c dgscdvc`tcmed plsgtgl` ‒deffifgts c`d dgscdvc`tcmes pgieup jcster‗ (Vcapsl` & Icuh, 377=, p. 356). Tbe furre`t study deal`strctesstrl`m supplrt jlr tbgs gdec lj dgjjere`tgci icheiig`m ejjefts.

Tbgs study u`dluhtediy bcs igagtctgl s. Tbrlumblut tbe fbcpter gt

wcs cssuaed tbct seij-replrted ljje`dg`m gs c vcigd c`d reigchie aecsure lj slaelè‗s ljje`dg`m hebcvglur. Blwever, seij-replrts lj ljje`dg`m hebc-vglur lhvglusiy jcfe fbciie`mes? pelpie agmbt jlrmet, fl`feci lr excmmerctetbegr ljje`dg`m hebcvglur (Ku`mer-Tcs & Acrsbcii, 3777). Tbese gssues plsec prlhiea espefgciiy wgtb il`m-tera retrlspeftgve seij-replrts (Kliigjje et ci.,8>>6). Jurtberalre, tbe wgiig`mèss tl flaagt ljje`fes, tl jlrmet, c`d tlexcmmercte agmbt depe`d l` fbcrcftergstgfs lj tbe respl`de`t c`d lj tbefrgae. êlpie seea tl he iess g`figèd tl replrt sex c`d jrcud ljje`fes,hut slaetgaes excmmercte vglie`t ljje`fes. Gt gs plssghie tbct sufb fbcrcf-tergstgfs lj tbe respl`de`t lr tbe frgae fluid expicg` dgjjere`fes hetwee`

seij-replrted ljje`dg`m c`d ljffifgci fl vgftgl s. Jlr excapie, ljjsprg`m



Dgsfussgl` 3>3

lj fl`vgfted pcre`ts agmbt jeei c devgc`t ichei lr stgmactgsctgl` c`d tbusagmbt he iess g`figèd tl prese`t c prl-slfgci gacme flapcred tl g`dgvgduciswbl jeei tbey bcve alre tl ilse (Ku`mer-Tcs & Acrsbcii, 3777). Blwever,tbgs wluid predgft c saciier dgjjere`fe hetwee` seij-replrted ljje`dg`m c`d

ljffifgci fl`vgftgl`s jlr ljjsprg`m lj fl`vgfted pcre`ts wbgfb gs `lt wbct wcsjlu`d g` tbe furre`t study. Eve` tblumb ùaerlus studges bcve sblw` tbctvcigdgty gs bgmb jlr prlspeftgve seij-replrts c`d wbgte acies cs g`vestgmctedg` tbgs scapie, gt gs gaplrtc`t tl recigse tbct we stgii dl `lt o`lw tbetrue exte`t lj ljje`dg`m hebcvglur. Blwever, tbgs gs c refurre t prlhieag` cii frgag`lilmgfci studges c`d tbe seij-replrts cs used g` tbgs study fc`he perfegved cs tbe filsest estgactes lj tbe respl`de`ts‗ true ljje`dg`mhebcvglur.

Jurtberalre, lè fluid scy tbct tbe g`frecse jlu`d g` seij-replrted lj-je`dg`m cjter c fl`vgftgl` g` tbe prefedg`m pergld fluid he fcused hy c`g`frecsed wgiig`mèss tl replrt ljje`fes rctber tbc` c` g`frecse g` slaelè‗sljje`dg`m hebcvglur. Blwever, tbe respl`de`ts dgd `lt o`lw tbct tbe re-secrfbers fbefoed tbegr frgag`ci bgstlrges, tberejlre gt seeas uìgoeiy tbcttbgs o`lwiedme fluid bcve gùe`fed tbea. Alre gaplrtc tiy, prevglusc`ciyses wgtb tbe FVDD sblwed tbct, g` meèrci, tbe ffirst seij-replrt lj c`ljje`fe prefeded tbe ffirst fl`vgftgl` jlr gt (Jcrrg`mtl`, 3727). Tbgs gapigestbct gt gs uìgoeiy tbct tbe reictgl`sbgp jlu`d hetwee` c fl`vgftgl` c`d csuhseque`t g`frecse g` seij-replrted ljje`dg`m fluid he cttrghuted tl tbe te`d-e`fy jlr fl`vgftgl`s tl acoe pelpie alre wgiig`m tl cdagt ljje`fes g` seij-

replrts.Gt gs cisl plssghie tbct tbe lhserved dgjjere`fe hetwee` seij-replrted lj-je`dg`m c`d ljffifgci fl`vgftgl`s vcrges hetwee` ljjsprg`m wgtb fl`vgfted pcr-e`ts c`d u`fl`vgfted pcre`ts jlr ltber recsl`s tbc` ljffifgci hgcs. êrbcpsljjsprg`m lj fl`vgfted pcre`ts c`d wgtb pllrer slfgci fgrfuastc`fes cre iessigoeiy tl cdagt ljje`dg`m g` seij-replrts. Blwever, hcsed l` prevglus seij-replrt vcigdgty resecrfb tbere gs `l evgde`fe tl summest tbgs.

C` gaplrtc`t igagtctgl` lj tbgs study gs tbe ilw ùaher lj pelpie g`-vlived g` tbe c`ciyses tl g`vestgmcte icheiig`m. Tbe mrlup lj ljjsprg`m wgtbc fl`vgftgl` c`d c fl`vgfted pcre`t fl`sgsts lj lìy `gè pelpie. Bgtbertl

tbe FVDD gs tbe lìy study used tl excagè tbe tlpgf lj icheiig`m g` fla-hg`ctgl` wgtb c fl`vgfted pcre`t. Tbgs bgmbigmbts tbe èed tl repigfcte tbesec`ciyses wgtb icrme il`mgtudg`ci dctc sets lver auitgpie meèrctgl`s.

U`jlrtu`cteiy gt wcs `lt plssghie g`vestgmcte jeacies. Tbe FVDD bcs g`-jlractgl` l` fl`vgftgl`s jlr sgsters lj tbe lrgmg`ci 433 ae`, hut dles `ltbcve seij-replrts jlr tbese wlae`. Gt wluid he g`terestg`m tl g`vestgmcte ljffi-fgci hgcs g` g`termeèrctgl`ci trc`sagssgl` c`d tbe gapcft lj c fl`vgftgl` jlrdcumbters, hefcuse tbe cttgtude lj ljffifgci cme`fges agmbt he dgjjere`t tlwcrdsjeacies. Cs ae`tglèd prevglusiy, jeacies cre iess igoeiy tl he crrested tbcàcies c`d jeacies cre ct c` cdvc`tcme g` severci stcmes lj deig`que`fy fcse

prlfessg`m g` tbe flurt (Hgsblp & Jrczger, 3773? Vecilfo & Vgapsl`, 3772?



3>8 Ljffifgci hgcs c`d icheiig`m

Vplb` & Hegfbèr, 8>>>). Gt gs u`fiecr, blwever, blw ljffifgci hgcs agmbt g`-ue`fe jeacies. Tbe ’cdvc`tcme‑ jlr jeacies agmbt eigag`cte tbe ljffifgci hgcscmcg`st dcumbters lj fl`vgfted pcre`ts. Blwever, tbe cdvc`tcme jlr jeaciesagmbt cppiy tl dcumbters lj fl`vgfted cs weii cs u`fl`vgfted pcre`ts, c`d

ljffifgci hgcs cmcg`st fertcg` jcagiges agmbt stgii he `ltgfechie. Citer`ctgveiy,tbe flahg`ctgl` lj heg`m jeacie c`d flag`m jrla c frgag`ci jcagiy agmbtèmctgveiy fbc`me tbe cttgtude lj ljffifgci cme`fges, wbl dl `lt sblw ie`ge`fywgtb tbese wlae`. Cddgtgl`ciiy, gt wluid he g`terestg`m tl excagè wbetberjeacies cisl replrt c sgagicr g`frecse g` seij-replrted ljje`dg`m cjter heg`mfl`vgfted. Cs dgsfussed hejlre (see pcme 6:), wlae` wbl flaagt frgae creiess flaal`, c`d hefcuse lj tbgs, tbere agmbt he alre stgmac jlr wlae`wbl dl flaagt frgae. Gt wluid he desgrchie tl repigfcte tbe furre`t studyusg`m dctc l` jeacies tl g`vestgmcte wbetber sgagicr fl`fiusgl`s cppiy tlwlae`.

Jurtberalre, gt gs gaplrtc`t tl recigse tbct tbe resuits jrla tbgs studyagmbt `lt he ecsgiy meèrcigschie tl tldcy‗s sgtuctgl` lr tl ltber flu`trges.Tbgs scapie lj ae` wcs hlr` g` Il`dl` crlu`d 3756 c`d tbegr ljje`dg`mhebcvglur wcs aecsured u`tgi cme 68 (rlumbiy 372:). Jcagiy struftures,flaau`gtges c`d pligfe c`d kustgfe lrmc`gsctgl`s bcve fbc`med. @lwcdcys,pelpie alve alre ljte` c`d alve jcrtber cwcy. ^ligfe ljffifers g` tbe ègmb-hlurblld agmbt `lt o`lw pelpie‗s pcre`ts lr pcre`ts agmbt bcve sepcrctedc`d lè pcre`t agmbt igve g` c flapieteiy dgjjere`t ègmbhlurblld, dgstrgftlr fgty reictgve tl tbe fbgid. Cmcg`, gt wluid he cdvc`tcmelus tl repigfcte tbgs

study usg`m dctc jrla dgjjere`t perglds c`d dgjjere`t flu`trges tl excagèwbetber sgagicr ejjefts cre vgsghie.]bct dl tbese resuits aec` tl hrlcder slfgety< Cppcre`tiy, fertcg`

pelpie bcve c bgmber rgso lj fl`vgftgl`. @lt èfesscrgiy hefcuse tbey fla-agt alre frgae, hut kust hefcuse tbegr pcre`t(s) flaagtted frgae lr hefcusetbey mrlw up g` pllrer slfgci fgrfuastc`fes. Jrla c` etbgfci plg`t lj vgew,tbgs gs lhvglusiy u`desgrchie. ]e igve g` c dealfrctgf, jcgr slfgety wbereeverylè sbluid he trected equciiy c`d tbus ljffifgci hgcs sbluid he cvlgded.Jurtberalre, c`d tbgs gs alre reievc`t jrla c prcftgfci plg`t lj vgew, tbgsstudy sblwed c` g`frecse g` tbese g`dgvgducis‗ ljje`dg`m hebcvglur cjter ljffi-

fgci hgcs c`d icheiig`m. G`stecd lj defrecsg`m lr preve`tg`m frgae, hy tbegr cf-tgl`s tbe ljffifgci cme`fges cppecr tl g`frecse ljje`dg`m hebcvglur. Cs AfCrc& AfZge ( 8>>5, p. 5, 8>>=c? 8>>=h) cisl deal`strcted g` tbegr resecrfb gÈdg`hurmb, tbe pligfe cppecr tl u`jcgriy tcrmet fertcg` fctemlrges lj ylu`mpelpie, tbe usuci suspefts, hut tberehy tbey ‒serve tl sustcg` c`d reprldufetbe very prlhieas wbgfb tbe g`stgtutgl` lste`sghiy ctteapts tl fl`tcg` lrercdgfcte‗. Tbgs gs lhvglusiy c` u`wc`ted fl`seque`fe lj tbegr cftgl`s. Gt gstberejlre gaplrtc`t tl acoe tbe pligfe c`d flurts cwcre lj tbgs hgcs sl tbcttbey fc` try tl cvlgd trectg`m ljje`ders‗ fbgidre` u`jcgriy.

Jurtberalre, gt cppecrs tbct fbgidre` lj fl`vgfted pcre`ts cisl replrt

alre frgag`ci hebcvglur tbc` fbgidre` wblse pcre`ts bcve `lt hee` fl`-



Vuaacry 3>6

vgfted. G`stecd lj g`frecsg`m tbgs hebcvglur eve` jurtber hy fl`vgftg`m tbesefbgidre` dgsprlplrtgl`ciiy ljte`, gt gs prejerchie tl try tl preve`t tbe de-veilpae`t lj tbgs hebcvglur. Eèrmy c`d reslurfes wluid he hetter spe`tl` jcagiy-hcsed preve`tgl` prlmrcas, sufb cs pcre`t edufctgl` c`d pcre`t

ac`cmeae`t trcg`g`m. Gj spefgci ctte`tgl` bcs tl he jlfused l` fbgidre` lj fl`vgfted pcre`ts, gt wluid he hetter jlr gt tl he plsgtgve c`d ejjeftgve hyaec`s lj preve`tg`m tbe ljje`dg`m hebcvglur.

5.= Vuaacry

Tbgs fbcpter g`vestgmcted tl wbct exte`t fbgidre` lj fl`vgfted pcre`ts agmbtbcve c bgmber rgso lj c fl`vgftgl` tbeaseives hefcuse lj hgcs cmcg`st fertcg`frgag`ci jcagiges hy ljffifgci kustgfe systeas, sufb cs tbe pligfe c`d flurts.

Jurtberalre, G excagèd wbetber c fl`vgftgl` suhseque`tiy g`frecsed lj-je`dg`m hebcvglur. Hgcs wcs aecsured usg`m severci vcrgchies; c fl`vgftedpcre`t, ilw jcagiy g`flae, ilw jcagiy slfgl-efl`lagf stctus, pllr blus-g`m fl`dgtgl`s c`d c jctber‗s pllr eapilyae`t reflrd. Tbe gapcft lj cfl`vgftgl` hetwee` cmes 37-8: l` seij-replrted ljje`dg`m hebcvglur hetwee`8=-68 wcs g`vestgmcted wbgie fl`trliig`m jlr prevglus seij-replrted hebcvglurhetwee` 35-32. C fl`vgfted pcre`t cs weii cs pllrer slfgci fgrfuastc`fessufb cs c jctber‗s pllr klh reflrd, ilw jcagiy g`flae c`d pllr blusg`m pre-dgfted c` g`frecsed fl`vgftgl` rgso wbgie fl`trliig`m jlr seij-replrted ljje`d-g`m. Jurtberalre, c icheiig`m ejjeft wcs lìy vgsghie cal`m pelpie wblse

pcre`ts bcd hee` fl`vgfted; pelpie wbl bcd hee` fl`vgfted wbe` tbey werehetwee` cmes 37-8: replrted sgm`gffifc`tiy alre ljje`dg`m hetwee` cmes 8=-68,wbgie fl`trliig`m jlr tbe ievei lj seij-replrted ljje`dg`m hetwee` cmes 35-32.Tbe resuits supplrt tbe ljffifgci hgcs aefbc`gsa c`d icheiig`m tbelry, hut cislsummest tbct ltber aefbc`gsas cre èeded tl expicg` g`termeèrctgl`ci trc`s-agssgl`.



Fbcpter :

Tbe reictgl`sbgp hetwee`

pcre`tci gaprgslàe`t c`d

ljjsprg`m ljje`dg`m g`

E`mic`d c`d tbe

@etberic`ds∝

‒Tbey fcii ae `caes, slaetgaes chlut ay dcd heg`m g` prgsl`, slaetgaes `lt.Vlaetgaes G met g`tl ffimbts.‗

(Iúsei et ci., 8>33, p. 56)

:.3 G`trlduftgl`

G` tbe prevglus fbcpter G excagèd c plssghie gapcft lj tbe kustgfe systeahy g`vestgmctg m ljffifgci hgcs c`d icheiig`m. G` tbgs fbcpter, c`ltber cspeftlj tbe frgag`ci kustgfe systea wgii he excagèd; tbe gapcft lj pcre`tci ga-prgslàe`t l` ljjsprg`m hebcvglur. G` refe`t yecrs gaprgslàe`t rctes bcveg`frecsed e`lralusiy g` ]ester` Eurlpe c`d tbe U`gted Vtctes (]ciasiey,8>>7). Cs c fl`seque`fe, tldcy, c` estgacted 3.5 agiigl` fbgidre` g` tbeU`gted Vtctes c`d 3>>,>>> fbgidre` g` E`mic`d4> bcve c` g`fcrfercted pcr-

∝ C` ecriger versgl` lj tbgs fbcpter wcs puhigsbed cs V. Heseaer, Z. vc` der Meest, K. Aurrcy,F.F.K.B. Hgkieveid, c`d D. . Jcrrg`mtl` (8>33). Tbe reictgl`sbgp hetwee` pcre`tci gaprgsl`-ae`t c`d ljjsprg`m ljje`dg`m g` E`mic`d c`d tbe @etberic`ds. Hrgtgsb Klur`ci lj Frgag`lilmy,

53, 436-46=.4> G` tbgs fbcpter, ’E`mic`d‑ gs used cs sblrtbc`d jlr ’E`mic`d c`d ]cies‑.

3>5

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3>: ^cre`tci Gaprgslàe`t

e`t (Aurrcy & Jcrrg`mtl`, 8>>2c).43 Tbere cre `l ljffifgci ffimures jlr tbeprevcie`fe lj gaprgslèd pcre`ts c`d fbgidre` g` tbe @etberic`ds, citblumbresecrfb l` wlae` g` Dutfb prgsl`s estgactes tbct ct iecst hetwee` 2>> tl3,8>> fbgidre` ecfb yecr bcve c` gaprgslèd altber ( Vilthlla, Hgkieveid,

Dcy & Zc` Mgeze`, 8>>2). Gt gs fiecr tbct c suhstc`tgci c`d g`frecsg`m ùa-her lj fbgidre` experge`fe pcre`tci gaprgslàe`t.

Ecriger resecrfb summests tbct pcre`tci gaprgslàe`t agmbt bcve u`desgr-chie ejjefts l` fbgidre` iejt hebg`d; tbey exbghgt alre frgag`ci hebcvglurc`d ae`tci becitb prlhieas tbc` fbgidre` wblse pcre`ts were `lt ga-prgslèd ( Aurrcy & Jcrrg`mtl`, 8>>2c? Aurrcy et ci., 8>>7). Xesecrfbersbcve hee` u`chie tl deal`strcte wbct gs fcusg m tbgs g`frecsed rgso. Tbegapcft fluid he expicgèd hy tbe sepcrctgl` jrla tbe pcre`t, lr hy fliicterciejjefts sufb cs efl`lagf deprgvctgl` hefcuse lj ilss lj jcagiy g`flae. Tbeg`frecsed rgso fluid cisl he expicgèd hy tbe pcre`t‗s frgag`ci hebcvglur. Gtgs extreaeiy dgjffifuit tl dgse`tc`mie tbese gùe`fes wgtblut c` expergae`tcidesgm . Gt gs g`terestg`m, blwever, tl see wbetber tbe gapcft lj pcre`tcigaprgslàe`t vcrges hy slfgci c`d pe`ci fl`text. Cs expicgèd g` tbeG`trlduftgl`, frlss-`ctgl`ci flapcrgsl`s fluid beip cddressg`m tbe gssue lj wbetber rgso jcftlrs lr fcuses lj deig`que`fy cre flapcrchie g` dgjjere`tsettg`ms (Jcrrg`mtl` & Ileher, 3777).

Aurrcy, Kc`sl`, c`d Jcrrg`mtl` ( 8>>=) flapcred ejjefts lj pcre`tci ga-prgslàe`t l` fbgidre` g` Vwede` c`d E`mic`d. Fbgidre` lj gaprgslèdpcre`ts g` E`mic`d dgspicyed alre frgag`ci hebcvglur tbc` fbgidre` wblse

pcre`ts were `lt gaprgslèd. G` Vwede` tbere wcs `l dgjjere fe hetwee`tbese mrlups cjter cfflu`tg`m jlr ieveis lj pcre`tci frgag`cigty. Bgtbertl tbgsgs tbe lìy frlss-`ctgl`ci study lj tbe gapcft lj pcre`tci gaprgslàe`t l`ljjsprg`m ljje`dg`m. Cs Aurrcy c`d Jcrrg`mtl` ( 8>>2c, p. 32:) stcted; ‒tbeseresuits requgre repigfctgl`‗.

Tbgs fbcpter g`vestgmctes tbe gapcft lj pcre`tci gaprgslàe`t l` fbgi-dre`‗s frgag`ci hebcvglur g` c frlss-`ctgl`ci fl`text. Vpefgffifciiy, gt seeos c`c`swer tl tbe jliilwg`m questgl`s; Dl fbgidre` lj prgslèrs dgspicy alre frga-g`ci hebcvglur tbc` fbgidre` lj fl`vgfted hut `lt gaprgslèd pcre`ts< C`d; cre tbe resuits dgjjere`t g` tbe @etberic`ds c`d E`mic`d<

Cjter tbe Vefl`d ]lrid ]cr, tbe @etberic`ds deveilped tlierc`t, igh-erci slfgci pligfges c`d c buacè prgsl` systea c`d se`te`fg`m mugdeigès(Dlwès, 3722). Tbe gaprgslàe`t rcte drlpped c`d wcs tbe ilwest g`]ester` Eurlpe u`tgi tbe icte 372>s ( Dlwès & Zc` Vwcc`g`me`, 8>>=). CsDlwès c`d Zc` Vwcc g`me` (8>>=, p. 68) stcted, cjter tbe Vefl`d ]lrid ]crjlr tbree tl jlur defcdes l`wcrds, ‒Dutfb pe`ci pligfy hefcae c hywlrd jlrbuacè prgsl` fl`dgtgl`s c`d spcrg`m use lj fustldy‗ wbere reslfgcigzctgl`wcs tbe prgacry mlci, wbgie E`mic`d deveilped c alre repressgve pe`ci sys-tea. E`mic`d bcd aufb bgmber gaprgslàe`t rctes c`d il`mer se`te`fes

43 Tbese ùahers cre fciied tbe plg`t prevcie`fe c`d reeft tbe ùaher lj prgslèrs‗ fbgidre`ct lè plg`t g` tgae.

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Tbelretgfci Hcfomrlu`d 3>=

( Dlwès, 3778). G` tbe @etberic`ds, plssghgigtges jlr jcagiges tl vgsgt prgsl`-ers were ‒alre igherciiy cvcgichie‗ tbc` g` E`mic`d (Dlwès, 3778, p. 8>3).Cddgtgl`ciiy, Dutfb prgslèrs ecrèd alre alèy jlr tbegr wlro g` fus-tldy, wbgfb e`chied alre fl`tcft wgtb tbegr jcagiges, cs pblè fciis c`d

ietters flst alèy. Jurtberalre, tbe ‒meèrlus weijcre stcte‗ cssured ‒fla-prebe`sgve slfgci g`surc`fe lver tbe igje spc`‗ ( Dlwès & Zc` Vwcc`g`me`,8>>=, p. 62). Tbgs agmbt bcve resuited g` alre ffi`c`fgci supplrt jlr prgs-lèrs‗ jcagiges. Alrelver, hefcuse lj tbe jlfus l` pu`gsbae`t g` E`mic`dversus reslfgcigzctgl` g` tbe @etberic`ds, tbe slfgci stgmac jlr prgslèrs c`dtbegr jcagiges agmbt bcve hee` ilwer g` tbe @etberic`ds. Cs G wgii desfrgheicter g` tbgs fbcpter, tbgs stgmac fc` resuit g` prlhiea hebcvglur g` fbgidre`( Bcmc` & Dg`lvgtzer, 3777).

Xefe`tiy, gaprgslàe`t rctes g`frecsed g` hltb flu`trges, g` tbe @etber-ic`ds aufb alre sl tbc` g` E`mic`d. Citblumb tbe @etberic`ds stgii bcssblrter gaprgslàe`ts, prgsl` igje stgii cppecrs iess dcacmg`m c`d prgsl`gs alre jlfused l` reslfgcigsctgl` (see Oruttsfb`gtt & Dgrozwcmer, 8>33),tldcy, tbe flu`trges cre alre sgagicr, hltb heg`m alre pu`gtgve tbc` pre-vglusiy c`d bcvg`m gaprgslàe`t rctes tbct cre cal`m tbe bgmbest g` ]est-er` Eurlpe (Dlwès, 3722? Tl`ry & Hgkieveid, 8>>=h). G`vestgmctg`m tbeseflu`trges g` tbe 375>s tl tbe 37=>s wbe` tbey dgjjered sgm`gffifc`tiy g` tbegrfrgag`ci kustgfe pligfges fc` ygeid gaplrtc`t g`jlractgl` jlr tbelrges chluttbe ejjefts lj pcre`tci gaprgslàe`t.

Ecriger studges excagèd tbe gapcft lj gaprgslàe`t (jlr c` lvervgew see

Aurrcy & Jcrrg`mtl`, 8>>2c), hut tbey g`vestgmcted tbgs hy flapcrg`m prgs-lèrs‗ fbgidre` tl fbgidre` wgtblut gaprgslèd pcre`ts. Tbey jcgied tl dgs-tg`mugsb hetwee` fbgidre` lj fl`vgfted c`d `l`-fl`vgfted pcre`ts, acog`m gtdgjffifuit tl dgjjere`tgcte hetwee` tbe ejjefts lj gaprgslàe`t c`d tbe ejjeftslj c pcre`t‗s fl`vgftgl`s l` fbgidre` ( Aurrcy et ci., 8>>7). Tbe furre`t studyjlfuses l` tbe cddgtgl`ci gapcft lj pcre`tci gaprgslàe`t lver c`d chlvepcre`tci fl`vgftgl`. Alrelver, c flapcrgsl` hetwee` tbe @etberic`ds c`dE`mic`d l` tbe reictgl`sbgp hetwee` pcre`tci gaprgslàe`t c`d ljjsprg`mljje`dg`m bcs èver hee` dlè prevglusiy. G` tbe prese`t study, Dutfb c`dE`migsb dctc gs used l` gaprgslàe`t c`d fl`vgftgl`s lj hltb pcre`ts c`d

fbgidre`. Tbgs e`chies flapcrg`m resuits frlss-`ctgl`ciiy c`d excag`g`m tbeg`depe`de`t gapcft lj pcre`tci gaprgslàe`t c`d pcre`tci fl`vgftgl`s l`ljjsprg`m ljje`dg`m. Hejlre jlrauictg`m bypltbeses c`d expicg`g`m blw tbestudy wcs fl`dufted, G wgii ffirst dgsfuss blw c`d wby pcre`tci gaprgslàe`tagmbt cjjeft fbgidre`‗s hebcvglur.

:.8 Tbelretgfci Hcfomrlu`d

Alst studges l` pcre`tci gaprgslàe`t fl`fiude tbct gt cjjefts fbgidre` u`jc-vlurchiy (Aurrcy & Jcrrg`mtl , 8>>2c). Vlae cutblrs, blwever, bcve plg`-ted tl tbe plssghgigty tbct pcre`tci gaprgslàe`t fluid gapcft upl` slae



3>2 ^cre`tci Gaprgslàe`t

fbgidre` jcvlurchiy, hefcuse realvg`m c` chusgve pcre`t jrla tbe blae ci-ilws c fbgid tl deveilp plsgtgveiy (Eddy & Xegd, 8>>6? Bcmc` & Dg`lvgtzer,3777). Heilw G dgsfuss aefbc`gsas tbct fluid expicg u`jcvlurchie c`d jc-vlurchie gapcfts lj pcre`tci gaprgslàe`t c`d alderctg`m jcftlrs tbct g`-

ue`fe tbgs reictgl`sbgp. Gt wcs `lt plssghie tl study cii lj tbese aefbc`gsasg` tbe furre`t study, hut tbe tbelrges prlvgde c mlld stcrtg`m plg`t jlr g`ter-pretg`m tbe ffi`dg`ms.

:.8.3 U`jcvlurchie gapcft

Lè expic`ctgl` jlr tbe u`jcvlurchie gapcft lj pcre`tci gaprgslàe`t gstbct pcre`tci gaprgslàe`t gs c stressjui igje eve`t jlr fbgidre` ( Bcmc` &Dg`lvgtzer, 3777). Vepcrctgl` jrla c pcre`t agmbt fcuse cttcfbae`t prlh-ieas wbgfb, g` tur`, fc` iecd tl prlhiea hebcvglur (Hlwihy, 37:7, 37=6,

372>). Alrelver, hefcuse sufb fbgidre` cre iess hl`ded tl tbegr pcre`ts, tbeyacy bcve jewer restrcg`ts tl dgspicy c`tgslfgci hebcvglur ( Bgrsfbg, 37:7).Bcmc` c`d Dg`lvgtzer ( 3777, p. 385) stressed ‒tbe gaplrtc`fe lj pcre`tcisupervgsgl`, rlie aldeis, c`d supplrt g` tbe fbgidblld slfgcigzctgl` prl-fess.‗ Cfflrdg`m tl tbegr ‒slfgcigzctgl` perspeftgve‗, fbgidre` wgii tur` tltbegr peers wbe` tbey icfo pcre`tci slfgcigzctgl` (Bcmc` & Dg`lvgtzer, 3777,p. 386). Tbey wgii use tbegr peers cs rlie aldeis wbgfb agmbt iecd tl alredeig`que`t hebcvglur (]crr, 8>>8).

C sefl`d plssghie expic`ctgl` jlr c` u`jcvlurchie gapcft lj pcre`tcigaprgslàe`t gs tbe stgmac tbct prgslèrs‗ fbgidre` fcrry g` slfgety. Cfflrd-

g`m tl tbe ‒stgmactgzctgl` perspeftgve‗ tbese fbgidre` fc` experge`fe huiiyg`mc`d tecsg`m wbgfb agmbt g`frecse prlhiea hebcvglur ( Bcmc` & Dg`lvgtzer,3777, p. 38:). Ljffifgci hldges sufb cs tbe pligfe agmbt he hgcsed c`d pcy alrectte`tgl` tl prgslèrs‗ jcagiges ( Jcrrg`mtl`, 8>33), slaetbg`m G g`vestgmctedg` tbe prevglus fbcpter (5). Tbgs fl`èfts tl icheiig`m tbelry, wbgfb plsgtstbct pelpie wgii hebcve cfflrdg`m tl tbe ichei slfgety cttcfbes tl tbea. Cf-flrdg`m tl Ieaert ( 37:=, p. v) ‒slfgci fl`trli iecds tl devgc`fe‗. Jcrrg`mtl`prevglusiy deal`strcted devgc`fe capigffifctgl`, c` g`frecse g` seij-replrteddevgc`t hebcvglur, cjter ljffifgci cftgl` g` tbe jlra lj frgag`ci fl`vgftgl`s g`tbe Fcahrgdme Vtudy ( Jcrrg`mtl`, 37==? Jcrrg`mtl` et ci., 37=2). Vberac`(3776, p. 457) bypltbesgzed tbct persgste`t huiiyg`m, tecsg`m, c`d ljffifgci pl-igfe cftgl` agmbt iecd tl ‒deffic`fe‗, c ‒prlud c`d c`mry ealtgl`‗ tbct fc`resuit g` c`tgslfgci hebcvglur g` fbgidre`.

C tbgrd expic`ctgl` fl`fer`s efl`lagf strcg` jliilwg`m c pcre`t‗s ga-prgslàe`t. Gaprgslàe t ljte` fcuses ilss lj g`flae wbgfb fc` prldufeffi`c`fgci dgjffifuitges jlr tbe jcagiy (Hilla & Vteg`bcrt, 3776). Cfflrdg`m tltbe ‒strcg` perspeftgve‗ ( Bcmc` & Dg`lvgtzer, 3777, p. 384) tbgs efl`lagfdeprgvctgl` agmbt iecd tl alre prlhiea hebcvglur g` fbgidre`.

Cs weii cs efl`lagf strcg`, wbe` fbgidre` ilse c pcre`t tl prgsl`, tbey

ilse ‒buac` c`d slfgci fcpgtci‗ ( Bcmc` & Dg`lvgtzer, 3777, p. 384). Tbereacg`g`m sg`mie pcre`t, usuciiy tbe altber, acy he u`chie tl devlte suj-



Tbelretgfci Hcfomrlu`d 3>7

ffifge`t tgae c`d eèrmy tl ber fbgidre`, espefgciiy cs sbe sujjers jrla tbeilss lj ber pcrtèr cs weii. Veverci studges summest tbct fbgidre` jrla sg`mie-pcre`t jcagiges te`d tl dgspicy alre prlhiea hebcvglur (Cactl, 8>>3? Kuhy& Jcrrg`mtl`, 8>>3? Vgmie-Xusbtl` & AfIc`cbc`, 8>>4? ]eiis & Xcòg`,

3773). Jurtberalre, pcre`tci gaprgslàe`t ljte` g`vlives jreque`t fcre-tcoer fbc`mes wbgfb agmbt cisl he reicted tl g`frecsed prlhiea hebcvglurc`d deig`que`fy g` ljjsprg`m ( Okeiistrc`d & Eddy, 8>33c,h? Aurrcy, Jcrrg`m-tl` & Veoli, 8>38).

:.8.8 @l gapcft

C jurtber expic`ctgl` jlr tbe flrreictgl` hetwee` pcre`tci gaprgslàe`tc`d ljjsprg`m ljje`dg`m gs tbct prgslèrs cre ljte` tbe alst persgste`t c`dserglus frgag`cis ( Aurrcy & Aurrcy, 8>3>). Hcsed l` tbelrges c`d studges

lj g`termeèrctgl`ci trc`sagssgl` lè wluid expeft strl`mer trc`sagssgl`lj frgag`ci hebcvglur jrla pcre`t tl fbgid g` tbe fcse lj c alre frgag`cipcre`t (Jcrrg`mtl`, 8>33 c`d Fbcpter 6). Fl`seque`tiy, gt acy `lt he tbepcre`tci gaprgslàe`t tbct gs fcusg`m tbe ljjsprg`m‗s ljje`dg`m hebcvglur,hut tbe jcft tbct tbe pcre`t wcs frgag`ci hejlre tbe prgsl` se`te`fe. Tbgs‒seieftgl` perspeftgve‗ (Bcmc` & Dg`lvgtzer, 3777, p. 382) cssuaes ‒tbct ga-prgslèd pcre`ts c`d tbegr fbgidre` cre cirecdy dgjjere`t jrla pcre`ts c`dtbegr fbgidre` wbl cre `lt gaprgslèd, prglr tl tbe gaplsgtgl` lj c prgsl`se`te`fe‗. Aurrcy c`d Jcrrg`mtl` ( 8>>2c, p. 3:6) prlplsed cs lè bypltbesgstbct ‒pcre`tci frgag`cigty, pcre`tci ae`tci giièss, c`d ltber e`vgrlàe`tci

rgsos hejlre pcre`tci gaprgslàe`t agmbt fcuse fbgid hebcvglur prlhieas,rctber tbc` pcre`tci gaprgslàe`t gtseij.‗ Vl, uìgoe tbe tbelrges dgsfussedprevglusiy tbct cssuae c` u`jcvlurchie gapcft lj pcre`tci gaprgslàe`t,tbgs expic`ctgl` prlplses tbct pcre`tci gaprgslàe`t bcs `l fcusci gapcft,hut tbct c` csslfgctgl` hetwee` pcre`tci gaprgslàe`t c`d ljjsprg`m ljje`d-g`m fc` he expicgèd hy pre-exgstg`m dgjjere`fes. G` tbegr resecrfb l` fbgidre`lj gaprgslèd altbers, Bgssei, Hgkieveid, c`d Oruttsfb`gtt ( 8>33) giiustrctedblw tbese fbgidre` experge`fed ac`y èmctgve igje eve`ts cirecdy hejlre tbealtber‗s gaprgslàe`t wbgfb wcs reicted tl eievcted ieveis lj prlhiea he-bcvglur replrted hy tbe fbgidre`.

:.8.6 Jcvlurchie gapcft

G` slae fcses, pcre`tci gaprgslàe`t acy bcve c jcvlurchie rctber tbc` cù`jcvlurchie gapcft l` fbgidre`. Cs Bcmc` c`d Dg`lvgtzer (3777, p. 386)stcted; ‒tbere lhvglusiy cre fcses g`vlivg`m tbe gaprgslàe`t lj èmigme`t,vglie`t, c`d chusgve pcre`ts wbere tbe gaprgslàe`t lj tbe pcre`ts heèffitstbe fbgidre` hy realvg`m serglus rgsos lj furre`t c`d juture bcra.‗ G` tbesefcses, fbgidre`‗s slfgci fcpgtci agmbt g`frecse rctber tbc` defrecse jliilwg`m cpcre`t‗s gaprgslàe`t ( Ezg`mc, Bgssei, Vilthlla & Hgkieveid, 8>>7? Kcjjee etci., 8>>6). Tbgs bgmbigmbts tbe gaplrtc`fe lj lhtcg`g`m o`lwiedme remcrdg`m



33> ^cre`tci Gaprgslàe`t

tbe jcagiy e`vgrlàe`t prglr tl pcre`tci gaprgslàe`t (Aurrcy & Aur-rcy, 8>3>). Jurtberalre, tbe alae`t tbct pcre`ts met g`fcrfercted agmbthe tbe ffirst tgae tbct slfgci supplrt lrmc`gsctgl`s bcve fl`tcft wgtb jcagiges.^cre`tci gaprgslàe`t gs rcreiy tbe lìy prlhiea g` c jcagiy? sufb jcagiges

ljte` bcve tl flpe wgtb vcrglus dgjffifuitges, g`fiudg`m uèapilyae`t, ffi`c`-fgci, c`d blusg`m prlhieas (Ezg`mc et ci., 8>>7? Aurrcy, 8>>5). Tbese fc`ml u``ltgfed jlr c il`m tgae, hut pcre`ts heg`m se`t tl prgsl` fluid trgmmertbe stcrt lj slfgci servgfe supplrt. Tbgs fluid gaprlve fbgidre`‗s slfgci c`dealtgl`ci deveilpae`t.

]be` c pcre`t gs gaprgslèd tbgs agmbt he c` lpplrtu`gty tl restlrefl`tcft wgtb c`d supervgsgl` lver fbgidre`. Tbe gaprgslàe`t acy ju`f-tgl` cs c tur`g`m plg`t g` tbe se`se tbct reictgl`sbgps hetwee` prgslèrs c`dtbegr fbgidre` acy he resuaed sg`fe tbe gaprgslèd pcre`t‗s igje heflaesalre remuicr ( Ezg`mc et ci., 8>>7). Citblumb g`fcrfercted pcre`ts cre mrectiyrestrgfted g` tbegr fl`tcft wgtb tbegr fbgidre`, prgsl` ciilws tgae tl reeftl` tbegr reictgl`sbgps c`d fc` g`frecse altgvctgl` tl jlfus ctte`tgl` l` tbegrfbgidre` wbe` pcre`ts cre reiecsed (Ezg`mc et ci., 8>>7). Vlae prgsl`s cisl lj-jer prlmrcas, ljte` tbrlumb `l`-prlffit lrmc`gsctgl`s, tl restlre fl`tcft wgtbfbgidre`.48

Gt gs dgjffifuit tl dgse`tc`mie tbe dgjjere`t expic`ctgl`s jlr jcvlurchie c`du`jcvlurchie ejjefts lj pcre`tci gaprgslàe`t c`d furre`tiy tbere gs igttieeapgrgfci evgde`fe l` tbese aefbc`gsas (Aurrcy & Jcrrg`mtl`, 8>>2c).Blwever, alst studges fl`fiude tbct pcre`tci gaprgslàe`t bcs c` u`jc-

vlurchie rctber tbc` c jcvlurchie gapcft. Cs Bcmc` c`d Dg`lvgtzer (3777,p. 385) stcte ‒gt gs alre igoeiy gaprgslàe`t gs bcrajui tl fbgidre` eve` g`dysju`ftgl`ci jcagiges, hefcuse gaprgslàe`t wgii alre ljte` flaplu`dtbc` agtgmcte preexgstg`m jcagiy prlhieas‗.

:.8.4 Alderctlrs

@lt cii fbgidre` cre cjjefted g` tbe scae wcy hy pcre`tci gaprgslàe`t.Alderctg`m vcrgchies acy gùe`fe tbe wcy fbgidre` respl`d tl tbegr pcr-e`t‗s gaprgslàe`t ( X. A. Hcrl` & Oe``y, 372:). Aurrcy c`d Jcrrg`mtl`(8>>2c) desfrghed severci vcrgchies tbct acy citer tbe gapcft lj pcre`tci ga-prgslàe`t. Heilw G lìy dgsfuss tblse alderctlrs tbct cre excagèd g` tbefurre`t study; acter`ci versus pcter`ci gaprgslàe`t, fbgid‗s cme, me`der,c`d c flu`try‗s prgsl` pligfges c`d pe`ci ctalspbere.

48 Excapies g` tbe @etberic`ds cre ‒Mezg` g` Hcic`s‗ (bttp;//www.mezg`-g`-hcic`s.ì/) hyBuac gtcs c`d ‒Luders, og`dere` e` dete tgeprlkeft‗ lrmc gsed hy stgfbtg`m Exldus(bttp;//www.exldus.ì/Luders,\og`dere`\e`\dete`tge-prlkeft\847.btai) hltb lj wbgfbbeip tl acg`tcg` c`d gaprlve fl`tcft hetwee` pcre`ts c`d fbgidre`, jlr excapie wgtb vl-iu`teers wbl tcoe tbe fbgidre` tl vgsgt tbegr pcre`t g` prgsl`. Excapies g` E`mic`d cre tbeMrcssrllts Jcagiy Dcys c`d Vupplrt ^rlkeft wbgfb lrmc`gses jcagiy dcys tl acg`tcg` fl`tcfthetwee` prgsl ers c`d tbegr jcagiges c`d Lragstl` wgtb servgfes sufb cs fbgidre ‗s fe tres c`d

vgsgtg`m supplrt servgfes g` prgsl` (bttp;//www.lragstl`.lrm/). C` excapie g` tbe U.V. gstbe Blrgzl` ^rlmrca wblse agssgl` gs ‒tl prepcre prgslèrs tl igve respl`sghiy wgtb ltbers‗g`fiudg`m restlrg`m jcagiy reictgl`s (bttp;//www.blrgzl`flaau`gtges.lrm/JcftVbeet.bta).

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Xesecrfbers bcve summested tbct acter`ci gaprgslàe`t gs alre dgsrupt-gve tbc` pcter`ci gaprgslàe`t (Hilla, 3776? Hilla & Vteg`bcrt, 3776?Aurrcy & Aurrcy, 8>3>). Altbers cre jreque`tiy tbe prgacry fcretcoer.]be` c altber gs gaprgslèd c`d tbe jctber gs cirecdy chse`t, fbgidre` cre

ljte` reilfcted wgtb c èw fcremgver, blae c`d sfblli ( Ezg`mc et ci., 8>>7).Hefcuse tbere cre jewer prgsl`s jlr wlae`, altbers cre meèrciiy detcgèdjurtber cwcy jrla tbegr fbgidre` tbc` jctbers, acog`m gt bcrder jlr tbe fbgi-dre` tl vgsgt ( Hefoerac`, 3727? Jgsbac`, 3726? Bcgrstl`, 3773? Ayers et ci.,3777).

C fbgid‗s cme c`d deveilpae`tci stcme agmbt cisl sbcpe blw pcre`tcigaprgslàe t gs experge`fed. G`jc ts cre pcrtgfuicriy ct rgso lj cttcfbae`tprlhieas ( Hlwihy, 37:7, 37=6, 372>). Due tl ecriy sepcrctgl` tbey agmbtjlra g`sefure cttcfbae`ts wbgfb gùe`fe tbegr icter deveilpae`t. Twltl sgx yecr lids bcve tbe bgmbest fbc`fe lj wgtèssg`m c pcre`t‗s crrest, he-fcuse tbey cre tll ylu`m tl he ct sfblli ( Klb`stl`, 3775). Lider fbgidreàcy experge`fe tbe prevglusiy ae`tglèd stgmac lj bcvg`m c` g`fcrferctedpcre`t (Ezg`mc et ci., 8>>7). Tee`cmers wbl cre deveilpg`m seij-gde`tgty c`dcutl`lay cre ct rgso lj csslfgctg`m wgtb fbgidre` jrla ltber prlhiea jcagi-ges wbgfb agmbt iecd tl deig`que`t hebcvglur (Ayers et ci., 3777).

Me`der acy cisl aldercte tbe gapcft lj pcre`tci gaprgslàe`t. Tbreeprglr studges l` me`der dgjjere`fes sblwed fl`trcdgftlry resuits (Jrgedac`& Esseisty`, 37:5? Mchei & Vbg`diedefoer, 3776? Aurrcy et ci., 8>>=). CsG dgsfussed g` Fbcpter 6 (see pcme 5:), c` expic`ctgl` jlr dgjjere`fes agmbt

he tbct hlys c`d mgris recft dgjjere`tiy tl stressjui igje eve`ts sufb cs pcre`tcigaprgslàe`t (Aurrcy & Jcrrg`mtl`, 8>>2c). G` meèrci, hlys dgspicy alreexter`cigzg`m prlhiea hebcvglur sufb cs deig`que`fy, wbgie mgris bcve alreg`ter`cigzg`m prlhieas sufb cs c`xgety c`d depressgl` (Fcpcidg et ci., 8>>8?Xlhg`s, 37::, 372:).

Jg`ciiy, tbe prevglusiy ae`tglèd flu`try‗s slfgci pligfges c`d pe`cictalspbere fc` gùe`fe tbe gapcft lj pcre`tci gaprgslàe t. @ctgl`cipligfges dgftcte tbe lpplrtu`gtges jlr fbgidre` tl vgsgt tbegr pcre`ts, tbe aec`sc`d jreque`fy lj flaau`gfctgl` durg`m gaprgslàe`t, c`d tbe calu`t lj weijcre supplrt c`d slfgci sefurgty tbct sufb jcagiges refegve. Jurtberalre,

hltb slfgci stgmac c`d ljffifgci hgcs agmbt vcry hetwee` flu`trges. Cs ae`-tglèd prevglusiy, Aurrcy et ci. (8>>=) deal`strcted c` u`jcvlurchie ejjeftlj pcre`tci gaprgslàe`t l` fbgidre` g` E`mic`d, hut jlu`d `l ejjeft g`Vwede`. Tbey spefuicted tbct tbgs wcs fcused hy dgjjere`fes g` `ctgl`cipligfges c`d puhigf perfeptgl`s lj gaprgslàe`t c`d prgslèrs? Vwede` bcdsblrter prgsl` se`te`fes, c weijcre-lrge`ted kuve`gie kustgfe systea, alrejcagiy jrge`diy prgsl` pligfges, c` exte`ded weijcre systea c`d alre sya-pctbetgf puhigf cttgtudes tlwcrds ljje`ders c`d pu`gsbae`t. Tbgs bgmbigmbtstbe gaplrtc`fe lj fl`text wbgfb fc` he g`vestgmcted usg`m frlss-`ctgl`cistudges lj tbe gapcft lj gaprgslàe`t cs tbgs study dles jlr tbe @etberic`ds

c`d E`mic`d.



338 ^cre`tci Gaprgslàe`t

:.8.5 Bypltbeses

Tbe jliilwg`m bypltbeses wgii he studged g` tbgs fbcpter;

3. ^cre`tci gaprgslàe`t hetwee` tbe fbgid‗s hgrtb c`d `gètee`tb hgrtb-

dcy predgfts alre frgag`ci hebcvglur tbc` pcre`tci fl`vgftgl`.

8. Tbgs reictgl`sbgp gs jlu`d g` E`mic`d cs weii cs g` tbe @etberic`ds.

6. Tbgs reictgl`sbgp gs sgagicr jlr hlys c`d mgris.

4. Acter`ci gaprgslàe`t gs alre dgsruptgve tbc` pcter`ci gaprgsl`-ae`t.

5. ^cre`tci gaprgslàe`t hetwee` hgrtb c`d egmbtee` predgfts alre ljj-sprg`m fl`vgftgl`s tbc` pcre`tci gaprgslàe`t hejlre tbe hgrtb lj tbe

fbgid.:. Tbe gapcft lj pcre`tci gaprgslàe`t wgii he dgjjere`t ct dgjjere`t cmes

lj tbe fbgid.46

=. Tbere gs c reictgl`sbgp hetwee` tbe jreque`fy c`d ie`mtb lj pcre`tcigaprgslàe`t c`d ljjsprg`m fl`vgftgl s (g.e. tbe alre ljte` c`d/lrtbe il`mer c pcre`t bcs hee` gaprgslèd, tbe alre fl`vgftgl`s tbefbgid wgii bcve).

2. ^cre`tci gaprgslàe`t stgii predgfts ljjsprg`m fl`vgftgl`s cjter fl`-

trliig`m jlr tbe ùaher lj pcre`tci fl`vgftgl`s, jlr pcre`tci vglie`tljje`dg`m, c`d jlr rgso jcftlrs jlr frgae.

:.6 Aetbld

:.6.3 Vcapie

Jlr tbe c`ciyses g` tbgs fbcpter, tbe Fcahrgdme Vtudy g` Deig`que`t Deveilp-ae`t ( FVDD)c`dtbe @VFX-Trc`sffive study (Trc sffive) were used (see pcme 36jlr alre g`jlractgl`).

^revglusiy, tbe ejjefts lj pcre`tci gaprgslàe`t l` tbe 433 lrgmg`ci pcr-tgfgpc`ts (cii acie) g` tbe FVDD were g`vestgmcted hy Aurrcy c`d Jcrrg`mtl`(8>>5? 8>>2c) c`d flapcred wgtb Vwede (Aurrcy et ci., 8>>=). Blwever, tbefurre`t acùsfrgpt gs tbe ffirst tgae tbct resuits l` pcre`tci gaprgslàe`t jlrtbe hrltbers c`d sgsters lj tbe 433 hlys cre heg`m replrted.

Jlr flapcrgsl` lj tbese dctcsets, c flapcrchie scapie wcs tcoe` jrlahltb; ljjsprg`m hlr` hetwee` Kcùcry 374: c`d Vepteaher 37:8 (see pcme 34jlr alre g`jlractgl`).

46 Mgve` tbe pcufgty lj resecrfb g` tbgs crec c`d tbelrges tbct predgft dgjjere`t ejjefts ct cii cmes, c

prglrg bypltbeses chlut tbe cme ct wbgfb pcre`tci gaprgslàe`t wluid gapcft alst strl`miywere `lt deveilped.

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Xesuits 336

:.6.8 Aecsures

Lutflae Zcrgchie

Tbe lutflae vcrgchie wcs tbe ljjsprg`m‗s fl`vgftgl` rcte, deffièd cs tbe ùa-

her lj fl`vgftgl`s jlr frgaes flaagtted hetwee` tbe 37tb c`d 4>tb hgrtbdcy.Cs desfrghed heilw, pcre`tci gaprgslàe`t wcs aecsured up u`tgi tbe 37tb

hgrtbdcy c`d tberejlre, ljjsprg`m ljje`dg`m wcs aecsured cjter tbgs dcte.

^redgftlr Zcrgchie

Tl excagè wbetber pcre`tci gaprgslàe`t cjjefted fbgidre` alre strl`miytbc` pcre`tci fl`vgftgl`s, twl autuciiy exfiusgve mrlups were flapcredc`d c dgfbltlalus vcrgchie lj pcre`tci gaprgslàe`t wcs frected. Tbe ffirstmrlup, tbe prgslèrs‗ fbgidre` mrlup, fl`sgsted lj fbgidre` wblse pcre`ts

bcd hee` gaprgslèd ct iecst l`fe hetwee` tbe fbgidre`‗s hgrtb c`d tbegr 37tb

hgrtbdcy. Tbe sefl`d mrlup, tbe fl`vgfted pcre`ts mrlup, fl`sgsted lj fbgi-dre` wblse pcre`ts were èver gaprgslèd up tl tbe fbgid‗s 37tb hgrtbdcy,cisl `lt hejlre hgrtb, hut were fl`vgfted hetwee` tbe fbgid‗s hgrtb c`d 37tb

hgrtbdcy. G` tbe FVDD, tbe prgslèrs‗ fbgidre` mrlup fl`sgsted lj 346 fbgi-dre`, tbe fl`vgfted pcre`ts mrlup lj 325. G` Trc`sffive , 28 fbgidre` were g`tbe prgslèrs‗ fbgidre` mrlup c`d 2= g` tbe fl`vgfted pcre`ts mrlup. Jlrbypltbesgs =, twl fl`tgùlus vcrgchies lj pcre`tci gaprgslàe`t were used;tbe ùaher c`d ie`mtb lj pcre`tci gaprgslàe`t. Lìy ljjsprg`m lj prgs-lèrs c`d lj fl`vgfted pcre`ts were g`fiuded. Tbgs aec`t tbct ljjsprg`m g`

tbe fl`vgfted pcre`ts mrlup bcd c vciue lj > l` tbe predgftlr vcrgchie, wbgietbe prgslèrs‗ fbgidre` mrlup vcrged cfflrdg`m tl tbe ùaher lj tgaes tbepcre`t bcd hee` gaprgslèd lr tbe ie`mtb. Tbe acxgaua ie`mtb lj pcr-e`tci gaprgslàe`t ljjsprg`m experge`fed wcs used sl cs `lt tl fl`jlu`dtbgs c`ciysgs wgtb tbe prevglus lè tbct illoed ct tbe jreque`fy lj pcre`tcigaprgslàe`t.

Frgag`ci Fl`vgftgl`s

Vee tbe seftgl` l` Frgag`ci fl`vgftgl`s l` pcme 35 jlr g`jlractgl` l` blw

frgag`ci fl`vgftgl`s were fliiefted c`d lperctgl`cigsed.

:.6.6 Dctc c`ciysgs

@emctgve hg`lagci remressgl` c`ciysgs wcs used g` Meèrcigzed Estgactg`mEquctgl`s (MEE) (see tbe G`trlduftgl`, pcme 3: jlr alre g`jlractgl`).

:.4 Xesuits

^rgslèrs‗ fbgidre` bcd alre fl`vgftgl`s tbc` fbgidre` wblse pcre`ts wereèver fl`vgfted, g` E`mic`d (aec` 8.86 versus >.65, H13.26, p 9 .>>3) cs




Tchie :.3; ^cre`tci gaprgslàe`t c`d pcre`tci fl`vgftgl` versus ljjsprg`m fl`vgftgl` rcte -E`mic`d c`d tbe @etberic ds

^F wbe` ljjsprg m >-32 ^G wbe` ljjsprg m >-32

@ ljjsprg`m FX37-67 @ ljjsprg`m FX37-67 H 75 % FG H p

E`mic`d cii 325 3.68 346 8.86 >.4= ->.>2-3.>3 .>75E@ sl`s 38: 3.:6 78 6.3= >.52 >.>3-3.3: .>47*E@ dcumbters 57 >.:: 53 >.56 ->.84 -3.8:->.=2 .:48@etberic`ds cii 2= 3.3: 28 >.73 ->.84 -3.>6->.5: .55=@I sl`s 62 8.8: 64 3.5> ->.62 -3.35->.4> .64>@I dcumbters 47 >.63 42 >.5> >.42 -3.83-8.3= .5=2

* p 9 .>5? 75% FG, 75% Fl`ffide`fe g`tervci? ^F, pcre`tci fl`vgftgl`? ^G, pcre`tci gaprgsl`-ae`t? FX, fl`vgftgl` rcte.

weii cs g` tbe @etberic`ds (aec` >.73 versus >.82, H13.3=, p 1 .>>3).44 Csplg`ted lut prevglusiy, blwever, gt gs gaplrtc`t tl dgstg`mugsb hetwee` tbegapcft lj pcre`tci gaprgslàe`t c`d fl`vgftgl`. Tbe acg` questgl` lj tbgsfbcpter, tberejlre, wcs wbetber prgslèrs‗ fbgidre` dgspicyed alre frgag`cihebcvglur tbc` fbgidre` wblse pcre`ts were fl`vgfted. Xesuits jrla tberemressgl` c`ciyses tl c`swer tbgs questgl` cre prese`ted g` tchie :.3.

G` E`mic`d, prgslèrs‗ sl`s bcd sgm`gffifc`tiy alre fl vgftgl`s (aec`16.3=)tbc` sl`s wblse pcre`ts were fl`vgfted hut `lt gaprgslèd (aec`13.:6)(H1>.52, p 1 .>47).45 Tbere wcs `l sgm`gffifc`t dgjjere`fe jlr dcumbters gÈ`mic`d. G` tbe @etberic`ds, prgslèrs‗ fbgidre` bcd c ilwer fl`vgftgl` rctetbc` fbgidre` lj fl`vgfted pcre`ts, hut tbgs dgjjere`fe wcs `lt stctgstgfciiysgm`gffifc`t. Lìy tbe resuits jlr E`migsb acies supplrt bypltbesgs 3 tbctpcre`tci gaprgslàe`t hetwee` tbe fbgid‗s hgrtb c`d `gètee`tb hgrtbdcypredgfts alre frgag`ci hebcvglur tbc` pcre`tci fl`vgftgl` g` tbgs cme rc`me.Tbe resuits dl `lt supplrt bypltbesgs 8 tbct tbe reictgl`sbgp hetwee`

44 G` tbe mrlup fbgidre` lj `l`-fl`vgfted pcre`ts ffive lutigers were exfiuded wgtb respeftgveiy6:, 53, 57, :3 c`d 22 fl`vgftgl`s. G`fiudg`m tbese lutigers ygeided c `l`-sgm`gffifc`t dgjjere`feg` fl`vgftgl` rcte hetwee` prgslèrs‗ fbgidre` c`d fbgidre` jrla`l`-fl`vgfted pcre ts, wbgiergso c`ciyses deal`strcted tbct prgslèrs‗ fbgidre` bcd c sgm`gffifc`tiy bgmber rgso tl deveilp

frgag`ci hebcvglur tbc` fbgidre` lj l`-fl`vgfted pcre`ts (LX13.2=, 75% FG13.>2-6.85).45 Tbe lrgmg`ci FVDD ae` c`d tbegr acie sghig`ms were cisl c`ciysed sepcrcteiy wbgie illo-g`m ct prevcie`fe c`d fl`vgftgl` rcte g`depe`de`tiy. Acie sghig`ms wblse pcre`ts bcd hee`gaprgslèd ljje`ded sgm`gffifc`tiy alre ljte` (aec`16.87) tbc` acie sghig`ms wblse pcre`tsbcd hee` fl`vgfted lìy (aec`13.82) (H1>.78, p 1 .>34). Tbgs dgjjere`fe wcs saciier jlrtbe lrgmg`ci ae` (prgslèrs fbgidre`‗s aec`16.34 versus aec` fbgidre` jrla fl`vgfted pcr-e`ts18.>4) c`d `lt sgm`gffifc`t (H1>.46, p 1 .3=7). Illog`m ct prevcie`fe, blwever, tbe reic-tgl`sbgp wcs aufb strl`mer jlr tbe lrgmg`ci ae`; =5% lj prgslèrs‗ fbgidre` ljje`ded fla-pcred wgtb 4>% lj fbgidre` lj fl`vgfted pcre`ts, iecdg`m tl c` LX lj 4.5> (75% FG13.:4-38.6=). ]be` illog`m ct acie sghig`ms lìy, 45.8% lj prgslèrs‗ fbgidre` ljje`ded flapcredwgtb 6=.=% lj fbgidre` lj fl`vgfted pcre`ts, wbgfb resuits g` c` LX lj 3.68 (75% FG1>.:>-8.22). Tbgs giiustrctes tbct tbe reictgl`sbgp jlr tbe lrgmg`ci ae` gs drgve` hy c icrmer dgjjere feg` prevcie`fe c`d tbe reictgl`sbgp jlr tbe acie sghig`ms hy c icrmer dgjjere`fe g` fl`vgftgl`rcte. Hltb mrlups, blwever, dgspicy tbe scae pctter`; prgslèrs‗ fbgidre` bcve c bgmber rgso

lj c`d exbghgt alre frgag`ci hebcvglur tbc` fbgidre` lj fl`vgfted pcre`ts.

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Xesuits 335

pcre`tci gaprgslàe`t c`d ljjsprg`m gs jlu`d g` tbe @etberic`ds cs weii csg` E`mic`d.

:.4.3 Alderctlrs

Cs ae`tglèd prevglusiy, tbe jliilwg`m alderctg`m vcrgchies were studged;ljjsprg`m me`der, acter`ci versus pcter`ci gaprgslàe`t, c`d ljjsprg`m cmect tbe tgae lj pcre`tci gaprgslàe`t. Jurtberalre, g`jlractgl` chlut tbetgaes c`d ie`mtbs lj pcre`tci gaprgslàe`t wcs cvcgichie. Alderctg`m c`c-iyses were ru` jlr acie c`d jeacie ljjsprg`m tlmetber c`d sepcrcteiy. @lèlj tbe alderctg`m c`ciyses jlr tbe @etberic`ds lr jlr jeacie ljjsprg`m gÈ`mic`d wcs sgm`gffifc`t. G` dgsfussg m tbe resuits, G tberejlre jlfus l` tbec`ciyses jlr acie ljjsprg`m g` E`mic`d.

Ljjsprg`m Me`der

C sgm`gffifc`t reictgl`sbgp wcs jlu`d jlr sl`s hut `lt jlr dcumbters g` tbeFVDD. Tbgs gs `lt e`lumb evgde`fe tl scy tbct tbere gs c dgjjere`fe hetweeàcies c`d jeacies. Tberejlre c remressgl` c`ciysgs wcs ru` jlr tbe FVDDscapie lj acie c`d jeacie ljjsprg`m tlmetber wbere tbe g`tercftgl` lj me`der* pcre`tci gaprgslàe`t wcs cdded cs c predgftlr. Hltb me`der (H1->.77,

p 1 .>32) c`d wbetber tbe pcre`t wcs gaprgslèd lr fl`vgfted (H13.47, p 1.>44) were sgm`gffifc`t predgftlrs g` tbgs c`ciysgs, hut tbe g`tercftgl` ejjeft wcs`lt sgm`gffifc`t (H1->.73, p 1 .383). Citblumb tbe g`tercftgl` ejjeft wcs `lt

sgm`gffifc`t, tbe icrme dgjjere`fe hetwee` acie c`d jeacie ljjsprg`m sblw` g`tchie :.3 dles summest tbct tbe gapcft lj pcre`tci gaprgslàe`t gs dgjjere`tjlr acies c`d jeacies. Gt gs plssghie tbct tbe g`tercftgl` ejjeft wcs `lt sgm`gffi-fc`t prgacrgiy hefcuse lj tbe sacii ùaher lj jeacies. Citblumb we fc``lthe chsliuteiy fertcg`, tbe resuits summest tbct bypltbesgs 6, tbct tbe reictgl`-sbgp hetwee` pcre`tci gaprgslàe`t c`d ljjsprg`m ljje`dg`m gs sgagicr jlrhlys c`d mgris, sbluid he rekefted.

^cter`ci versus Acter`ci Gaprgslàe`t

Hcsed l` tbe tbelrges gt wcs expefted tbct acter`ci gaprgslàe`t wluidhe alre strl`miy reicted tl frgag`ci hebcvglur tbc` pcter`ci gaprgslàe`t.Vepcrcte c`ciyses were ru` jlr fbgidre` wbl bcd tbegr altber versus tbegrjctber gaprgslèd. Fbgidre` wbl experge`fed hltb pcter`ci c`d acter`cigaprgslàe t were exfiuded jrla tbese c`ciyses. @ext, fbgidre` wbl bcdtbegr altber gaprgslèd were flapcred dgreftiy wgtb fbgidre` wbl bcdtbegr jctber gaprgslèd. Tbe resuits cre prese`ted g` tchie :.8.

Tbese resuits sblw c sgagicr pctter` cs wcs vgsghie g` tchie :.3. Citblumb`lè lj tbe reictgl`sbgps gs sgm`gffifc`t, tbe ejjeft sgzes cre lj sgagicr stre`mtb.Tbe `l`-sgm`gffifc`fe gs alst igoeiy due tl ilwer ùahers g` tbe c`ciyses,

espefgciiy jlr altbers. Tbe resuits revecied `l sgm`gffifc`t dgjjere`fe hetwee`tbe gapcft lj acter`ci versus pcter`ci gaprgslàe`t l` fbgidre`‗s ljje dg`m



33: ^cre`tci Gaprgslàe`t

Tchie :.8; Gapcft lj pcter`ci versus acter`ci gaprgslàe`t l` ljjsprg`m ljje`dg`m - E`mic`d

^cF ^cG AcF AcG ^cf-^cG Acf-AcG cG-AcG

Vl` > tl 32@ 27 =4 53 38 H >.:5 >.58 >.>3Ljjsprg`m FX 37-67 3.:> 6.8> 3.:5 6.3= 75% FG H ->.>6-3.66 ->.=8->.:= -3.32-3.37

( p) (.>:>) (.438) (.77=)

Dcumbter > tl 32@ 42 62 88 : H ->.4> ->.8: ->.57Ljjsprg`m FX 37-67 >.23 >.55 3.68 3.>> 75% FG H -3.44->.:6 -3.==-3.8: -8.>>->.28

( p) (.44:) (.=67) (.43>)

* p 9 .>5? 75% FG, 75% Fl`ffide`fe g`tervci? ^cF, pcter`ci fl`vgftgl`, `l gaprgslàe`t? ^cG,pcter`ci gaprgslàe`t? AcF, acter`ci fl`vgftgl`, l gaprgslàe`t? AcG, Acter`ci Gaprgsl`-ae`t? FX, fl`vgftgl` rcte.

c`d tberejlre dl `lt supplrt bypltbesgs 4 tbct acter`ci gaprgslàe`t gsalre dgsruptgve tbc` pcter`ci gaprgslàe`t.

Cme ct ^cre`tci Gaprgslàe`t

Tl c`ciyse tbe gùe`fe lj cme ct tbe tgae lj pcre`tci gaprgslàe`t, jlurautuciiy exfiusgve mrlups lj ljjsprg`m were flapcred; sl`s wblse pcre`tswere gaprgslèd hejlre tbegr hgrtb, hetwee` tbegr hgrtb c`d seve`tb hgrtb-dcy, hetwee` tbegr seve`tb c`d tbgrtee`tb hgrtbdcy c`d hetwee` tbegr tbgr-tee`tb c`d `gètee`tb hgrtbdcy.4: Ecfb lj tbese mrlups wcs flapcred wgtbsl`s wblse pcre`ts were `lt gaprgslèd, hut fl`vgfted ct slae plg`t up

u`tgi tbe sl`‗s `gètee`tb hgrtbdcy g`fiudg`m hejlre hgrtb.4= Tbe resuits creprese`ted g` tchie :.6.

Tbere wcs `l dgjjere`fe g` ljje`dg`m hetwee` sl`s lj fl`vgfted pcre`tsc`d sl`s wblse pcre`ts were gaprgslèd hejlre hgrtb lr hetwee` hgrtb c`dtbegr seve`tb hgrtbdcy. Vl`s wblse pcre`ts bcd hee` gaprgslèd hetwee`tbegr seve`tb c`d tbgrtee`tb lr hetwee` tbegr tbgrtee`tb c`d `gètee`tbhgrtbdcy bcd sgm`gffifc`tiy alre fl`vgftgl`s tbc` sl`s wblse pcre`ts bcdhee` fl`vgfted lìy. Ecfb lj tbese twl ’sgm`gffifc`t‑ mrlups were tbe` fla-pcred wgtb ecfb lj tbe twl ’`l`-sgm`gffifc`t‑ mrlups. Vl`s wblse pcre`ts

4: Tbe cme fut-ljj plg`ts were fblse` tl frecte mrlups wgtb c sgagicr cme g`tervci. Jgrst, fbgidre`wbl experge`fed pcre`tci gaprgslàe`t g` alre tbc` lè cme rc`me were exfiuded jrla tbec`ciyses tl fiecriy flapcre pcre`tci gaprgslàe`t g` dgjjere t cme perglds. Cjter ru``g`mtbese ffirst c`ciyses, g` tbe èxt c`ciyses tbese fbgidre` were cdded tl tbe cme mrlup g` wbgfbtbegr pcre`t wcs icst gaprgslèd. Jlr excapie, tbe mrlup lj fbgidre` wbl experge`fed pcr-e`tci gaprgslàe`t hetwee` cmes 36 tl 32 fluid plssghiy bcve bcd tbegr pcre`t gaprgslèdhejlre cme 36 cs weii c`d sl l` jlr tbe ltber twl mrlups. Dlg m tbgs g`frecsed tbe mrlupsgze. Tbe resuits were sgagicr, cpcrt jrla twl flapcrgsl`s. ]be` flapcrg`m ‒fiecr‗ mrlupspcre`tci gaprgslàe`t hetwee` cmes = tl 38 wcs `lt sgm`gffifc`tiy dgjjere`t jrla pcre`tcigaprgslàe`t hetwee` cmes > tl : (H1>.:56, p 1 .3=6) lr cmes 36 tl 32 (H1>.47>, p 1 .888).

4= Tbgs fl`trli mrlup wcs dgjjere`t jrla tbe fl`trli mrlup g` tbe ltber c`ciyses (g` tchie :.3,:.8 c`d :.4-:.=), hefcuse gt cisl g`fiuded ljjsprg`m wblse pcre`ts were fl`vgfted hejlre tbegrhgrtb. Tbgs mrlup wcs fblse` jlr tbe c`ciyses g` tchie :.6, hefcuse tbey were flapcred wgtbljjsprg`m wblse pcre`ts were gaprgslèd hejlre tbegr hgrtb. Fl`verseiy, g` tbe ltber c`ciyseslìy pcre`tci gaprgslàe`t c`d fl`vgftgl` cjter tbe fbgid‗s hgrtb wcs tcoe` g`tl cfflu`t.

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Xesuits 33=

Tchie :.6; Vl`s‗ cme ct pcre`tci gaprgslàe`t c`d sl`s‗ fl`vgftgl` rcte - E`mic`d

^F up tlsl` 32

^cre`tci Gaprgslàe`t

up tl sl` 32 hejlre hgrtb sl` >-: sl` =-38 sl` 36-32

@ 3=6 36> 62 65 82 87Vl` FX37-67

3.:8 8.55 3.>5 3.>: 6.>4 5.2:

H Xejere`fe >.44 ->.54 ->.43 >.:=* 3.85*75 % FG H mrlup ->.>2->.7: -3.6>->.83 -3.>4->.86 >.>4-3.87 >.::-3.25( p) (.>75) (.357) (.838) (.>6=) (.>>3)

^G sl` H 3.84* 3.>5* -=-38 75 % FG H - - >.6=-8.3> >.63-3.2>

( p) (.>>5) (.>>:)

^G sl` H 3.26* 3.57* >.5:*36-32 75 % FG H - - >.72-8.:= >.74-8.85 >.>8-3.>7 -

( p) (.>>3) (.>>3) (.>4>)

* p 9 .>5? 75% FG, 75% Fl`ffide`fe g`tervci? ^F, pcre`tci fl`vgftgl`? ^G, pcre`tci gaprgsl`-ae`t? FX, fl`vgftgl` rcte.

bcd hee` gaprgslèd hetwee` tbegr seve`tb c`d tbgrtee`tb lr hetwee` tbegrtbgrtee`tb c`d `gètee`tb hgrtbdcy bcd sgm`gffifc`tiy alre fl`vgftgl`s tbc`sl`s wblse pcre`ts bcd hee` gaprgslèd hejlre tbegr hgrtb lr hetwee`tbegr hgrtb c`d seve`tb hgrtbdcy. Jurtberalre, sl`s wblse pcre`ts weregaprgslèd hetwee` tbegr tbgrtee`tb c`d `gètee`tb hgrtbdcy bcd sgm`gj-gfc`tiy alre fl`vgftgl`s tbc` sl`s wblse pcre`ts bcd hee` gaprgslèd

hetwee` tbegr seve`tb c`d tbgrtee`tb hgrtbdcy. Tbese resuits summest tbctpcre`tci gaprgslàe`t bcs c icrmer gapcft l` sl`s‗ ljje`dg`m hebcvglurwbe` sl`s experge`fe tbgs ct c` lider cme. ^cre`tci gaprgslàe`t hejlre tbeseve`tb hgrtbdcy dgd `lt predgft alre ljjsprg`m fl`vgftgl`s tbc` pcre`tcifl`vgftgl`. Tbese resuits supplrt bypltbesgs 5 tbct pcre`tci gaprgslàe`thetwee` hgrtb c`d egmbtee` predgfts alre ljjsprg`m ljje`dg`m tbc` pcre`tcigaprgslàe`t hejlre tbe fbgid‗s hgrtb. Cddgtgl`ciiy, tbe resuits supplrt by-pltbesgs : stctg`m tbct tbe gapcft lj pcre`tci gaprgslàe`t wgii he dgjjere`tct dgjjere`t cmes lj tbe fbgid.

@uaher lj ^cre`tci Gaprgslàe`ts

@ext, sl`s‗ fl`vgftgl` rcte wcs remressed l` tbe ùaher lj tgaes tbe pcre`tbcd hee` gaprgslèd hetwee` tbe sl`‗s hgrtb c`d `gètee`tb hgrtbdcy. Tberesuits cre prese`ted g` tchie :.4.

Tbe alre ljte` c pcre`t bcd hee` gaprgslèd, tbe alre fl`vgftgl`s tbesl` bcd (see ffimure :.3). Tbe remressgl` flejffifge`t g` tbgs reictgl`sbgp wcssgm`gffifc`t (H1>.87, p 9 .>>3). Tbgs resuit, blwever, fluid he expicgèd hytbe jcft tbct pcre`ts wbl bcd hee` gaprgslèd alre ljte` bcd alre fl`vgf-tgl`s (H1>.8>, p 1 .>>8).42 Tbe calu`t lj pcre`tci frgag`cigty rctber tbc`

42 Tbgs wcs c`ciysed sepcrcteiy c`d gs `lt prese`ted g` tchie :.4.

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Tchie :.4; @uaher c`d ie`mtb lj pcre`tci gaprgslàe`t - E`mic`d

^redgftgl` lj sl`s‗ fl`vgftgl` rcte 37-67

Zcrgchie H 75 % FG H p

Vtep 3 - ùaher ^G@uaher lj G wbe` sl` >-32 >.87 >.36- >.45 .>>3 *

Vtep 8 - ùaher ^G@uaher lj G wbe` sl` >-32 >.87 >.>2- >.47 .>>= *@uaher lj F wbe` sl` >-32 >.>3 ->.3>- >.33 .735

Vtep 3 - ie`mtb ^G(acxgaua) ie`mtb lj G wbe` sl` >-32 >.>5 >.>6- >.>= .>>3*

Vtep 8 - ie`mtb ^G(acxgaua) ie`mtb lj G wbe` sl` >-32 >.>5 >.>8- >.>= .>>3*@uaher lj F wbe` sl` >-32 >.>6 ->.>:- >.38 .5=4

* p 9 .>5? 75% FG, 75% Fl`ffide`fe g`tervci? ^F, pcre`tci fl`vgftgl`? ^G, pcre`tci gaprgsl`-ae`t.

Jgmure :.3; @uaher lj pcre`tci gaprgslàe`ts c`d sl`‗s fl`vgftgl` rcte 37-67 - E`mic`d

> 3 8 6 4 5

>

8

4

:

2

3>

(`138:) (`158) (`18>) (`16) (`138) (`15)

ùaher lj tgae s pcre`ts gapr gslèd wbe` ljjsprg`m >-32

a e

c ` ` u a h e r l j f l ` v g f t g l ` s l j s l ` s

h e t w e e ` 3 7 t b c ` d 4 > t b h g r t b d c y

tbe ùaher lj pcre`tci gaprgslàe`ts wluid tbe` expicg` ljjsprg`m ljje`d-g`m. Tberejlre tbe remressgl` c`ciyses were ru` cmcg` c`d tbe ùaher lj pcre`tci fl`vgftgl`s wcs cdded cs c predgftlr. Cjter dlg`m tbgs, tbe ùaherlj pcre`tci gaprgslàe`ts wcs stgii sgm`gffifc`tiy reicted tl sl`s‗ fl`vgftgl`rcte (H1>.87, p 1 .>>=). Tbese resuits summest tbct tbe alre ljte` fbgidre`

experge`fed pcre`tci gaprgslàe`t, tbe icrmer tbe gapcft.

Ie`mtb lj ^cre`tci Gaprgslàe`t

@ext, tbe reictgl`sbgp hetwee` tbe ie`mtb lj pcre`tci gaprgslàe`t (cftucitgae served) c`d sl`s‗ fl`vgftgl` rcte wcs c`ciysed. Tchie :.4 sblws tbcttbere wcs c sgm`gffifc`t reictgl`sbgp hetwee` tbe ie`mtb lj pcre`tci gaprgsl`-ae`t c`d c sl`‗s fl`vgftgl` rcte, cisl wbe` fl`trliig`m jlr tbe ùaher lj pcre`tci fl`vgftgl`s. Tbese resuits supplrt bypltbesgs = stctg`m tbct tbere gsc reictgl`sbgp hetwee` jreque`fy c`d ie`mtb lj pcre`tci gaprgslàe`t c`d

ljjsprg`m ljje`dg`m.



Xesuits 337

:.4.8 Auitgvcrgcte Xemressgl` C`ciyses

@ext, auitgvcrgcte remressgl` c`ciyses were ru` tl fbefo jlr fl`jlu`dg`mjcftlrs c`d c plssghie flu`terhcic`fg`m ejjeft. Cs dgsfussed prevglusiy, u`-

jcvlurchie gapcfts lj pcre`tci gaprgslàe`t agmbt he flu`terhcic`fed hyjcvlurchie gapcfts sufb cs defrecsed explsure tl c frgag`ci pcre`t. Gj tbgswere true, lè wluid expeft tl ffi`d tbct fbgidre` lj vglie`t pcre`ts espe-fgciiy ’heèffited‑ jrla pcre`tci gaprgslàe`t; wbgie fbgidre` lj hurmicrsèed `lt he explsed tl tbe ljje`dg`m hebcvglur lj tbegr pcre`ts, pcre`ts wblflaagt vglie`t ljje`fes acy he expefted tl - l` cvercme - cisl he cmmressgveg` tbe blae. G tberejlre wc`ted tl test wbetber tbe reictgl sbgp hetwee`pcre`tci gaprgslàe`t c`d ljjsprg`m ljje`dg`m wcs dgjjere`t jlr vglie`t c`d`l`-vglie`t pcre`ts. U`jlrtu`cteiy gt wcs `lt plssghie tl test tbgs g`tercftgl`g` c remressgl` c`ciysgs g` MEE, hefcuse vglie`t pcre`ts wbl bcd `lt hee`

tl prgsl` dgd `lt bcve fl`vgfted fbgidre`. Illog`m ct tbe aec` fl`vgftgl`rctes jlr tbese fbgidre` (tchie :.5), blwever, tbere dles `lt seea tl he sufbc` g`tercftgl` ejjeft. Fbgidre` lj vglie`t cs weii cs `l`-vglie`t pcre`ts wblbcd hee` tl prgsl` bcd alre fl`vgftgl`s tbc` fbgidre` wblse pcre`ts bcd`lt hee` gaprgslèd.

Tchie :.5; ^cre`tci gaprgslàe`t c`d pcre`tci fl`vgftgl` jlr vglie`t c`d `l`-vglie`t pcre`tsversus sl`s‗ fl`vgftgl` rcte - E`mic`d

^F wbe` ljjsprg`m >-32 ^G wbe` ljjsprg`m >-32

@ Vl` fl`vgftgl` rcte 37-67 @ Vl` fl`vgftgl` rcte 37-67

Zglie`t pcre`ts 33 > 8= 8.5:@l`-vglie`t pcre`ts 335 3.=2 :5 6.46

^F, pcre`tci fl`vgftgl`? ^G, pcre`tci gaprgslàe`t.

G` cddgtgl`, pcre`tci vglie`fe c`d tbe ùaher lj pcre`tci fl`vgftgl`swere g`fiuded g` tbe remressgl` aldeis tl g`vestgmcte tbe gapcft lj pcre`tcigaprgslàe`t lver c`d chlve tbese plssghie fl`jlu`ders. Jgrst, c dgfbltla-lus vcrgchie wcs used g`dgfctg`m wbetber tbe pcre`t bcd hee` fl`vgfted lj c vglie`t ljje`fe hetwee` tbe sl`‗s hgrtb c`d `gètee`tb hgrtbdcy. Vefl`d,

c vcrgchie jlr tbe ùaher lj pcre`tci vglie`t fl`vgftgl`s g` tbgs pergld wcsused. Tbe resuits cre prese`ted g` tchie :.:. Vtep 3 repects vciues jrla tbeacg` c`ciysgs g` tchie :.3 wbere ljjsprg`m ljje`dg`m wcs remressed l` tbe dg-fbltlalus vcrgchie lj pcre`tci gaprgslàe`t. Vtep 8 c`d 6 prese`t vciueswbe` pcre`tci vglie`fe wcs cdded. Cddg m pcre`tci vglie`fe tl tbe remres-sgl` c`ciysgs dles `lt realve tbe sgm`gffifc`t reictgl`sbgp hetwee` pcre`tcigaprgslàe`t c`d sl`s‗ fl`vgftgl` rcte.

Cs ae`tglèd prevglusiy, gaprgslèd pcre`ts bcd sgm`gffifc`tiy alre fl -vgftgl`s tbc` pcre ts wbl were fl`vgfted hut `lt gaprgslèd. Gt gs ga-plrtc`t tl fl`trli jlr tbgs tl e`sure tbct tbe dgjjere`fe hetwee` pcre`tci

gaprgslàe`t c`d fl`vgftgl`s sbluid `lt he expicgèd hy tbe calu`t lj



38> ^cre`tci Gaprgslàe`t

Tchie :.:; Auitgvcrgcte remressgl` c`ciyses predgftg`m sl`s‗ fl`vgftgl` rcte hy pcre`tci gaprgs-làe`t fl`trliig`m jlr pcre`tci fl`vgftgl`s c`d vglie`fe - E`mic`d


Zcrgchie H 75 % FG H pVtep 3 - acg` c`ciysgs (tchie :.3)

^G vs. F wbe` sl` >-32 >.52 >.>3- 3.3: .>47*Vtep 8 - pcre`tci vglie`fe

^G vs. F wbe` sl` >-32 >.=4 >.32- 3.87 .>>7*^Z wbe` sl` >-32 ->.:= -3.4:- >.36 .>77

Vtep 6 - pcre`tci vglie`fe^G vs. F wbe` sl` >-32 >.:8 >.>6- 3.83 .>62*@uaher lj Z wbe` sl` >-32 ->.>: ->.82- >.35 .5:3

Vtep 4 - pcre`tci fl`vgftgl`s^G vs. F wbe` sl` >-32 >.6: ->.86- >.75 .882@uaher lj F wbe` sl` >-32 >.3> ->.>3- >.75 .>28

Vtep 5 - g`tercftgl`^G vs. F wbe` sl` >-32 >.62 ->.5>- 3.8: .678@uaher lj F wbe` sl` >-32 >.33 ->.8=- >.47 .5:7^G vs. F x uaher lj F ->.>8 ->.43- >.6= .765

* p 9 .>5? 75% FG, 75% Fl`ffide`fe g`tervci? ^F, pcre`tci fl`vgftgl`? ^G, pcre`tci gaprgsl`-ae`t? Z, pcre`tci vglie`fe fl`vgftgl`.

pcre`tci frgag`cigty. Chlve, pcre`tci frgag`cigty wcs cdded cs c fl`trli g`tbe reictgl`sbgps wbere pcre`tci gaprgslàe`t wcs aecsured fl`tgùlusiy,hut G dgd `lt fl`trli jlr tbgs g` tbe acg` c`ciysgs wbere pcre`tci gaprgs-làe`t wcs aecsured dgfbltlalusiy. Tberejlre c auitgvcrgcte remressgl`

c`ciysgs wcs ru` wgtb tbe dgfbltlalus vcrgchie lj pcre`tci gaprgslàe`tc`d tbe ùaher lj pcre`tci fl`vgftgl`s cs predgftlr vcrgchies. Vtep 4 g`tchie :.: sblws tbct cddg`m tbe ùaher lj pcre`tci fl`vgftgl`s realves tbesgm`gffifc`t reictgl`sbgp hetwee` tbe dgfbltlalus vcrgchie lj pcre`tci ga-prgslàe`t c`d sl`s‗ fl`vgftgl` rcte. Gt seeas tbct tbe reictgl`sbgp hetwee`pcre`tci gaprgslàe`t c`d ljjsprg`m ljje`dg`m fc` he pcrtiy expicgèd hypcre`tci frgag`cigty. Blwever, cs sblw` prevglusiy g` tchie :.4, c reictgl`-sbgp reacgèd hetwee` tbe ùaher lj pcre`tci gaprgslàe`ts c`d ljjsprg`mljje`dg`m wbe` fl`trliig`m jlr tbe ùaher lj pcre`tci fl`vgftgl`s. Tbgssblws tbct tbe fl`tgùlus vcrgchie jlr pcre`tci gaprgslàe`t predgfts ljj-

sprg`m ljje`dg`m hetter tbc` tbe dgfbltlalus vcrgchie.@ext, severci vcrgchies o`lw` tl he rgso jcftlrs jlr frgag`ci hebcvglur

were cdded cs fl`trli vcrgchies( Jcrrg`mtl` & ^cg`ter, 8>>4). G ffirst g vest-gmcted wbgfb rgso jcftlrs were sgm`gffifc`tiy reicted tl tbe lutflae vcrgchie,fl`vgftgl` rcte hetwee` tbe 37tb c`d 4>tb hgrtbdcy. Tbe jliilwg`m seve` vcrg-chies were sgm`gffifc`t predgftlrs lj sl s‗ fl vgftgl` rcte; ilw jcagiy VEV, ilwjcagiy g`flae, icrme jcagiy sgze, tee` altber ct hgrtb ffirst fbgid, pcre`tcifl`gft, pcre`ts‗ g`terest g` edufctgl`, c`d pllr klh reflrd lj jctber (jlralre detcgis l` blw tbese were aecsured, see Jcrrg`mtl` & ^cg`ter, 8>>4).^revglus resecrfb sblwed c fuauictgve ejjeft lj auitgpie rgso jcftlrs? tbealre rgso jcftlrs, tbe alre prlhiea hebcvglur (Jcrrg`mtl` et ci., 8>>7? Ile-



Dgsfussgl` 383

Tchie :.=; Auitgvcrgcte remressgl` c`ciyses predgftg`m sl`s‗ fl`vgftgl` rcte hy pcre`tci gaprgs-làe`t fl`trliig`m jlr rgso jcftlrs - E`mic`d


Zcrgchie H 75 % FG H p Dgfbltlalus vcrgchie ^G Vtep 3 - ^G vs. ^F (tchie :.3)

^G vs. F wbe` sl` >-32 >.52 >.>3- 3.3: .>47*Vtep 8 - ^G vs. ^F

^G vs. F wbe` sl` >-32 >.44 ->.88- 3.3> .375Xgso jcftlrs 3.36 >.85- 8.>8 .>38*

Fl`tgùlus vcrgchie ^G Vtep 3 - ùaher ^G (tchie :.4)

@uaher lj G wbe` sl` >-32 >.87 >.36- >.45 .>>3*Vtep 8 - ùaher ^G

@uaher lj G wbe` sl` >-32 >.8: >.>:- >.4: .>3>*Xgso jcftlrs 3.>7 >.87- 3.27 .>>2*

Vtep 6 - ùaher ^G@uaher lj G wbe` sl` >-32 >.82 >.>5- >.58 .>32*@uaher lj F wbe` sl` >-32 -.>8> ->.36- >.>7 .=85Xgso jcftlrs 3.33 >.6>- 3.78 .>>=*

* p 9 .>5? 75% FG, 75% Fl`ffide`fe g`tervci? ^F, pcre`tci fl`vgftgl`? ^G, pcre`tci gaprgsl`-ae`t.

her et ci., 3772? Tblr`herry et ci., 8>>6). Jurtberalre, tbe seve` vcrgchiesflrreicted wgtb ecfb ltber. Tberejlre, tbese rgso jcftlrs were suaacrgsedhy tcog`m tbe aec` vciue. Tbgs rgso jcftlr aec` wcs g`fiuded g` c remres-

sgl` c`ciysgs wgtb tbe dgfbltlalus cs weii cs wgtb tbe fl`tgùlus vcrgchielj pcre`tci gaprgslàe`t. Tbe resuits cre prese`ted g` tchie :.=.

Cddg`m tbe rgso jcftlrs realved tbe sgm`gffifc`t reictgl`sbgp hetwee` tbedgfbltlalus vcrgchie lj pcre`tci gaprgslàe`t c`d sl`s‗ fl`vgftgl` rcte.Blwever, tbe reictgl`sbgp hetwee` tbe ùaher lj pcre`tci gaprgslàe`tsc`d sl`s‗ fl`vgftgl` rcte reacgèd wbe` rgso jcftlrs were cdded. Cmcg`, tbefl`tgùlus vcrgchie jlr pcre`tci gaprgslàe`t gs c alre sgm`gffifc`t predgftlrlj ljjsprg`m ljje`dg`m tbc` tbe dgfbltlalus vcrgchie. Eve` wbe` hltb tbeùaher lj pcre`tci fl`vgftgl`s c`d rgso jcftlrs were cdded cs predgftlrs(step 6 g` tchie :.=), tbe ùaher lj pcre`tci gaprgslàe`ts reacgèd c sgm-`gffifc`t predgftlr lj sl`s‗ fl`vgftgl` rcte. Lur resuits supplrt bypltbesgs 2tbct pcre`tci gaprgslàe`t stgii predgfts ljjsprg`m ljje`dg`m cjter fl`trliig`mjlr tbe uaher lj pcre`tci fl`vgftgl`s, jlr pcre`tci vglie`t ljje`dg`m c`d jlrltber rgso jcftlrs.

:.5 Dgsfussgl`

Tbgs study g`vestgmcted tbe reictgl`sbgp hetwee` pcre`tci gaprgslàe`t c`dljjsprg`m ljje`dg`m g` E`mic`d c`d tbe @etberic`ds usg`m prlspeftgve il`mgt-

udg`ci dctc jrla tbe Fcahrgdme Vtudy g` Deig`que`t Deveilpae`t c`d tbe




@VFX Trc`sffive Vtudy. G` tbe @etberic`ds, `l sgm`gffifc`t reictgl`sbgp wcsjlu`d hetwee` pcre`tci gaprgslàe`t c`d ljjsprg`m ljje`dg`m. G` E`mic`d,c sgm`gffifc`t reictgl`sbgp hetwee` pcre`tci gaprgslàe`t c`d ljjsprg`m lj-je`dg`m wcs lìy vgsghie jlr sl`s. Tbe reictgl`sbgp hetwee` tbe ùaher lj

pcre`tci gaprgslàe`ts c`d sl`s‗ fl`vgftgl` rcte reacgèd sgm`gffifc`t wbe`fl`trliig`m jlr tbe ùaher lj pcre`tci fl`vgftgl`s, pcre`tci vglie`fe c`drgso jcftlrs jlr frgae. @l dgjjere`fe wcs jlu`d hetwee` pcter`ci c`d ac-ter`ci gaprgslàe`t, pcre`tci gaprgslàe`t wcs lìy sgm`gffifc`tiy reictedtl sl`‗s ljje`dg`m wbe` tbe sl` experge`fed tbgs cjter tbe seve`tb hgrtbdcy,c`d tbe alre ljte` c`d il`mer c sl` experge`fed pcre`tci gaprgslàe`t, tbealre ljte` be ljje`ded. Jurtberalre, gt seeas tbct tbe reictgl`sbgp hetwee`pcre`tci gaprgslàe`t c`d sl`‗s ljje`dg`m fc` he pcrtiy expicgèd hy pcr-e`tci frgag`cigty.

Tbese cre surprgsg`m resuits. ]by were `l sgm`gffifc`t reictgl`sbgps jlu`dg` tbe @etberic`ds c`d lìy jlr hlys g` E`mic`d, wbgie ac`y prevglus stud-ges ied lè tl expeft tbct c` ejjeft wluid he jlu`d g` hltb flu`trges< Cèxpic`ctgl` gs tbct jew prevglus studges g`vestgmcted dgjjere`fes hetwee` pcr-e`tci gaprgslàe`t c`d pcre`tci fl`vgftgl`. Tl illo ct tbe èt gapcft lj gaprgslàe`t, lver c`d chlve tbe gapcft lj fl`vgftgl`s, tbe c`ciyses èedtl he desgmèd g` tbe wcy tbct tbgs study dgd. Tbese c`ciyses giiustrcte tbct,g` jcft, gt acy bcve hee` tbe gapcft lj jreque`t pcre`tci fl`vgftgl`, rctbertbc` pcre`tci gaprgslàe`t, tbct meèrcted tbe ffi`dg`ms g` tbese prevglusstudges.

Vefl`d, wby were tbe jew ejjefts jlu`d alstiy g` E`mic`d, hut `lt g`tbe @etberic`ds< G` tbe G`trlduftgl` lj tbgs fbcpter G desfrghed severci pls-sghie expic`ctgl`s jlr tbe reictgl`sbgp hetwee` pcre`tci gaprgslàe`t c`dfbgidre ‗s ljje`dg`m. Vlae lj tbese jcftlrs wgii he sgagicr g` E`mic`d c`dtbe @etberic`ds, sufb cs tbe plssghgigty tbct prgslèrs cre tbe alst frgag`cipcre`ts, c`d tbe trcuac c`d slfgci strcg` tbct fbgidre` experge`fe wbe` tbegrpcre`t gs g`fcrfercted. Ltber aefbc`gsas, blwever, wgii `lt he tbe scae,hefcuse tbe sgtuctgl` g` tbe twl flu`trges wcs dgjjere`t. Dutfb prgsl`s werejcr alre buacè tbc` E`migsb lès g` tbe pergld wbe` tbgs study‗s suhkeftsexperge`fed pcre`tci gaprgslàe`t (374:-3723). Dutfb prgslèrs bcd fl`-

sgderchiy alre lpplrtu`gtges jlr fl`tcft wgtb tbegr fbgidre`. @lt lìy wereprgsl`s alre buacè, hut pe`ci pligfy g` meèrci jlfussed aufb alre l`reslfgcigsctgl` g` tbe @etberic`ds c`d l` pu`gsbae`t g` E`mic`d. Tbe slfgcistgmac jlr prgslèrs‗ fbgidre` agmbt bcve hee` c hgmmer prlhiea g` E`mic`dtbc` g` tbe @etberic`ds wbgfb fluid bcve ied tl alre prlhiea hebcvglurc`d cduit ljje`dg`m g` tbese fbgidre`. G` tbe @etberic`ds, up u`tgi tbe he-mg``g`m lj tbe 37=>s, c icrme prlplrtgl` lj tbe pelpie wbl were gaprgslèdwere se`te`fed jlr druò drgvg`m c`d refegved reictgveiy sblrt se`te`fes (twltl tbree weeos). Cs c resuit, gaprgslàe`t agmbt bcve hee` csslfgcted iesswgtb slfgci stgmac g` tbe @etberic`ds c`d bcd iess gapcft l` tbe prgslèr‗s

fbgidre`.



Dgsfussgl` 386

C` excapie lj tbe strl`m gùe`fe lj pe`ci c`d pligtgfci e`vgrlàe`t l`recftgl`s tl frgae c`d stgmac gs desfrghed hy Mree` (8>>2c,h) wbl studgedtbgs g` reictgl` tl tbe suhkeft lj fbgid-l`-fbgid blagfgde. Be flapcred tbeE`migsb c`d @lrwemgc` frgag`ci kustgfe systeas c`d tbe puhigf respl`se tl

tbe fcses lj Kcaes Huimer c`d Vgike Xedermcrd. G` @lrwcy, tbe ylu`m ogiierswere sbgeided jrla tbe puhigf c`d fcrejuiiy reg`temrcted g`tl tbe flaau`gtyhefcuse gt wcs heigeved tbct tbgs wcs c trcmgf lè-ljj cffgde`t, wbgie g` E`m-ic`d, Kcaes Huimer‗s ogiiers experge`fed extreae press c`d puhigf c`tcml`-gsa. G` E`mic`d, bcrsb puhigf cttgtudes frected mrect stgmac jlr tbese ylu`mpelpie. Vgagicriy, mrecter puhigf stgmac agmbt cjjeft fbgidre` lj gaprgslèdpcre`ts g` E`mic`d tbc` g` ltber flu`trges. Mree` sblws blw stgmactgzctgl`fc` dgjjer vcstiy cfflrdg`m tl tbe pe`ci c`d pligtgfci e`vgrlàe`t.

G` cddgtgl`, gt gs expefted tbct tbe fbgidre` lj Dutfb prgslèrs experg-e`fed iess efl`lagf strcg`, hefcuse tbe @etberic`ds bcd c alre meèrlusslfgci sefurgty systea tbc` E`mic`d (Dgxl`, 3772? Ocga-Fcudie, 37=6). ^rgs-lèrs‗ jcagiges g` E`mic`d ljte` experge`fed c ‒fl`sgderchie reduftgl` g` g`-flae, c`d g` slae fcses cfute plverty‗ ( Alrrgs, 37:5, p. 876). Tbgs gs `lttl scy tbct prgslèrs‗ jcagiges g` tbe @etberic`ds dgd `lt bcve efl`lagfprlhieas, hut tbe ‒meèrlus weijcre stcte‗ agmbt bcve sljteèd tbe efl`lagfstrcg` c hgt (Dlwès & Zc` Vwcc`g`me`, 8>>=, p. 62). Jurtberalre, prgsl`se`te`fes g` E`mic`d were fl`sgderchiy il`mer tbc` g` tbe @etberic`ds c`dtbgs study deal`strcted c reictgl`sbgp hetwee` tbe ie`mtb lj pcre`tci gaprgs-làe`t c`d ljjsprg`m ljje`dg`m ( Dlwès, 3778).

Tbgs study lìy illoed ct ljjsprg`m ljje`dg`m cjter tbe `gètee`tb hgrtb-dcy, hefcuse G wc`ted pcre`tci gaprgslàe`t tl prefede ljjsprg`m ljje`dg`m.Tbgs dles aec`, blwever, tbct c icrme pcrt lj ljjsprg`m ljje`dg`m gs agss-g`m, sg`fe tbe prevcie`fe lj ljje`dg`m pecos g` tbe tee`cme yecrs (Hiuastegèt ci., 372:? Jcrrg`mtl`, 372:? ^gquerl et ci., 8>>=). Tbgs fluid plssghiy ex-picg` wby c reictgl`sbgp wcs jlu`d g` E`mic`d, hut `lt g` tbe @etberic`ds.Gt fluid he tbct prgslèrs‗ fbgidre` g` tbe @etberic`ds desgsted cjter cdlies-fe`fe, wbgie g` E`mic`d tbey fl`tgùed ljje`dg`m. C plssghie dgjjere`feg` desgstc`fe cjter cdliesfe`fe fluid he igòed tl vcrgctgl` g` ficss dgstg`f-tgl`s hetwee` tbe twl flu`trges. G` E`mic`d melmrcpbgfci c`d fuiturci ficss

hlu`dcrges were - c`d cre - aufb alre prl`lu`fed tbc` g` tbe @etberic`ds,wbere hgrtb ficss bcs c aufb wecoer jlrefcstg`m ejjeft l` fbgidre`‗s igje-pctb( Hic`de` et ci., 8>>5? Hree`, 8>>4? Austerd, 8>>5). Citblumb resecrfb l` tbereictgl`sbgp hetwee` slfgci ficss c`d frgae prldufes g`fl`sgste`t resuits c`dlè fluid crmue tbct pelpie jrla bgmber slfgci ficsses agmbt flaagt dgjjer-e`t ljje`fes `lt ciwcys aecsured g` frgae studges, resecrfb g` tbe U`gtedOg`mdla deal`strctes tbct pelpie jrla c ilwer slfgci ficss ljje`d alre lj-te` (Hrcgtbwcgte, 3723? Jcrrg`mtl` & ]eisb, 8>>=? ]cdswlrtb, 37=7). Tbegapcft lj pcre`tci gaprgslàe`t g` tbe @etberic`ds agmbt bcve evcplrctedcjter cdliesfe`fe hefcuse pelpie were chie tl esfcpe tbe ilwer ficss e`vgrl`-

ae`t, wbgie g` E`mic`d pcre`tci gaprgslàe`t c`d csslfgcted jcftlrs acy




bcve sustcgèd rgso jcftlrs jlr frgae jurtber g` igje hefcuse tbey cre aufbalre fl`èfted tl slfgci c`d fuiturci ficss jcftlrs. Gt wcs `lt plssghie tl ex-cagè tbgs c`d gt gs u`fertcg` tbct tbgs bcppeèd, hut tbgs fluid he c plssghieexpic`ctgl` jlr tbe dgjjere`fe hetwee` E`mic`d c`d tbe @etberic`ds.

Tbgrd, c reictgl`sbgp wcs jlu`d hetwee` pcre`tci gaprgslàe`t c`d tbeljje`dg`m lj sl`s, `lt lj dcumbters. Tbgs gs g` igè wgtb tbe plssghgigty tbcthlys c`d mgris recft dgjjere`tiy tl stressjui igje eve`ts, wgtb hlys sblwg`mexter`cigzg`m prlhiea hebcvglur g`fiudg`m frgag`ci hebcvglur wbgie mgrisbcve alre g`ter`cigzg`m prlhieas ( Aurrcy & Jcrrg`mtl`, 8>>2c). C`ltberplssghie expic`ctgl` jlr tbgs me`der dgjjere`fe fluid he tbct hebcvglur gsalre strl`miy trc`sagtted g` scae-me`der reictgl`sbgps ( Jcrrg`mtl`, Hcrès& Icahert, 377:). Blwever, tbgs study revecied `l dgjjere`fe hetwee` tbegapcft lj pcter`ci c`d acter`ci gaprgslàe`t l` sl`s lr dcumbters c`dtberejlre dles `lt supplrt tbe gdec lj strl`mer scae-me`der trc`sagssgl`.Gt gs cisl plssghie tbct reictgl`sbgps jlr mgris were `lt sgm`gffifc`t, hefcuse lj ilwer ùahers lj mgris c`d altbers wbl were fl`vgfted c`d gaprgslèd.

Jlurtb, gt gs g`terestg m tl see tbct pcre`tci gaprgslàe`t hetwee` ljj-sprg`m cmes seve` c`d egmbtee` gs alre strl`miy reicted tl sl`s‗ ljje`dg`mtbc` pcre`tci gaprgslàe`t hejlre tbct cme. Tbgs dles `lt supplrt Hlwihy‗scttcfbae`t tbelry stctg`m tbct sepcrctgl` jrla c pcre`t g` tbe ffirst jew yecrslj igje wgii fcuse cttcfbae`t prlhieas c`d suhseque`t hebcvglur prlhieasg`fiudg`m ljje`dg`m hebcvglur. Tbe ffi`dg`m tbct pcre`tci gaprgslàe`t ga-pcfts alre strl`miy l` lider fbgidre` gs fl`sgste`t wgtb tbe prevglusiy ae`-

tglèd stgmac tbct tbese lider fbgidre` bcve tl deci wgtb, tbct lè wluidexpeft tl he strl`mer g` E`mic`d.C`ciyses flapcrg`m pcre`tci gaprgslàe`t hejlre c`d cjter hgrtb fc` he

used cs c wcy lj fl`trliig`m jlr uàecsured vcrgc`fe. Ac`y jcftlrs fluidgùe`fe tbe reictgl`sbgp hetwee` pcre`tci gaprgslàe`t c`d ljjsprg`m lj-je`dg`m. C wcy tl fl`trli jlr tbese gùe`fes gs tl flapcre fbgidre` wblsepcre`ts were gaprgslèd hejlre c`d cjter tbegr hgrtb. Tbese twl mrlups hltbbcve pcre`ts tbct were gaprgslèd ct slae plg`t, sl lè fluid expeft tbctcsslfgcted rgso jcftlrs cre flapcrchie. Tbe lìy o`lw` dgjjere`fe bere gstbe cftuci explsure lj tbe fbgid tl tbe pcre`t‗s gaprgslàe`t. Hy flapcrg`m

tbese twl mrlups fl`jlu`dg`m jcftlrs were beid fl`stc`t. Vl`s wblse pcr-e`ts were gaprgslèd cjter hgrtb bcd c sgm`gffifc`tiy bgmber fl`vgftgl` rctetbc` sl`s wblse pcre`ts were gaprgslèd hejlre hgrtb. Tbgs summests tbcttbe cftuci explsure tl tbe pcre`t‗s gaprgslàe`t wcs gaplrtc`t g` tbe re-ictgl`sbgp hetwee` pcre`tci gaprgslàe`t c`d c sl`‗s ljje`dg`m hebcvglur.Blwever, tbere agmbt he ltber dgjjere`fes hetwee` tbese twl mrlups lj pcr-e`ts tbct fluid cfflu`t jlr tbe dgjjere`fes g` ljjsprg`m ljje`dg`m sufb cs tbeplssghgigty tbct pcre`ts wbl were gaprgslèd lìy hejlre tbegr fbgid‗s hgrtbagmbt bcve experge`fed pcre`tblld lr acrrgcme prefedg`m pcre`tblld cs c’tur`g`m plg`t‑ tlwcrds c iess cftgve frgag`ci fcreer (Vcapsl` & Icuh, 8>>5?

Tbelhcid & Jcrrg`mtl`, 8>>7). @evertbeiess, tbe ffi`dg`m tbct ljjsprg`m lj-



Dgsfussgl` 385

je`dg`m g`frecsed wgtb tbe ie`mtb c`d tbe ùaher lj tgaes pcre`ts bcd hee`gaprgslèd cisl summests tbct tbe cftuci eve`t lj pcre`tci gaprgslàe`t ga-pcfts fbgidre` c`d tbe alre ljte` tbgs bcppe`s c`d tbe il`mer tbe eve`t, tbeicrmer tbe gapcft l` fbgidre`.

Jg`ciiy, tbe dgjjere`fe hetwee` prgslèrs‗ fbgidre` c`d fbgidre` lj fl`-vgfted pcre`ts dgscppecred wbe` fl`trliig`m jlr tbe ùaher lj pcre`tci fl`-vgftgl`s c`d severci rgso jcftlrs jlr frgae. Blwever, tbe reictgl`sbgps jlrie`mtb c`d ùaher lj pcre`tci gaprgslàe`ts c`d ljjsprg`m ljje`dg`m wererlhust c`d dgd `lt dgscppecr wbe` fl`trliig`m jlr tbe ùaher lj pcre`tcifl`vgftgl`s c`d jlr rgso jcftlrs. Tbgs sblws c fiecr gapcft lj pcre`tci gaprgs-làe`t l` hlys‗ ljje`dg`m, lver c`d chlve tbe predgftgve ejjeft lj pcre`tcifl`vgftgl` c`d ltber rgso jcftlrs.

Tbgs resecrfb u`dluhtediy bcs igagtctgl`s c`d severci ltber g`terpretc-tgl`s lj tbe resuits sbluid he fl`sgdered. Tbe study scapie gs reictgveiy sacii,espefgciiy jlr jeacies. Tbgs ied tl `l`-sgm`gffifc`t resuits wbere tbe ejjeft sgzewcs reictgveiy icrme. C icrmer scapie wluid bcve sblw` alre sgm`gffifc`t res-uits. Jurtberalre, tbgs gs c quc`tgtctgve study c`d g` tbct se`se c flapiexrecigty wcs sgapigffied tl c jew vcrgchies. Cs Ezg`mc et ci. (8>>7) bcve deal`-strcted, prgslèrs‗ fbgidre` experge`fe ac`gjlid c`d g`trgfcte prlhieas. Gtgs dgjffifuit tl g`vestgmcte tbe prlfesses tbrlumb wbgfb fbgidre` acy he plsgt-gveiy lr èmctgveiy cjjefted hy c pcre`t‗s gaprgslàe`t tbrlumb quc`tgtctgveresecrfb lìy. Aufb alre resecrfb, c`d cisl alre qucigtctgve resecrfb, gsèeded tl u`derstc`d tbese prlfesses.

G` cddgtgl`, gt wcs `lt plssghie tl g`vestgmcte meètgf aefbc`gsas lj g`-termeèrctgl`ci trc`sagssgl` c`d tbe gùe`fe lj tbgs l` tbe reictgl`sbgphetwee` pcre`tci gaprgslàe`t c`d ljjsprg`m ljje`dg`m. Cdlptgl` c`d twg`studges, lr dgreft g`vestgmctgl` lj meètgf jcftlrs, wluid he eeded tl excagètbgs. Jurtberalre, gt wcs `lt fertcg` tbct suhkefts wbl experge`fed pcre`tcigaprgslàe`t were `lt peracè`tiy sepcrcted jrla tbegr pcre`ts hejlre tbeeve`t. Aurrcy c`d Jcrrg`mtl` (8>>5) oèw tbgs wbe` tbey studged tbe lrg-mg`ci FVDD ae`, hut tbgs g`jlractgl` wcs `lt cvcgichie jlr tbe sghig`ms usedg` tbgs study. ]e fc` lìy cssuae tbct tbgs g`jlractgl` gs sgagicr jlr sghig`mslider tbc` tbe lrgmg`ci ae . G` Trc`sffive , g`jlractgl` wcs cvcgichie chlut

dgvlrfes c`d c`ciyses were ru` flrrefted c`d u`flrrefted jlr dgvlrfe, huttbe resuits were tbe scae.G tested wbetber pcre`tci gaprgslàe`t stgii predgfted ljjsprg`m ljje`d-

g`m cjter fl`trliig`m jlr tbe ùaher lj pcre`tci fl`vgftgl`s. Tbgs redufedtbe reictgl`sbgp hetwee` pcre`tci gaprgslàe`t c`d ljjsprg`m ljje`dg`m c`dG fl`fiuded tbct pcre`tci ljje`dg`m picys c icrme rlie g` tbgs csslfgctgl`.Blwever, fl`trliig`m jlr pcre`tci fl`vgftgl`s g` tbgs wcy agmbt bcve resui-ted g` u`derestgactg`m tbe gapcft lj pcre`tci gaprgslàe`t l` fbgidre`. @lctte`tgl` wcs pcgd tl wbetber pcre`tci gaprgslàe`t lr pcre`tci fl vgftgl sfcae ffirst. C` citer`ctgve expic`ctgl` fluid he tbct pcre`tci gaprgslàe`t

fcuses wlrse pcre`tci frgag`ci hebcvglur (@geuwheertc, @cmg` & Hiloic`d,



38: ^cre`tci Gaprgslàe`t

8>>7? ]eragò, Hiloic`d, @geuwheertc & Tliie`ccr, 8>>7), wbgfb g` tur`fcuses alre fbgid frgae.

@evertbeiess, tbgs gs tbe ffirst flapcrctgve study lj pcre`tci gaprgslàe`tc`d ljjsprg`m ljje`dg`m g` tbe @etberic`ds c`d E`mic`d. Jlr hltb flu`trges,

il`mgtudg`ci prlspeftgve dctcsets were used tbct jliilwed bgmb-rgso mrlupsjlr c il`m tgae. Vufb dctcsets cre rcre, c`d g` tbct se`se tbe flapcrgsl` gsu`gque. Tbrlumb tbe desgm`, aetbld dgspcrgtges were ruied lut, c`d hefcusepcre`tci gaprgslàe`t ciwcys lffurred hejlre ljje`dg`m hy tbe fbgid, tbefcusci lrder wcs rgmbt. Cisl, hefcuse prgslèrs‗ fbgidre` were flapcred wgtbfbgidre` wblse pcre`ts were fl`vgfted hut `lt gaprgslèd, tbe cddgtgl`cigapcft lj pcre`tci gaprgslàe`t wcs excagèd. Tbgs gs c` gaprlveae`tl` ecriger studges g`tl tbe gapcft lj pcre`tci gaprgslàe`t l` fbgidre`‗shebcvglur.

]bct dl tbese resuits aec` jlr pligfy acoers< Tbe reictgl`sbgp hetwee`pcre`tci gaprgslàe`t c`d ljjsprg`m ljje`dg`m dgjjers fl`sgderchiy hetwee`tbe @etberic`ds c`d E`mic`d. Gt gs `lt fertcg`, hut c igoeiy expic`ctgl` jlrtbgs gs tbe prevglusiy desfrghed dgjjere`fe g` tbe pe`ci ic`dsfcpe. Tldcy, tbepe`ci ic`dsfcpe g` hltb flu`trges bcs heflae alre pu`gtgve wgtb bgmbergaprgslàe`t rctes, il`mer se`te`fes, alre wlae` heg`m gaprgslèd tbc`hejlre, c`d alre drum ljje`ders heg`m prlsefuted. Tbe furre`t resuits cre`lt ecsgiy meèrcigschie tl tldcy‗s sgtuctgl`. Wet, wgtb tldcy‗s alre pu`gt-gve ic`dsfcpe c`d tbe ‒reg`ve`tgl` lj tbe prgsl`‗ ( Mcric`d, 8>>3, p. 34), tbgstlpgf gs eve` alre reievc`t tldcy, hefcuse alre fbgidre` experge`fe pcre`tci

gaprgslàe t. ^ligfy acoers fluid desgm` frgae preve`tgl` prlmrcaaesspefgffifciiy tcrmeted ct jcagiges wbere c pcre`t bcs hee` se`t tl prgsl`. Tbeyfluid expc`d lpplrtu`gtges jlr fl`tcft hetwee` prgslèrs c`d tbegr fbgi-dre`, tbrlumb spefgci fbgidre`‗s vgsgts, cjjlrdchie pblè fciis, sfbeaes tlreflrd c`d picyhcfo stlrges c`d aesscmes. Tbey fluid ljjer ffi`c`fgci sup-plrt jlr prgslèrs‗ jcagiges. Vlfgci supplrt lrmc gsctgl`s sbluid espefgciiypcy ctte`tgl` tl lider fbgidre` c`d cdliesfe`ts wbl experge`fe pcre`tci ga-prgslàe`t. Alrelver, fbgidre` wbl experge`fe ac`y c`d il`mer pcre`tcigaprgslàe`ts sbluid he espefgciiy tcrmeted jlr supplrt.

Gt gs gaplrtc`t tl g`vestgmcte tbe reictgl`sbgp hetwee` pcre`tci gaprgsl`-

ae`t c`d ljjsprg`m ljje`dg`m g` tldcy‗s alre pu`gtgve slfgetges. Vg`fe wedl `lt o`lw blw pcre`tci gaprgslàe`t cjjefts tldcy‗s fbgidre`, gt wluidhe mlld tl filseiy al`gtlr c`d study fbgidre` wblse pcre`ts cre furre`tiygaprgslèd. Gt wluid he espefgciiy g`terestg m tl excag e tbgs tlpgf g` tbeU`gted Vtctes, c` exfeptgl`ciiy pu`gtgve slfgety, wbere tbe ùaher lj fbgi-dre` wgtb c pcre`t g` prgsl` gs e`lralus. Jcftlrs sufb cs tbe lpplrtu`gtgesjlr fl`tcft c`d vgsgts c`d tbe calu t lj efl`lagf strcg` sbluid he studgedg` c (qucsg-)expergae`tci desgm`, wberever etbgfciiy plssghie. Ogiigcs, Cehg,c`d Xghecud (8>>>) flapcred tbe ejjeft lj flaau`gty servgfes versus ga-prgslàe`t l` suhseque`t ljje`dg`m hebcvglur g` c` expergae`tci desgm`.

Vgagicriy, gt wluid he mlld tl rc`dlaiy cssgm` fl`vgfted pelpie tl gaprgsl`-



Vuaacry 38=

ae`t lr flaau`gty servgfe c`d g`vestgmcte tbegr fbgidre`‗s ljje`dg`m hebc-vglur. Jurtberalre, gt wluid he mlld tl g`vestgmcte pcre`tci gaprgslàe`tg` alre frlss-`ctgl`ci studges. Jg`ciiy, tblumb, gt gs gaplrtc`t tl g`vestgmctetbese gssues g` il`mgtudg`ci studges g`fiudg`m o`lwiedme chlut tbe sgtuctgl`

hejlre pcre`tci gaprgslàe`t, cs expicgèd hy Aurrcy c`d Aurrcy ( 8>3>).

:.: Vuaacry

Tbgs study excagèd wbetber prgslèrs‗ fbgidre` bcve alre cduit fl`vgf-tgl`s tbc` fbgidre` wblse pcre`ts were fl`vgfted hut `lt gaprgslèd. ^cr-e`tci gaprgslàe`t wcs g`vestgmcted g` E`mic`d c`d tbe @etberic`ds jrla374:-3723 usg`m tbe Fcahrgdme Vtudy g` Deig`que`t Deveilpae`t c`d tbe@VFX Trc`sffive Vtudy. G` tbe @etberic`ds, `l sgm`gffifc`t reictgl`sbgp wcs

jlu`d hetwee` pcre`tci gaprgslàe`t c`d ljjsprg`m ljje`dg`m. G` E`mic`d,c reictgl`sbgp wcs jlu`d jlr sl`s lìy. Tbgs csslfgctgl` fc` he pcrtiy ex-picgèd hy pcre`tci frgag`cigty. Blwever, cjter fl`trliig`m jlr ùaher lj pcre`tci fl`vgftgl`s c`d ltber fbgidblld rgso jcftlrs, c sgm`gffifc`t reictgl`-sbgp reacgèd hetwee` ùaher lj pcre`tci gaprgslàe`ts c`d sl`‗s ljje`d-g`m. ]be` pcre`tci gaprgslàe`t ct dgjjere`t cmes wcs excagèd, pcre`tcigaprgslàe`t lìy sgm`gffifc`tiy predgfted sl`s‗ ljje`dg`m wbe` gt bcppeèdcjter tbe sl`s‗ seve`tb hgrtbdcy.



Fbcpter =

Dgsfussgl`

‒Vlaetgaes tbey scy G‗a kust igoe ay aua c`d tbct acoes ae acd.‗ ( Lragstl`, 8>>=, p. 3=)

Tbgs study g`vestgmcted aefbc`gsas lj g`termeèrctgl`ci trc`sagssgl` lj frgag`ci hebcvglur. G` tbgs ffi`ci fbcpter G wgii mgve c` lvervgew lj tbe ffi`d-g`ms, dgsfuss stre`mtbs c`d igagtctgl`s lj tbe study c`d fl`sgder gapigfctgl`sjlr juture resecrfb c`d jlr pligfy c`d pligtgfs. G wgii ffirst prlvgde c suaacrylj tbe acg` resuits, jliilwed hy c dgsfussgl` lj tbe tbelretgfci gapigfctgl`s

lj tbese resuits.

=.3 ]bct we o`lw `lw

=.3.3 G`termeèrctgl`ci spefgcigsctgl` lj vglie`fe

Tbe ffirst questgl` lj tbgs dgssertctgl` wcs wbetber pcre`ts wbl bcve hee`fl`vgfted lj c vglie`t ljje`fe trc`sagt frgag`ci c`d vglie`t hebcvglur alrestrl`miy tbc` pcre`ts wbl were fl`vgfted, hut èver jlr vglie`fe. Tl c`-swer tbgs questgl` c trcdgtgl`ci c`d c stctgstgfciiy alre cdvc`fed cpprlcfb

(Icte`t Ficss C`ciysgs) were used. Hltb cpprlcfbes deal`strcted c bgmberrgso jlr sl`s lj vglie`t jctbers tl bcve vglie`t fl`vgftgl`s, hut tbgs rgso wcslìy sgm`gffifc`tiy bgmber jlr FVDD sl`s wbe` cppiyg`m Icte`t Ficss C`c-iysgs. Tbe resuits deal`strcted tbct vglie`t pcre`ts dl `lt trc`sagt meèrciljje`dg`m hebcvglur alre strl`miy, hut tbct tbey dl trc`sagt vglie`t ljje`d-g`m alre strl`miy. Hy deal`strctg`m tbct spefgcigsctgl` g` g`termeèrctgl`citrc`sagssgl` exgsts, tbese resuits supplrt tbelrges lj spefgcigsctgl` lj vglie`tljje`dg`m.

387



36> Dgsfussgl`

=.3.8 Tgag m c`d jreque`fy lj pcre`tci frgae g` tbefbgid‗s igje c`d rgso jcftlrs

G` tbe sefl`d eapgrgfci fbcpter G g`vestgmcted trc`sagssgl` lj meèrci frga-

g`ci hebcvglur - g`fiudg`m vglie`fe - g` alre detcgi hy jlfusg`m l` tbe tgag`mc`d jreque`fy lj pcre`tci frgae cs weii cs l` rgso jcftlrs reicted tl frgag`cihebcvglur. Jreque`fy lj pcre`t c`d ljjsprg`m frgae wcs sgm`gffifc`tiy reicted;ljjsprg`m lj pcre`ts wgtb alre fl`vgftgl`s bcd c` g`frecsed fl`vgftgl` rcte.Tbe sefl`d fl`fiusgl` lj tbgs fbcpter wcs tbct fbgidre` lj pcre`ts wbl bcdlìy hee` fl`vgfted hejlre hgrtb bcd alre fl`vgftgl`s tbc` fbgidre` wblsepcre`ts bcd èver hee` fl`vgfted hejlre lr durg`m tbe ljjsprg`m‗s fbgidblld.Jurtberalre, fbgidre` wblse pcre`ts bcd hee` fl`vgfted cjter tbe fbgid‗shgrtb bcd eve` alre fl`vgftgl`s tbc` tblse wblse pcre`ts bcd lìy hee`fl`vgfted hejlre tbegr hgrtb. ]be` rgso jcftlrs were tcoe` g`tl cfflu`t, tbe

dgjjere`fe hetwee` fbgidre` wblse pcre`ts bcd èver hee` fl`vgfted versusfbgidre` wblse pcre`ts bcd hee` fl`vgfted hejlre tbe fbgid‗s hgrtb reacgèdsgm`gffifc`t. Blwever, tbe dgjjere`fe hetwee` tbgs icst mrlup c`d fbgidre`wblse pcre`ts bcd hee` fl`vgfted cjter tbegr hgrtb wcs `lt sgm`gffifc`t c`y-alre wbe` rgso jcftlrs were tcoe` g`tl cfflu`t. Xgso jcftlrs were strl`merpredgftlrs lj tbe ljjsprg`m‗s ljje`dg`m tbc` tbe lhservctgl` wbetber tbe pcr-e`ts bcd hee` fl`vgfted hejlre versus cjter tbe fbgid‗s hgrtb. Fbgidre` wblsepcre`ts bcd hee` fl vgfted wbe` tbe fbgidre` were hetwee` cme = c`d 38 bcdtbe bgmbest fl`vgftgl` rcte, hut `lè lj tbe dgjjere`fes flapcrg`m tbe gapcftlj pcre`tci fl`vgftgl` ct dgjjere`t cmes wcs sgm`gffifc`t. Tbere dles `lt cppecr

tl he c se`sgtgve pergld jlr tbe gapcft lj pcre`tci frgag`ci hebcvglur.

=.3.6 G`termeèrctgl`ci fl`tgùgty lj fl`vgftgl`trckeftlrges

G` tbe tbgrd fbcpter sl-fciied deveilpae`tci trckeftlrges lj frgag`ci hebc-vglur were estgacted jlr jctbers cs weii cs ljjsprg`m. Cal`m jctbers tbreesepcrcte fl`vgftgl` trckeftlrges fluid he gde`tgffied; `l -ljje`ders, ilwfbrl`gf lr splrcdgf ljje`ders, c`d fbrl`gf ljje`ders. Tbree mrlups werecisl gde`tgffied cal`m tbe FVDD dcumbters; `l`-ljje`ders, ilw desgsters,c`d fbrl`gf ljje`ders. Cal`m FVDD sl`s twl cddgtgl`ci mrlups weregde`tgffied; ilw fbrl`gf ljje`ders c`d bgmb desgsters. Cal`m Trc`sffive sl`ssgagicr ljje`dg`m mrlups cs cal`m FVDD sl`s were gde`tgffied, citblumbtbere wcs `l fiecr `l`-ljje`dg`m mrlup cal`m Trc`sffive . Gt wcs `lt plssghietl estgacte trckeftlry aldeis jlr altbers g` egtber dctcset lr jlr dcumbtersg` Trc`sffive .

Vurprgsg`miy, citblumb `l`-ljje`dg`m jctbers sgm`gffifc`tiy predgft `l`-ljje`dg`m fbgidre`, ljjsprg`m lj alre persgste`t ljje`dg`m jctbers dl lt bcvealre fl`vgftgl`s tbc` ljjsprg`m lj splrcdgfciiy ljje`dg`m jctbers. Jurtber-

alre, citblumb gt seeas cs tblumb jctber c`d ljjsprg`m trckeftlrges cre re-icted, tbe sgm`gffifc`t reictgl`sbgp fc` he expicgèd hy tbe lhservctgl` tbct



]bct we o`lw `lw 363

`l`-ljje`dg`m jctber trckeftlrges te`d tl predgft `l`-ljje`dg`m fbgid trckeft-lrges. Fbrl`gf ljje`dg`m (FL) jctbers dl `lt predgft fbrl`gf ljje`dg`m (FL)lr bgmb desgstg`m (BD) sl`s sgm`gffifc tiy hetter tbc` splrcdgf (IF) jctbers.Tbe resuits deal`strcte c strl`m g`termeèrctgl`ci trc`sagssgl` lj frgag`ci

hebcvglur, hut tbe jcft tbct jctbers bcve c fl`vgftgl` gs alre reicted tl ljj-sprg`m fl`vgftgl`s tbc` gs tbegr fl`vgftgl` trckeftlry.

Gt gs plssghie, blwever, tbct `l sgm`gffifc`t reictgl`sbgps were jlu`d he-fcuse tbe ùahers g`vlived g` tbe c`ciyses tl test g`termeèrctgl`ci trc`s-agssgl` were reictgveiy ilw. Jlr excapie, tbe ejjeft sgzes jlr tbe dgjjere`feg` prlplrtgl` lj IF lr BD sl`s cal`m IF jctbers c`d FL jctbers (see pcme=6) cre reictgveiy bgmb jlr tbe FVDD (ldds rctgls lj 3.7 c`d 8.4) hut `lt sgm-`gffifc`t. Gt gs plssghie tbct sgm`gffifc`t reictgl`sbgps wgii he jlu`d wgtb icrmerscapies.

=.3.4 Ljffifgci hgcs c`d icheiig`m

Tbe jlurtb eapgrgfci fbcpter lj tbgs dgssertctgl` g`vestgmcted wbetber ljffifgcihgcs c`d icheiig`m fluid expicg` g`termeèrctgl`ci fl`tgùgty lj frgag`ci he-bcvglur. C fl`vgfted pcre`t cs weii cs c jctber‗s pllr klh reflrd, ilw jcagiyg`flae c`d pllr blusg`m were hgcsg`m vcrgchies? tbey g`frecsed tbe rgso lj ljjsprg`m fl`vgftgl` tcog`m g`tl cfflu`t tbe ievei lj seij-replrted ljje`dg`m.Ilw jcagiy slfgl-efl`lagf stctus dgd `lt sgm`gffifc`tiy predgft fl`vgftgl`swbe` fl`trliig`m jlr seij-replrted ljje`dg`m. Jurtberalre, c fl`vgftgl` suh-seque`tiy g`frecsed c` g`dgvgduci‗s seij-replrted ljje`dg`m hebcvglur. Blw-

ever, tbgs icheiig`m ejjeft wcs lìy vgsghie jlr pelpie wblse pcre`ts bcve hee`fl`vgfted c`d `lt cal`m tbe ljjsprg`m wblse pcre`ts bcve èver hee` fl`-vgfted.

=.3.5 ^cre`tci gaprgslàe`t

Tbe ffi`ci eapgrgfci fbcpter fl`fe`trcted l` tbe questgl` wbetber ljjsprg`mlj prgslèrs dgspicy alre frgag`ci hebcvglur tbc` ljjsprg`m lj fl`vgftedhut `lt gaprgslèd pcre`ts. Tbe cddgtgl`ci gapcft lj pcre`tci gaprgsl`-ae`t lver c`d chlve pcre`tci fl`vgftgl`s wcs g`vestgmcted spefgffifciiy. G`

tbe @etberic`ds prgslèrs‗ ljjsprg`m dgd `lt bcve alre fl`vgftgl`s tbc` ljj-sprg`m lj fl`vgfted pcre`ts, hut g` E`mic`d c sgm`gffifc`t reictgl`sbgp wcs vgs-ghie hetwee` pcre`tci gaprgslàe`t c`d ljjsprg`m ljje`dg`m jlr sl`s. Cjterfl`trliig`m jlr tbe ùaher lj pcre`tci fl`vgftgl`s, pcre`tci vglie`fe c`drgso jcftlrs jlr frgae, c sgm`gffifc`t reictgl`sbgp reacgèd hetwee` tbe ùa-her lj pcre`tci gaprgslàe`ts c`d c sl`‗s ljje`dg`m. Tbere wcs `l dgjjere`fehetwee` c jctber‗s lr c altber‗s gaprgslàe`t? pcre`tci gaprgslàe`t wcslìy sgm`gffifc`tiy reicted tl sl`‗s ljje`dg`m wbe` tbe sl` experge`fed tbgscjter tbe seve`tb hgrtbdcy? c`d tbe alre ljte` c`d il`mer c sl` experge`fedpcre`tci gaprgslàe`t, tbe alre ljte` be ljje`ded. Jurtberalre, gt cppecrs



368 Dgsfussgl`

tbct tbe reictgl`sbgp hetwee` pcre`tci gaprgslàe`t c`d c sl`‗s ljje`dg`mfc` he pcrtiy expicgèd hy pcre`tci frgag`cigty.

=.3.: Frlss-`ctgl`ci flapcrgsl`; E`mic`d c`d tbe

@etberic`ds

Cs dgsfussed g` tbe g`trlduftgl`, repigfctgl` lj resuits wcs tbe acg` altgv-ctgl` tl flapcre tbe resuits jlr tbe c`ciyses g` Fbcpters 8 c`d 4 l` spe-fgcigsctgl` c`d trckeftlry c`ciyses, wbgie tbe flapcrgsl` g` Fbcpter : wcsg`terestg`m jrla c pligfy perspeftgve. G` tbgs seftgl`, G wgii prlvgde c hrgej lvervgew lj tbe flapcrchgigty lj tbe dctc sets c`d dgjjere`fes c`d sgagicrgtgesg` resuits.

Tbe scapies used g` tbgs study cre flapcrchie g` tbe se`se tbct tbe suhkefts were hlr` g` tbe scae pergld; 374:-37:8. Tbey cisl flae jrla c rei-

ctgveiy bgmb-rgso mrlup. C dgjjere`fe hetwee` tbe scapies gs tbct tbe E`migsbscapie gs icrmer. Tbe FVDD scapie g`fiuded 3324 suhkefts lj wbgfb =28 wereacie c`d 4>8 were jeacie. Tbese suhkefts fcae jrla 67= jcagiges (tbe 433lrgmg`ci ae` g`fiude 34 hrltber pcgrs). Tbe 2>4 suhkefts g` Trc`sffive fcaejrla 653 jcagiges? 438 were acie c`d 678 were jeacie. Tbe saciier scapiejlr Trc`sffive fluid bcve resuited g` iess stctgstgfci plwer tl deteft stctgstgfcidgjjere`fes.

G` teras lj ljje`dg`m, c icrmer prlplrtgl` lj ljjsprg`m bcs hee` fl`vgftedg` tbe E`migsb scapie flapcred wgtb tbe Dutfb scapie; 43.6% lj FVDDacies bcs ever hee` fl`vgfted hetwee` tbegr 38tb c`d 4>tb hgrtbdcy flapcredwgtb 64.8% lj Trc`sffive acies? c`d 38.4 % lj FVDD dcumbters bcs hee` fl`-vgfted flapcred wgtb 7.4% g` Trc`sffive . Alrelver, tbe cvercme ùaher lj fl`vgftgl`s gs bgmber jlr FVDD acies (4.5:) tbc` jlr Trc`sffive (6.85).47 Tbgsùaher gs flapcrchie jlr dcumbters; 8.:: jlr FVDD dcumbters flapcred tl8.5> jlr Trc`sffive dcumbters.

Xesuits jrla Fbcpter 8 l` spefgcigsctgl` reveci strgog`miy sgagicr pctter`sg` tbe @etberic`ds c`d E`mic`d. Tbe exte`t lj g`termeèrctgl`ci spefgcigsc-tgl` usg`m tbe trcdgtgl`ci aetbld gs sgagicr g` tbe E`migsb c`d Dutfb scapies(LX 3.:> versus 3.26). G`terestg`miy, tbe IFC sliutgl`s cre cisl qugte sgagicr

jlr hltb scapies; twl ficsses lj wbgfb lè fc` he fbcrcftergsed cs c tbejt c`dtbe ltber cs c vglie`fe-ltber ficss. Trc`sagssgl` lj vglie`fe usg`m IFC gsstrl`mer jlr tbe E`migsb scapie, hut tbe Dutfb scapie sblws c pctter` g` tbescae dgreftgl`.

G` Fbcpter 4 G g`vestgmcted g`termeèrctgl`ci trc`sagssgl` usg`m trckeft-lry c`ciyses g` hltb E`mic`d c`d tbe @etberic`ds. Trckeftlrges jlr jctberswere reacrochiy sgagicr g` hltb flu`trges. Ljjsprg`m trckeftlrges cisl illoedsgagicr, citblumb tbey cre bgmber jlr tbe E`migsb scapie. Tbgs gs `lt surprgs-g`m tcog`m g`tl cfflu`t tbe lhservctgl` tbct tbe E`migsb acies bcd c bgmbercvercme ùaher lj fl`vgftgl`s tbc` tbe Dutfb acies.

47 Exfiudg`m tbe ecriger ae`tglèd lutigers, see pcme =>

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Gapigfctgl`s jlr tbelrges l` g`termeèrctgl`ci trc`sagssgl` 366

Illog`m ct ljjsprg`m hebcvglur per jctber trckeftlry tbe pctter`s cre fla-pcrchie g` hltb flu`trges, citblumb tbe exte`t lj g`termeèrctgl`ci trc`sags-sgl` cppecrs strl`mer g` E`mic`d. Tbe fl`vgftgl` rctes cre bgmber g` tbeE`migsb scapie, hut tbe dgjjere`fe hetwee` fbgidre` lj tbe dgjjere`t jctber

mrlups gs cisl icrmer. Citblumb tbgs fbcpter dgd `lt flapcre wbetber g`-termeèrctgl`ci trc`sagssgl` wcs strl`mer g` E`mic`d lr tbe @etberic`ds, gtgs plssghie tl bypltbesgze wbct fluid expicg` strl`mer trc`sagssgl` g` E`m-ic`d. G` tbe @etberic`ds pligfe remgstrctgl`s c`d prgsl` se`te`fes were ctc ilw ievei g` tbe 375>s tl 37=>s, tbe pergld lj study lj tbgs dgssertctgl`( Hgkieveid & ]gkoac`, 8>>7? Tl`ry & Hgkieveid, 8>>=c). Tbe @etberic`dsljjered c agid pe`ci e`vgrlàe`t g` tbgs pergld. Jurtberalre, tbgs pergldwcs fbcrcftergsed hy g`frecsed lpplrtu`gtges c`d cffess tl bgmber edufctgl`jlr g`dgvgducis lj cii slfgci ficsses. Tbese jcftlrs fluid expicg` wby g`terme`-erctgl`ci trc`sagssgl` agmbt bcve hee` strl`mer g` E`mic`d flapcred wgtbtbe @etberic`ds. Tbe fl`fiusgl` jrla tbgs fbcpter tbct tbere gs `l sgm`gffi-fc`t dgjjere`fe hetwee` fbgidre` lj tbe dgjjere`t ljje`dg`m jctber trckeftlrgesgs sgagicr g` hltb flu`trges tblumb.

Tbe tbgrd flapcrgsl` lj E`mic`d c`d tbe @etberic`ds jlfused l` pcr-e`tci gaprgslàe`t. Gt gs g`terestg`m tbct c dgjjere`fe wcs jlu`d hetwee` tbegapcft lj pcre`tci gaprgslàe`t g` E`mic`d versus tbe @etberic`ds. Tbgsfluid plssghiy he expicgèd hy tbe dgjjere`fe g` pe`ci c`d prgsl` pligfges lj tbese flu`trges g` tbe pergld jlr wbgfb pcre`tci gaprgslàe`t wcs g`vest-gmcted (374:-3723). Tbe @etberic`ds wcs o`lw` cs c` extreaeiy buacè,

tlierc`t c`d igherci flu`try wbere gaprgslàe`t rctes were ilw c`d prgsl`se`te`fes sblrt. E`mic`d, g` fl`trcst, bcd aufb bgmber gaprgslàe`t rctes,il`mer se`te`fes c`d jewer lpplrtu`gtges jlr fl`tcft wgtb jcagiges. G cislbypltbesgzed tbct stgmac jlr prgslèrs‗ fbgidre` agmbt bcve hee` ilwer g`tbe @etberic`ds flapcred wgtb E`mic`d. Tbese resuits summest tbct c alrepu`gtgve pe`ci ic`dsfcpe gapcfts alre strl`miy l` tbe fbgidre` lj tblse ctwbla tbe pe`ci pligfges cre cgaed. G` tbe seftgl` l` Gapigfctgl`s jlr pligfyc`d pligtgfs G wgii jurtber dgsfuss pligfy gapigfctgl`s.

=.8 Gapigfctgl`s jlr tbelrges l`

g`termeèrctgl`ci trc`sagssgl`

Blw fc` we expicg` g`termeèrctgl`ci trc`sagssgl` lj frgag`ci hebcvglur;Dles gt actter blw ljte` pcre`ts ljje`d< ]bct og`d lj frgae pcre`ts fla-agt< ]be` pcre`ts ljje`d< ]bct tbegr frgag`ci fcreer illos igoe< C`d dlesgt actter wbetber c`d blw pcre`ts met se`te`fed jlr frgag`ci hebcvglur<Tbese questgl`s cre lj fe`trci fl`fer` tl frgag`lilmgsts cs weii cs pligfyacoers. Tbe furre`t seftgl` reictes tbe eapgrgfci ffi`dg`ms tl tbe tbelrgesc`d aefbc`gsas dgsfussed g` tbe G`trlduftgl`.



364 Dgsfussgl`

Lè fluid cso wbgfb aefbc`gsas fl`trghute alre strl`miy tl g`terme`-erctgl`ci trc`sagssgl` flapcred wgtb ltbers. C sgapie flapcrgsl` lj tbeseaefbc`gsas wcs `lt plssghie wgtb tbe dctc used g` tbgs study. Alrelver,ecfb aefbc`gsa cppecrs tl he reievc`t c`d tbe aefbc`gsas cre cisl igoeiy

tl g`tercft wgtb ecfb ltber. Gt gs gaplrtc`t tl stress tbct tbe study desgm`- `lt heg`m expergae`tci - dgd `lt e`chie tbe drcwg`m lj fl`fiusgl`s chlutfcusci reictgl`sbgps. Blwever, gt gs plssghie tl reicte tbgs study‗s ffi`dg`ms tltbelrges c`d dgsfuss wbere tbe resuits supplrt lr dgsprlve aefbc`gsas lj g`-termeèrctgl`ci trc`sagssgl`. G` dlg`m tbgs, G wgii jliilw tbe strufture usedg` tbe G`trlduftgl`.

=.8.3 Xgso jcftlrs; c frgag`lme`gf e`vgrlàe`t

Tbe ffirst expic`ctgl` jlr g`termeèrctgl`ci trc`sagssgl` wcs tbct fl`tgù-

gty lj frgag`ci hebcvglur lver meèrctgl`s fluid he expicgèd hy c frga-g`lme`gf e`vgrlàe`t. Tbe hebcvglur gs `lt èfesscrgiy trc`sagtted, hutfbgidre` lj frgag`ci pcre`ts mrlw up g` c` e`vgrlàe`t fbcrcftergsed hyac`y rgso jcftlrs jlr frgae. Frgag`ci hebcvglur gs `lt gslicted jrla tbe restlj slaelè‗s igje, c`d pelpie flaagttg`m frgae ljte` exbghgt prlhieas g`ltber recias lj igje. Tbey cre alre igoeiy tl use drums, tl he uèapilyed,experge`fe plverty c`d igve g` pllr cfflaaldctgl` c`d/lr hcd ègmbhlur-bllds. Frgag`ci pcre`ts tbus g`frecse tbe ldds lj tbegr fbgidre` mrlwg`mup g` c` e`vgrlàe`t wbere tbese fgrfuastc`fes jecture, wbgfb g` tur` wgiig`frecse tbe rgso jlr ljjsprg`m deveilpg`m frgag`ci hebcvglur.

Tbe ffi`dg`ms lj tbgs study supplrt tbgs aefbc`gsa. C`ciyses g` Fbcpter 6deal`strcted tbct ljjsprg`m wblse pcre`ts ljje`ded hejlre versus cjter tbegrhgrtb dgjjered g` teras lj rgso jcftlrs. Fbgidre` wblse pcre`ts bcd hee` fl`-vgfted cjter tbe fbgid‗s hgrtb were alre igoeiy tl flae jrla hcfomrlu`dsfbcrcftergsed hy ilw jcagiy g`flae, icrme jcagiy sgze, jctbers wgtb c pllr

klh reflrd, c`d iess g`terest g` edufctgl` hy pcre`ts. Tbese rgso jcftlrs het-ter expicgèd tbe dgjjere`fe g` ljjsprg`m ljje`dg`m hetwee` tbese twl mrlupstbc` tbe lhservctgl` tbct pcre`ts ljje`ded hejlre versus cjter tbe ljjsprg`m‗shgrtb. Vgagicriy, c`ciyses jrla Fbcpter : deal`strcted tbct rgso jcftlrs werestrl`mer predgftlrs lj ljjsprg`m ljje`dg`m tbc` wbetber tbe pcre`t bcd hee`se`t tl prgsl` lr `lt.

G` tbe G`trlduftgl` (see pcmes 4-5) G dgsfussed blw tbese rgso jcftlrs fc`he deffièd cs rgso acroers, fcusci rgso jcftlrs lr aedgctg`m jcftlrs. Citblumbtbgs study wcs u`chie tl g`vestgmcte wbgfb lj tbese sfe`crgls gs tbe hest ex-pic`ctgl` jlr tbgs pbe`lae`l`, tbgs study‗s ffi`dg`ms dl deal`strcte tbctrgso jcftlrs picy c` gaplrtc`t rlie g` g`termeèrctgl`ci fl`tgùgty. Gt gs `lt

kust hebcvglur tbct gs trc`sagtted, c`d eve` gj hebcvglur wcs trc`sagtted, tbgsdles `lt bcppe` g` c vcfuua. ^cre`tci ljje`dg`m agmbt gùe`fe tbese rgsojcftlrs c`d vgfe versc c`d, sgagicriy, ljjsprg`m ljje`dg`m c`d tbese rgso jcftlrs

agmbt cisl g`tercft wgtb ecfb ltber. Tbgs, tbe`, igòs hcfo tl Tblr`herryc`d Orlb`‗s G`tercftgl`ci Tbelry lj Ljje`dg`m wbgfb stctes tbct ljje`dg`m



Gapigfctgl`s jlr tbelrges l` g`termeèrctgl`ci trc`sagssgl` 365

wgii g`tercft wgtb ltber spberes lj igje (Tblr`herry, 8>>5? Tblr`herry &Orlb`, 8>>3, 8>>5, see pcme 2 lj tbgs dgssertctgl`). Tblr`herry dgsfusses blwpelpie g`vlived g` c`tgslfgci hebcvglur agmbt bcve prlhieas acog`m suf-fessjui trc`sgtgl`s g`tl cduit rlies, g`fiudg`m pcre`tblld, c`d tberehy agmbt

bcve prlhieas g` rcgsg`m tbegr fbgidre`. Eve` tblumb tbgs study dgd `lt testtbgs aedgctg`m pctb vgc tbe qucigty c`d ejjeftgveèss lj pcre`tg`m, tbe ffi`dg`msdeal`strcte tbct pelpie g`vlived g` c`tgslfgci hebcvglur dl bcve prlhieaswgtb cduit rlies sufb cs bcvg`m c klh c`d prlvgdg`m tbegr jcagiy wgtb c stchieg`flae. G`stecd lj prlvgdg`m tbegr ljjsprg`m wgtb c` e`vgrlàe`t tbct e`-flurcmes prlslfgci hebcvglur, tbey hestlw upl` tbea c rgsoy e`vgrlàe`t.G` sua, tbe rgso jcftlr aefbc`gsa cs weii cs tbe g`termeèrctgl`ci exte`sgl`tl tbe G`tercftgl`ci Tbelry cre supplrted hy ffi`dg`ms jrla tbgs dgssertctgl`.

=.8.8 Vlfgci iecr`g`m; gagtctg m hebcvglurGagtctgl` lj hebcvglur gs c` expic`ctgl` ljjered g`tugtgveiy hy (icy) pelpiewbe` tciog`m chlut g`termeèrctgl`ci fl`tgùgty. Fbgidre` wgii lhserve tbegrpcre`ts‗ frgag`ci lr `l`frgag`ci hebcvglur c`d flpy tbese hebcvglurs. Vl-fgci Iecr`g`m tbelry summests tbct tbgs gagtctgl` fluid lffur dgreftiy cs weiics g`dgreftiy. Tbe ffirst type lj iecr`g`m lffurs wbe` c pcre`t dgreftiy fl`veyscttgtudes lr ltber g`jlractgl` chlut blw tl flaagt frgae. Frgae gs hrlcdiydeffièd bere c`d fluid g`fiude ag`lr hebcvglurs sufb cs burtg`m ltbers, tco-g`m tbg`ms jrla ltbers, lr usg`m ciflbli lr drums. G`dgreft slfgci iecr`g`m gsalre suhtie, citblumb lpplrtu`gtges jlr tbgs type lj trc`sagssgl` plssghiy

lffur l` c alre everydcy hcsgs. Jlr excapie, wbgie c pcre`t agmbt `lt è-fesscrgiy deal`strcte stecig`m g` jrl`t lj tbe fbgid, tbe fbgid fluid iecr` tbctgt gs cffeptchie tl try c`d ml tbrlumb tbe tur`stgie wgtb twl pelpie ct c tgaewbe` usg`m puhigf trc`splrt.

Tbe ffi`dg`ms lj tbgs study dl `lt èfesscrgiy supplrt tbe gdec lj dgreftslfgci iecr`g`m. G` Fbcpter 6 G deal`strcted blw, cjter fl`trliig`m jlr ltberrgso jcftlrs jlr frgae, tbere wcs `l sgm`gffifc`t dgjjere`fe g` frgag`ci hebc-vglur hetwee` fbgidre` wblse pcre`ts bcd lìy hee` fl`vgfted hejlre versuscjter tbe fbgid‗s hgrtb. Jlr dgreft slfgci iecr`g`m, lè wluid expeft tbct gtwluid he gaplrtc`t jlr tbe pcre`t tl flaagt frgag`ci hebcvglur wbe` tbefbgid fluid lhserve tbgs. Lè wluid tbus expeft tbct fbgidre` wblse pcr-e`ts bcd hee` fl`vgfted cjter tbe fbgid‗s hgrtb wluid sblw alre c`tgslfgcihebcvglur. Tbe ffi`dg`ms dl `lt supplrt tbgs bypltbesgs. Gt gs gaplrtc`t tlrecigse, blwever, tbct tbgs scapie dgd `lt e`chie tbe study lj cftuci slfgciiecr`g`m prlfesses, c`d gt gs u`fertcg` wbetber fbgidre` wblse pcre`ts bcdhee` fl`vgfted cjter tbe fbgid‗s hgrtb cftuciiy experge`fed lr lhserved tbegrpcre`ts flaagttg`m frgae.

Gt gs plssghie tbct pcre`ts wbl dgd `lt flaagt frgag`ci hebcvglur cjtertbe fbgid wcs hlr`, hut dgd sl hejlre tbe fbgid‗s hgrtb, stgii bcd slae (ag`lr)

c`tgslfgci cttgtudes lr fustlas tbct tbey g`dgreftiy flaau`gfcted tl tbegrfbgidre`.Tbe jcft tbct `l sgm`gffifc`t dgjjere`fe wcs jlu`d hetwee` tbese twl



36: Dgsfussgl`

mrlups lj fbgidre` wbe` fl`trliig`m jlr rgso jcftlrs fluid cftuciiy ffit wgtbtbe gdec lj g`dgreft slfgci iecr`g`m. Coers‗ (37==? 8>>8) Vlfgci Iecr`g`m tbe-lry jlfuses pcrtgfuicriy l` reg`jlrfeae`t c`d summests tbct fbgidre` wgiiiecr` aufb tbrlumb reg`jlrfeae`t. Jlr excapie, tbe fbgid wgii iecr`, jrla

tbe pcre`t‗s recftgl`, wbetber gt gs cffeptchie tl flae blae wbgie g`tlxgf-cted. C pcre`t wbl dles `lt respl`d èmctgveiy lr dgscpprlvg`miy wgii fl`-vey tbct tbgs hebcvglur gs tlierchie. Ltber studges sufb cs Mglrdc`l ( 8>3>)bcve deal`strcted supplrt jlr tbe trc`sagssgl` lj sufb vciues c`d cttgtudes.

Jurtberalre, c dgstg`ftgl` fc` he acde hetwee` spefgffif c`d meèrcigsedslfgci iecr`g`m. Vpefgffif slfgci iecr`g`m plsgts tbct pelpie wgii flpy tbe ex-cft scae hebcvglur cs tbegr aldei, wbgie meèrcigsed slfgci iecr`g`m summeststrc`sagssgl` lj c alre meèrci c`tgslfgci hebcvglur pctter` lr c` cffept-g`m cttgtude tlwcrds vglie`t lr frgag`ci hebcvglur (see cisl pcme 88). Tbeffi`dg`ms jrla Fbcpter 8 l` spefgcigsctgl` g` g`termeèrctgl`ci trc`sagssgl`wluid supplrt tbe gdec lj spefgffif slfgci iecr`g`m, hefcuse tbe ljjsprg`m lj vglie t jctbers were alre igoeiy tl flaagt vglie`t frgae. Blwever, hltbjctbers c`d ljjsprg`m cisl flaagtted ltber types lj frgae, c`d c mrlup lj pelpie wbl flaagtted lìy vglie`fe fluid `lt he gde`tgffied. Tbgs deal`-strctes tbct gt gs cisl igoeiy tbct c alre meèrci cttgtude, cffeptc`fe, lr pctter`lj c`tgslfgci hebcvglur gs trc`sagtted.

=.8.6 Meètgf lr hglilmgfci trc`sagssgl`

C`ltber g`tugtgve expic`ctgl` jlr g`termeèrctgl`ci trc`sagssgl` summests

tbct tbe frgag`ci hebcvglur lj hltb meèrctgl`s fluid he expicgèd hyhglilmgfci lr meètgf aefbc`gsas. Due tl tbe chse`fe lj c twg`- lr cdlptgl`desgm` c`d icfo lj hglilmgfci/meètgf aecsureae`ts, gt wcs eve` bcrder tlg`vestgmcte tbgs aefbc`gsa g` tbe furre`t study. Blwever, tbe ffi`dg`ms jrlatbgs study dl `lt dgsprlve hglilmgfci lr meètgf aecsureae`ts. Xesuits jrlaFbcpter 8 l` spefgcigsctgl` wluid fl`ffira tbe gdec tbct vglie`t hebcvglurfluid bcve c dgjjere`t lr strl`mer hglilmgfci lrgmg` tbc` ltber types lj frgag`ci hebcvglur, hefcuse ljjsprg`m lj vglie`t pcre`ts bcd c bgmber rgsolj exbghgtg`m vglie t hebcvglur g` pcrtgfuicr. Xesuits jrla Fbcpter 6 l`tgag`m lj pcre`tci frgae deal`strcted tbct ljjsprg`m wblse pcre`ts bcdhee` fl`vgfted hejlre tbe fbgid‗s hgrtb flaagtted alre frgae tbc` ljjsprg`mwblse pcre`ts bcd èver hee` fl`vgfted. ^crt lj tbe dgjjere`fe hetwee`tbese twl mrlups lj fbgidre` fluid he expicgèd hy dgjjere`fes g` rgso jcftlrs,hut c sgm`gffifc`t pcrt cisl reacgèd uèxpicg ed. C` expic`ctgl` jlr tbgsuàecsured vcrgc`fe fluid he c meètgf lr hglilmgfci prlfess.

=.8.4 Tbe gapcft lj se`te`fg`m lj pcre`ts l`g`termeèrctgl`ci trc`sagssgl`

Tbe ljffifgci hgcs aefbc`gsa summests tbct pelpie cre alre igoeiy tl met fl`-vgfted wbe` tbegr pcre`ts cre o`lw` tl tbe pligfe. Ljjsprg`m lj fl`vgfted



Gapigfctgl`s jlr tbelrges l` g`termeèrctgl`ci trc`sagssgl` 36=

pcre`ts tbus tur` g`tl ‒tbe usuci suspefts‗.5> Tbe ffi`dg`ms lj Fbcpter 5deal`strcted supplrt jlr tbgs ljffifgci hgcs. Bcvg m c fl`vgfted pcre`t lrmrlwg`m up g` pllrer slfgci fgrfuastc`fes aec`s tbct pelpie cre alre igoeiytl met fl`vgfted flapcred wgtb ltbers wgtb c sgagicr ievei lj seij-replrted lj-

je`dg`m hut wgtblut tbese fbcrcftergstgfs. Tbese pllrer slfgci fgrfuastc`fescre fbcrcftergsed hy c jctber wgtb c pllr klh reflrd, ilw jcagiy g`flae c`dpllr blusg`m. Tbe quc`tgtctgve c`ciyses jrla tbgs dgssertctgl` fl`ffira alrequcigtctgve c`ciyses hy AfCrc c`d AfZge ( 8>>5? 8>>=c? 8>>=h) fl`fiudg`mtbct g`dgvgducis cre alre igoeiy tl he tcrmeted wbe` tbey cre perfegved cs iessrespeftchie.

Jurtberalre, c`ciyses g` tbgs fbcpter cisl deal`strcted icheiig`m ejjefts;seij-replrted ljje`dg`m hebcvglur g`frecsed wbe` pelpie bcd hee` fl`-vgfted, hut defrecsed (`cturciiy) wbe` tbey dgd `lt experge`fe fl`vgftgl`.Icheiig`m tbelry (see cisl pcme 28) prlplses tbct c fl`vgftgl` wgii capigjyslaelè‗s ljje`dg`m hebcvglur egtber tbrlumb c fbc`me g` tbe g`dgvgduci‗sseij-perfeptgl` (hy fl jlrag`m tl tbe frgag`ci stereltype) lr tbrlumbhilfoed lpplrtu`gtges jlr c `l`-frgag`ci igje (hefcuse gt gs dgjffifuit tl ffi`d c

klh wgtb c frgag`ci reflrd c`d bcrd tl sustcg` gaplrtc`t reictgl`sbgps wbgieg` prgsl`). Citblumb tbgs study dgd `lt excagè sufb aedgctg`m icheiig mprlfesses (hut ltbers dgd, see jlr excapie; Her`hurm & Orlb`, 8>>6? Her`-hurm et ci., 8>>:? Aurrcy et ci., jlrtbflag`m? Zc` der Meest, 8>33), gt dlesdeal`strcte supplrt jlr icheiig`m ejjefts.

Alrelver, G deal`strcted c` g`tercftgl` ejjeft; wbe` fl`sgderg`m

wbetber pcre`ts bcd c fl`vgftgl`, tbe ffi`dg`ms deal`strcte c strl`m ic-heiig`m ejjeft jlr fbgidre` wgtb c fl`vgfted pcre`t, hut `l icheiig`m ejjeft jlrpelpie wgtblut c fl`vgfted pcre`t. C fuauictgve ejjeft gs tcog`m picfe; tbegapcft lj slaelè‗s lw` fl`vgftgl` gs aufb strl`mer wbe` slaelè bcsc fl`vgfted pcre`t. G` c se`se, dgscdvc`tcmes pgie up, c`d lè fluid bypl-tbesgze tbe capigffifctgl` lj ljje`dg`m hebcvglur vgc hltb icheiig`m rlutes; c)cirecdy jeit stgmac lj heg`m c frgag`ci‗s fbgid wgii g`frecse wbe` slaelè gsicheiied cs c frgag`ci, c`d h) wbe` pelpie mrlw up wgtb c fl`vgfted pcre`t,c`d tbus g` c alre tbc` cvercme frgag`lme`gf e`vgrlàe`t, tbey wgii bcvejewer lpplrtu`gtges jlr c `l`-frgag`ci igje flapcred wgtb slaelè wbl

mrew up g` c` e`vgrlàe`t juii lj lpplrtu`gtges jlr c fl`ve`tgl`ci igje. Tbgscffuauictgl` lj ljffifgci hgcs c`d icheiig`m gs c `lvei c`d gaplrtc`t ffi`dg`m.C`ltber cspeft lj se`te`fg`m lj pcre`ts tbct G g`vestgmcted wcs wbetber

pcre`tci gaprgslàe`t e`tcgis c rgso g` cddgtgl` tl c pcre`t‗s fl`vgftgl`. Gdgsfussed blw pcre`tci gaprgslàe`t fc` gapcft l` ljjsprg`m‗s ljje`dg`m,ae`tci becitb c`d weii-heg`m cfflrdg`m tl severci tbelretgfci perspeftgves(see pcme 3>=). G`terestg`miy, `l sgm`gffifc`t gapcft lj pcre`tci gaprgslàe`tl` ljjsprg`m ljje`dg`m wcs jlu`d g` tbe @etberic`ds, hut sufb c` gapcftwcs jlu`d g` E`mic`d. Tbgs deal`strctes tbct pcre`tci gaprgslàe`t dles

5> C tera flgèd hy AfCrc c`d AfZge (8>>5, p. 5) g` tbegr resecrfb l` tbe pligfe ‒u`jcgriytcrmetg`m fertcg` fctemlrges lj ylu`m pelpie.‗

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362 Dgsfussgl`

`lt èfesscrgiy bcve c èmctgve gapcft l` ljjsprg`m ljje`dg`m. Cs G cisl dgs-fussed g` Fbcpter :, fgrfuastc`fes hejlre, durg`m, c`d cjter c pcre`tci ga-prgslàe`t cre igoeiy tl deteragè tbe gapcft lj c pcre`t‗s gaprgslàe`tcs weii (see cisl Aurrcy & Aurrcy, 8>3>). Cs ltber studges bcve deal -

strcted (e.m. Mglrdc`l, 8>3>? Bgssei et ci., 8>33) pcre`tci gaprgslàe`t gs`lt tbe lìy èmctgve igje eve`t fbgidre` lj g`fcrfercted pcre`ts experge`fe.Tbese fbgidre` ljte` mrlw up g` c` u`stchie e`vgrlàe`t fl`sgstg`m lj fl`-stc`tiy fbc`mg`m fcre-mgvg`m crrc`meae`ts, sbgjts lj sfbllis, igvg`m g` iess-tbc`-desgrchie ègmbhlurbllds, c`d tbus pcre`tci gaprgslàe`t agmbt he

kust lè alre èmctgve eve`t. Blwever, tbe ffi`dg`m tbct pcre`tci gaprgsl`-ae`t wcs sgm`gffifc`tiy reicted tl ljjsprg`m ljje`dg`m g` E`mic`d, eve` wbe`fl`trliig`m jlr rgso jcftlrs jlr frgag`ci hebcvglur, dles summest c` gapcftlj tbgs se`te`fg`m lj pcre`ts l` ljjsprg`m. G prlplsed tbct tbe pe`ci figactec`d plssghiy mrecter ieveis lj stgmac g` E`mic`d fluid expicg` tbe dgjjere`fehetwee` tbe twl flu`trges. Tbgs gs c` gaplrtc`t gssue, hefcuse gt wluid cislaec` tbct pligfges agmbt gùe`fe tbe plssghie gapcft lj se`te`fg`m l` tbefbgidre` lj tblse wbl cre se`te`fed.

G` tbgs dgssertctgl` G g`vestgmcted tbe gapcft lj se`te`fg`m lj pcre`ts l`ljjsprg`m ljje`dg`m g` twl wcys; vgc ljffifgci hgcs c`d icheiig`m c`d vgc pcr-e`tci gaprgslàe t. Tbe resuits lj hltb tbese fbcpters deal`strcte tbctse`te`fg`m lj pcre`ts gs igoeiy tl gapcft l` fbgidre` lj tbese ljje`ders. Aufbresecrfb c`d tbelrgsg`m exgsts l` tbe gapcft lj se`te`fg`m l` ljje`ders g` tbejlra lj icheiig`m resecrfb, c`d cisl l` tbe fl`seque`fes lj gaprgslàe`t.

Xesecrfb g`vestgmctg`m tbe gapcft lj se`te`fg`m l` ljje`ders‗ ljjsprg`m ljte`jlfuses l` tbe gapcft lj pcre`tci gaprgslàe`t (jlr c` lvervgew see Aur-rcy & Jcrrg`mtl`, 8>>2c? Aurrcy et ci., 8>>7). Tbgs dgssertctgl` cdded tltbgs o`lwiedme hy `lt lìy excag`g`m tbe gapcft lj pcre`tci gaprgslàe`t,hut cisl hy g`vestgmctg`m ljffifgci hgcs. Gt supplrts fl`fiusgl`s hy AfCrc c`dAfZge ( 8>>5) tbct pe`ci pligfges acy g` jcft cumae`t tbese prlhieas tbcttbey cga tl redufe. Hy eapilyg`m pligfges cgaed ct redufg`m ljje`dg`m he-bcvglur, we ru` tbe rgso lj g`frecsg`m ljje`dg`m hebcvglur g` tbe èxt meèr-ctgl`. Tbgs fl`fiusgl` bcs gaplrtc`t pligfy gapigfctgl`s tbct G wgii dgsfussheilw.

=.6 Vtre`mtbs c`d igagtctgl`s lj tbe prese`t

resecrfb

G` ecfb fbcpter G bcve cirecdy dgsfussed reievc t stre`mtbs c`d igagtctgl`s,hut G wgii regtercte tblse wbgfb spc` tbe wblie dgssertctgl`.



Vtre`mtbs c`d igagtctgl`s lj tbe prese`t resecrfb 367

=.6.3 Vtre`mtbs

Tbe acklr stre`mtb lj tbgs dgssertctgl` gs tbe flahg`ctgl` lj twl prlspeft-gve, il`mgtudg`ci dctcsets wgtb g`jlractgl` l` tbe deveilpae`t lj frgag`ci

hebcvglur jlr c icrme ùaher lj pelpie.Tbe Fcahrgdme Vtudy g` Deig`que`t Deveilpae`t gs c` extreaeiy rgfbdctcset tbct g`fiudes g`jlractgl` l` ljffifgci ljje`dg`m, seij-replrted ljje`d-g`m, c`d severci rgso jcftlrs jlr frgag`ci hebcvglur. Tbe study desgm` bcsac`y stre`mtbs, sufb cs tbe il`m-tera jliilw-up, bgmb rete`tgl` rctes, jewagssg`m dctc, g`jlractgl` jrla auitgpie slurfes sufb cs ljffifgci reflrds, tbeacies c`d tbegr pcre`ts, c`d g`jlractgl` l` c wgde vcrgety lj reievc`t fl`-strufts reicted tl c`tgslfgci hebcvglur, sufb cs pcre`tci fbgid-recrg`m aetb-lds, slfgl-efl`lagf stctus, gapuisgveèss, e`vgrlàe`tci rgso jcftlrs, c`dsl l`. Tbe study‗s acies bcve hee` g`tervgewed `gè tgaes lver c pergld

lj 4> yecrs, c`d tbe scapie sgze lj 433 acies ciilws jlr detcgied stctgstgfcic`ciyses, fcse bgstlrges c`d jcfe-tl-jcfe g`tervgews ( Jcrrg`mtl` et ci., 8>>:).G`fiudg`m tbe sghig`ms lj tbese acies g`frecsed stctgstgfci plwer c`d e`chiedg`vestgmctg`m jeacies.

Tbe stre`mtb lj tbe @VFX Trc`sffive Vtudy gs gts il`m-tera jliilw up lj severci meèrctgl`s lj pelpie g` tbe @etberic`ds, resuitg`m g` c icrme ùa-her lj study suhkefts, eve` tblumb g` tbe furre`t study lìy pcrtgfgpc`tshlr` hetwee` 374: c`d 37:8 c`d tbegr pcre`ts were g`vestgmcted. Trc`sffive bcs trcfed cii desfe`dc`ts lj tbe lrgmg`ci study acies c`d tbus bcs c 3>>%retrgevci rcte. @ext tl ljffifgci reflrds lj frgag`ci hebcvglur, tbe study bcs

g`jlractgl` l` dealmrcpbgf vcrgchies sufb cs acrrgcme, dgvlrfe, dectb c`dfbgid hecrg`m.

Tbe flahg`ctgl` lj hltb dctcsets e`chied flapcrgsl` lj tbe vcigdgty lj rgso jcftlrs jlr frgag`ci hebcvglur g` dgjjere`t tgaes c`d picfes cs weii csrepigfctgl` lj resuits usg`m excftiy tbe scae lperctgl`cigsctgl` lj fl`strufts.C`ltber stre`mtb gs tbe use lj c vcrgety lj (cdvc`fed) stctgstgfci tefb`gquestl quc`tgtctgveiy g`vestgmcte tbe tlpgf lj g`termeèrctgl`ci trc`sagssgl`. Lèlj tbese aetblds, trckeftlry c`ciysgs, bcs hee` cppiged tl g`termeèrctgl`citrc`sagssgl` lìy l`fe hejlre. Icte t Ficss C`ciysgs bcs èver hee` ea-pilyed hejlre tl study g`termeèrctgl`ci trc`sagssgl`. Hy utgigsg`m tbgs tefb-

`gque g` c èw ffieid lj study tbgs dgssertctgl` bcs ffiiied c aetbldlilmgfcimcp c`d tberehy wgii blpejuiiy reg`vgmlrcte tbe study lj spefgcigsctgl` g` g`-termeèrctgl`ci trc`sagssgl`.

=.6.8 Igagtctgl`s

Citblumb tbgs study bcs severci stre`mtbs, tbere cre cisl gaplrtc`t igagtc-tgl`s.

Jgrst, cs G bcve cirecdy dgsfussed g` tbe eapgrgfci fbcpters, lìy ljffifgcifl`vgftgl`s were used, wgtb tbe exfeptgl` lj Fbcpter 5, wbere seij-replrted

ljje`dg`m wcs g`fiuded tl study ljffifgci hgcs. Jlr Trc`sffive c`d jlr pcre`ts



34> Dgsfussgl`

c`d sghig`ms g` tbe FVDD, lìy ljffifgci dctc cre cvcgichie c`d tberejlre Gwcs u`chie tl study g`termeèrctgl`ci trc`sagssgl` usg`m aecsures lj seij-replrted ljje`dg`m. Ljffifgci aecsures sblw lìy c pcrt lj ljje`dg m hebc-vglur c`d sujjer jrla c dcro ùaher , tbe ltber pcrt lj ljje`dg`m tbct fc`-

`lt he aecsured usg`m ljffifgci stctgstgfs. Excag g`m ljffifgci dctc c`d `ltseij-replrted ljje`dg`m fluid bcve gapcfted l` tbe resuits g` severci wcys csstcted g` tbe dgsfussgl`s g` tbe eapgrgfci fbcpters.

Vefl`d, tl excagè aefbc`gsas lj g`termeèrctgl`ci trc`sagssgl`, G bcdtl g`vestgmcte spefgffif suhmrlups lj tbe scapie. Tbgs slaetgaes resuited g`sacii mrlups lj suhkefts, espefgciiy jlr jeacies (dcumbters cs weii cs altb-ers). Tbgs redufed tbe stctgstgfci plwer lj tbe c`ciyses, c`d fl`seque`tiy tbereigchgigty lj tbe resuits.

Tbgrd, citblumb G used c vcrgety lj (cdvc`fed) stctgstgfci tefb`gques tlstudy g`termeèrctgl`ci trc`sagssgl`, tbese aefbc`gsas were `lt lhservedg` g`tercftgl`s lr spefgffifciiy dgsfussed g` g`tervgews wgtb tbe resecrfb suh-

kefts. Tbe quc`tgtctgve c`ciyses reveci gaplrtc`t g`sgmbts g` g`termeèrctgl`citrc`sagssgl`, hut tbese c`ciyses cisl sgapigjy c flapiex recigty. Sucigtctgvec`ciyses sufb cs tblse dlè hy Mglrdc`l ( 8>3>) cre gaplrtc`t tl g`vestgmctealre spefgffifciiy tbe prlfess lj g`termeèrctgl`ci trc`sagssgl`.

Jlurtb, gt gs gaplrtc`t tl recigse tbct tbe dctc used cre `l`-expergae`tci.@l fcusci g`jere`fes fc` he drcw` jrla tbe c`ciyses g` tbgs dgssertctgl`; gtgs uò`lw` wbetber pcre`tci fl`vgftgl`s lr gaprgslàe`t c`d tbe ltberrgso jcftlrs cre fcusci jcftlrs lr acroers. Gt gs plssghie tbct ltber prlfesses,

c`d `lt sl aufb pcre`tci fl`vgftgl` lr gaprgslàe`t, cre fcusg`m ljjsprg`mlj fl`vgfted pcre ts tl bcve c bgmber rgso lj fl`vgftgl`. Jurtberalre, Gwcs u`chie tl study tbe gùe`fe fbgidre` bcd l` tbegr pcre`ts‗ ljje`dg`mhebcvglur lr tbe refgprlfci reictgl`sbgps hetwee` pcre`t c`d ljjsprg`m‗s he-bcvglur (^crdg`g, Jgte & Huroe, 8>>2? Heii, 37:2? Heisoy, 3724? Heisoy & Zl`-drc, 3727? ^cttersl`, 3775, 8>>8). Gt gs plssghie tbct tbe reictgl`sbgp hetwee`pcre`t c`d ljjsprg`m ljje`dg`m fc` he pcrtiy expicgèd hy pcre`ts c`d ljj-sprg`m refgprlfciiy gùe`fg`m ecfb ltber‗s hebcvglur.

Jgjtb, jliilwg`m l` jrla tbe prevglus igagtctgl`s c`d reeftg`m c meèrcigssue g` slfgci sfge`fe resecrfb, g` tbgs study G fluid `lt g`fiude every reievc`t

jcftlr reicted tl g`termeèrctgl`ci trc`sagssgl` lr tbe deveilpae`t lj frga-g`ci hebcvglur. G`dgvgducis cre `lt lìy cjjefted hy experge`fes ct blae, hutsfblli c`d peers wgii cisl gapcft l` tbegr deveilpae`t (Bcrrgs, 3775, 3772).Gt gs gaplrtc`t tl recigse tbe igagted sflpe lj gùe`fe lj pcre`tci fl`vgftgl`c`d gaprgslàe`t l` ljje`dg`m hebcvglur.

Jg`ciiy, tbe fbgidre` g`vestgmcted g` tbgs dgssertctgl` were hlr` hetwee`374: c`d 37:8. Cs G bcve dgsfussed g` tbe dgsfussgl`s lj tbe eapgrgfcifbcpters, resuits jrla tbese c`ciyses fc``lt he ecsgiy meèrcigsed tl tldcy‗sfbgidre`. Tbe pe`ci e`vgrlàe`t g` E`mic`d cs weii cs tbe @etberic`ds bcsheflae alre pu`gtgve, tbe rlie c`d strufture lj tbe jcagiy bcs fbc`med, c`d

slfgety bcs fbc`med g` meèrci. Gt agmbt cisl he ecsger jlr slaelè tl esfcpe



Gapigfctgl`s jlr juture resecrfb 343

tbegr slfgl-efl`lagf hcfomrlu`d, c`d tbus tbe gapcft lj g`termeèrctgl`citrc`sagssgl` agmbt he wecoer. Blwever, tbe alre pu`gtgve e`vgrlàe`twluid summest tbct alre fbgidre` experge`fe pcre`tci fl vgftgl` c`dgaprgslàe`t, c`d tbgs fluid gapiy tbct tbe sflpe lj g`termeèrctgl`ci

trc`sagssgl` bcs mrlw` icrmer.

Hl`jerrl`g flrreftgl`

G` tbe resecrfb jlr tbgs dgssertctgl` G bcve used severci stctgstgfci flapcrgsl`s.Hl`jerrl`g flrreftgl`s jlr c alre strg`me`t frgtergl` tbc` tbe fl`ve`tgl`ci

p9.>5 were `lt cppiged. Vlae bcve crmued tbct Hl`jerrl`g cdkustae`tscre èfesscry, hefcuse auitgpie stctgstgfci flapcrgsl`s g`frecse tbe fbc`felj Type 3 errlrs, wbere lè wluid jciseiy rekeft tbe ùii bypltbesgs (c`dfl`fiude tbct tbere gs c stctgstgfci dgjjere`fe wbe` g` recigty tbere gs `l dgj-

jere`fe). Blwever, cs êrèmer ( 3772) c`d Jegse ( 8>>8) crmue, tbere cre cùaher lj prlhieas wgtb sufb Hl`jerrl`g cdkustae`ts. Flag`m hcfo tl tbetype G errlr, c Hl`jerrl`g cdkustae`t agmbt defrecse tbgs errlr, hut sgaui-tcèlusiy g`frecse type GG errlr, tbe cffeptc`fe lj tbe ùii bypltbesgs wbe`tbe citer`ctgve gs true. Jurtberalre, êrèmer (3772) bcs summested tbct Hl`-jerrl`g cdkustae`ts fbciie`me flaal` se`se g` tbct flapcrgsl`s sbluid heg`terpreted dgjjere`tiy cfflrdg`m tl tbe ùaher lj tests perjlraed. Cs êr-èmer (3772, p. 386:) stctes ‒evgde`fe g` dctc gs wbct tbe dctc scy ‖ ltberfl`sgderctgl`s sufb cs blw ac`y ltber tests cre perjlraed, cre grreievc`t‗.Alrelver, gt gs u`fiecr blw ac`y tests sbluid he g`fiuded wbe` cppiyg`m

c Hl`jerrl`g cdkustae`t. Jg`ciiy tblumb, wbe` perjlrag`m stctgstgfci c`c-iyses, tbe eapbcsgs sbluid he alre l` ejjeft sgzes tbc` l` sgm`gffifc`fe. Gìgmbt lj tbese crmuae`ts, G defgded `lt tl cppiy Hl`jerrl`g cdkustae`ts.

=.4 Gapigfctgl`s jlr juture resecrfb

Mgve` tbe igagtctgl`s dgsfussed chlve, severci juture prlspefts c`d summes-tgl`s jlr juture resecrfb fc` he jlrauicted.

=.4.3 G`termeèrctgl`ci trc`sagssgl` wgtb seij-replrtedljje`dg`m hebcvglur

C igagtctgl` lj tbe furre`t study c`d lj ac`y studges g`tl g`termeèrctgl`citrc`sagssgl` lj frgag`ci hebcvglur gs tbe reigc`fe l` ljffifgci fl`vgftgl`s.@lt lìy dl ljffifgci fl`vgftgl`s jcfe c dcro ùaher, tbgs dgjjere`fe hetwee`ljffifgci fl`vgftgl`s c`d slaelè‗s reci ljje`dg`m hebcvglur agmbt vcry jlrdgjjere`t types lj ljje`ders. Vlae sacrt ljje`ders agmbt o`lw hetter blwtl stcy lut lj tbe pligfe‗s bc`ds, c`d tbese pelpie agmbt cisl trc`sagt tbgshebcvglur dgjjere`tiy tl tbegr ljjsprg`m. G` c`y fcse, gt gs vgtci tl study g`-

termeèrctgl`ci trc`sagssgl` usg`m seij-replrted dctc c`d pcrtgfuicriy wgtbcspefts tbct bcve `lt hee` studged prevglusiy usg`m seij-replrted dctc, sufb



348 Dgsfussgl`

cs spefgcigsctgl` g` g`termeèrctgl`ci trc`sagssgl` c`d g`termeèrctgl`ci re-seahic`fe lj ljje`dg`m trckeftlrges.

=.4.8 G`termeèrctgl`ci trc`sagssgl` jlr jeacies

Lè lj tbe igagtctgl`s lj tbgs study bgmbigmbts tbe èed jlr sgagicr c`ciysgstl jlfus l` wlae`. Gt gs plssghie tbct hebcvglur gs alre strl`miy trc`sagt-ted g` scae-me`der reictgl`sbgps ( Jcrrg`mtl`, Hcrès & Icahert, 377:), c`dtberejlre gt gs gaplrtc`t tl study trc`sagssgl` jrla hltb pcre`ts. Jurtber-alre, espefgciiy g` tbe scapie g`vestgmcted g` tbgs dgssertctgl`, alst fbgidre`wgii spe`d alre tgae wgtb tbegr altber c`d wgii tbus he alre explsed tltbegr altber‗s hebcvglur. G cisl dgsfussed blw fl`vgfted c`d vglie`t wlae`cre iess flaal` tbc` fl`vgfted c`d vglie`t ae` c`d blw tbgs agmbt iecd tlalre stgmac g` slfgety c`d plssghie ljffifgci hgcs. Tbese wlae` acy cisl he

icheiied cs dgsturhed rctber tbc` frgag`ci ( Bedderac` & Meistblrpe, 377=).G` igè wgtb tbgs, lè agmbt expeft g`termeèrctgl`ci trc`sagssgl` lj frga-g`ci hebcvglur jrla altbers tl he strl`mer tbc` jrla jctbers. Tberejlre, gtwluid he desgrchie tl repigfcte tbgs resecrfb wgtb c dctcset tbct g`fiudes alrejeacies. Tbgs wluid he espefgciiy g`jlractgve jlr cspefts tbct bcve `lt hee`studged prevglusiy, sufb cs spefgcigsctgl` g` g`termeèrctgl`ci trc`sagssgl`c`d fl`tgùgty lj ljje`dg`m trckeftlrges.

=.4.6 G`termeèrctgl`ci spefgcigsctgl` lj vglie`fe

Mgve` tbe pcufgty lj resecrfb g`tl spefgcigsctgl` g` g`termeèrctgl`ci trc`s-agssgl`, gt wluid cisl he g`jlractgve tl cppiy tbe ltber refe`t cpprlcfb tlstudy spefgcigsctgl`, gtea respl`se tbelry (GXT) g` c auitgievei remressgl`jrcaewlro ( Lsmlld & Vfbrefo, 8>>=? Vuiigvc` et ci., 8>>7), tl g`termeèrc-tgl`ci trc`sagssgl` (see pcme 8>). Tbgs aetbld cisl utgigses c icte`t vcrgchietl deffiè spefgcigsctgl`. Jurtberalre, hy usg`m c auitgievei aldei, gt tcoesg`tl cfflu`t tbe gaacè`t fl`jlu`ds wgtb tbe jreque`fy lj ljje`dg`m c`daecsures spefgcigsctgl` tcog`m g`tl cfflu`t tbe hcse rctes lj ecfb ljje`fe. Gtgs tberehy plssghie tl c) mcume tbe exte`t c`d sgm`gffifc`fe lj spefgcigsctgl`,h) estgacte tbe stchgigty lj tbgs spefgcigsctgl` c`d f) aecsure csslfgctgl`s lj

spefgcigsctgl` wgtb ltber vcrgchies. GXT g` c auitgievei jrcaewlro gs tbusc stctgstgfci cpprlcfb wgtb mrecter se`sgtgvgty tbct g`flrplrctes cii cvcgichieg`jlractgl` flahgèd wgtb sugtchie aldeiig`m g`fiudg`m tbese aecsures lj ljje`dg`m jreque`fy c`d ljje`fe hcse rctes ( Lsmlld & Vfbrefo, 8>>=). He-fcuse lj tbe stctgstgfci cdvc`tcmes, gt wluid he extreaeiy g`terestg`m tl utgigsetbgs aetbld g` tbe study lj spefgcigsctgl` g` g`termeèrctgl`ci trc`sagssgl`.




=.4.4 G`termeèrctgl`ci reseahic`fe lj fl`vgftgl`trckeftlrges

Gt wluid he pcrtgfuicriy desgrchie tl repigfcte tbe trckeftlry c`ciyses wgtb c

icrmer scapie. Tbe furre`t study wcs tbe ffirst tl test spefgffifciiy tbe reseah-ic`fe hetwee` jctber c`d ljjsprg`m trckeftlrges usg`m Cdkusted Vtc`dcrdgsedXesgducis (CVXs) c`d Ldds Xctgls (LXs). Gt gs gaplrtc`t tl o`lw wbetbertbe `l`-sgm`gffifc`t resuits cre due tl tbe reictgveiy ilw ùaher lj pelpie gècfb trckeftlry mrlup lr hefcuse tbere gs `l reictgl`sbgp. Jlr excapie, tbeDutfb Frgag`ci Fcreer c`d Igje Flurse Vtudy (FFIV) used hy Zc` de Xcotet ci. ( 8>>2) wluid he c mlld slurfe tl g`vestgmcte tbgs. Zc` de Xcot et ci.( 8>>2) estgacted trckeftlrges jlr jctbers c`d ljjsprg`m, hut jcgied tl prlvgde ej-jeft sgzes jlr tbe stre`mtb lj tbe reictgl`sbgps hetwee` trckeftlrges lr wbetbertbese reictgl`sbgps cre sgm`gffifc`tiy reicted. Tbegr scapie wluid he exfeiie`t

tl fcifuicte tbese vciues c`d excagè tbgs gssue, hefcuse tbe scapie fl`tcg`schlut 6,5>> jctbers c`d tbegr =,72= fbgidre`.

=.4.5 Expergae`tci desgm`s

C` gaplrtc`t mcp g` tbe o`lwiedme l` g`termeèrctgl`ci trc`sagssgl` c`dtbe gapcft lj pcre`tci gaprgslàe`t gs wbetber pcre`tci fl`vgftgl` c`dtrc`sagssgl` cre fcusg`m ljjsprg`m frgag`ci hebcvglur. Tl excagè tbgs, lègdeciiy èeds c` expergae`tci desgm` lr c rc`dlagsed fl`trli trgci. Ogiigcs etci. (8>>>) used c rc`dlagsed expergae`t g` Vwgtzeric`d tl flapcre tbe ejjeft

lj flaau`gty servgfes versus gaprgslàe`t l` suhseque`t ljje`dg`m hebc-vglur c`d tl flapcre tbe gapcft lj flaau`gty servgfes versus eieftrl`gfal`gtlrg`m (Ogiigcs, Mgiigçrl`, Ogssig`m & Zgiiettcz, 8>3>). Gt gs desgrchie tluse c flapcrchie desgm` wbere pelpie cre rc`dlaiy cssgmèd tl gaprgsl`-ae`t, flaau gty servgfe, c`d/lr eieftrl`gf al`gtlrg`m c`d suhseque`tiytbegr fbgidre` cre flapcred. Gt gs slaewbct alre dgjffifuit wgtb sufb c desgm`tl g`vestgmcte tbe gapcft lj pcre`tci fl`vgftgl`s, hefcuse gt gs etbgfciiy bcrder`lt tl fl`vgft fertcg` pelpie cs pcrt lj c rc`dlagsed fl`trli trgci. Blw-ever, eieftrl`gf al`gtlrg`m fluid he c mlld lptgl` bere, hefcuse tbe gapcftgs igoeiy tl he iess tbc` c prgsl` lr flaau`gty servgfe se`te`fe. C`ltber

lptgl` wluid he tl use fcutgl`s g`stecd lj c se`te`fe. êlpie wbl wluid`lraciiy refegve c se`te`fe fluid he rc`dlaiy cssgmèd tl sufb c wcr`g mg`stecd lj c alre g`trusgve se`te`fe.

Expergae`ts sufb cs tbese cre dgjffifuit tl recigse, `lt lìy hefcuse tbeyrequgre aecsureae`t lver c il`m tgae spc`, hut cisl hefcuse tbe icw èedstl e`chie expergae`ts. Tbe Vwgtzeric`d expergae`t ( Ogiigcs et ci., 8>>>), jlrexcapie, wcs perjlraed wbgie tbe icw wcs fbc`mg`m. Tbe Vwgss Frgag`ciFlde prlvgded c` lptgl` tl evciucte g``lvctgve wcys lj flrreftgl`ci trect-ae`t sufb cs flaau`gty servgfes versus prgsl` se`te`fes g` c pgilt prlkeft.Vlaetgaes sgtuctgl`s crgse g` wbgfb c `cturci lr pseudl-expergae`t fc` tcoepicfe. Jlr excapie, g` tbe @etberic`ds, wgtb tbe acrrgcme lj B.X.B. ^rg`-



344 Dgsfussgl`

fess Hectrgx g` 37::, tbe tbe` Suee` Kuigc`c reagtted se`te`fes jlr c icrmemrlup lj ljje`ders ( Zc` der ]erjj, 37=7). Tbgs e`chied flapcrgsl` lj cmrlup lj fl`vgfted ljje`ders wbl bcd tbegr se`te`fe reagtted flapieteiywgtb c mrlup lj ljje`ders wbl bcd tl serve tbegr se`te`fe `lraciiy. Tbgs

icst mrlup bcd egtber cirecdy served tbegr se`te`fe hy tbe tgae tbe rlyci lr-der lj reagssgl` wcs c``lu`fed lr wcs se`te`fed cjter tbe reagssgl` dcte(3>tb lj Acrfb 37::). Tbgs ied tl c aetbldlilmgfciiy u`gque sgtuctgl` sg`fetbe mrlups were flapcrchie g` hcfomrlu`d c`d ltber jcftlrs, hut crhgtrcrgiybcd tl serve tbegr sblrt prgsl` se`te`fe lr `lt. Vufb fgrfuatc`fes dl `ltcrgse ljte`, hut prlvgde g`terestg`m lpplrtu`gtges tl g`vestgmcte tbe gapcft lj se`te`fes.53

Citer`ctgveiy, gt wluid he usejui tl eapily c qucsg-expergae`tci desgm`.G` flapcrgsl` tl c reci expergae`t, tbe qucsg-expergae`t wluid icfo rc`dlacssgmàe`t. G`stecd, gt wluid fcrejuiiy cssess hejlre c`d cjter aecsures lj ljj-sprg`m hebcvglur c`d g`fiude cpprlprgcteiy actfbed fl`trli suhkefts. Tbgsreictes tl tbe use lj il`mgtudg`ci studges g`fiudg`m o`lwiedme chlut tbe sgtu-ctgl` hejlre c`d cjter pcre`tci fl`vgftgl` lr gaprgslàe`t. Il`mgtudg`cistudges cisl cdbere tl tbe ilmgf lj qucsg-expergae`tci desgm`s. Gt gs gaplrtc`ttl repigfcte c`ciyses g` tbgs study usg`m ltber icrme sfcie il`mgtudg`ci studges.

Tl excagè hglilmgfci lr meètgf aefbc`gsas lj g`termeèrctgl`ci trc`s-agssgl`, cdlptgl` lr twg` desgm`s fluid he used. Vufb desgm`s e`chie drcw-g`m fl`fiusgl`s chlut tbe reictgve gapcft lj slaelè‗s e`vgrlàe`t versusmeètgf acoe-up (DgIciic & Mlttesac`, 3773). Meètgf jcftlrs expicg` c

fl`sgderchie jrcftgl` lj tbe vcrgc`fe g` frgag`ci c`d vglie`t hebcvglur (seepcme :). Tberejlre gt gs gaplrtc`t tl fl`sgder tbese gùe`fes wbe` studyg`mg`termeèrctgl`ci trc`sagssgl`.

=.4.: Xefgprlfci reictgl`sbgps

Hy usg`m il`mgtudg ci desgm`s tbct aecsure pcre`t c`d ljjsprg`m hebcvglurct remuicr g`tervcis lver c il`m pergld lj tgae, gt wluid cisl he plssghie tlstudy refgprlfci reictgl`sbgps hetwee` pcre`ts‗ c`d ljjsprg`m‗s c`tgslfgci he-bcvglur. Tbe gapcft lj pcre`ts‗ hebcvglur l` ljjsprg`m prlhiea hebcvglurbcs hee` g`vestgmcted exte`sgveiy. Gt gs cisl reflm`gsed tbct fbgidre`‗s hebc-vglur agmbt gapcft l` pcre`tg`m prcftgfes, hut eapgrgfci resecrfb excag`g`mtbe autuci gùe`fes lj pcre`ts c`d fbgidre` l` ecfb ltber gs c reictgveiyrefe`t pbe`lae`l`. Veverci studges bcve deal`strcted tbese autuci gù-e`fes; pcre`ts wblse fbgidre` deveilp fl`duft prlhieas te`d tl wlrse`tbegr pcre`tg`m tefb`gques lver tgae ( crdg`g et ci., 8>>2? Heii, 37:2? Hei-soy, 3724? Heisoy & Zl`drc, 3727? ^cttersl`, 3775, 8>>8). Fcpcidg et ci.(8>>8, p. 387) cisl stcted tbct ‒c` cddgtgl`ci stress jcftlr tbct fc` cjjeft pcr-

53 Zc` der ]erjj (37=7) flapcred refgdgvgsa jlr trcjffif, prlperty, c`d cmmressgve ljje`ders.Tbere were `l sgm`gffifc`t dgjjere`fes hetwee` ljje`ders wbl dgd c`d dgd `lt serve tbegr teralj gaprgslàe`t g` tbe prlplrtgl` lj refl`vgftgl` wgtbg` sgx yecrs cjter tbegr fl`vgftgl`, g`tbe ùaher lj fl`vgftgl`s `lr g` tbe speed wgtb wbgfb tbey reljje`ded.

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e`tci alld stctes c`d dgag`gsb pcre`tg`m gs tbe fbgid‗s c`tgslfgci hebcvglurgtseij.‗ Jlr excapie, ‒g`tercftgl`s fbcrmed wgtb èmctgve ealtgl` c`d pcr-e`tci rekeftgl` dgag`gsb jcagiy ac`cmeae`t sogiis, g`fiudg`m dgsfgpigè c`dsupervgsgl`, c`d resuit g` jurtber g`frecses g` tbe hlys‗ c`tgslfgci hebcvglur‗

( Fcpcidg et ci., 8>>8, p. 36>). Blwever, alst lj tbese studges bcve jlfusedl` pcre`tg`m prcftgfes c`d c`tgslfgci hebcvglur, `lt l` frgag`ci hebcvglur.Gt gs frufgci tl g`vestgmcte wbct tbe gapcft lj deig`que`t tee`cmers wluid hel` pcre`tci pcre`tg`m prcftgfes c`d frgag`ci hebcvglur c`d vgfe versc.

=.4.= êers c`d sfblli e`vgrlàe`t

Vgagicriy, gt wluid he g`terestg`m tl g`vestgmcte tbe g`tercftgl` hetwee` pcr-e`tci ljje`dg`m l` ljjsprg`m ljje`dg`m c`d ltber reievc`t e`vgrlàe`tci g`-ue`fes sufb cs peers c`d sfblli. Jlr excapie, Bcrrgs (3775, 3772, 8>>>) bcs

summested tbct resecrfb te`ds tl lverestgacte tbe gùe`fe pcre`ts bcve l`tbegr fbgidre`. Vbe prlplses tbct c mrect deci lj slfgcigsctgl` tcoes picfe lut-sgde tbe blae g` fbgidre` c`d cdliesfe`ts‗ peer mrlups. Gt wluid he vciuchiesgauitcèlusiy tl g`vestgmcte tbe gapcft c`d g`tercftgl` lj peers c`d pcre`ts.

=.4.2 Ltber settg`ms

Jg`ciiy, gt gs vgtci tbct tbe vcigdgty lj tbgs study‗s resuits he tested usg`m g`-jlractgl` jrla ltber flu`trges c`d alre fl`teaplrcry scapies. G` tbeG`trlduftgl`, G stcrted hy expicg`g`m blw gaplrtc`t frlss-`ctgl`ci flapcr-

gsl`s cre tl g`vestgmcte wbetber fcuses c`d rgso jcftlrs jlr frgag`ci hebcvglurcre flapcrchie g` dgjjere`t tgaes c`d picfes. Cs Jcrrg`mtl` ( 3777, p. 3:6)stcted;

C` cdvc`tcme lj frlss-`ctgl`ci flapcrctgve studges gs tbct tbeywluid beip tl estchigsb blw jcr frgag`ci fcreers, rgso jcftlrs,c`d g`terve`tgl` ejjefts cre tbe scae lr dgjjere`t g` pcrtgfgpct-g`m flu`trges. Tl tbe exte`t tbct resuits cre sgagicr, tbey agmbtstre`mtbe` lur fl`ffide`fe g` u`gversci ffi`dg`ms c`d tbelrges. Tltbe exte`t tbct resuits cre dgjjere`t, tbe fbciie`me wluid he tl ex-picg` tbe dgjjere`fes, perbcps hy rejere`fe tl jectures lj `ctgl`ci

fl`texts.

Vtudyg`m tbe @etberic`ds c`d E`mic`d bcs prldufed vciuchie o`lwiedmechlut g`termeèrctgl`ci trc`sagssgl` c`d tbe gapcft lj tbe `ctgl`ci fl`text.Blwever, gt gs uò`lw` blw jcr tbese resuits meèrcigse tl fl`teaplrcryslfgetges c`d ltber flu`trges. Gt wluid he espefgciiy g`jlractgve tl study tbetlpgf lj g`termeèrctgl`ci trc`sagssgl` c`d tbe gapcft lj pligfges l` tbgs g`tbe U`gted Vtctes, hefcuse tbe U.V. gs c` excapie lj c` exfeptgl`ciiy pu`gtgveslfgety.



34: Dgsfussgl`

=.5 Gapigfctgl`s jlr pligfy c`d pligtgfs

Frgag`lilmgfci resecrfb gs vgtci g` g`jlrag`m pligfy acoers c`d pligtgfgc`schlut wbct we o`lw chlut wbct wlros tl redufe frgag`ci hebcvglur. Tbe

resecrfb g` tbgs dgssertctgl` prlvgdes c flapeiig`m fcse jlr tbe exgste`fe lj g`termeèrctgl`ci trc`sagssgl` c`d jlr tbe èed tl g`terveè g` tbgs fyfie lj vglie`fe c`d ljje`dg`m.

Gt gs desgrchie tl jlfus ctte`tgl` l` tbe fbgidre` lj fl`vgfted pcre`ts tltry c`d stlp tbgs g`termeèrctgl`ci trc`sagssgl`. C ffirst summestgl` wluidhe tl prlvgde jcagiy-hcsed g`terve`tgl` prlmrcas, sufb cs pcre`t edufctgl`c`d pcre`t ac`cmeae`t trcg`g`m. Tbese bcve hee` sblw` tl he ejjeftgve g`redufg`m ljjsprg`m ljje`dg`m hebcvglur (Jcrrg`mtl` & ]eisb, 8>>=). ^cre`tedufctgl` g`vlives edufctg`m pcre`ts chlut tbe becitb lj tbegr fbgidre`, hutcisl serves tl gaprlve pcre`ts‗ c`d fbgidre ‗s weii heg`m. ^cre`t ac`cmeae`ttrcg`g`m g`vlives trcg`g`m pcre`ts tl citer tbegr fbgid‗s hebcvglur (Oczdg`,377=). Tbe resuits jrla tbgs study deal`strcte tbct tbese preve tgl` prl-mrcaaes wluid he desgrchie jlr cii ljjsprg`m wgtb fl`vgfted pcre`ts, hutespefgciiy jlr ljjsprg`m wblse pcre`ts cre fl`vgfted alre ljte` c`d wblsepcre`ts bcve hee` se`t tl prgsl`.

G` tbe fcse lj pcre`tci gaprgslàe`t, severci spefgffif gssues fluid he ga-prlved. ^ligfy acoers fluid expc`d lpplrtu`gtges jlr fl`tcft hetwee` prgs-lèrs c`d tbegr fbgidre`, tbrlumb spefgci fbgidre`‗s vgsgts, cjjlrdchie pblèfciis, sfbeaes tl reflrd c`d picyhcfo stlrges c`d aesscmes. Vpefgci fbgid-

fe`tred vgsgts realve c mrect deci lj tbe stress g`vlived g` vgsgtg`m pcre`ts g`prgsl`. Vecrfbg`m aetblds jlr `lraci vgsgts vcry jlr every prgsl`, hut fc`he rgmlurlus c`d stressjui jlr fbgidre`? tbey rc`me jrla wciog`m tbrlumb cèieftrl`gf plrtci, tcog`m ljj sbles, tl wciog`m pcst c drum dlm, c`d slae prgs-l`s requgre ffi`merprg`tg`m jlr cii vgsgtlrs (Lragstl`, 8>>=). Durg`m `lracivgsgts, fbgidre` c`d pcre`ts èed tl stcy sected g` tbegr lw` fbcgrs. Jca-giy vgsgts tcoe picfe g` rllas spefgffifciiy ffitted jlr iegsure tgae, pcre`ts fcàlve crlu`d jreeiy, fbgidre` fc` picy, ru` crlu`d, c`d sgt l` tbegr pcre`t‗sicp. Vufb vgsgts fc` he used tl hugid jcagiy hl`ds c`d frecte plsgtgve experg-e`fes jlr pcre`ts c`d fbgidre`. Fbgidre` cisl sblw prejere`fe jlr sufb vgsgts;

‒G igoe gt wbe` be dles`‗t bcve tl wecr tbe red vest hefcuse be gs igoe ay dcd`lt igoe c prgslèr‗ ( Iúsei et ci., 8>33, p. 54).

C spefgffif preve`tgl` prlmrca jlfused l` prgslèrs c`d tbegr fbgidre`gs Hetere Vtcrt - Hetter hemg``g`ms - wbgfb supplrts g`fcrfercted altbers g`tbe icst tbree al`tbs lj tbegr dete`tgl` c`d cjterwcrds. Tbe prlmrca, hcsedl` tbe g`ter`ctgl`ciiy reflm`gsed trcg`g`m prlmrca G`fredghie Wecrs (]ehster-Vtrcttl`, 3778), jlfuses l` pcre`t trcg`g m c`d edufctgl . ^reigag`cry resuitsjrla tbe rc`dlagsed fl`trliied trgci g` tbe @etberic`ds sblw tbct fbgidre`lj g`fcrfercted altbers g`vlived g` tbe prlmrca sblw iess prlhiea hebc-vglur c`d sflre ilwer l` rgso jcftlrs jlr deig`que`t hebcvglur flapcred

wgtb fbgidre` lj g`fcrfercted altbers wbl were `lt g`vlived g` Hetere Vtcrt



Gapigfctgl`s jlr pligfy c`d pligtgfs 34=

( De Fcstrl, Lftlher 8>33). Tbe ffi`ci resuits lj tbgs rc`dlagsed fl`trliiedtrgci wgii he puhigsbed agd-8>38, sl fl`fiusgl`s cre stgii preigag`cry, hutsufb c prlmrca agmbt he ejjeftgve g` defrecsg`m tbe rgso lj juture frgag`cig`vliveae`t jlr prgslèrs‗ ljjsprg`m.

Jurtberalre, ffi`c`fgci supplrt jlr prgslèrs‗ jcagiges fluid he ljjered.Vlfgci supplrt lrmc`gsctgl`s sbluid pcrtgfuicriy pcy ctte`tgl` tl lider fbgi-dre` c`d cdliesfe`ts wbl experge`fe pcre`tci gaprgslàe`t. Alrelver,fbgidre` wbl experge`fe ac`y c`d il`mer pcre`tci gaprgslàe`ts sbluidhe spefgffifciiy tcrmeted jlr supplrt.

Tbgs study cisl deal`strcted tbct rgso jcftlrs cppecr gaplrtc`t g` tbeg`termeèrctgl`ci trc`sagssgl` lj frgag`ci hebcvglur. Vlae lj tbese rgsojcftlrs, sufb cs c icrme jcagiy lr bcvg`m c altber wbl wcs c tee`cmer wbe`ber ffirst fbgid wcs hlr`, cre stctgf c`d tberejlre bcrder tl fbc`me. Ltberscre dy`cagf c`d be`fe alre lpe` tl fbc`me, sufb cs ilw jcagiy g`flae,pllr blusg`m, pllr klh reflrd lj jctber c`d ilw g`terest g` edufctgl` hy pcr-e`ts. Eve` tblumb tbe furre`t study wcs u`chie tl excagè wbetber tbesergso jcftlrs cre fcusg`m tbe ljjsprg`m‗s frgag`ci hebcvglur, tbese jcftlrs igoeiycdd tl tbe rgso c`d agmbt he c` lpplrtu`gty tl g`terveè g` tbe fyfie lj g`termeèrctgl`ci trc`sagssgl`. Jlr excapie, gaprlvg`m slaelè‗s eapily-chgigty agmbt `lt lìy defrecse tbct persl`‗s frgag`ci hebcvglur (cs deal`-strcted hy Zc` der Meest et ci., 8>33? Zerhrumme` et ci., 8>33) hut cisl tbegrljjsprg`m‗s juture frgag`ci hebcvglur. Eve` tbe alre stctgf jcftlrs, sufb cstee`cme altberblld, cre lpe` tl g`terve`tgl` tbrlumb tbe use lj prlmrcas

tl redufe tee`cme prem`c`fy. ]be` tryg`m tl redufe lr preve`t frgag`ci he-bcvglur, gt gs gaplrtc`t tl jlfus `lt lìy l` tbgs hebcvglur gtseij, hut cisll` crecs lj igje tbct agmbt g`tercftgveiy gapcft l` ecfb ltber. Cs Jcrrg`mtl`( 8>33, p. 366) summested, we sbluid perfegve g`termeèrctgl`ci trc`sagssgl`cs ‒c icrmer fyfie lj deprgvctgl` c`d c`tgslfgci hebcvglur‗. Tbe resuits jrlatbgs study prlvgde kustgffifctgl` jlr tcrmetg`m g`terve`tgl`s ct tbgs icrmer fyfielj deprgvctgl`.

Jurtberalre, tbe resuits jrla tbgs study summest c` gapcft lj pe`ci, pl-igfe, c`d prgsl` pligfges l` ljjsprg`m lj ljje`ders. Gt cppecrs tbct ljjsprg`mlj fl`vgfted pcre`ts cre alre igoeiy tl he fl`vgfted. Tbgs gs `lt èfesscrgiy

hefcuse tbey flaagt alre frgae, hut hefcuse tbegr pcre`ts cre o`lw` lj-je`ders c`d hefcuse tbey igve g` pllrer slfgci fgrfuastc`fes fbcrcftergsed hybcvg`m c jctber wgtb c pllr klh reflrd, ilw jcagiy g`flae c`d pllr blusg`m.Tbese ljjsprg`m cisl te`d tl flaagt alre frgag`ci hebcvglur tbc` ljjsprg`mwgtb u`fl`vgfted pcre`ts c`d ljjsprg`m wbl dl `lt mrlw up g` tbese pllrerslfgci fgrfuastc`fes, hut gj we tcoe tbgs g`tl cfflu`t, tbese g`dgvgducis stgiibcve c bgmber rgso lj mettg`m fl`vgfted. Tbgs gs c frufgci ffi`dg`m, c`d ct tbescae tgae etbgfciiy u`desgrchie. Tbgs ffi`dg`m fl`gfts wgtb tbe U@ Fl`ve`-tgl` l` tbe Xgmbts lj tbe Fbgid (U`gted @ctgl`s Meèrci Csseahiy, 3727).Crtgfie 8 lj tbgs fl`ve`tgl` stctes tbct;



342 Dgsfussgl`

Vtctes ^crtges sbcii respeft c`d e`sure tbe rgmbts set jlrtb g`tbe prese`t Fl`ve`tgl` tl ecfb fbgid wgtbg` tbegr kurgsdgftgl`wgtblut dgsfrgag`ctgl` lj c`y og`d, grrespeftgve lj tbe fbgid‗s lrbgs lr ber pcre`t‗s lr iemci mucrdgc`‗s rcfe, flilur, sex, ic`mucme,

reigmgl`, pligtgfci lr ltber lpg`gl`, `ctgl`ci, etb`gf lr slfgcilrgmg`, prlperty, dgschgigty, hgrtb lr ltber stctus.

C`d

Vtctes ^crtges sbcii tcoe cii cpprlprgcte aecsures tl e`sure tbcttbe fbgid gs prltefted cmcg`st cii jlras lj dgsfrgag`ctgl` lr pu`-gsbae`t l` tbe hcsgs lj tbe stctus, cftgvgtges, expressed lpg`gl`s,lr heigejs lj tbe fbgid‗s pcre`ts, iemci mucrdgc`s, lr jcagiy aea-hers.

Jurtberalre, crtgfie 6 lj tbe fl`ve`tgl` plsgts;G` cii cftgl`s fl`fer`g`m fbgidre`, wbetber u`dertcoe` hy puh-igf lr prgvcte slfgci weijcre g`stgtutgl`s, flurts lj icw, cdag`gs-trctgve cutblrgtges lr iemgsictgve hldges, tbe hest g`terests lj tbefbgid sbcii he c prgacry fl`sgderctgl`.

Tbus, cfflrdg`m tl tbgs fl`ve`tgl`, tbe stcte sbluid prlteft fbgidre` jrladgsfrgag`ctgl` lr pu`gsbae`t hcsed l` tbe stctus lr cftgvgtges lj tbe fbgid‗spcre`ts. Alrelver, tbe ‒tbe hest g`terests lj tbe fbgid‗ sbluid he tbe ‒prgacryfl`sgderctgl`.‗ ]be` fbgidre` lj fl`vgfted pcre`ts cre dgsprlplrtgl`ciiy

fl`vgfted, tbgs ficsbes wgtb tbe fl`ve`tgl` kust qulted.Ljffifgci cme`fges agmbt `lt he cwcre lj tbegr plssghie hgcs cmcg`st tbese

g`dgvgducis. G` slfgci g`tercftgl` c`d wbe` perfegvg`m g`jlractgl`, pelpieuse sfbeacs, lr ‒flm`gtgve jrcaewlros jlr lrmc`gsg`m, g`terpretg`m, c`d re-fciig`m g`jlractgl`‗ ( X. C. Hcrl`, Hyrè & Klb`sl`, 3772, p. 38=). ^reku-dgfe c`d stereltypes beip us tl perfegve tbe wlrid crlu`d us, c wlrid wgtbljte` tll aufb g`jlractgl` tl bc`die ecsgiy. Vtereltypes fl`serve eèrmyc`d scve flm`gtgve reslurfes. Tbe hgcsg`m vcrgchies cre cisl rgso jcftlrs jlrfrgag`ci hebcvglur, sl gt gs `lt surprgsg`m tbct pligfe c`d ltber kustgfe cme`-fges agmbt use tbese tl jlfus tbegr ctte`tgl` l`. Tbese stereltypes wlro,

hefcuse pelpie wblse pcre`ts bcve hee` fl`vgfted c`d igve g` pllr blusg`mdl bcve c bgmber rgso tl flaagt frgag`ci hebcvglur. Blwever, gt gs vgtcitbct tbe pligfe c`d flurts cre cwcre lj tbgs hgcs c`d tbct, g` tbegr defgsglàcog`m, tbey try tl redufe tbe gapcft lj tbgs hgcs. Jurtberalre, g`stecdlj fl`vgftg`m tbese pelpie dgsprlplrtgl`ciiy ljte`, gt agmbt he alre jrugtjuitl g`terveè l` tbese pllrer slfgci fgrfuastc`fes. Jlr excapie, blusg`m lrègmbhlurblld gaprlveae`t prlmrcaaes, c`d cmcg` gaprlvg`m slaelè‗seapilychgigty wluid he etbgfciiy alre cpprlprgcte c`d plssghiy cisl alreejjeftgve g`terve`tgl`s.

Tbgs study cisl deal`strcted tbct ljjsprg`m lj fl`vgfted pcre`ts g`-

frecsed tbegr ljje`dg`m hebcvglur cjter tbey tbeaseives bcd hee` fl`vgfted.



Fl`fiusgl` 347

Eve` tblumb tbgs study lìy jlu`d c sgm`gffifc`t ejjeft jlr fbgidre` lj fl`-vgfted pcre`ts c`d `lt jlr fbgidre` lj u`fl`vgfted pcre`ts, prevglus resecrfbbcs deal`strcted evgde`fe jlr tbgs icheiig m ejjeft cs weii. Gt gs frgtgfci tbctpligtgfgc`s c`d pligfy acoers cre cwcre lj tbgs pbe`lae`l`. ê`ci pligfges

cga tl redufe frgag`ci hebcvglur, hut hy tbegr cftgl`s, tbey cftuciiy g`frecsetbe hebcvglur tbct tbey wc`t tl defrecse.

]be` flapcrg`m tbe gapcft lj pcre`tci gaprgslàe`t g` tbe @etber-ic`ds versus E`mic`d, `l cddgtgl`ci gapcft lj pcre`tci gaprgslàe`t wcsjlu`d g` tbe @etberic`ds, hut c strl`m gapcft wcs jlu`d g` E`mic`d. Tbeseresuits summest tbct c flu`try‗s pe`ci pligfy agmbt gapcft l` ljje`ders‗ fbgi-dre`. Cmcg`, wbe` tryg`m tl redufe frgag`ci hebcvglur, ljje`dg`m cppecrs tlg`frecse g` tbe èxt meèrctgl` hy tbese pligfges. Hy frectg`m c iess pu`gtgvepe`ci ctalspbere tbe gapcft lj pcre`tci gaprgslàe`t l` fbgidre` agmbtecse. Tbgs fluid he cfbgeved hy tbe ecriger ae`tglèd lpplrtu`gtges jlrfbgid-jrge`diy vgsgts, hut cisl hy c alre meèrci sbgjt tlwcrds preve`tgl` c`drebchgigtctgl` g`stecd lj tbe eapbcsgs l` pu`gsbae`t. G`stecd lj tbe furre`texfiusgl` lj ljje`ders c`d tbegr fbgidre` (see cisl Mcric`d, 8>>3? Agfoie-wrgmbt, 8>>8? Aurrcy, 8>>:? Wlu`m, 3777), we sbluid strgve tl ljjer ljje`derslpplrtu`gtges lut lj frgae c`d tberehy cisl ljjer tbegr ljjsprg`m hetter lp-plrtu`gtges. Tbe aesscme jrla tbgs resecrfb wluid he tbct hy deveilpg`m c`de`jlrfg`m pe`ci c`d prgsl` pligfges tbe fl`seque`fes jlr ljje`ders‗ fbgidre`sbluid he lj vgtci gaplrtc`fe. Gt gs frufgci tbct tbgs o`lwiedme gs flaau`gf-cted tl tbe meèrci puhigf c`d pligtgfgc`s, sl tbey fc` desgm` g`terve`tgl`s

jlr frgae tbct agmbt cftuciiy defrecse frgag`ci hebcvglur.

=.: Fl`fiusgl`

]gtb tbe resecrfb g` tbgs dgssertctgl` G bcve ctteapted tl g`frecse lur o`lw-iedme lj aefbc`gsas lj g`termeèrctgl`ci fl`tgùgty lj ljje`dg`m c`d l` tbegapcft lj se`te`fg`m lj pcre`ts l` ljjsprg`m ljje`dg`m. ^crtgfuicriy tbe res-uits l` ljffifgci hgcs c`d pcre`tci gaprgslàe`t cre fcuse jlr fl`fer`, cs tbey

sblw tbct fl`vgftgl` lj pcre`ts agmbt cftuciiy g`frecse ljje`dg`m hebcvglurg` tbe èxt meèrctgl`. Tbere gs c fiecr èed jlr repigfctgl` studges tl de-teragè wbetber tbese ffi`dg`ms cre repigfchie, meèrcigschie c`d wbetber pcr-e`tci fl`vgftgl` c`d gaprgslàe`t bcve c fcusci gapcft l` ljjsprg`m ljje`d-g`m. Tbgs dgssertctgl` cisl prlvgdes plg`ts lj g`terve`tgl` g` tbe fyfie lj g`termeèrctgl`ci ljje`dg`m. Gt bgmbigmbts blw fbc`mes g` resecrfb, prcftgfe,c`d pligfy fluid cssgst tl redufe tbe pcrt lj g`termeèrctgl`ci fl`tgùgty tbctcppecrs tl lrgmg`cte g` fliicterci fl`seque`fes lj pcre`tci fl`vgftgl` c`d ga-prgslàe`t.



Xejere`fes

Cmèw, X. (3778). Jlu`dctgl` jlr c meèrci strcg` tbelry lj frgae c`d deig`que`fy.Frgag`lilmy, 6> , 4=-2=.

Cmèw, X. (377=). Vtchgigty c`d fbc`me g` frgae lver tbe igje flurse; C strcg` tbelryexpic`ctgl`. G` T. . Tblr`herry (Ed.), Cdvc`fes g` frgag`lilmgfci tbelry. vli =;

Deveilpae`tci tbelrges lj frgae c`d deig`que`fy (p. 3>3-368). @ew Hru`swgfo, @K;Trc`scftgl`.

Cmrestg, C. & Cmrestg, H. J. (37=2). Vtctgstgfci c`ciysgs lj qucigtctgve vcrgctgl`. Vlfg-lilmgfci Aetbldlilmy, 7, 8>4-86=.

Cgoe`, I. V. & ]est, V. M. (3773). Auitgpie remressgl`; Testg`m c`d g`terpretg`m g`tercf-tgl`s. Il`dl`; Vcme.

Coers, X. I. (37==). Devgc`t Hebcvglr; C Vlfgci Iecr`g`m Cpprlcfb. Heial`t, FC;]cdswlrtb.

Coers, X. I. (8>>8). C slfgci iecr g`m tbelry lj frgae. G` V. Flte (Ed.), Frgag`l-ilmgfci Tbelrges; Hrgdmg`m tbe ^cst tl tbe Juture (p. 365-346). Tblusc`d Lcos, FC;Vcme.

Cactl, ^. X. (8>>3). Fbgidre` lj dgvlrfe g` tbe 377>s; C` updcte lj tbe Cactl c`dOegtb (3773) aetc-c`ciysgs. Klur`ci lj Jcagiy ^syfblilmy, 35, 655-6=>.

C`c`tb, F. Z., îctt, X. ]. & Vcvgtz, D. C. (8>>5). Xemressgl` aldeis jlr fiusteredhg`cry respl`ses; Gapigfctgl`s lj gm`lrg`m tbe g`trcfiuster flrreictgl` g` c` c`c-iysgs lj perg`ctci alrtcigty g` twg` mestctgl`s. C``cis lj Epgdeaglilmy, 35, 876-6>3.

Cvcocae, E. J. (3772c). G`termeèrctgl`ci trc`sagssgl` lj vglie`fe c`d psyfblilmgfcicmmressgl` cmcg`st wgves. Fc`cdgc` Klur`ci lj Hebcvglurci Vfge`fe , 6> (6), 376-8>8.

Cvcocae, E. J. (3772h). G`termeèrctgl`ci trc`sagssgl` lj vglie`fe, seij-fl`trli, c`dfl`kumci vglie`fe; C flapcrctgve c`ciysgs lj pbysgfci vglie`fe c`d psyfblilmgfcicmmressgl`. Zglie`fe c`d Zgftgas, 36(6), 6>3-63:.

Hcgiey, K. C., Bgii, O. M., Lesterie, V. & Bcwog s, K. D. (8>>:). Igòg`m suhstc`feuse c`d prlhiea hebcvglr cfrlss tbree meèrctgl`s. Klur`ci lj Ch`lraci Fbgid

^syfblilmy, 64, 8=6‖878.Hcgiey, K. C., Bgii, O. M., Lesterie, V. & Bcwog`s, K. D. (8>>7). cre`tg m prcftgfes c`dprlhiea hebcvglr cfrlss tbree meèrctgl`s; Al`gtlrg`m, bcrsb dgsfgpigè, c`d drumuse g` tbe g`termeèrctgl`ci trc`sagssgl` lj exter`cigzg`m hebcvglr. Deveilpae`tci

^syfblilmy, 45, 3834-388:.Hc`durc, C. (37=3). Vlfgci iecr`g`m tbelry lj cmmressgl`. G` K. J. Oùtsl` (Ed.), Fl`-

trli lj cmmressgl`; Gapigfctgl`s jrla hcsgf resecrfb. E`miewlld Figjjs, @K; ^re`tgfe-Bcii.

Hc`durc, C. (37=6). Cmmressgl`. C slfgci iecr`g`m c`ciysgs. E`miewlld Figjjs, @K;^re`tgfe Bcii.

Hc`durc, C. (37==). Vlfgci iecr`g`m tbelry. E`miewlld Figjjs, @K; ^re`tgfe Bcii.Hcrl`, X. C., Hyrè, D. & Klb`sl`, H. T. (3772). Expilrg`m slfgci psyfblilmy. @eed-

bca Begmbts, AC; Ciiy` c`d Hcfl`.

353



358 Xejere`fes

Hcrl`, X. A. & Oe``y, D. C. (372:). Tbe alderctlr-aedgctlr vcrgchie dgstg`ftgl` g`slfgci psyfblilmgfci resecrfb; Fl`feptuci, strctemgf, c`d stctgstgfci fl`sgderctgl`s.

Klur`ci lj êrsl`cigty c`d Vlfgci ^syfblilmy, 53, 33=6-3328.Hefoer, B. V. (37:6). Lutsgders. Il`dl`; Jree ^ress.Hefoerac`, C. (3727). G`fcrfercted altbers c`d tbegr fbgidre` g` jlster fcre; Tbe

dgieaac lj vgsgtctgl`. Fbgidre` c`d Wlutb Vervgfes Xevgew, 33, 3=5-326.Heii, X. S. (37:2). C reg`terpretctgl` lj tbe dgreftgl` lj ejjefts g` studges lj slfgcigz-

ctgl`. ^syfblilmgfci Xevgew, =5, 23-75.Heisoy, K. (3724). Tbe deterag c`ts lj pcre`tg m; C prlfess aldei. Fbgid Deveilp-

ae`t , 55, 26-7:.Heisoy, K. & Zl`drc, K. (3727). Iessl`s jrla fbgid chuse; Tbe deterag`c`ts lj pcre`t-

g`m. G` D. Fgffbettg & Z. Fcrisl` (Eds.), Fbgid acitrectae`t; Tbelry c`d resecrfbl` tbe fcuses c`d fl`seque`fes lj fbgid chuse c`d èmieft (p. 356-8>8). Fcahrgdme;Fcahrgdme U`gversgty ^ress.

Hero, I. E. (8>>7). Fbgid deveilpae`t . Hlstl`; êcrsl`.Her`hurm, K. M. (8>>7). Icheig`m tbelry. G` A. D. Orlb`, C. K. Igzltte & M. ^. Bcii

(Eds.), Bc`dhllo l` frgae c`d devgc`fe (p. 32=-8>=). Dlrdrefbt, tbe @etberic`ds;Vprg`mer.Her`hurm, K. M. & Orlb`, A. D. (8>>6). Icheig`m, igje fbc`fes, c`d cduit frgae; Tbe

dgreft c`d g`dgreft ejjefts lj ljffifgci g`terve`tgl` g` cdliesfe`fe l` frgae g` ecriycduitblld. Frgag`lilmy, 43, 382=-3632.

Her`hurm, K. M., Orlb`, A. D. & Xgverc, F. K. (8>>:). Ljffifgci icheig`m, frgag`cieaheddedèss, c`d suhseque`t deig`que`fy. Klur`ci lj Xesecrfb g` Frgae c`d De-ig`que`fy, 46, :=-22.

Heseaer, V. & Jcrrg`mtl`, D. . (8>38). G`terme erctgl`ci trc`sagssgl` lj frgag`cihebcvglur; Fl`vgftgl` trckeftlrges lj jctbers c`d tbegr fbgidre`. Eurlpec` Klur`ci lj Frgag`lilmy, 7, 38>-343.

Heseaer, V., Zc` der Meest, Z. X., Aurrcy, K., Hgkieveid, F. F. K. B. & Jcrrg`mtl`,

D. . (8>33). Tbe reictgl`sbgp hetwee` pcre`tci gaprgslàe`t c`d ljjsprg`m lj-je`dg`m g` E`mic`d c`d tbe @etberic`ds. Hrgtgsb Klur`ci lj Frgag`lilmy, 53, 436-46=.

Heskes, M. & Zc` Mccie`, X. (8>>2). Kl`m meieerd, jlut medcc`< _Iecrèd ylu`m, dlèwrl`m<Q. Hevliog`mstre`ds _plpuictgl` tre`dsQ , 8, 86-63.

Hgkieveid, F. F. K. B. (8>>=). Aetblde` e` tefb`geoe` vc` l`derzleo g` de frgag`lilmge / druo 6 _Aetblds c`d tefb`gques jlr resecrfb g` frgag`lilmy / 6rd edgtgl`Q . De`Bccm; Hlla Kurgdgsfbe Ugtmevers.

Hgkieveid, F. F. K. B. & ]gkoac , A. (8>>7). G`termeèrctgl`ci fl`tgùgty g` fl`vgf-tgl`s; C ffive-meèrctgl` study. Frgag`ci Hebcvglur c`d Ae tci Becitb, 37, 348-355.

Hgkieveid, F. F. K. B., ]gkoac , A. & Vtugjherme`, K. C. (8>>=). 372 hlejkes< _372rcsfcis<Q Iegde`, tbe @etberic`ds; @VFX.

Hgsblp, D. A. (8>>5). Tbe rlie lj rcfe c`d etb`gfgty g` kuve gie kustgfe prlfessg`m. G`D. J. Bcwog`s & O. Oeapj-Iel crd (Eds.), Lur fbgidre`, tbegr fbgidre`. Fl`jrl`t-g`m rcfgci c`d etb`gf dgjjere`fes g` Caergfc` kuve`gie kustgfe. (p. 86-28). Fbgfcml;Tbe U`gversgty lj Fbgfcml ^ress.

Hgsblp, D. A. & Jrczger, F. E. (3773). Me`der hgcs g` kuve`gie kustgfe prlfessg`m;Gapigfctgl`s lj tbe KKD^ Cft. Klur`ci lj Frgag`ci Icw c`d Frgag`lilmy, 28, 33:8-332:.

Hgsblp, D. A. & Jrczger, F. E. (377:). Xcfe ejjefts g` kuve`gie kustgfe defgsgl`-acog m;Jg`dg`ms lj c stctewgde c`ciysgs. Klur`ci lj Frgag`ci Icw c`d Frgag`lilmy, 2: ,678-434.

Hicfo, D. V., Vussac`, V. & U`mer, K. H. (8>3>). C jurtber illo ct tbe g`terme`-erctgl`ci trc`sagssgl` lj vglie`fe; ]gtèssg`m g`terpcre tci vglie`fe g` eaermg`mcduitblld. Klur`ci lj G`terpersl`ci Zglie`fe , 85, 3>88-3>48.



Xejere`fes 356

Hic`de`, K., Mremm, ^. & Acfbg`, V. (8>>5). G`termeèrctgl`ci alhgigty g` Eurlpe c`d @lrtb Caergfc. Il`dl`; Vuttl` Trust.

Hiloic`d, C. C. K., @cmg`, D. V. & @geuwheertc, . (8>>5). Igje spc` ljje`dg`mtrckeftlrges lj c Dutfb fl`vgftgl` flblrt. Frgag`lilmy, 46, 737-754.

Hil`gme`, D. A., Bgfos, H. A., Oruemer, X. J., ^ctrgfo, F. K. & Gcfl`l, ]. M. (8>>5).^syfblpctbgf persl`cigty trcgts; Bergtchgigty c`d meètgf lvericp wgtb g`ter`cigzg`mc`d exter`cigzg`m psyfblpctblilmy. ^syfblilmgfci Aedgfgè , 65, :6=-:42.

Hilla, H. (3776). G`fcrfercted altbers c`d tbegr fbgidre`; Acg`tcg`g`m jcagiy tges.G` C. F. Csslfgctgl` (Ed.), Jeacie ljje`ders; Aeetg`m èeds lj c èmiefted plpuictgl`(p. :>-:2). Hcitgalre, AD; U`gted Hllo ^ress.

Hilla, H. & Vteg bcrt, D. (3776). ]by pu gsb tbe fbgidre`< C recpprcgsci lj tbe fbgidre` lj g`fcrfercted altbers g` Caergfc. Vc` Jrc`fgsfl; @ctgl`ci Flu`fgi l`Frgae c`d Deig`que`fy.

Hiuasteg`, C., Flbe`, K. A., Xltb, K. C. & Zgsber, F. C. (372:). Frgag`ci fcreers c`d ’fcreer frgag`cis‑ . ]csbg`mtl`, DF; @ctgl`ci Cfcdeay ^ress.

Hlr`steg`, A. B. (3727). Ve`sgtgve perglds g` deveilpae`t; Vtrufturci fbcrcftergstgfs

c`d fcusci g`terpretctgl`s. ^syfblilmgfci Huiietg`, 3>5, 3=7-37=.Hlufbcrd, T. K. (8>>4). Meètgf gùe`fe l` buac` psyfblilmgfci trcgts. Furre`t Dgreftgl`s g` ^syfblilmgfci Vfge`fe , 36, 342-353.

Hlufbcrd, T. K. & Ilebig`, K. F. (8>>3). Meès, evliutgl , c`d persl`cigty. Hebcvglr Meètgfs, 63, 846-8=6.

Hlujjcrd, I. C., ]rgmbt, O. C., Aujtgf, I. X. & Hlujjcrd, K. C. (8>>2). Me`derdgjjere`fes g` spefgcigzctgl` g` g`tgacte pcrtèr vglie`fe; Flapcrg`m tbe me`dersyaaetry c`d vglie`t resgstc`fe perspeftgves. Kustgfe Sucrteriy, 85, 5=>-574.

Hlwihy, K. (37:7). Cttcfbae`t c`d ilss; Zliuae 3; Cttcfbae`t . Il`dl ; Blmcrtb^ress.

Hlwihy, K. (37=6). Cttcfbae t c`d ilss; Zliuae 8; Vepcrctgl , c`xgety c`d c`mer .Il`dl`; Blmcrtb ^ress c`d tbe G`stgtute lj ^syfbl-C`ciysgs.

Hlwihy, K. (372>). Cttcfbae`t c`d ilss; Zliuae 6; Ilss, scdèss c`d depressgl` . Il`-dl`; Blmcrtb ^ress c`d tbe G`stgtute lj ^syfbl-C`ciysgs.

Hlwies, V. & Mg`tgs, B. (8>>8). Tbe g`bergtc fe lj gèqucigty. Tbe Klur`ci lj Efl`lagf êrspeftgves, 3: , 6-6>.

Hrcgtbwcgte, K. (3723). Tbe aytb lj slfgci ficss c`d frgag`cigty refl`sgdered. Caer-gfc` Vlfglilmgfci Xevgew, 4: , 6:-5=.

Hree`, X. (8>>4). Vlfgci alhgigty g` Eurlpe . Lxjlrd; Lxjlrd U`gversgty ^ress.Hre`dme , A., Dgl`è, M., Mgrcrd, C., Hlgvg , A., Jrcò, Z. & ^çrusse. (8>>5).

Excag`g`m meètgf c`d e`vgrlàe`tci ejjefts l` slfgci cmmressgl`; C study lj :-yecr-lid twg`s. Fbgid Deveilpae`t , =: , 76>-74:.

Hre``c`, ^. C., Aed`gfo, H. X. & Aed`gfo, V. C. (3776). ^cre`tci psyfblpctblilmy,fl`me`gtci jcftlrs, c`d vglie`fe. G` V. Bldmg`s (Ed.), Ae`tci dgslrder c`d frgae

(p. 844-8:3). @ewhury ^cro, FC; Vcme.Hre``c`, ^. C. & Xcgè, C. (377=). Hglslfgci hcses lj c`tgslfgci hebcvglr; psyfbl-

pbysglilmgfci, èurlilmgfci, c`d flm`gtgve jcftlrs. Fig`gfci ^syfblilmy Xevgew, 3= ,527-:>4.

Hre``c`, ^. O. & Vplb`, F. (8>>2). Xcfe/etb`gfgty c`d se`te`fg`m lutflaes cal`mdrum ljje`ders g` @lrtb Fcrlig`c. Klur`ci lj Fl`teaplrcry Frgag`ci Kustgfe , 84,6=3-672.

Hrgdmes, M. V. & Frutfbffieid, X. D. (3722). Icw, slfgci stc`dg`m c`d rcfgci dgspcrgtgesg` gaprgslàe t. Vlfgci Jlrfes, :: , :77-=84.

Huoctol, D. & Dcebier, A. ]. (8>>3). Fbgid deveilpae`t; C tbeactgf cpprlcfb.Hlstl`; Blumbtl` Agjg` Flapc y.

Hursgo, X. K. (372>). Tbe dy`cagfs lj spefgcigzctgl` g` kuve`gie ljje`ses. Vlfgci Jlrfes,52, 253-2:4.



354 Xejere`fes

Husbwcy, V. D., Tblr`herry, T. ^. & Orlb`, A. D. (8>>6). Desgstc`fe cs c devei-lpae`tci prlfess; C flapcrgsl` lj stctgf c`d dy`cagf cpprlcfbes. Klur`ci lj Suc`tgtctgve Frgag`lilmy, 37, 387-356.

Fcdlret, X. K., Ieve, I. D. & Devlr, E. (377=). Meètgfs lj cmmressgve c`d vglie`thebcvglr. ^syfbgctrgf Fig`gfs lj @lrtb Caergfc, 8> , 6>3-688.

Fcpcidg, D. A., DeMcral, D., ^cttersl`, M. X. & Jlrmctfb, A. (8>>8). Fl`textucirgso cfrlss tbe ecriy igje spc` c`d csslfgctgl` wgtb c`tgslfgci hebcvglr. G` K. H. Xegd,M. X. ^cttersl` & K. V`yder (Eds.), C`tgslfgci hebcvglr g` fbgidre` c`d cdliesfe`ts;

C deveilpae`tci c`ciysgs c`d aldei jlr g`terve`tgl (p. 386-345). ]csbg`mtl`, DF;Caergfc` ^syfblilmgfci Csslfgctgl`.

Fcpcidg, D. A. & cttersl`, M. X. (377:). Fc` vglie`t ljje`ders he dgstg`mugsbedjrla jreque`t ljje ders; ^redgftgl` jrla fbgidblld tl cdliesfe`fe. Klur`ci lj

Xesecrfb g` Frgae c`d Deig`que fy, 66, 8>:-863.Fcpcidg, D. A., êcrs, O. F., ^cttersl`, M. X. & Lwe`, I. D. (8>>6). Fl`tgùgty lj

pcre`tg`m prcftgfes cfrlss meèrctgl`s g` c` ct-rgso scapie; C prlspeftgve flapcr-gsl` lj dgreft c`d aedgcted csslfgctgl`s. Klur`ci lj Ch`lraci Fbgid ^syfblilmy, 63,

38=-348.Fcspg, C., AfFicy, K., Aljffitt, T. E., Agii, K., Acrtg`, K., Frcgm, G. ]. et ci. (8>>8).Xlie lj me`ltype g` tbe fyfie lj vglie`fe g` acitrected fbgidre`. Vfge`fe , 87= ,253-254.

Fctcic`l, X. J. & Bcwog`s, K. D. (377:). Tbe slfgci deveilpae`t aldei; C tbelrylj c`tgslfgci hebcvglr. G` K. D. Bcwog`s (Ed.), Deig`que`fy c`d frgae; Furre`t tbelrges (p. 347-37=). Fcahrgdme; Fcahrgdme U`gversgty ^ress.

Fbcpig`, X., Jictiey, K. & Vagtb, O. (8>33). Frgae g` E`mic`d c`d ]cies 8>3>/33.Il`dl`; Blae Ljffife.

Fbrgstgc`se`, O. L. (37=4). Verglusèss lj frgag`cigty c`d fl`flrdc`fe cal`m Dc`-gsb twg`s. G` X. Blld (Ed.), Frgae, frgag`lilmy, c`d puhigf pligfy (p. :6-==). Il`-dl`; Begèac``.

Flbe`, K. A. (372:). Xesecrfb l` frgag`ci fcreers; G`dgvgduci jreque`fy rctes c`dljje`se serglus ess. G` C. Hiuasteg`, K. A. Flbe`, K. C. Xltb & F. C. Zgsber(Eds.), Frgag`ci fcreers c`d ’fcreer frgag`cis‑ (Zli. GG, p. 878-432). ]csbg`mtl`,DF; @ctgl`ci Cfcdeay ^ress.

Flapcft Lxjlrd E`migsb Dgftgl`cry lj Furre`t E`migsb. (8>>5). Lxjlrd; Lxjlrd U`g-versgty ^ress.

Flapcs, H. E. (372=). Flpg`m wgtb stress durg`m fbgidblld c`d cdliesfe`fe. ^syfbl-ilmgfci Huiietg`, 3>3, 676-4>6.

Flapcs, H. E., Fl``lr-Vagtb, K. O., Vcitzac`, B., Tblase`, C. B. & ]cdswlrtb,A. E. (8>>3). Flpg`m wgtb stress durg`m fbgidblld c`d cdliesfe`fe; ^rlhieas,prlmress, c`d plte`tgci g` tbelry c`d resecrfb. ^syfblilmgfci Huiietg`, 38= , 2=-38=.

Fl`mer, X. D., @eppi, T., Kel`m Oga, O. & Vfcrcaeiic, I. Z. (8>>6). C`mry c`d

cmmressgve hebcvglr cfrlss tbree meèrctgl`s; C prlspeftgve, il`mgtudg`ci study lj pcre`ts c`d fbgidre`. Klur`ci lj Ch`lraci Fbgid ^syfblilmy, 63, 346-3:>.

Frgfo, @. X. & Dldme, O. C. (3774). C revgew c`d rejlrauictgl` lj slfgcig`jlractgl -prlfessg`m aefbc`gsas g` fbgidre`‗s slfgci cdkustae`t. ^syfblilmgfci

Huiietg`, 335, =4-3>3.Fuoger, ]. & Fbcpdeicgè, C. (8>>3). Vacii cras; C acklr puhigf becitb bczcrd.

Aedgfgè c`d Milhci Vurvgvci , = , 8:-68.Dciy, O. (3727). @egtber fl`gft `lr icheig`m `lr pcter`cigsa wgii sujffife; G`tersef-

tgl`s lj rcfe, etb`gfgty, me`der, c`d jcagiy g` frgag`ci flurt defgsgl`s. Frgae c`d Deig`que`fy, 65, 36:-3:2.

Dciy, O. (3774). Me`der, frgae, c`d pu`gsbae`t . @ew Bcve`; Wcie U`gversgty ^ress.De Fcstrl, H. L. (Lftlher 8>33). Hetere stcrt - prese`tctgl` mgve` ct tbe syaplsgua

vrluwe` g` dete`tge _wlae g` dete`tgl`Q . ê`gte`tgcgre G`rgfbtg`m Ter êei, tbe



Xejere`fes 355

@etberic`ds.De Ig, V. (3777). Iemci sc`ftgl`s c`d ylutbs‗ stctus cfbgeveae`t; C il`mgtudg`ci

study. Kustgfe Sucrteriy, 3: , 6==-4>3.DgIciic, I. J. (8>>8). Hebcvglr meètgfs lj cmmressgl` g` fbgidre ; Xevgew c`d juture

dgreftgl`s. Deveilpae`tci Xevgew, 88, 576-:88.DgIciic, I. J. & Mlttesac`, G. G. (3773). Hglilmgfci c`d meètgf fl`trghutlrs tl

vglie`fe; ]gdla‗s u`tlid tcie. ^syfblilmgfci Huiietg`, 3>7, 385-387.Dgxl`, K. (3772). Flapcrctgve slfgci sefurgty; Tbe fbciie`me lj evciuctgl`. Klur`ci

lj Flapcrctgve ligfy C`ciysgs; Xesecrfb c`d rcftgfe , 3, :3-75.Dlwès, D. (3722). Fl`trcsts g` tlierc`fe; ^lst-wcr pe`ci pligfy g` tbe @etberic`ds c`d

E`mic`d c`d ]cies. Lxjlrd; Ficre`dl` ^ress.Dlwès, D. (3778). Tbe fcse jlr mlg`m Dutfb. Tgkdsfbrgjt vllr Frgag`lilmge , 64,

372-8>7.Dlwès, D. & Zc` Vwcc g`me`, X. (8>>=). Tbe rlcd tl dystlpgc< Fbc`mes g` tbe

pe`ci figacte lj tbe @etberic ds. G` A. Tl ry & F. F. K. B. Hgkieveid (Eds.),Frgae c`d kustgfe g` tbe ètberic`ds (p. 63-=3). Fbgfcml; U gversgty lj Fbgfcml

^ress.D‗U`mer, C. Z., Ic`d, O. F., AfFcii, ^. I. & @cmg`, D. V. (3772). Blw ac`y icte`tficsses lj deig`que`t / frgag`ci fcreers< Xesuits jrla agxed lgssl` remressgl`c`ciyses. Caergfc` Klur`ci lj Vlfglilmy, 3>6, 3576-:6>.

Efoe rlde, K., [geig`sog, D., Vagtb, E., Acrfy yszy`, I. C., Be`dersl`, F. X., Ogtz-ac`, B. et ci. (8>>3). Fbgid acitrectae`t c`d tbe ecriy l`set lj prlhiea hebc-vglrs; Fc` c prlmrca lj ùrse blae vgsgtctgl` hreco tbe igò< Deveilpae`t c`d

^syfblpctblilmy, 36, 2=6-27>.Eddy, K. A. & Xegd, K. H. (8>>6). Cdliesfe`t fbgidre` lj g`fcrfercted pcre`ts. C devei-

lpae`tci perspeftgve. G` K. Trcvgs & A. ]cui (Eds.), ^rgslèrs l`fe realved; Tbe gapcft lj g`fcrferctgl` c`d ree`try l` fbgidre`, jcagiges, c`d flaau`gtges (p. 866-852). ]csbg`mtl`, DF; Tbe Urhc` G`stgtute ^ress.

Emmiestl`, E. ., Icuh, K. B. & Vcapsl`, X. K. (8>>4). Aetbldlilmgfci se`sgtgvgtgestl icte`t ficss c`ciysgs lj il`m-tera frgag`ci trckeftlrges. Klur`ci lj Suc`tgtctgve Frgag`lilmy, 8> , 3-8:.

Ezg`mc, A. C., Bgssei, V. F. E. A., Vilthlla, C.-A. & Hgkieveid, F. F. K. B. (8>>7). Og`dere` vc` medetgèerde aleders _fbgidre` lj gaprgslèd altbersQ . Casterdca;Zrgke U`gversgtegt.

Jcrrg`mtl`, D. ^. (37==). Tbe ejjefts lj puhigf icheiig`m. Hrgtgsb Klur`ci lj Frgag`l-ilmy, 3= , 338-385.

Jcrrg`mtl`, D. ^. (37=7). E`vgrlàe`tci stress, deig`que`t hebcvglr, c`d fl`vgftgl`s.G` G. M. Vcrcsl` & F. D. Vpgeihermer (Eds.), Vtress c`d c`xgety (vliuae :) (p. 76-3>=).]csbg`mtl` DF; Beagspbere ûhigsbg`m Flrplrctgl`.

Jcrrg mtl`, D. . (372:). Cme c`d frgae. G` A. Tl`ry & @. Alrrgs (Eds.), Frgae

c`d kustgfe (Zli. =, p. 327-85>). Fbgfcml; U`gversgty press.Jcrrg mtl`, D. . (3727). Veij-replrted c`d ljffifgci ljje dg`m jrla cdliesfe`fe tl

cduitblld. G` A. ]. Oieg` (Ed.), Frlss-`ctgl`ci resecrfb g` seij-replrted frgae c`d deig`que`fy (p. 677-486). Dlrdrefbt, tbe @etberic`ds; Oiuwer.

Jcrrg mtl`, D. ^. (3773). Fbgidblld cmmressgl` c`d cduit vglie`fe; Ecriy prefurslrsc`d icter-igje lutflaes. G` D. K. êpier & O. B. Xuhg` (Eds.), Tbe deveilpae`t c`d trectae`t lj fbgidblld cmmressgl` (p. 5-87). Bgiisdcie, @K; Icwre`fe Erihcua.

Jcrrg mtl`, D. . (3775). Tbe deveilpae`t lj ljje dg`m c`d c`tgslfgci hebcvglurjrla fbgidblld; Oey ffi`dg`ms jrla tbe Fcahrgdme Vtudy g` Deig`que`t Deveilp-ae`t. Klur`ci lj Fbgid ^syfblilmy c`d ^syfbgctry, 6: , 787-7:4.

Jcrrg mtl`, D. ^. (377=). Buac` deveilpae t c`d frgag`ci fcreers. G` A. Acmugre,X. Alrmc` & X. Xegèr (Eds.), Tbe Lxjlrd bc`dhllo lj frgag`lilmy (Vefl`d ed.,p. 6:3-4>2). Lxjlrd; Lxjlrd U`gversgty ^ress.



35: Xejere`fes

Jcrrg mtl`, D. . (3777). C frgag`lilmgfci resecrfb cme`dc jlr tbe èxt agiie``gua. G`ter`ctgl`ci Klur`ci lj Ljje`der Tbercpy c`d Flapcrctgve Frgag`lilmy, 46, 354-3:=.

Jcrrg`mtl`, D. ^. (8>>3c). ^redgftg`m cduit ljffifgci c`d seij-replrted vglie`fe. G` M.-J. ^g`crd & I. ^cmc`g (Eds.), Fig`gfci cssessae`t lj dc`merlusèss (p. ::-22). Fca-hrgdme; Fcahrgdme U`gversgty ress.

Jcrrg`mtl`, D. . (8>>3h). ]bct bcs hee` iecrèd jrla seij-replrts chlut frgag`ci fcreers c`d tbe fcuses lj ljje`dg`m< Il`dl`; Blae Ljffife (lìgè replrt).

Jcrrg mtl`, D. ^. (8>>6c). Deveilpae`tci c`d igje-flurse frgag`lilmy; Oey tbelret-gfci c`d eapgrgfci gssues - Tbe Caergfc` Vlfgety lj Frgag`lilmy 8>>8 Vutberic`dcddress. Frgag`lilmy, 43, 883-855.

Jcrrg mtl`, D. . (8>>6h). Oey resuits jrla tbe ffirst jlrty yecrs lj tbe FcahrgdmeVtudy g` Deig`que`t Deveilpae`t. G` T. . Tblr`herry & A. D. Orlb` (Eds.),Tcog`m stlfo lj deig`que`fy; C` lvervgew lj ffi`dg`ms jrla fl`teaplrcry il`mgtudg`ci

studges (p. 36=-326). @ew Wlro; Oiuwer.Jcrrg`mtl`, D. ^. (8>>=). Lrgmg`s lj vglie`t hebcvglr lver tbe igje spc`. G` D. K. Jic`-

èry, C. T. Zczsl`yg & G. D. ]cidac` (Eds.), Tbe Fcahrgdme bc`dhllo lj vglie`t hebcvglr c`d cmmressgl` (p. 37-42). Fcahrgdme; Fcahrgdme U`gversgty ^ress.Jcrrg`mtl`, D. ^. (8>33). Jcagiges c`d frgae. G` K. S. ]gisl` & K. êtersgigc (Eds.),

Frgae c`d puhigf pligfy (p. 36>-35=). @ew Wlro; Lxjlrd U`gversgty press.Jcrrg mtl`, D. ., Hcrès, M. F. & Icahert, V. (377:). Tbe fl`fe`trctgl` lj ljje`d-

g`m g` jcagiges. Iemci c`d Frgag`lilmgfci ^syfblilmy, 3, 4=-:6.Jcrrg mtl`, D. ^., Flgd, K. ]., Bcrètt, I., Kliigjje, D., Vlterglu, @., Turèr, X. et ci.

(8>>:). Frgag`ci fcreers up tl cme 5> c`d igje suffess up tl cme 42; @ew ffi`dg`ms jrlatbe Fcahrgdme Vtudy g` Deig`que`t Deveilpae`t . Il`dl`; Blae Ljffife (BlaeLjffife Xesecrfb Vtudy @l. 877).

Jcrrg`mtl , D. ., Flgd, K. ]. & ]est, D. K. (8>>7). Tbe deveilpae`t lj ljje`d-g`m jrla cme 2 tl cme 5>; Xefe`t ffi`dg`ms jrla tbe Fcahrgdme Vtudy g` Deig`-

que`t Deveilpae`t. Al`ctssfbrgjt jùr Orgag`lilmge u`d Vtrcjrefbtsrejlra _ Klur`ci lj Frgag`lilmy c`d ê`ci XejlraQ , 78, 3:>-3=6.

Jcrrg mtl`, D. ., Mu`dry, M. & ]est, D. K. (37=5). Tbe jcagigci trc`sagssgl` lj frgag`cigty. Aedgfgè, Vfge`fe c`d tbe Icw, 35(6), 3==-32:.

Jcrrg`mtl`, D. ^., Kliigjje, D., Bcwog`s, K. D., Fctcic`l, X. J., Bgii, O. M. & Olster-ac`, X. (8>>6). Flapcrg`m deig`que`fy fcreers g` flurt-reflrds c`d seij-replrts.Frgag`lilmy, 43, 766-752.

Jcrrg`mtl`, D. ^., Kliigjje, D., Ileher, X., Vtlutbcaer-Ileher, A. & Ocih, I. A.(8>>3). Tbe fl`fe`trctgl` lj ljje`ders g` jcagiges, c`d jcagiy frgag`cigty g` tbepredgftgl` lj hlys‗ deig`que`fy. Klur`ci lj Cdliesfe`fe , 84, 5=7-57:.

Jcrrg`mtl`, D. ^. & Ileher, X. (3777). Trc`sctic`tgf repigfchgigty lj rgso jcftlrs g` tbedeveilpae`t lj deig`que`fy. G` . Flbe`, F. Vilaolwsog & I. @. Xlhg`s (Eds.),

Bgstlrgfci c`d melmrcpbgfci gùe`fes l` psyfblpctblilmy. Acbwcb, @K; Icwre`feErihcua.

Jcrrg`mtl`, D. ^., Ileher, X., Vtlutbcaer-Ileher, A., Zc` Ocaae`, ]. H. &Vfbagdt, I. (377:). Veij-replrted deig`que`fy c`d c flahgèd deig`que`fy ser-glusèss sfcie hcsed l` hlys, altbers, c`d tecfbers; fl`furre t c`d predgftgvevcigdgty jlr Cjrgfc`-Caergfc`s c`d Fcufcsgc`s. Frgag`lilmy, 64, 476-53=.

Jcrrg`mtl`, D. ^., Lshlr`, V. M. & ]est, D. K. (37=2). Tbe persgste`fe lj icheiig`mejjefts. Hrgtgsb Klur`ci lj Frgag`lilmy, 32, 8==-824.

Jcrrg`mtl`, D. . & ^cg`ter, O. C. (8>>4). Me`der dgjjere`fes g` ljje`dg`m; Gapigfctgl`s jlr rgso-jlfused preve`tgl . Il`dl`; Blae Ljffife. (Lìgè replrt >7/>4).

Jcrrg`mtl`, D. ^., V`yder, B. @. & Jg`èmc`, T. C. (3722). Vpefgcigzctgl` g` kuve`gieflurt fcreers. Frgag`lilmy, 8: , 4:3-42=.



Xejere`fes 35=

Jcrrg mtl`, D. ^. & ]eisb, H. F. (8>>=). Vcvg`m fbgidre` jrla c igje lj frgae. Ecriyrgso jcftlrs c`d ejjeftgve g`terve`tgl`s. Lxjlrd; Lxjlrd U`gversgty ^ress.

Jcrrg`mtl`, D. ^. & ]est, D. K. (377>). Tbe Fcahrgdme Vtudy g` Deig`que`t Devei-lpae`t; C il`m-tera jliilw-up lj 433 Il`dl` acies. G` B.-K. Oerèr & M. Ocgser(Eds.), Orgag`cigtät; êrslìgfboegt, iehe`smesfbgfbte u`d verbcite` _frgag`cigty; êr-

sl`cigty, igje bgstlry c`d frgag`ci hebcvglurQ (p. 335-362). Herig`; Vprg`mer-Zericm.Jegse, X. (8>>8). Dl auitgpie lutflae aecsures requgre p-vciue cdkustae`t< HAF

Aedgfci Xesecrfb Aetbldlilmy, 8, 3-4.Jeisl`, X. H. (8>>7). Zglie`fe, frgae, c`d vglie`t frgae. G`ter`ctgl`ci Klur`ci lj

Fl`gft c`d Zglie`fe , 6, 86-67.Jermusl`, T. (3758). Tbe ylu`m deig`que`t g` bgs slfgci settg`m; c Micsmlw study. Il`-

dl`; Lxjlrd U`gversgty ress.Jermussl`, D. A., Blrwlld, I. K. & @cmg`, D. V. (8>>>). Ljje dg`m trckeftlrges g` c

@ew [ecic`d hgrtb flblrt. Frgag`lilmy, 62, 585-558.Jgeid, C. (8>>5). Dgsflverg`m stctgstgfs usg`m V^VV (c`d sex, drums c`d rlfo ‗`‗ rlii)

(sefl`d ed.). Il`dl`; Vcme.

Jgsber, M. & Xlss, V. (8>>:). Hemmcrac` lr tbgej; aetbldlilmgfci gssues g` ljje`derspefgcigsctgl` resecrfb. Tbe Custrcigc` c`d @ew [ecic`d Klur`ci lj Frgag`lilmy ,67, 353-3=>.

Jgsbac , V. B. (3726). Tbe gapcft lj g`fcrferctgl` l` fbgidre` lj ljje`ders. Klur`ci lj Fbgidre` g` Fl`teaplrcry Vlfgety, 35, 27-77.

Jrc`fgs, H., Vlltbgii, O. & Jigmeistlè, X. (8>>4). Gde`tgjyg`m pctter`s c`d pctbwcyslj ljje`dg`m hebcvglur; C èw cpprlcfb tl typlilmges lj frgae. Eurlpec` Klur`ci lj Frgag`lilmy, 3, 4=-2=.

Jrgedac`, V. & Esseisty`, T. F. (37:5). Tbe cdkustae`t lj fbgidre` lj kcgi gàctes. Jederci ^rlhctgl`, 87, 55-57.

Mchei, V. & Vbg`diedefoer, X. (3776). Fbcrcftergstgfs lj fbgidre` wblse pcre`ts bcvehee` g`fcrfercted. Blspgtci c`d Flaau`gty ^syfbgctry, 44, :5:-::>.

Mcalrc`, C. (8>>3). Caergfc` sfbllig`m c`d edufctgl`ci gèqucigty; C jlrefcst jlrtbe 83st fe`tury. Vlfglilmy lj Edufctgl`, =4, 365-356.

Mcrhcrg`l, K. (3727). Trluhied ylutb, trluhied jcagiges; U`derstc`dg`m jcagigesct rgso jlr cdliesfe t acitrectae t. G` Z. Fcrisl` & D. Fgffbettg (Eds.), Fbgid acitrectae`t; Tbelry c`d resecrfb l` tbe fcuses c`d fl`seque`fes lj fbgid chuse c`d èmieft (p. :25-=>:). Fcahrgdme; Fcahrgdme U`gversgty ^ress.

Mcric`d, D. ]. (8>>3). Tbe fuiture lj fl`trli . Lxjlrd; Lxjlrd U`gversgty ^ress.Mghsl`, B. H., Alrrgsl`, V. & ]est, D. K. (37=>). Tbe fl`jessgl` lj o`lw` ljje`fes

g` respl`se tl c seij-replrted deig`que`fy sfbeduie. Hrgtgsb Klur`ci lj Frgag`lilmy,3> , 8==-82=.

Mglrdc`l, . F. (8>3>). Iemcfges lj frgae. C jliilw-up lj tbe fbgidre` lj bgmbiy deig`que t mgris c`d hlys. Fcahrgdme; Fcahrgdme U`gversgty ^ress.

Mlldac`, I. C. (8>>=). L` tbe cssgmàe`t lj g`dgvgducis tl icte`t ficsses. Vlfglil- mgfci Aetbldlilmy, 6= , 3-88.

Mlldac`, V. B. & Mltigh, G. B. (3777). Xgso jlr psyfblpctblilmy g` tbe fbgidre`lj depressed altbers; C deveilpae`tci aldei jlr u`derstc`dg`m aefbc`gsas lj trc`sagssgl`. ^syfblilmgfci Xevgew, 3>: , 452-47>.

Mlrac`-Vagtb, D., Tlic , ^. B., Ileher, X. & Be`ry, D. H. (3772). Xeictgl`lj jcagiy prlhieas tl pctter`s lj deig`que`t g`vliveae`t cal`m urhc` ylutb.

Klur`ci lj Ch`lraci Fbgid ^syfblilmy, 8: , 637-666.Mlttjredsl , A. X. & Bgrsfbg, T. (377>). C meèrci tbelry lj frgae . Vtc jlrd, FC;

Vtc`jlrd U`gversgty ^ress.Mree`, D. C. (8>>2c). Vugtchie vebgfies; Jrcag`m hicae c`d kustgfe wbe` fbgidre`

ogii c fbgid. Frgae, Aedgc, Fuiture , 4, 37=-88>.



352 Xejere`fes

Mree`, D. C. (8>>2h). ]be` fbgidre` ogii fbgidre`; ê`ci plpuigsa c`d pligtgfci fuiture .Lxjlrd; Lxjlrd U`gversgty ^ress.

Mrlve, ]., Efoert, E., Bestl`, I., Hlufbcrd Kr, T., Vemci, @. & Iyooe`, D. T. (377>).Bergtchgigty lj suhstc`fe chuse c`d c`tgslfgci hebcvglr; c study lj al`lzymltgftwg`s recred cpcrt. Hglilmgfci ^syfbgctry, 8= , 3876-36>4.

Bcherac`, V. K. (37=6). Tbe c`ciysgs lj resgducis g` frlss-ficssgffied tchies. Hglaetrgfs,87, 8>5-88>.

Bcmc`, K. (37=4). Extrc-iemci cttrghutes c`d frgag`ci se`te`fg`m; C` cssessae`t lj cslfglilmgfci vgewplg`t. Icw c`d Vlfgety Xevgew, 2, 65=-626.

Bcmc , K. & Dg`lvgtzer, X. (3777). Fliicterci fl`seque fes lj gaprgslàe`t jlrfbgidre`, flaau`gtges c`d prgslèrs. G` A. Tl`ry & K. êtersgigc (Eds.), ^rgsl`s(p. 383-3:8). Fbgfcml; U`gversgty lj Fbgfcml ^ress.

Bcmc`, K. & ^ciil g, C. (377>). Tbe slfgci reprlduftgl` lj c frgag ci ficss g` wlrog`m-ficss Il`dl`, fgrfc 375>-372>. Tbe Caergfc` Klur`ci lj Vlfglilmy, 7: , 8:5-877.

Bcgrstl`, F. J. (3773). Altbers g` kcgi; ^cre`t-fbgid sepcrctgl` c d kcgi vgsgtctgl`. Cjffiigc, : , 7-8=.

Bcìey, K. C., @emcssc, C., Edwcrdes, A. D. d. & Jlrrester, K. E. (8>>6). Vtctgstgfcic`ciysgs lj flrreicted dctc usg`m meèrcigzed estgactg`m equctgl`s; C` lrge`tctgl`. Caergfc` Klur`ci lj Epgdeaglilmy, 35= , 6:4-6=5.

Bcriey, H. & ]c`m, ]. (377=). Tbe frgtgfci pergld bypltbesgs; ]bere cre we `lw<G` C. A. de Mrllt & K. J. Orlii (Eds.), Tutlrgcis g` hgig`mucigsa. ^syfblig`mugstgf

perspeftgves (p. 37-58). Acbwcb, @K; Icwre`fe Erihcua Csslfgctes.Bcrrgs, K. X. (3775). ]bere gs tbe fbgid‗s e`vgrlàe`t< c mrlup slfgcigzctgl` tbelry

lj deveilpae`t. ^syfblilmgfci revgew, 3>8, 452-427.Bcrrgs, K. X. (3772). Tbe ùrture cssuaptgl`. wby fbgidre` tur` lut tbe wcy tbey dl .

Il`dl`; Hillashury.Bcrrgs, K. X. (8>>>). Tbe lutflae lj pcre`tg`m; ]bct dl we reciiy o`lw< Klur`ci lj

êrsl`cigty, :2, :85-:6=.

Becrlid, V. (372:). C sy`tbesgs lj 3>46 ejjefts lj teievgsgl` l` slfgci hebcvglr. G`M. C. Flastlfo (Ed.), ûhigf flaau`gfctgl` c`d hebcvglr (vli. 3) (p. :5-366). Vc`Dgeml; Cfcdeagf ^ress.

Bedderac , F. & Meistblrpe, I. (377=). U`derstc`dg`m tbe se`te`fg`m lj wlae`.Il`dl`; Blae Ljffife Xesecrfb c`d Vtctgstgfs Dgreftlrcte (Blae Ljffife XesecrfbVtudy @l. 3=>).

Bg`deic`m, A. K., Bgrsfbg, T. & ]egss, K. M. (3723). Aecsurg`m deig`que`fy. HeveriyBgiis, FC; Vcme.

Bgrsfbg, T. (37:7). Fcuses lj deig`que`fy. Heroeiey, FC; U`gversgty lj Fcigjlr`gc^ress.

Bgrsfbg, T. & Mlttjredsl`, A. X. (3776). Flaae`tcry; Testg`m tbe meèrci tbelrylj frgae. Klur`ci lj Xesecrfb g` Frgae c`d Deig`que`fy, 6> , 4=-54.

Bgssei, V. F. E. A., Hgkieveid, F. F. K. B. & Oruttsfb`gtt, F. (8>33). Tbe weii-heg`mlj fbgidre` lj g`fcrfercted altbers; C` expilrctlry study jlr tbe @etberic`ds.

Eurlpec` Klur`ci lj Frgag`lilmy, 2, 64:-6:>.Budzgco, K., Zc` Hegksterveidt, F., Hcrteis, A., Xgetveid, A. K. B., Xettew, D. F.,

Deros, E. A. et ci. (8>>6). G`dgvgduci dgjjere`fes g` cmmressgl ; Meètgf c`ciyseshy cme, me`der, c`d g`jlrac`t g` 6-, =-, c`d 3>-yecr lid Dutfb twg`s. Hebcvglr Meètgfs, 66, 5=5-527.

Buesac``, I. X., Erl`, I. D., Iejolwgtz, A. A. & ]cider, I. L. (3724). Vtchgigtylj cmmressgl` lver tgae c`d meèrctgl`s. Deveilpae`tci ^syfblilmy, 8> , 338>-3364.

Bugzg`mc, D. B. & Eiigltt, D. V. (372:). Xecssessg m tbe reigchgigty c`d vcigdgty lj seij-replrt deig`que`fy aecsures. Klur`ci lj Suc`tgtctgve Frgag`lilmy, 8, 876-68=.

Bugzg`mc, D. B., Tblr`herry, T. ^., O`gmbt, O. E., Ilvemrlve, ^. K., Ileher, X., Bgii,O. M. et ci. (8>>=). Dgsprlplrtgl`cte ag`lrgty fl`tcft g` tbe kuve`gie kustgfe systea;



Xejere`fes 357

C study lj dgjjere`tgci ag`lrgty crrest/rejerrci tl flurt g` tbree fgtges. ]csbg`mtl`,DF; U.V. Depcrtae`t lj Kustgfe.

Busfbeo, D. & Hgkieveid, F. F. K. B. (8>33). Vtc`dcrd c`d devgc`t jcagiy igje seque`fes c`d ljje`dg`m. ffi`dg`ms jlr c agd 8>tb fe`tury bgmb-rgso flblrt . ^cper prese`ted ct@ZO fl`mres - C`ùci fl`jere`fe lj Dutfb Vlfgety lj Frgag`lilmy, Iegde`, tbe@etberic`ds.

Greic`d, T. L., Vagtb, F. C. & Tblr`herry, T. ^. (8>>8). Deveilpae`tci gssues g`tbe gapcft lj fbgid acitrectae`t l` icter deig`que`fy c`d drum use. Frgag`lilmy,4> , 657-4>>.

Kcjjee, V. X., Fcspg, C., Aljffitt, T. E., Dldme, O. C., Xutter, A., Tcyilr, C. et ci.(8>>5). @cture x ùrture; Meètgf vuièrchgigtges g`tercft wgtb pbysgfci acitrect-ae`t tl prlalte fl`duft prlhieas. Deveilpae`t c`d ^syfblpctblilmy, 3= , :=-24.

Kcjjee, V. X., Aljffitt, T. E., Fcspg, C. & Tcyilr, C. (8>>6). Igje wgtb (lr wgtblut)jctber; Tbe heèffits lj igvg`m wgtb twl hglilmgfci pcre`ts depe`d l` tbe jctber‗sc`tgslfgci hebcvglr. Fbgid Deveilpae`t , =4, 3>7-38:.

Klb`stl`, D. (3775). Kcgied altbers. G` O. Mchei & D. Klb`stl` (Eds.), Fbgidre` lj

g`fcrfercted pcre`ts (p. 43-55). @ew Wlro; Iexg`mtl` Hllos. Kliigjje, D., Jcrrg mtl`, D. ^., Bcwog`s, K. D., Fctcic`l, X. J., Bgii, O. M. & Olster-ac`, X. (8>>6). ^redgftgve, fl`furre`t, prlspeftgve c`d retrlspeftgve vcigdgty lj seij-replrted deig`que`fy. Frgag`ci Hebcvglur c`d Ae`tci Becitb, 36, 3=7-37=.

Klès, H. I. & @cmg`, D. V. (8>>=). Cdvc fes g` mrlup-hcsed trckeftlry aldeig`mc`d c` VCV prlfedure jlr estgactg`m tbea. Vlfglilmgfci Aetblds c`d Xesecrfb, 65,548-5=3.

Klès, H. I., @cmg`, D. V. & Xleder, O. (8>>3). C VCV prlfedure hcsed l` agx-ture aldeis jlr estgactg`m deveilpae`tci trckeftlrges. Vlfglilmgfci Aetblds c`d

Xesecrfb, 87, 6=4-676. Kuhy, B. & Jcrrg mtl`, D. . (8>>3). Dgse`tc`mig`m tbe igò hetwee` dgsrupted

jcagiges c`d deig`que`fy. Hrgtgsb Klur`ci lj Frgag`lilmy, 43, 88-4>.

Ku`mer, A. (377>). Deig`que`fy c`d etb`gfgty. C` g`vestgmctgl` l` slfgci jcftlrs reict-g`m tl deig`que`fy cal`m Alrlffc`, Turogsb, Vurg`caese c`d Dutfb hlys. Dlftlrcidgssertctgl`, Zrgke U`gversgtegt, Casterdca.

Ku`mer-Tcs, K. & Acrsbcii, G. B. (3777). Tbe seij-replrt aetbldlilmy g` frgae re-secrfb. Frgae c`d Kustgfe , 85, 873-6:=.

Ocga-Fcudie, ^. X. (37=6). Flapcrctgve slfgci pligfy c`d slfgci sefurgty. @ew Wlro;Duèiie`.

Ocigdge`, V. @. & De Beer-de Ic`me, @. (8>33). Frgag`cigtegt e` refbtsbc`dbcvg`m 8>3>. L`twgooeig`me` e` scae`bc`me`. _Frgae c`d icw e`jlrfeae`t 8>3>. Deveilp-ae`ts c`d fl`èftgl`sQ . De` Bccm; Hlla Kurgdgsfbe Ugtmevers.

Ociauss, D. (3724). Tbe g`termeèrctgl`ci trc`sagssgl` lj acrgtci cmmressgl`. Klur`ci lj Acrrgcme c`d tbe Jcagiy, 4: , 33-37.

Oczdg`, C. E. (377=). ^cre`t ac`cmeae`t trcg`g`m; Evgde`fe, lutflaes, c`d gssues. Klur`ci lj Caergfc` Cfcdeay lj Fbgid c`d Cdliesfe t ^syfbgctry, 6: , 3647-365:.

Oczdg`, C. E., Orceaer, B. F., Oessier, X. F., Oupjer, D. K. & Ljjlrd, D. X. (377=).Fl`trghutgl`s lj rgso-jcftlr resecrfb tl deveilpae`tci psyfblpctblilmy. Fig`gfci

^syfblilmy Xevgew, 3= , 6=5-4>:.Ogiigcs, A., Cehg, A. & Xghecud, D. (8>>>). Dles flaau`gty servgfe rebchgigtcte

hetter tbc` sblrt-tera gaprgslàe`t<; Xesuits lj c fl`trliied expergae`t. Tbe Blwcrd Klur`ci lj Frgag`ci Kustgfe , 67, 4>-5=.

Ogiigcs, A., Mgiigçrl`, M., Ogssig`m, G. & Zgiiettcz, ^. (8>3>). Flaau`gty servgfeversus eieftrl`gf al`gtlrg`m‖wbct wlros hetter<; Xesuits lj c rc`dlagzed trgci.

Hrgtgsb Klur`ci lj Frgag`lilmy, 5> (:), 3355-33=>.Oga, B. O., Fcpcidg, D. A., ecrs, O. F., Oerr, D. F. & Lwe , I. D. (8>>7). G`terme`-

erctgl`ci trc`sagssgl` lj g`ter`cigsg`m c`d exter`cigsg`m hebcvglurs cfrlss tbree



3:> Xejere`fes

meèrctgl`s; Me`der-spefgffif pctbwcys. Frgag ci Hebcvglur c`d Ae`tci Becitb,37(8), 385-343.

Oga-Flbe`, K., Fcspg, C., Tcyilr, C., ]giigcas, H., @ewflahe, X., Frcgm, G. ]. etci. (8>>:). ACLC, acitrectae t, c`d meè-e`vgrlàe`t g`tercftgl` predgftg`mfbgidre`‗s ae`tci becitb; èw evgde`fe c`d c aetc-c`ciysgs. Aliefuicr ^syfbgctry,33, 7>6-736.

Okeiistrc`d, K. A. & Eddy, K. A. (8>33c). Aedgctlrs lj tbe ejjeft lj pcre`tci g`fcrfer-ctgl` l` cdliesfe`t exter`cigzg m hebcvglrs. Klur`ci lj Flaau`gty ^syfblilmy, 67,553-5:5.

Okeiistrc`d, K. A. & Eddy, K. A. (8>33h). ^cre`tci g`fcrferctgl` durg`m fbgidblld,jcagiy fl`text, c`d ylutb prlhiea hebcvglr cfrlss cdliesfe`fe. Klur`ci lj Lj-

je`der Xebchgigtctgl , 5> , 32-6:.Oùdse`, E. G. (8>>4). Ve`sgtgve perglds g` tbe deveilpae`t lj tbe hrcg` c`d hebcvglr.

Klur`ci lj Flm`gtgve @eurlsfge`fe , 3: , 3438-3485.Olool, O. & ûioogè`, I. (8>>5). Vtchgigty lj cmmressgve hebcvglr jrla fbgidblld

tl agddie cme g` wlae` c`d ae`. Cmmressgve Hebcvglr , 63, 425-47=.

Orceaer, B. F., Oczdg`, C. E., Ljjlrd, D. X., Oessier, X. F., Ke`se`, ^. V. & Oupjer,D. K. (377=). Flag`m tl teras wgtb tbe teras lj rgso. Crfbgves lj Meèrci ^syfbgctry,54, 66=-646.

Orceaer, B. F., Vtgfe, E., Oczdg`, C. E., Ljjlrd, D. X. & Oupjer, D. K. (8>>3).Blw dl rgso jcftlrs wlro tlmetber< aedgctlrs, alderctlrs, c`d g`depe`de t,lvericppg`m, c`d prlxy rgso jcftlrs. Caergfc` Klur`ci lj ^syfbgctry, 352, 242-25:.

Orcb`, B., Bcrt`cmei, T. J. & Mcrtreii, K. ]. (372:). G`flae equcigty c`d blagfgderctes; Frlss-`ctgl ci dctc c`d frgag`lilmgfci tbelrges. Frgag`lilmy, 84, 8:7-875.

Oruemer, X. J., Aljffitt, T. E., Fcspg, C., Hiesoe, C. & Vgivc, ^. C. (3772). Csslrtctgveactg`m jlr c`tgslfgci hebcvglr; Deveilpae`tci c`d aetbldlilmgfci gapigfctgl`s.

Hebcvglr Meètgfs, 82, 3=6-32:.Oruttsfb gtt, F. & Dgrozwcmer, C. (8>33). Cre tbere stgii fl`trcsts g` tlierc`fe<

gaprgslàe`t g` tbe @etberic`ds c`d E`mic`d 8> yecrs icter. û`gsbae`t c`d Vlfgety, 36, 826‖6>:.

Ic`ger, A. A. & Be`ry, V. (8>>4). Esse`tgci frgag`lilmy. Hluider, FL; ]estvgew^ress.

Icrsl`, X. & Csausse`, I. (3773). C`mer, wlrry, c`d burt g` ecriy cdliesfe`fe; Cèìcrmg`m wlrid lj èmctgve ealtgl`s. G` A. E. Flite` & V. Mlre (Eds.), Cdliesfe`t

stress; Fcuses c`d fl`seque`fes (p. 83-43). @ew Wlro; Cidgè de Mruyter.Icrsl`, X. & Bca, A. (3776). Vtress c`d ’stlra c`d stress‑ g` ecriy cdliesfe`fe; Tbe

reictgl`sbgp lj èmctgve eve`ts wgtb dyspblrgf cjjeft. Deveilpae`tci ^syfblilmy,87, 36>-34>.

Iegher, A. K. & Klb`sl`, K. D. (8>>2). Heg`m ylu`m c`d hicfo; ]bct cre tbegr ejjeftsl` kuve`gie kustgfe defgsgl` acog`m< Frgae c`d Deig`que`fy, 54, 5:>-523.

Ieaert, E. A. (37:=). Buac` devgc`fe, slfgci prlhieas, c`d slfgci fl`trli . E`miewlldFigjjs, @K; ^re`tgfe-Bcii.

Ie`èherm, E. B. (37:=). Hglilmgfci jlu`dctgl`s lj ic`mucme . @ew Wlro; ]giey.Igc`m, O.-W. & [emer, V. I. (3776). Xemressgl` c`ciysgs jlr flrreicted dctc. C`ùci

Xevgew lj ûhigf Becitb, 34, 46-:2.Igejhrler, C. F. (8>>5). Zcit de cppei `lm steeds `get ver vc` de hlla< Lver g`terme`-

erctglèie lverdrcfbt vc` dealmrcffisfb medrcm _Gs tbe cppie stgii `lt jciig`m jcr jrlatbe tree< Chlut g`termeèrctgl`ci trc`sagssgl` lj dealmrcpbgf hebcvglurQ . G`cumureierede Zrgke U`gversgtegt Casterdca.

Igpsgtz, V. X., Icgrd, @. A. & Bcrrg`mtl`, D. ^. (3773). Meèrcigzed estgactg`m equc-tgl`s jlr flrreicted hg`cry dctc; Usg`m tbe ldds rctgl cs c aecsure lj csslfgctgl`.

Hglaetrgoc, =2, 356-3:>.



Xejere`fes 3:3

Ileher, X. (3722). @cturci bgstlrges lj fl`duft prlhieas, deig`que fy, c`d csslfg-cted suhstc`fe use; Evgde`fe jlr deveilpae`tci prlmressgl`s. G` H. H. Icbey &C. E. Oczdg` (Eds.), Cdvc`fes g` fig`gfci fbgid psyfblilmy (p. =6-384). @ew Wlro;îeùa.

Ileher, X., Jcrrg`mtl`, D. ^., Vtlutbcaer-Ileher, A. & Zc` Ocaae`, ]. H. (3772).Auitgpie rgso jcftlrs jlr auitg-prlhiea hlys; Fl-lffurre`fe lj deig`que fy, suh-stc`fe use, ctte`tgl` deffifgt, fl`duft prlhieas, pbysgfci cmmressgl`, flvert hebc-vglr, depressed alld, c`d sby/wgtbdrcw` hebcvglr. G` X. Kesslr (Ed.), @ew per-

speftgves l` cdliesfe`t rgso hebcvglr (p. 7>-347). @ew Wlro; Fcahrgdme U`gversgty^ress.

Ileher, X. & Vtlutbcaer-Ileher, A. (3772). Deveilpae`t lj kuve`gie cmmressgl` c`dvglie`fe; Vlae flaal` agsfl`feptgl`s c`d fl`trlversges. Caergfc` ^syfblilmgst ,56, 848-857.

Iúsei, J., Higeseèr, T. & He`der, D. (8>>=). Vlfgci g`jlractgl` prlfessg`m, ex-perge`fes lj cmmressgl` g` slfgci fl`texts, c`d cmmressgve hebcvglr g` cdliesfe`ts.Frgag`ci Kustgfe c`d Hebcvglr , 64, 66>-64=.

Iúsei, J., ûmb, M., Acrosl`, I., Vluzc, O. C. & Ic`soey, F. (8>33). Xgso c`d prlteft-gve jcftlrs cs predgftlrs lj jctbers‗ resettieae`t c`d jcagiges‗ cdkustae`t . Fcahrgdme;Xeplrt jlr tbe ^rlkeft Fl`jere`fe, 6> @lveaher 8>33.

Acmugre, A. (8>>=). Frgae dctc c`d stctgstgfs. G` A. Acmugre, X. Alrmc` & X. Xegèr(Eds.), Tbe Lxjlrd bc`dhllo lj frgag`lilmy (jlurtb ed., p. 843-6>3). Lxjlrd; Lx-jlrd U`gversgty ^ress.

Acsl`, D. C. & Jrgfo, ^. K. (3774). Tbe bergtchgigty lj c`tgslfgci hebcvglr; C aetc-c`ciysgs lj twg` c`d cdlptgl` studges. Klur`ci lj ^syfblpctblilmy c`d Hebcvglrci

Cssessae`t , 3: , 6>3-686.Acxffieid, A. M., ]egier, H. I. & ]gdla, F. V. (8>>>). Flapcrg`m seij-replrts c`d

ljffifgci reflrds lj crrests. Klur`ci lj Suc`tgtctgve Frgag`lilmy, 3: , 2=-33>.Aczerliie, ., Hrcae, X., cter`lster, X., ^gquerl, C. X. & Dec`, F. ]. (8>>>). L`set

cme, persgste`fe, c`d ljje`dg`m versctgigty; Flapcrgsl`s cfrlss me`der. Frgag`l-ilmy, 62, 3346-33=8.

AfCrc, I. & AfZge, V. (8>>5). Tbe usuci suspefts<; Vtreet-igje, ylu`m pelpie c`d tbepligfe. Frgag`lilmy c`d Frgag`ci Kustgfe , 5(3), 5-6:.

AfCrc, I. & AfZge, V. (8>>=c). Frgag`ci kustgfe trc`sgtgl`s. G` Edg`hurmb study lj ylutb trc`sgtgl`s c`d frgae (Xesecrfb Dgmest @l. 34 ed.). Edg`hurmb; Fe`tre jlrIcw c`d Vlfgety.

AfCrc, I. & AfZge, V. (8>>=h). Wlutb kustgfe< tbe gapcft lj systea fl`tcft l`pctter`s lj desgstc`fe jrla ljje`dg`m. Eurlpec` Klur`ci lj Frgag`lilmy, 4, 635-645.

AfFlrd, K. (37==). C flapcrctgve study lj twl meèrctgl`s lj `ctgve caergfc`s. G`X. J. Aeger (Ed.), Tbelry g` frgag`lilmy. fl`teaplrcry vgews (p. 26-78). Heveriy

Bgiis; Vcme.AfFlrd, K. (3722). ^cre`tci hebcvglr g` tbe fyfie lj cmmressgl`. ^syfbgctry, 53(3),

34-86.AfFutfbel`, C. I. (372=). Icte`t ficss c`ciysgs. @ewhury ^cro, FC; Vcme.AfMilg`, K. A., Vuiigvc`, F. K. & ^gquerl, C. X. (8>>7). Cmmremctg`m tl versctgigty<;

Trc`sgtgl`s cal`m ljje`der types g` tbe sblrt tera. Hrgtgsb Klur`ci lj Frgag`lilmy,47, 846.

Aed gfo, V. C. & Oc`dei, E. (3722). Meètgf c`d perg`ctci jcftlrs g` vglie`fe.G` V. Aed`gfo & T. E. Aljffitt (Eds.), Hglilmgfci fl`trghutgl`s tl frgae fcusctgl`(p. 383-364). Dlrdrefbt, tbe @etberic`ds; Acrtgùs @gkbljj.

Aed gfo, V. C., Aljffitt, T. E. & Vtcfo, V. C. (372=). Tbe fcuses lj frgae; @ew hglilmgfci cpprlcfbes. Fcahrgdme; Fcahrgdme U`gversgty ^ress.



3:8 Xejere`fes

Aessèr, V. J. (3727). Efl`lagf dgsfrgag`ctgl` c`d slfgetci blagfgde rctes; Jurtberevgde`fe l` tbe flst lj gèqucigty. Caergfc` Vlfglilmgfci Xevgew, 54, 57=-:33.

Agfbcei, K. & Cdier, A. K. (3766). Frgae, icw c`d slfgci sfge`fe . @ew Wlro; Bcrflurt,Hrcfe c`d Flapc`y.

Agfoiewrgmbt, K. (8>>8). Vlfgci exfiusgl` c`d fbgidre`; C eurlpec` vgew jlr c us dehcte,fcsepcper 53. Il`dl`; Fe`tre jlr C`ciysgs lj Vlfgci Exfiusgl`, Il`dl` Vfblli lj Efl`lagfs.

Agtfbeii, L. (8>>5). C aetc-c`ciysgs lj rcfe c`d se`te`fg`m resecrfb; Expicg`g`m tbeg`fl`sgste`fges. Klur`ci lj Suc`tgtctgve Frgag`lilmy, 83, 467-4::.

Aljffitt, T. E. (3776). Cdliesfe`fe-igagted c`d igje-flurse-persgste`t c`tgslfgci hebc-vglr; C deveilpae`tci tcxl`lay. ^syfblilmgfci Xevgew, 3>> , :=4-=>3.

Aljffitt, T. E., Fcspg, C., Xutter, A. & Vgivc, ^. C. (8>>3). Vex dgjjere`fes g` c`tgslfgci hebcvglur; Fl`duft dgslrder, deig`que`fy, c`d vglie`fe g` tbe Duèdg` Il`mgtudg`ci Vtudy. Fcahrgdme; Fcahrgdme U`gversgty ^ress.

Alrrgs, ^. (37:5). ^rgslèrs c`d tbegr jcagiges. Il`dl`; Melrme Ciie` c`d U`wg`.Aurrcy, K. (8>>5). Tbe ejjefts lj gaprgslàe`t l` jcagiges c`d fbgidre` lj prgsl`-

ers. G` C. Igehig m & V. Acru`c (Eds.), Tbe ejjefts lj gaprgslàe`t (p. 448-4:8).Fuiilaptl`, Devl ; ]giic`.Aurrcy, K. (8>>:). cre`tci gaprgslàe`t; Ejjefts l` fbgidre`‗s c`tgslfgci hebcvglur

c`d ae`tci becitb tbrlumb tbe igje-flurse . Dlftlrci dgssertctgl , U`gversgty lj Fca-hrgdme, U`gted Og`mdla.

Aurrcy, K., Hiloic`d, C. C. K., Jcrrg`mtl`, D. . & Tbelhcid, D. (jlrtbflag`m). Il`mtera ejjefts lj fl`vgftgl` c`d g`fcrferctgl` l` ae` g` tbe Fcahrgdme Vtudy g`Deig`que`t Deveilpae`t. G` D. ^. Jcrrg`mtl` & K. Aurrcy (Eds.), Icheig`m tbelry;

Eapgrgfci tests (cdvc`fes g` frgag`lilmgfci tbelry vliuae 32). @ew Hru`swgfo, @K;Trc`scftgl` ûhigsbers.

Aurrcy, K. & Jcrrg`mtl`, D. . (8>>5). ^cre tci gaprgslàe`t; Ejjefts l` hlys‗c`tgslfgci hebcvglur c`d deig`que`fy tbrlumb tbe igje-flurse. Klur`ci lj Fbgid

^syfblilmy c`d ^syfbgctry, 4: , 38:7-38=2.Aurrcy, K. & Jcrrg`mtl`, D. ^. (8>>2c). Ejjefts lj pcre`tci gaprgslàe`t l` fbgidre`.

G` A. Tl`ry (Ed.), Frgae c`d kustgfe (Zli. 6=, p. 366-8>:). Fbgfcml; U`gversgty lj Fbgfcml ress.

Aurrcy, K. & Jcrrg`mtl`, D. . (8>>2h). ^cre`tci gaprgslàe`t; Il`m-icstg`m ej-jefts l` hlys‗ g`ter`cigzg`m prlhieas tbrlumb tbe igje flurse. Deveilpae`t c`d

^syfblpctblilmy, 8> , 8=6-87>.Aurrcy, K., Jcrrg`mtl , D. . & Veoli, G. (8>38). Fbgidre`‗s c`tgslfgci hebcvglr,

ae`tci becitb, drum use, c`d edufctgl`ci perjlrac`fe cjter pcre`tci g`fcrferctgl`;C systeactgf revgew c`d aetc-c`ciysgs. ^syfblilmgfci Huiietg`, 362, 3=5-8>>.

Aurrcy, K., Jcrrg`mtl`, D. ., Veoli, G. & Lise , X. J. (8>>7). Ejjefts lj pcre`tci gaprgslàe`t l` fbgid c`tgslfgci hebcvglur c`d ae`tci becitb; C systeactgf revgew.

Fcapheii Vysteactgf Xevgews; 8>>7; 4.Aurrcy, K., Kc`sl`, F.-M. & Jcrrg`mtl`, D. . (8>>=). Frgae g` cduit ljjsprg m lj

prgslèrs; C frlss-`ctgl`ci flapcrgsl` lj twl il`mgtudg`ci scapies. Frgag`ci Kustgfe c`d Hebcvglr , 64, 366-347.

Aurrcy, K. & Aurrcy, I. (8>3>). ^cre`tci g`fcrferctgl`, cttcfbae t, c`d fbgid psy-fblpctblilmy. Cttcfbae`t c`d Buac` Deveilpae`t , 38, 827-6>7.

Austerd, V. (8>>5). Vlfgci c`d etb`gf semremctgl` g` Eurlpe; Ieveis, fcuses, c`dejjefts. Klur`ci lj Urhc` Cjjcgrs, 8= , 663-642.

Autbç`, I. O. & Autbç`, H. L. (3772-8>>7). Apius user‗s mugde (ffijtb ed.). IlsC`meies, FC; Autbç` c`d Autbç`.

Ayers, H. K., Vacrsb, T. A., Caiu`d-Bcme`, O. & Oe``l`, V. (3777). Fbgidre` lj g`fcrfercted altbers. Klur`ci lj Fbgid c`d Jcagiy Vtudges, 2, 33-85.



Xejere`fes 3:6

@cmg`, D. V. (8>>4c). Xespl`se tl ’aetbldlilmgfci se`sgtgvgtges tl icte`t ficss c`ciysgslj il`m-tera frgag`ci trckeftlrges‑. Klur`ci lj Suc tgtctgve Frgag lilmy, 8> , 8=-65.

@cmg`, D. V. (8>>4h). C seag-pcrcaetrgf, mrlup-hcsed cpprlcfb jlr c`ciysg m trckeft-lrges lj deveilpeae`t; c `l`-tefb`gfci lvervgew. G` M. Hrug`sac, B. Eijjers &

K. de Oegkser (Eds.), û`gsbae`t, picfes c`d perpetrctlrs; Deveilpae`ts g` frgag`l-ilmy c`d frgag`ci kustgfe resecrfb (p. 84=-857). Fliiuaptl`, Devl`; ]giic`.

@cmg`, D. V. (8>>5). Mrlup-hcsed aldeig`m lj deveilpae`t . Fcahrgdme, AC; BcrvcrdU`gversgty ^ress.

@cmg`, D. V., Jcrrg`mtl`, D. . & Aljffitt, T. E. (3775). Igje-flurse trckeftlrges lj dgjjere`t types lj ljje`ders. Frgag`lilmy, 66, 333-367.

@cmg`, D. V. & Ic`d, O. F. (3776). Cme, frgag`ci fcreers, c`d plpuictgl` beterl-meègty; Vpefgffifctgl` c`d estgactgl` lj c `l`pcrcaetrgf, agxed ^lgssl` aldei.Frgag`lilmy, 63, 68=-6:8.

@cmg`, D. V. & ^cter`lster, X. (3773). L` tbe reictgl`sbgp lj pcst tl juture pcrtgfgp-ctgl` g` deig`que`fy. Frgag`lilmy, 87, 3:6-327.

@cmg`, D. V. & ^cter`lster, X. (8>>>). ^lpuictgl` beterlme egty c`d stcte depe`d-

e`fe; Vtcte lj tbe evgde`fe c`d dgreftgl`s jlr juture resecrfb. Klur`ci lj Suc`tgtct-gve Frgag`lilmy, 3: , 33=-344.@cmg`, D. V. & Treahicy, X. E. (8>>5c). Deveilpae`tci trckeftlry mrlups; jcft lr c

usejui stctgstgfci ffiftgl`< Frgag`lilmy, 46, 2=6-7>4.@cmg`, D. V. & Treahicy, X. E. (8>>5h). ]bct bcs hee` iecrèd jrla mrlup-hcsed

trckeftlry aldeig`m< Excapies jrla pbysgfci cmmressgl` c`d ltber prlhiea hebc-vglrs. C``cis lj tbe Caergfc` Cfcdeay lj ^ligtgfci c`d Vlfgci Vfge`fe , :>8, 28-33=.

@ecpligtc`, K. I. (3774). Frlss-`ctgl`ci vcrgctgl` g` blagfgdes; Tbe fcse lj Ictg`Caergfc. G`ter`ctgl`ci Frgag`ci Kustgfe Xevgew, 4, 4-88.

@ecpligtc`, K. I. (3775). Dgjjerg`m tbelretgfci perspeftgves c`d frlss-`ctgl`ci vcrg-ctgl` g` tbejts g` iess deveilped `ctgl`s. G`ter`ctgl`ci Frgag`ci Kustgfe Xevgew, 5,3=-63.

@ecpligtc`, K. I. (377=). Frlss-`ctgl`ci frgae . ]estplrt, FT; Mree`wlld ^ress.@eisl`, K. J. (3774). C dliicr lr c dcy; Ve`te`fg m agsdeaec`c ts g` èw ylro stcte.

Klur`ci lj Xesecrfb g` Frgae c`d Deig`que fy, 63, 326-8>3.@geuwheertc, ^., @cmg`, D. V. & Hiloic`d, C. C. K. (8>>7). Cssessg`m tbe gapcft lj

ffirst-tgae gaprgslàe`t l` ljje ders‗ suhseque`t frgag`ci fcreer deveilpae`t; Cactfbed scapies flapcrgsl`. Klur`ci lj Suc`tgtctgve Frgag`lilmy, 85, 88=-85=.

@gkblj, O. V., E`meis, X. F., ]ge`tkes, K. C. & Oeap, X. C. d. (8>>=). Frgag -eei medrcm vc` luders e` og`dere`. _Frgag`ci hebcvglur lj pcre`ts c`d fbgidre`Q.

êdcmlmgeo _ edcmlmyQ , 3: , 87-44.@yiu`d, O. I., Cspcrlublv, T. & Autbç , H. L. (8>>=). Defgdg`m l` tbe ùaher

lj ficsses g` icte`t ficss c`ciysgs c`d mrlwtb agxture aldeig`m; C Al`te Fcrilsgauictgl` study. Vtrufturci Equctgl` Aldeig`m , 34, 565-5:7.

Liweus, D. (37=7). Vtchgigty lj cmmressgve recftgl` pctter s g` acies; C revgew. ^syfblilmgfci Huiietg , 2: , 258-2=5.

Liweus, D. (372=). Testlsterlè c d cdre`cigè; Cmmressgve c`tgslfgci hebcvglr g``lraci cdliesfe`t acies. G` V. C. Aed`gfo, T. E. Aljffitt & V. C. Vtcfo (Eds.),Tbe fcuses lj frgae; @ew hglilmgfci cpprlcfbes (p. 8:6-828). Fcahrgdme; FcahrgdmeU`gversgty ^ress.

Lragstl`. (8>>=). ]lrog m wgtb fbgidre` c`d jcagiges lj prgslèrs. Gpswgfb, UO;Lragstl` Fbgidre` c`d Jcagiy Trust.

Lshlr`, V. M. & ]est, D. K. (37=7). Fl`vgftgl` reflrds lj jctber c`d sl`s flapcred. Hrgtgsb Klur`ci lj Frgag`lilmy, 37(8), 38>-366.

Lsmlld, D. ]. & Vfbrefo, F. K. (8>>=). C èw aetbld jlr studyg m tbe exte`t,stchgigty, c`d predgftlrs lj g`dgvgduci spefgcigzctgl` g` vglie`fe. Frgag`lilmy, 45,8=6-638.



3:4 Xejere`fes

^crdg`g, D. C., Jgte, ^. K. & Huroe, K. D. (8>>2). Hgdgreftgl`ci csslfgctgl`s hetwee`pcre`tg`m prcftgfes c`d fl`duft prlhieas g` hlys jrla fbgidblld tl cdliesfe`fe;Tbe alderctg`m ejjeft lj cme c`d Cjrgfc`-Caergfc` etb`gfgty. Klur`ci lj Ch`lraci Fbgid syfblilmy, 6: , :4=-::8.

^cter`lster, X. & Glvc``g, I. (3727). Tbe icheig`m perspeftgve c`d deig`que`fy; Cèichlrctgl` lj tbe tbelry c`d c` cssessae`t lj tbe evgde`fe. Kustgfe Sucrteriy, : ,657-674.

^cttersl`, M. X. (3775). Flerfgl` cs c hcsgs jlr ecriy cme lj l`set jlr crrest. G` K. Af-Flrd (Ed.), Flerfgl` c`d pu`gsbae`t g` il`m-tera perspeftgves (p. 23-3>5). @ewWlro; Fcahrgdme U`gversgty ^ress.

^cttersl`, M. X. (8>>8). Tbe ecriy deveilpae`t lj flerfgve jcagiy prlfess. G` K. H. Xegd, M. X. ^cttersl` & K. K. V`yder (Eds.), C`tgslfgci hebcvglr g` fbgidre` c`d cdliesfe`ts; C deveilpae`tci c`ciysgs c`d tbe lreml` aldei jlr g`terve`tgl` (p. 85-44). ]csbg`mtl`, DF; Caergfc` ^syfblilmgfci Csslfgctgl`.

ê`ffieid, ]. & Xlherts, I. (3757). Vpeefb c`d hrcg` aefbc`gsas. ^rg`fetl`, @.K.;^rg`fetl` U`gversgty ^ress.

êr emer, T. Z. (3772). ]bct‗s wrl`m wgtb Hl`jerrl`g cdkustae`ts. Hrgtgsb Aedgfci Klur`ci , 63: , 386:‖3862.êtersgigc, K. (3726). Xcfgci dgspcrgtges g` tbe frgag`ci kustgfe systea. Vc`tc Al`gfc, FC;

Xc`d Flrplrctgl`.êtersgigc, K. (3725). Xcfgci dgspcrgtges g` tbe frgag`ci kustgfe systea; C suaacry.

Frgae c`d Deig`que`fy, 63, 35-64.^gquerl, C. X. (8>>>). Jreque`fy, spefgcigzctgl`, c`d vglie`fe g` ljje`dg`m fcreers.

Klur`ci lj Xesecrfb g` Frgae c`d Deig`que fy, 6= , 678-432.^gquerl, C. X. (8>>2). Tcog`m stlfo lj deveilpae`tci trckeftlrges lj frgag`ci cftgvgty

lver tbe igje flurse. G` C. A. Igherac` (Ed.), Tbe il`m vgew lj frgae; C sy`tbesgs lj il`mgtudg`ci resecrfb (p. 86-=2). @ew Wlro; Vprg`mer.

^gquerl, C. X., Hiuasteg`, C., Hrcae, X., Bccpc e`, X., Auivey, E. . & @cmg`, D. V.

(8>>3). Cssessg`m tbe gapcft lj explsure tgae c`d g`fcpcfgtctgl` l` il`mgtudg`citrckeftlrges lj frgag`ci ljje`dg`m. Klur`ci lj Cdliesfe`t Xesecrfb, 3: (3), 54-=4.

^gquerl, C. X., Jcrrg`mtl`, D. . & Hiuasteg`, C. (8>>=). Oey gssues g` frgag`ci fcreer resecrfb. @ew c`ciyses lj tbe Fcahrgdme Vtudy g` Deig`que t Deveilpae`t .Fcahrgdme; Fcahrgdme U`gversgty ress.

^gquerl, C. X., ^cter`lster, X., Aczerliie, ., Hrcae, X. & Dec`, F. ]. (3777). L`setcme c`d ljje`se spefgcigzctgl`. Klur`ci lj Xesecrfb g` Frgae c`d Deig`que`fy, 6: ,8=5-877.

^rctt, T. F. (3772). Xcfe c`d se`te`fg`m; C aetc-c`ciysgs lj fl`gftg`m eapgrgfciresecrfb resuits. Klur`ci lj Frgag`ci Kustgfe , 8: , 536-586.

^rugtt, F. X. & ]gisl`, K. S. (3726). C il`mgtudg`ci study lj tbe ejjeft lj rcfe l`se`te`fg`m. Icw c`d Vlfgety Xevgew, 3= , :36-:65.

ût`ca, J. ]. (377=). Dgsslfgctgl` g` fbgidre` c`d cdliesfe`ts; C deveilpae`tci perspeftgve . @ew Wlro; Mugidjlrd ^ress.

Xcgè, C. (8>>8c). C``ltctgl`; Tbe rlie lj prejrl`tci deffifgts, ilw cutl`lagfcrlusci, c`d ecriy becitb jcftlrs g` tbe deveilpae`t lj c`tgslfgci c`d cmmressgvehebcvglr g` fbgidre`. Klur`ci lj Fbgid ^syfblilmy c`d ^syfbgctry, 46, 43=-464.

Xcgè, C. (8>>8h). Hglslfgci studges lj c`tgslfgci c`d vglie`t hebcvglr g` fbgidre` c`dcduits; C revgew. Klur`ci lj Ch`lraci Fbgid ^syfblilmy, 6> , 633-68:.

Xcgè, C., Hre``c`, ^. C., Jcrrg`mtl , D. . & Aed`gfo, V. C. (377=). Hglslfgci hcseslj vglie`fe (prlfeedg`ms lj c @CTL CVG beid g` Xbldes, Mreefe, Acy 38-83, 377:) .@ew Wlro; îeùa ^ress.

Xegss, C. K. & Jcrrg`mtl`, D. ^. (3773). Cdvc fg`m o`lwiedme chlut fl-ljje dg`m;Xesuits jrla c prlspeftgve il`mgtudg`ci survey lj Il`dl` acies. Klur`ci lj Frga-g`ci Icw c`d Frgag`lilmy, 28, 6:>-675.



Xejere`fes 3:5

Xesecrfb Deveilpae`t c`d Vtctgstgfs Dgreftlrcte. (3772). Ljje`ders g`dex fldehllo.Il`dl`; Blae Ljffife.

Xbee, V. B. & ]cidac`, G. D. (8>>8). Meètgf c`d e`vgrlàe`tci gùe`fes l`c`tgslfgci hebcvglr; C aetc-c`ciysgs lj twg` c`d cdlptgl` studges. ^syfblilmgfci

Huiietg`, 382, 47>-587.Xlhg`s, I. @. (37::). Devgc`t fbgidre` mrlw` up; c slfglilmgfci c`d psyfbgctrgf study lj

slfglpctbgf persl`cigty. Hcitgalre; ]giigcas c`d ]giog`s.Xlhg s, I. @. (372:). Tbe fl seque`fes lj c`tgslfgci hebcvglr g` mgris. G` D. Li-

weus, K. Hilfo & A. Xcdoe-Wcrrlw (Eds.), Deveilpae`t lj c`tgslfgci c`d prlslfgci hebcvglr; resecrfb, tbelrges, c`d gssues (p. 625-434). Lric`dl, JI; Cfcdeagf ^ress.

Xlwe, D. F. & Jcrrg`mtl`, D. . (377=). Tbe jcagigci trc`sagssgl` lj frgag`cifl`vgftgl`s. Frgag`lilmy, 65, 3==-8>3.

Xutter, A. (8>>=). Meè-e`vgrlàe t g`terdepe`de fe. Deveilpae`tci Vfge`fe , 3> ,38-32.

Vcapsl`, X. K. & Icuh, K. B. (3776). Frgae g` tbe acog`m; ^ctbwcys c`d tur`g`m plg`ts tbrlumb igje . Fcahrgdme, AC; Bcrvcrd U`gversgty ^ress.

Vcapsl`, X. K. & Icuh, K. B. (377=). C igje-flurse tbelry lj fuauictgve dgscdvc tcmec`d tbe stchgigty lj deig`que`fy. G` T. . Tblr`herry (Ed.), Deveilpae`tci tbelrgeslj frgae c`d deig`que`fy (p. 366-3:8). @ew Hru`swgfo, @K; Trc`scftgl`.

Vcapsl`, X. K. & Icuh, K. B. (8>>5). C meèrci cme-mrcded tbelry lj frgae; Iessl`siecrèd c`d tbe juture lj igje-flurse frgag`lilmy. G` D. ^. Jcrrg`mtl` (Ed.), G`-temrcted deveilpae`tci c`d igje-flurse tbelrges lj ljje`dg`m (p. 3:5-323). @ew Hru`-swgfo, @K; Trc`scftgl`.

Vfltt, K. ^. (37:8). Frgtgfci perglds g` hebcvglrci deveilpae`t. Vfge`fe , 362, 747-752.Vecilfo, A. D. & Vgapsl`, V. V. (3772). U`rcveig m hgcs g` crrest defgsgl`s; Tbe rlie

lj kuve`gie ljje`der type-sfrgpts. Kustgfe Sucrteriy, 35, 48=-45=.Verhg`, I. C., Fllperac`, K. C., êters, ^. I., Ieblux, ^. A., Vtcfo, D. A. &

Vfbwcrtzac`, C. E. (3772). G`terme erctgl`ci trc`sjer lj psyfblslfgci rgso g` wl-

ae` wgtb fbgidblld bgstlrges lj cmmressgl`, wgtbdrcwci, lr cmmressgl` c`d wgtb-drcwci. Deveilpae`tci ^syfblilmy, 64(:), 384:-38:8.

Vbcjjer, C., Burt, O. H., Lhrcdlvgf, K., Berhers, K. E. & Acste , C. V. (8>>7). G`-termeèrctgl`ci fl`tgùgty g` pcre`tg`m qucigty; Tbe aedgctg`m rlie lj slfgci fla-pete`fe. Deveilpae`tci ^syfblilmy, 45, 388=-384>.

Vbcroey, ^. (8>>2). Tbe g`termeèrctgl`ci trc`sagssgl` lj fl`text. Caergfc` Klur`ci lj Vlfglilmy, 336, 763-7:7.

Vberac`, I. ]. (3776). Deffic`fe, deterre`fe, c`d grreievc`fe; C tbelry lj tbe frga-g`ci sc`ftgl`. Klur`ci lj Xesecrfb g` Frgae c`d Deig`que`fy, 6> , 445-4=6.

Vblrter Lxjlrd E`migsb Dgftgl`cry. (8>>8). Lxjlrd; Lxjlrd U`gversgty ^ress.Vgmie-Xusbtl`, ]. & AfIc`cbc`, V. (8>>4). Jctber chse`fe c`d fbgid weii-heg`m; C

frgtgfci revgew. G` D. ^. Aly`gbc`, T. A. Vaeedg`m & I. Xcg`wcter (Eds.), Tbe

juture lj tbe jcagiy (p. 33:-355). @ew Wlro; Xussei Vcme.Vgal`s, X. I., ]u, F.-g., Klb`sl`, F. & Fl`mer, X. D. (3775). C test lj vcrglus per-

speftgves l` tbe g`termeèrctgl`ci trc`sagssgl` lj dlaestgf vglie`fe. Frgag`lilmy,66, 343-3=8.

Vocrdbcacr, T. (8>3>). Dgstg`mugsbg m jcfts c`d crtgjcfts g` mrlup-hcsed aldeig`m.Frgag`lilmy, 42(3), 875-68>.

Vilthlla, C.-A., Hgkieveid, F. F. K. B., Dcy, V. & Zc` Mgeze , C. (8>>2). Medet-gèerde vrluwe` g` @ederic`d? lver gaplrt- e` deprgvctgejcftlre` hgk dete`tgesfbcde

_detcgèd wlae` g` tbe @etberic`ds? chlut gaplrt c`d deprgvctgl` jcftlrs fcused hydete`tgl`Q . Casterdca; Zrgke U`gversgtegt.

Viutsoe, ]., Iyl`s, A., True, ]., Egse`, V., Mlidherm, K. & Tsuc`m, A. (Kuiy 377=).Testg`m c deveilpae`tci tcxl`lay lj c`tgslfgci hebcvglr . ^cper prese ted ct tbeaeetg`m lj tbe Hebcvglr Meètgfs Csslfgctgl`, Tlrl`tl, L`tcrgl, Fc`cdc.



3:: Xejere`fes

Vagtb, F. C., Greic`d, T. L. & Tblr`herry, T. ^. (8>>5). Cdliesfe`t acitrectae`tc`d gts gapcft l` ylu`m cduit c`tgslfgci hebcvglr. Fbgid Chuse c`d @emieft , 87,3>77-3337.

Vlil`, M. (3778). G`termeèrctgl`ci g`flae alhgigty g` tbe U`gted Vtctes. Tbe Caer-gfc` Efl`lagf Xevgew, 28, 676-4>2.

Vlltbgii, O., Jrc`fgs, H. & Jigmeistlè, X. (8>>8). ^ctter`s lj ljje`dg`m hebcvglur; Cèw cpprlcfb. Il`dl`; Blae Ljffife.

Vplb`, F. & Hegfbèr, D. (8>>>). Gs prejere`tgci trectae`t lj jeacie ljje`ders c tbg`mlj tbe pcst< c auitgsgte study lj me`der, rcfe, c`d gaprgslàe`t. Frgag`ci Kustgfe

^ligfy Xevgew, 33, 347-324.Vrluje, I. C. & Xutter, A. (3724). Tbe dlacg` lj deveilpae`tci psyfblpctblilmy.

Fbgid Deveilpae`t , 55, 3=-87.Vtewcrt, E. C., Vgal`s, X. I., Fl`mer, X. D. & Vfcrcaeiic, I. Z. (8>>8). Heyl`d

tbe g`tercftgl`ci reictgl`sbgp hetwee` deig`que`fy c`d pcre`tg`m prcftgfes; Tbefl`trghutgl` lj iemci sc`ftgl`s. Klur`ci lj Xesecrfb g` Frgae c`d Deig`que`fy, 67,6:-57.

Vuiigvc , F. K., AfMilg , K. A., ^rctt, T. F. & ^gquerl, C. X. (8>>:). Xetbgòg mtbe ’`lra‑ lj ljje`der meèrcigty; G`vestgmctg`m spefgcigzctgl` g` tbe sblrt tera.Frgag`lilmy, 44, 377-866.

Vuiigvc , F. K., AfMilg , K. A., Xcy, K. Z. & Fcudy, A. V. (8>>7). Deteftg`m spe-fgcigzctgl` g` ljje`dg`m; flapcrg`m c`ciytgf cpprlcfbes. Klur`ci lj Suc`tgtctgve Frgag`lilmy, 85, 437-443.

Vutberic`d, E. B. & Fressey, D. X. (3755). ^rg`fgpies lj frgag`lilmy. Fbgfcml; K.F.Igppg`fltt.

Tchcfb`gfo, H. M. & Jgdeii, I. V. (8>>=). Usg m auitgvcrgcte stctgstgfs (5tb ed.) . Il`dl`;êcrsl` Edufctgl`.

Tbelhcid, D. & Jcrrg`mtl`, D. ^. (8>>7). Ejjefts lj mettg`m acrrged l` ljje`dg`m;Xesuits jrla c prlspeftgve il`mgtudg`ci survey lj acies. Eurlpec` Klur`ci lj Frga-

g`lilmy, : , 47:-53:.Tblr`herry, T. ^. (8>>5). Expicg`g`m auitgpie pctter`s lj ljje`dg`m cfrlss tbe igje

flurse c`d cfrlss meèrctgl`s. C``cis lj tbe Caergfc` Cfcdeay lj ^ligtgfci c`d Vlfgci Vfge`fe , :>8, 35:-375.

Tblr`herry, T. . (8>>7). Tbe cppie dles ‗t jcii jcr jrla tbe tree (lr dles gt<);G`termeèrctgl`ci pctter`s lj c`tgslfgci hebcvglr - Tbe Caergfc` Vlfgety lj Frga-g`lilmy 8>>2 Vutberic`d cddress. Frgag`lilmy, 4= , 87=-685.

Tblr`herry, T. ^., Jreeac`-Mciic`t, C., Igzltte, C. K., Orlb`, A. D. & Vagtb, F. C.(8>>6). Igòed igves; Tbe g`termeèrctgl`ci trc`sagssgl` lj c`tgslfgci hebcvglr.

Klur`ci lj Ch`lraci Fbgid ^syfblilmy, 63, 3=3-324.Tblr`herry, T. ^., Jreeac`-Mciic`t, C. & Ilvemrlve, ^. K. (8>>7). G`termeèrctgl`ci

igòcmes g` c`tgslfgci hebcvglur. Frgag`ci Hebcvglur c`d Ae`tci Becitb, 37, 2>-76.

Tblr`herry, T. ., Greic`d, T. L. & Vagtb, F. C. (8>>3). Tbe gaplrtc`fe lj tga-g`m; Tbe vcryg`m gapcft lj fbgidblld c`d cdliesfe`t acitrectae`t l` auitgpieprlhiea lutflaes. Deveilpae`t c`d ^syfblpctblilmy, 36, 75=-7=7.

Tblr`herry, T. . & Orlb`, A. D. (8>>3). Tbe deveilpae t lj deig`que`fy. C` g`-tercftgl`ci perspeftgve. G` V. L. ]bgte (Ed.), Bc`dhllo lj ylutb c`d kustgfe (p. 827-6>5). @ew Wlro; Oiuwer Cfcdeagf - îeùa ûhigsbers.

Tblr`herry, T. . & Orlb`, A. D. (8>>5). Cppiyg`m g`tercftgl`ci tbelry tl tbeexpic`ctgl` lj fl`tgùgty c`d fbc`me g` c`tgslfgci hebcvglr. G` D. . Jcrrg`mtl`(Ed.), G`temrcted deveilpae tci c`d igje-flurse tbelrges lj ljje`dg`m (p. 326-8>7). Il`-dl`; Trc`scftgl` uhigsbers.

Tlffimbg, D. & E`ders, F. O. (8>>2). Gde tgjyg m tbe flrreft ùaher lj ficsses g`mrlwtb agxture aldeis. G` M. X. Bc`flfo & O. A. Vcaueise` (Eds.), Cdvc`fesg` icte t vcrgchie agxture aldeis (p. 63=-643). Fbcriltte @F; G`jlractgl` Cme



Xejere`fes 3:=

ûhigsbg`m.Tl`ry, A. & Hgkieveid, F. F. K. B. (8>>=c). Frgae c`d kustgfe g` tbe @etberic`ds.

Fbgfcml; U`gversgty lj Fbgfcml ^ress.Tl`ry, A. & Hgkieveid, F. F. K. B. (8>>=h). Frgae, kustgfe, c`d frgag`lilmy g` tbe

@etberic`ds. G` A. Tl`ry & F. F. K. B. Hgkieveid (Eds.), Frgae c`d kustgfe g` tbe @etberic`ds (p. 3-6>). Fbgfcml; U`gversgty lj Fbgfcml ^ress.

Treahicy, X. E. (8>>>). Tbe deveilpae`t lj cmmressgve hebcvglur durg`m fbgidblld;]bct bcve we iecrèd g` tbe pcst fe`tury< G`ter`ctgl`ci Klur`ci lj Hebcvglrci

Deveilpae`t , 84, 387-343.U`gted @ctgl`s Meèrci Csseahiy. (3727). Tbe fl`ve`tgl` l` tbe rgmbts lj tbe fbgid .

@ew Wlro; U`gted @ctgl`s.Zc` de Xcot, A. M., @geuwheertc, ^. & Cpei, X. (8>>7). Csslfgctgl` lj frgag`ci fl`-

vgftgl`s hetwee` jcagiy aeahers; Ejjefts lj sghig`ms, jctbers c`d altbers. Frga-g`ci Hebcvglur c`d Ae`tci Becitb, 37, 74-3>2.

Zc` de Xcot, A. M., @geuwheertc, . & de Mrccj, @. D. (8>>2). Igoe jctber, igoesl`; Tbe reictgl`sbgps hetwee` fl`vgftgl` trckeftlrges lj jctbers c`d tbegr sl`s

c`d dcumbters. Hrgtgsb Klur`ci lj Frgag`lilmy, 42, 562-55:.Zc` de Xcot, A. M., Xugter, V., de Mrccj, @. D. & @geuwheertc, . (8>3>). ]be`dles tbe cppie jcii jrla tbe tree< Vtctgf versus dy`cagf tbelrges predgftg m g`-termeèrctgl`ci trc`sagssgl` lj fl`vgftgl s. Klur`ci lj Suc`tgtctgve Frgag`lilmy,8: , 6=3-627.

Zc` der Meest, Z. X. (8>33). ]lrog m tbegr wcy g`tl cduitblld. deig`que`fy c`d eapilyae`t g` bgmb-rgso hlys tl cme 68. Dlftlrci dgssertctgl`, Zrgke U`gversgtegtCasterdca.

Zc` der Meest, Z. X., Hgkieveid, F. F. K. B. & Hiloic`d, C. C. K. (8>33). Tbe ejjeftslj eapilyae`t l` il`mgtudg`ci trckeftlrges lj ljje`dg`m; C jliilw up lj bgmb rgsoylutb jrla 32 tl 68 yecrs lj cme. Frgag`lilmy, 47, 3375-3864.

Zc` der Meest, Z. X., Hiloic`d, C. C. K. & Hgkieveid, F. F. K. B. (8>>7). Deig`que`t

deveilpae`t g` c scapie lj bgmb-rgso ylutb; Vbcpe, fl`te`t, c`d predgftlrs lj deig`que`t trckeftlrges jrla cme 38 tl 68. Klur`ci lj Xesecrfb g` Frgae c`d Deig`-que`fy, 4: , 333-346.

Zc` der ]erjj, F. (37=7). Vpefgcie preve`tge, ee` pe`lilmgsfb l`derzleo _spefgci preve`-tgl`, c pe`lilmgfci studyQ . Dlftlrci dgssertctgl`, U gversgty lj Casterdca.

Zerhrumme`, K., Hiloic`d, C. C. K. & Zc` der Meest, Z. X. (8>33). ]ero, weroduure` frgag`cigtegt _Eapilyae`t, eapilyae`t durctgl` c`d frgaeQ. Tgkdsfbrgjt vllr Frgag`lilmge , 56, 33:-367.

]cdswlrtb, A. E. (37=7). Xllts lj deig`que`fy; G`jc`fy, cdliesfe`fe, c`d frgae . Il`-dl`; Acrtg` Xlhertsl`.

]cidac`, G. D., Ievy, J. & Bcy, D. C. (3775). Auitgvcrgcte meètgf c`ciyses lj tbe lvericp cal`m DVA-GGG-X dgsruptgve hebcvglr dgslrder syaptlas. Hebcvglr

Meètgfs, 85, 876-874.]cidac`, G. D. & Xbee, V. B. (8>>:). Meètgf c`d e`vgrlàe`tci gùe`fes l` psy-

fblpctby c`d c`tgslfgci hebcvglr. G` F. K. ^ctrgfo (Ed.), Bc`dhllo lj psyfblpctby(p. 8>5-882). @ew Wlro; Tbe Mugidjlrd ^ress.

]ciasiey, X. (8>>7). ]lrid prgsl` plpuictgl` igst (2tb ed.). Il`dl`; G`ter`ctgl`ciFe`tre jlr ^rgsl` Vtudges, Og`m‗s Fliieme.

]crr, A. (8>>8). Flapc`gl`s g` frgae; Tbe slfgci cspefts lj frgag`ci fl`duft . Fca-hrgdme; Fcahrgdme U`gversgty ress.

]ehster-Vtrcttl`, F. (3778). Tbe g`fredghie yecrs; C trluhie-sblltg`m mugde jlr pcre`tslj fbgidre` cmes 6-2 yecrs. Tlrl`tl; Uahreiic ^ress.

]eiis, I. E. & Xcòg`, K. B. (3773). Jcagiges c`d deig`que`fy; C aetc-c`ciysgs lj tbe gapcft lj hrloe` blaes. Vlfgci ^rlhieas, 62, =3-76.



3:2 Xejere`fes

]eragò, B. T., Hiloic`d, C. C. K., @geuwheertc, . & Tliie`ccr, @. (8>>7). Xefgdgve`c werostrcjje` e` `c mevc me`gsstrcjje`; Ee` meactfbte vermeigkog`m _Xefgdgvgsacjter flaau`gty servgfe; C actfbed scapies flapcrgsl`Q. Tgkdsfbrgjt vllr Frga-g`lilmge , 53, 833-88=.

]est, D. K. (37:7). ^rese`t fl`duft c`d juture deig`que`fy. Il`dl`; Begèac``.]est, D. K. (3728). Deig`que`fy; Gts rllts, fcreers c`d prlspefts. Il`dl`; Begèac``.]est, D. K. & Jcrrg`mtl`, D. . (37=6). ]bl heflaes deig`que`t< Il`dl`; Begè-

ac``.]est, D. K. & Jcrrg`mtl`, D. ^. (37==). Tbe deig`que`t wcy lj igje . Il`dl`; Begè-

ac``.]gesèr, A. & ]g`die, A. (8>>4). Cssessg`m flvcrgctes lj cdliesfe`t deig`que fy

trckeftlrges; C icte`t mrlwtb agxture aldeig`m cpprlcfb. Klur`ci lj Wlutb c`d Cdliesfe`fe , 66, 463-448.

]gisl`, B. (37=5). Kuve`gie deig`que`fy, pcre`tci frgag`cigty c`d slfgci bc`dgfcp. Hrgtgsb Klur`ci lj Frgag`lilmy, 35, 843-85>.

]gisl`, K. S. & Berr steg , X. K. (3725). Frgae c`d buac` `cture . @ew Wlro;

Vgal` c`d Vfbuster.]rgmbt, O. C., ^rctt, T. F. & Deigsg, A. (8>>2). Excag`g`m ljje`dg`m spefgcigzctgl`g` c scapie lj acie auitgpie blagfgde ljje ders. Blagfgde Vtudges, 38, 623-672.

]u, H. & Jue`tes, C. G. (3772). Kuve`gie kustgfe prlfessg`m; Tbe e`tc`mied ejjefts lj rcfe c`d urhc` plverty. Kuve`gie c`d Jcagiy Flurt Klur`ci , 47(8), 43-54.

Wc`m, F.-F. (8>>:). Evciuctg`m icte`t ficss c`ciysgs aldeis g` qucigtctgve pbe`ltypegde`tgffifctgl`. Flaputctgl`ci Vtctgstgfs c`d Dctc C`ciysgs, 5> , 3>7>-33>4.

Wlu`m, K. (3777). Tbe exfiusgve slfgety. Il`dl`; Acfagiic`.[ed er, I. (8>>8). Zgftgas. G` A. Acmugre, X. Alrmc` & X. Xegèr (Eds.), Tbe

Lxjlrd bc`dhllo lj frgag`lilmy (Tbgrd ed., p. 437-45:). Lxjlrd; Ficre`dl` ^ress.[emer, V. I. & Igc`m, O.-W. (3778). C` lvervgew lj aetblds jlr tbe c`ciysgs lj

il`mgtudg`ci dctc. Vtctgstgfs g` Aedgfgè , 33, 3285-3267.



Vuaacry

G` tbgs dgssertctgl`, G bcve g`vestgmcted aefbc gsas tbct agmbt expicg` wby fbgidre`wgtb frgag`ci pcre`ts bcve c bgmber rgso lj flaagttg`m frgae. Veverci expic`ctgl`sjlr tbgs g`termeèrctgl`ci trc`sagssgl` bcve hee` fl`trcsted, sufb cs slfgci iecr`g`m(gagtctgl` lj hebcvglur), ljffifgci hgcs cmcg`st fertcg` jcagiges, c`d trc`sagssgl` lj rgsojcftlrs. G bcve g`vestgmcted tbgs g` E`mic`d cs weii cs g` tbe @etberic`ds.

Vlae lj tbe questgl`s c`swered g` ay dgssertctgl` cre; dles gt actter wbe`tbe pcre`ts flaagtted frgae g` tbe fbgid‗s igje< Dl alre persgste`t ljje`ders trc`s-agt frgae alre tbc` splrcdgf ljje`ders< Dl vglie`t ljje`ders spefgffifciiy trc`sagtvglie`t hebcvglur lr meèrci frgae tl tbegr fbgidre < Agmbt tbe pligfe c`d flurtshe hgcsed cmcg`st fertcg` jcagiges< Agmbt fl`tgùgty lj c frgag`lme`gf e`vgrlàe`texpicg` wby pcre`ts cs weii cs fbgidre` sblw frgag`ci hebcvglur< Dles pcre`tci ga-prgslàe`t plse c` extrc rgso<

G ffi`d slae supplrt jlr slfgci iecr`g`m c`d strl`m supplrt jlr tbe trc`sagssgl` lj c frgag`lme`gf e`vgrlàe`t c`d ljffifgci hgcs. Gt dles `lt actter ct wbct plg`t g` tbe

ljjsprg`m‗s ylutb pcre`ts flaagt frgae? tbe rgso lj trc`sagssgl` gs sgagicr ct dgjjer-e`t cmes. Fl`trcry tl predgftgl`s, persgste`t ljje`ders dl `lt èfesscrgiy bcve alrefrgag`ciiy cftgve fbgidre` tbc` splrcdgf ljje`ders, hut vglie`t ljje`ders dl spefgffif-ciiy trc`sagt vglie`t ljje`dg`m. Ljffifgci cme`fges cppecr tl tcrmet ljje`ders‗ fbgidreàlre c`d tberehy tbese fbgidre` bcve c bgmber rgso lj heg`m fl`vgfted, remcrdiess lj tbegr ievei lj ljje dg`m. Vuhseque`tiy, tbese fbgidre` cppecr tl g`frecse tbegr ljje`d-g`m cjter heg`m fl`vgfted. Mrlwg`m up g` c` e`vgrlàe t wgtb ac`y rgso jcftlrsjlr frgae seeas tl he c` gaplrtc`t expic`ctgl` jlr wby fbgidre` lj frgag`cis bcvec bgmber rgso tl flaagt frgae. Jg`ciiy, pcre`tci gaprgslàe`t g`frecses ljjsprg`mljje`dg`m g` E`mic`d, hut `lt g` tbe @etberic`ds. Tbgs fluid plssghiy he expicgèdhy tbe jcft tbct, flapcrctgveiy, Dutfb prgsl`s c`d pe`ci pligfy were aufb alre

buacè c`d igherci g` tbe pergld durg`m wbgfb lur suhkefts experge`fed pcre`tcigaprgslàe`t (374:-23).

Tbgs dgssertctgl` gs tbe ffirst study tl spefgffifciiy g`vestgmcte tbese aefbc`gsaslj g`termeèrctgl ci fl`tgùgty. Tbe study gs sfge tgffifciiy reievc t hefcuse lj gtshrecdtb, g`temrctgl` lj fl`vgftgl` dctc cs weii cs dctc l` seij-replrted ljje dg`m c`de`vgrlàe`tci rgso jcftlrs, gts flapcrctgve desgm` c`d tbe il`m perglds lver wbgfbtrc`sagssgl` gs g`vestgmcted. Jurtberalre, tbe dgssertctgl` bcs gaplrtc`t pligfy ga-pigfctgl`s. Gt deal`strctes blw pe`ci pligfy desgmèd tl redufe frgag`ci hebcvgluragmbt cftuciiy g`frecse tbgs hebcvglur g` tbe èxt meèrctgl`. Tbgs gs espefgciiy ga-plrtc`t sg`fe ]ester` flu`trges sufb cs tbe U`gted Og`mdla c`d tbe @etberic`dssblw c` g`frecsg`m tre`d tlwcrds alre pu`gtgve pligfges.

3:7



Cppe`dgx

Tchie 3; Cppe`dgx - Hcyesgc` G`jlractgl` Frgtergl` (HGF) Zciues per aldei-3 1 zerl trckeftlry, > 1 ct, 3 1 igècr, 8 1 qucdrctgf

Aldei Ilw @ HGF Bgmb @ HGF

E`mic`d Jctbers - `l. lj mrlups (cii qucdrctgf)6 -7:7.58 -72=.264 -7:5.88 -77>.8>5 -7=4.=> -3>>:.64Jctbers - lrder lj tbe trckeftlrges8 8 8 -7:7.58 -72=.26> 8 8 -7:6.=5 -7=2.=4-3 8 8 -7:7.58 -72=.26> > 8 -752.62 -7=>.>4

-3 > 8 -755.67 -7:5.62-3 > 3 -75:.64 -7:4.::

Tbe @etberic`dsJctbers - `l. lj mrlups (cii qucdrctgf)6 -724.82 -3>>8.574 -7=2.:6 -3>>6.:>5 -724.63 -3>35.76Jctbers - lrder lj tbe trckeftlrges8 8 8 -724.82 -3>>8.57> 8 8 -7=7.68 -774.6>-3 8 8 -7=2.27 -778.83

> > 8 -728.>3 -776.::-3 > 8 -7=7.>2 -727.>:

E`mic`d Vl`s - `l. lj mrlups (cii qucdrctgf)6 -4823.:8 -4877.224 -4832.>: -4848.7:5 -437:.2: -4882.4>: -48>7.:: -484=.25

Fl`tgùed l` èxt pcme

3=3



3=8 Cppe`dgx

Tchie 3 ‖ fl`tgùed jrla prevglus pcme

Aldei Ilw @ HGF Bgmb @ HGF

E`mic`d

Vl`s - lrder lj tbe trckeftlrges8 8 8 8 8 -437:.2: -4882.4>> 8 8 8 8 -4378.74 -4883.3:> 8 > 8 8 -432=.22 -4838.=2-3 8 > 8 8 -4843.45 -48:4.:7Tbe @etberic`dsVl`s - `l. lj mrlups (cii qucdrctgf)6 -3:43.7> -3::>.8>4 -3:6:.72 -3::3.765 -3:63.=2 -3::6.67: -3:67.83 -3:==.4=Vl`s - `l. lj mrlups (lè g`terfept-lìy mrlup)

6 -3::3.57 -3:=:.5:4 -3:66.26 -3:55.455 -3:8=.48 -3:55.=>: -3:6:.6= -3:=3.6>Vl`s - 4 mrlup aldeis - lrder lj tbe trckeftlrges8 8 8 8 -3:6:.72 -3::3.76> 8 8 8 -3:66.26 -3:55.45-3 8 8 8 -3:67.57 -3:57.55> 3 8 8 -3:67.42 -3:57.44> > 8 8 -3:43.=8 -3::>.>33 -3 8 8 -3:43.53 -3:57.23Vl`s - 6 mrlup aldeis - lrder lj tbe trckeftlrges8 8 8 -3:43.7> -3::>.8>> 8 8 -3::3.57 -3:=:.5:3 8 8 -3:54.35 -3:=>.=78 3 8 -3:67.44 -3:5:.>2



Vuhkeft G`dex

Cmepcre`tci fl`vgftgl`, 54pcre`tci gaprgslàe`t, 33:

Csslrtctgve actg`m, =‖2Hetere Vtcrt - Hetter Hemg``g`ms, 34:HGF - Hcyesgc` G`jlractgl` Frgtergl`,

8=‖82, :4Hglilmgfci aefbc`gsas, see cisl Meètgf

aefbc`gsas, :‖=, 36:HIXT - Hlltstrcp Igoeigblld Xctgl

Test, 8=‖82

Fcahrgdme Vtudy g` Deig`que tDeveilpae`t

desfrgptgl`, 36

Flm`gtgve jrcaewlros, 342Fl`vgftgl` rcte, 4:‖4=Fl`vgftgl` trckeftlrges, 57‖2>FX rctgl, Fl`vgftgl` rcte rctgl, 47Frgtgfci pergld, see Ve`sgtgve pergld

Dcro ùaher, 6:Deffi`gtgl`s

Cmmressgl`, 6Frgae, 8‖6G`termeèrctgl`ci trc`sagssgl`, 8Zglie`fe, 6

E`mic`d c`d ]ciespligfy, 3>:‖3>=, 388‖386

MEE - Meèrcigzed Estgactg`mEquctgl`s, 3:‖3=

Me`der, 5:pcre`tci gaprgslàe`t, 335

Meètgf aefbc`gsas, see cisl Hglilmgfciaefbc`gsas, :‖=, 36:

Mrlup-Hcsed Trckeftlry Aldeiig`m, 57,:6‖:5

G`tercftgl ci tbelry lj g`termeèrctgl`citrc`sagssgl , 2‖7

Icheiig`m tbelry, 28, 24‖25IFC - Icte`t Ficss C`ciysgs, 8:‖82,

64‖65

Aefbc`gsas, 6csslrtctgve actg`m, see Csslrtctgve

actg`mhglilmgfci aefbc`gsas, see

Hglilmgfci aefbc`gsasmeètgf aefbc`gsas, see Meètgf

aefbc`gsasljffifgci hgcs, see Ljffifgci hgcsrgso jcftlrs, see Xgso jcftlrsslfgci iecr`g`m, see Vlfgci iecr`g`m

Aetbldlilmy, 38‖3=

@cturci expergae`t, 346‖344

Ljffifgci hgcs, =, 23‖3>6, 36:‖362Lutigè lj dgssertctgl`, 7

^cre`tci gaprgslàe`t, 3>5‖38=,36:‖362

^lpuictgl` beterlmeègty, 43‖48

Xesecrfb questgl`s lj dgssertctgl`, 7‖38Xgso jcftlrs, 4‖5, 43, 42, 38>‖383

VCHGF - Vcapie sgze Cdkusted Hcyesgc`G`jlractgl` Frgtergl`,8=‖82

Veij-replrted ljje`dg`m, 2:‖27Ve`sgtgve pergld, 48‖46Vlfgci iecr`g`m, :, 88‖86, 4>‖43Vpefgcigsctgl` g` vglie`fe, 8>‖83Vtcte depe`de`fy, 43‖48Vtereltypes, 342

Tbe @etberic`dspligfy, 3>:‖3>=, 388‖386

Trc`sffive Vtudydesfrgptgl`, 36‖34

3=6



Cutblr G`dex

Cdier, A. K., 8, 3:8Cehg, A., 357Cmèw, X., 46, 353

Cmrestg, C., 8>, 353Cmrestg, H. J., 8>, 353Cgoe`, I. V., 73, 353Coers, X. I., 36:, 353Cactl, ^. X., 3>7, 353Caiu`d-Bcme`, O., 46, 3:8C`c`tb, F. Z., 3:, 353Cpei, X., 3, 3:=Csausse`, I., 46, 3:>Cspcrlublv, T., 3:6Cvcocae, E. J., 3, 37, 353

Hcgiey, K. C., 8, 353Hc`durc, C., :, 88, 86, 4>, 353Hcrès, M. F., 3, 35, 6:, 4=, ==, 384,

348, 35:Hcrl`, X. C., 342, 353Hcrl`, X. A., 5, 33>, 358Hcrteis, A., 352Hefoer, B. V., 28, 358Hefoerac`, C., 333, 358Hegfbèr, D., 26, 3>8, 3::Heii, X. S., 34>, 344, 358

Heisoy, K., 34>, 344, 358He`der, D., 86, 3:3Hero, I. E., 48, 358Her`hurm, K. M., 28, 25, 36=, 358Heseaer, V., 46, 44, 4:, 53, 5=, 358Heskes, M., 3, 358Hgkieveid, F. F. K. B., 3, 88, 6:, 46, 5=,

:>, ==, =2, 3>:, 3>=, 3>7, 366,358, 355, 352, 357, 3:5, 3:=

Hgsblp, D. A., 26, 24, 3>3, 358Hicfo, D. V., :, 88, 86, 358Hic`de`, K., 5=, 386, 356

Hiesoe, C., 3:>Higeseèr, T., 86, 3:3

Hiloic`d, C. C. K., 5=, :>, 28, 385, 38:,356, 3:8, 3:6, 3:=, 3:2

Hil`gme`, D. A., 88, 356

Hilla, H., 3>2, 333, 356Hiuasteg`, C., 3>, 34, 8>, :>, 25, 386,356, 3:4

Hlgvg`, A., 356Hlr`steg`, A. B., 48, 356Hlufbcrd, T. K., 88, 356Hlufbcrd Kr, T., 352Hlujjcrd, K. C., 8>, 356Hlujjcrd, I. C., 8>, 356Hlwihy, K., 3>2, 333, 356Hlwies, V., 8, 356Hrcgtbwcgte, K., 386, 356Hrcae, X., 8>, 3:3, 3:4Hree`, X., 5=, 386, 356Hre`dme`, A., :, 356Hre``c`, ^. C., :, 86, 356, 3:4Hre``c`, ^. O., 24, 356Hrgdmes, M. V., 24, 356Huoctol, D., 48, 356Huroe, K. D., 34>, 3:4Hursgo, X. K., :5, 356Husbwcy, V. D., :6, 354Hyrè, D., 342, 353

Fcdlret, X. K., :, 354Fcpcidg, D. A., 3, 8, 8>, 88‖85, 4=, 5:,

333, 344, 345, 354, 357Fcspg, C., 3, =, 354, 357, 3:>, 3:8Fctcic`l, X. J., 354, 35:, 357Fcudy, A. V., 8>, 3::Fbcpdeicgè, C., 3:, 354Fbcpig`, X., 3, 354Fbrgstgc`se`, O. L., 86, 354Flbe`, K. A., 3>, 84, 356, 354

Flgd, K. ]., 35:Flapcs, H. E., 46, 354

3=5



3=: Cutblr G`dex

Fl`mer, X. D., 3, 37, 83, 25, 354, 3:5,3::

Fl``lr-Vagtb, K. O., 46, 354Fllperac`, K. C., 3:5Frcgm, G. ]., 354, 3:>Fressey, D. X., :, 43, 3::Frgfo, @. X., 86, 65, 354Frutfbffieid, X. D., 24, 356Fuoger, ]., 3:, 354

Dcebier, A. ]., 48, 356Dciy, O., 26, 354Dcy, V., 3>:, 3:5de Mrccj, @. D., 43, 3:=De Beer-de Ic`me, @., 3, 35, 357Dec`, F. ]., 8>, 3:3, 3:4

De Fcstrl, H. L., 34=, 354DeMcral, D., 88, 354De Ig, V., 25, 355Deigsg, A., 8>, 3:2Deros, E. A., 352Devlr, E., :, 354DgIciic, I. J., :, 86, 344, 355Dg`lvgtzer, X., 3>=‖3>7, 352Dgl`è, M., 356Dgrozwcmer, C., 3>=, 3:>Dgxl`, K., 386, 355Dldme, O. C., 86, 65, 354, 357

Dlwès, D., 36, 3>:, 3>=, 386, 355D‗U`mer, C. Z., 8=, :4, =2, 355

Efoe`rlde, K., 44, 4:, 355Efoert, E., 352Eddy, K. A., 3>2, 3>7, 355, 3:>Edwcrdes, A. D. d., 3:, 352Emmiestl`, E. ^., :4, =2, 355Egse`, V., 3:5Eiigltt, D. V., 2=, 352E`ders, F. O., 82, 3::E`meis, X. F., 3, 3:6

Erl`, I. D., 83, 352Esseisty`, T. F., 333, 35=Ezg`mc, A. C., 3>7‖333, 385, 355

Jcrrg`mtl`, D. ^., 3, 6‖2, 3>, 36‖35,37‖83, 86‖85, 65‖6=, 4>, 46,4:‖42, 53, 5:, 5=, :>, :3, :2,==, 23‖27, 74, 3>3, 3>:‖333,38>, 386, 384, 362, 367, 348,345‖34=, 358, 355‖35=, 357,3:3‖3::, 3:2

Jegse, X., 343, 35=

Jeisl`, X. H., 83, 86, 35=Jermusl`, T., ==, 35=

Jermussl`, D. A., :>, 35=Jgdeii, I. V., 42, 3::Jgeid, C., :5, 73, 35=Jg`èmc`, T. C., 35:Jgsber, M., 6:, =2, 35=Jgsbac , V. B., 333, 35=Jgte, ^. K., 34>, 3:4Jictiey, K., 3, 354Jigmeistlè, X., 8>, 35=, 3::Jlrmctfb, A., 88, 354Jlrrester, K. E., 3:, 352Jrc`fgs, H., 8>, 8=, 64, 65, 35=, 3::Jrcò, Z., 356Jrczger, F. E., 26, 24, 3>3, 358Jreeac`-Mciic`t, C., 3, 3::Jrgfo, ^. K., :, 3:3

Jrgedac`, V., 333, 35=Jue`tes, C. G., 24, 3:2

Mchei, V., 333, 35=Mcalrc`, C., 8, 35=Mcrhcrg`l, K., 46, 35=Mcric`d, D. ]., 38:, 347, 35=Mcrtreii, K. ]., 42, 3:>Meistblrpe, I., 6:, 348, 352Mghsl`, B. H., 2=, 35=Mgiigçrl`, M., 346, 357Mg`tgs, B., 8, 356

Mglrdc`l, ^. F., 3, 37, 67, 57, 23, 36:,362, 34>, 35=Mgrcrd, C., 356Mlidherm, K., 3:5Mlldac`, I. C., :5, 35=Mlldac`, V. B., 46, 35=Mlrac`-Vagtb, D., 3, ==, 35=Mltigh, G. B., 46, 35=Mlttesac`, G. G., :, 86, 344, 355Mlttjredsl`, A. X., 88, 43, 35=, 352Mree`, D. C., 386, 35=, 352Mremm, ., 5=, 356

Mrlve, ]., :, 352Mu`dry, M., 83, 35:

Bccpcè`, X., 3:4Bcherac`, V. K., :5, 352Bcmc`, K., 26, 24, 3>=‖3>7, 352Bcgrstl`, F. J., 333, 352Bca, A., 46, 3:>Bcìey, K. C., 3:, 352Bcriey, H., 48, 352Bcrètt, I., 35:Bcrrg`mtl`, D. ^., 3:, 3:>

Bcrrgs, K. X., 34>, 345, 352Bcrt`cmei, T. J., 42, 3:>



Cutblr G`dex 3==

Bcwog`s, K. D., 8, 353, 354, 35:, 357Bcy, D. C., :>, 3:=Becrlid, V., 88, 352Bedderac`, F., 6:, 348, 352Be`dersl`, F. X., 355Be`ry, D. H., 3, 35=Be`ry, V., :, 3:>Berhers, K. E., 8, 3:5Berr`steg`, X. K., 8, 3:2Bestl`, I., 352Bgfos, H. A., 88, 356Bgii, O. M., 8, 353, 35:, 352, 357Bg`deic`m, A. K., 2=, 352Bgrsfbg, T., 88, 43, 2=, 3>2, 35=, 352Bgssei, V. F. E. A., 3>7, 362, 355, 352Blrwlld, I. K., :>, 35=

Budzgco, K., :, 352Buesac``, I. X., 83, 86, 352Bugzg`mc, D. B., 24, 2=, 352Burt, O. H., 8, 3:5Busfbeo, D., 357

Gcfl`l, ]. M., 88, 356Glvc` g, I., 28, 3:4Greic`d, T. L., 4>, 46, 44, 4:, 55, 357,

3::

Kcjjee, V. X., 3, =, 3>7, 357

Kc`sl`, F.-M., 3:8 Ke`se`, ^. V., 3:> Kel`m Oga, O., 3, 354 Klb`sl`, H. T., 342, 353 Klb`sl`, F., 3:5 Klb`sl`, K. D., 24, 3:> Klb`stl`, D., 333, 357 Kliigjje, D., 3, 24, 2=, 3>>, 35:, 357 Klès, H. I., :6, 357 Kuhy, B., 3>7, 357 Ku`mer, A., 2=, 357 Ku`mer-Tcs, K., 3>>, 3>3, 357

Ocga-Fcudie, ^. X., 386, 357Ocih, I. A., 3, 35:Ocigdge`, V. @., 3, 35, 357Ociauss, D., 88, 357Oc`dei, E., 86, 3:3Oczdg`, C. E., 4, 6=, 5=, 34:, 357, 3:>Oeap, X. C. d., 3, 3:6Oe``l`, V., 46, 3:8Oe``y, D. C., 5, 33>, 358Oerr, D. F., 3, 357Oessier, X. F., 4, 357, 3:>

Ogiigcs, A., 346, 357Oga, B. O., 3, 357

Oga-Flbe`, K., =, 3:>Ogssig`m, G., 346, 357Ogtzac`, B., 355Okeiistrc`d, K. A., 3>7, 3:>O`gmbt, O. E., 352Oùdse`, E. G., 48, 3:>Olool, O., 83, 86, 3:>Olsterac , X., 35:, 357Orceaer, B. F., 4, 357, 3:>Orcb`, B., 42, 3:>Orlb`, A. D., 3, 4, 2, :6, 28, 25, 365,

36=, 358, 354, 3::Oruemer, X. J., 88, 356, 3:>Oruttsfb`gtt, F., 3>=, 352, 3:>Oupjer, D. K., 4, 357, 3:>

Icgrd, @. A., 3:, 3:>Icahert, V., 3, 35, 6:, 4=, ==, 384, 348,

35:Ic`d, O. F., 8=, :>, =7, 355, 3:6Ic`ger, A. A., :, 3:>Ic`soey, F., 3:3Icrsl`, X., 46, 3:>Icuh, K. B., 4:, :4, :2, 28, 3>>, 384,

355, 3:5Iejolwgtz, A. A., 83, 352Ieblux, ^. A., 3:5Iegher, A. K., 24, 3:>

Ieaert, E. A., 6:, 48, 28, 3>2, 3:>Ie`èherm, E. B., 48, 3:>Ieve, I. D., :, 354Ievy, J., :>, 3:=Igc`m, O.-W., 3:, 3=, 3:>, 3:2Igejhrler, C. F., 8, 3:>Igpsgtz, V. X., 3:, 3:>Igzltte, C. K., 3, 3::Ileher, X., 3, 84, 42, 2=, 3>:, 383,

35:‖352, 3:3Ilebig`, K. F., 88, 356Iúsei, J., 86, 65, 34:, 3:3

Ilvemrlve, ^. K., 3, 352, 3::Iyooe`, D. T., 352Iyl`s, A., 3:5

Acfbg , V., 5=, 356Acmugre, A., 6:, =2, 3:3Acrfy yszy`, I. C., 355Acrosl`, I., 3:3Acrsbcii, G. B., 3>>, 3>3, 357Acrtg`, K., 354Acsl`, D. C., :, 3:3Acste`, C. V., 8, 3:5

Acxffieid, A. M., 2=, 3:3Aczerliie, ^., 8>, 3:3, 3:4



3=2 Cutblr G`dex

AfCrc, I., 25, 3>8, 3:3AfFcii, ^. I., 8=, 355AfFicy, K., 354AfFlrd, K., 83, 88, 65, 3:3AfFutfbel`, C. I., 3=, 8>, 8:, 3:3AfMilg`, K. A., 8>, 3:3, 3::AfIc`cbc , V., 3>7, 3:5AfZge, V., 25, 3>8, 3:3Aed`gfo, H. X., :, 356Aed`gfo, V. C., :, 86, 356, 3:3, 3:4Aessèr, V. J., 42, 3:8Agfbcei, K., 8, 3:8Agfoiewrgmbt, K., 347, 3:8Agii, K., 354Agtfbeii, L., 26, 24, 3:8Aljffitt, T. E., 3, :‖2, 46, 5:, :>, :2, ==,

354, 357‖3:6Alrrgs, ^., 386, 3:8Alrrgsl`, V., 2=, 35=Aujtgf, I. X., 8>, 356Auivey, E. ^., 3:4Aurrcy, K., 4, 46, 53, 28, 24, 3>:, 3>=,

3>7‖338, 384, 36=, 362, 347,358, 3:8

Aurrcy, I., 3>7‖333, 362, 3:8Austerd, V., 5=, 386, 3:8Autbç`, H. L., 8:, 3:8, 3:6Autbç`, I. O., 8:, 3:8

Ayers, H. K., 46, 333, 3:8

@cmg`, D. V., 33, 3=, 8=, 43, 57‖:3, :6,:4, ::, =2, =7, 385, 356, 355,35=, 357, 3:6, 3:4

@ecpligtc`, K. I., 42, 3:6@emcssc, C., 3:, 352@eisl`, K. J., 24, 3:6@eppi, T., 3, 354@ewflahe, X., 3:>@geuwheertc, ^., 3, 43, :>, 385, 38:,

356, 3:6, 3:=, 3:2

@gkblj, O. V., 3, 3:6@yiu`d, O. I., 3:6

Lhrcdlvgf, K., 8, 3:5Lesterie, V., 8, 353Ljjlrd, D. X., 4, 357, 3:>Lise`, X. J., 4, 3:8Liweus, D., :, 83, 86, 3:6Lragstl`, 387, 34:, 3:6Lshlr`, V. M., 83, 65, 28, 35:, 3:6Lsmlld, D. ]., 8>, 6=, 348, 3:6Lwe`, I. D., 3, 8, 354, 357

^cg`ter, O. C., 42, 27, 38>, 35:

^ciil`g, C., 24, 352^crdg`g, D. C., 34>, 344, 3:4^cter`lster, X., 8>, 43, 28, 3:3, 3:6, 3:4^ctrgfo, F. K., 88, 356^cttersl`, M. X., 8, 8>, 88‖85, 34>, 344,

354, 3:4êcrs, O. F., 3, 8, 354, 357ê`ffieid, ]., 48, 3:4êrèmer, T. Z., 343, 3:4^çrusse, 356êters, ^. I., 3:5êtersgigc, K., 24, 3:4^gquerl, C. X., 34, 8>, 86‖85, :>, :4,

=>, =7, 25, 386, 3:3, 3:4, 3::îctt, X. ]., 3:, 353^rctt, T. F., 8>, 26, 3:4, 3::, 3:2

^rugtt, F. X., 26, 3:4ûmb, M., 3:3ûioogè`, I., 83, 86, 3:>ût`ca, J. ]., 44, 3:4

Xcgè, C., :, 86, 356, 3:4Xcòg`, K. B., 3>7, 3:=Xcy, K. Z., 8>, 3::Xegd, K. H., 3>2, 355Xegss, C. K., :, 3:4Xesecrfb Deveilpae`t c`d Vtctgstgfs

Dgreftlrcte, 35, 8=, 63, 3:5

Xettew, D. F., 352Xbee, V. B., :, 3:5, 3:=Xghecud, D., 357Xgetveid, A. K. B., 352Xgverc, F. K., 28, 358Xlherts, I., 48, 3:4Xlhg`s, I. @., 4=, 5:, 333, 3:5Xleder, O., :6, 357Xlss, V., 6:, =2, 35=Xltb, K. C., 3>, 356Xlwe, D. F., 3, :3, ==, 3:5Xugter, V., 43, 3:=

Xutter, A., =, 46, 357, 3:8, 3:5, 3::

Vcitzac`, B., 46, 354Vcapsl`, X. K., 4:, :4, :2, 28, 3>>, 384,

355, 3:5Vcvgtz, D. C., 3:, 353Vfcrcaeiic, I. Z., 3, 25, 354, 3::Vfbagdt, I., 2=, 35:Vfbrefo, F. K., 8>, 6=, 348, 3:6Vfbwcrtzac`, C. E., 3:5Vfltt, K. ^., 48, 3:5Vecilfo, A. D., 26, 24, 3>3, 3:5

Vemci, @., 352Veoli, G., 4, 3>7, 3:8



Cutblr G`dex 3=7

Verhg`, I. C., 8, 3:5Vbcjjer, C., 8, 3:5Vbcroey, ^., 8, 3:5Vberac`, I. ]., 6:, 28, 3>2, 3:5Vbg`diedefoer, X., 333, 35=Vgmie-Xusbtl`, ]., 3>7, 3:5Vgivc, ^. C., =, 3:>, 3:8Vgal`s, X. I., 25, 3:5, 3::Vgapsl`, V. V., 26, 24, 3>3, 3:5Vocrdbcacr, T., =7, 3:5Vilthlla, C.-A., 3>:, 3>7, 355, 3:5Viutsoe, ]., :3, 3:5Vacrsb, T. A., 46, 3:8Vagtb, F. C., 3, 4>, 44, 4:, 55, 357, 3::Vagtb, E., 355Vagtb, O., 3, 354

V`yder, B. @., 35:Vlil`, M., 8, 3::Vlltbgii, O., 8>, 35=, 3::Vlterglu, @., 35:Vluzc, O. C., 3:3Vplb`, F., 26, 24, 3>8, 356, 3::Vrluje, I. C., 46, 3::Vtcfo, D. A., 3:5Vtcfo, V. C., :, 3:3Vteg`bcrt, D., 3>2, 333, 356Vtewcrt, E. C., 25, 3::Vtgfe, E., 4, 3:>

Vtlutbcaer-Ileher, A., 3, 84, 2=, 35:,3:3

Vtugjherme`, K. C., 358Vuiigvc`, F. K., 8>, 6=, 348, 3:3, 3::Vussac`, V., :, 358Vutberic d, E. B., :, 43, 3::

Tchcfb`gfo, H. M., 42, 3::Tcyilr, C., 3, 357, 3:>Tbelhcid, D., 4:, :2, 28, 384, 3:8, 3::Tblase`, C. B., 46, 354Tblr`herry, T. ^., 3, 4, 2, 37, 4>, 43,

44, 4:, 42, 55, :3, :6, ==,383, 365, 354, 352, 357, 3::

Tlffimbg, D., 82, 3::Tlic`, ^. B., 3, 35=Tliie`ccr, @., 38:, 3:2Tl`ry, A., 3>=, 366, 3:=Treahicy, X. E., 6, =2, =7, 3:6, 3:=True, ]., 3:5Tsuc`m, A., 3:5Turèr, X., 35:

U`mer, K. H., :, 358

U`gted @ctgl`s Meèrci Csseahiy, 34=,3:=

Zc` Hegksterveidt, F., 352Zc` de Xcot, A. M., 3, 43, 4:, 5=, :3,

=7, 2>, 346, 3:=Zc` der Meest, Z. X., 46, 5=, :>, :6, 28,

3>>, 36=, 34=, 358, 3:=Zc` der ]erjj, F., 344, 3:=Zc` Mccie`, X., 3, 358Zc` Mgeze`, C., 3>:, 3:5Zc` Ocaae`, ]. H., 84, 2=, 35:, 3:3Zc` Vwcc`g`me`, X., 36, 3>:, 3>=, 386,

355Zerhrumme`, K., 5=, 34=, 3:=Zgiiettcz, ^., 346, 357

Zgsber, F. C., 3>, 356Zl`drc, K., 34>, 344, 358

]cdswlrtb, A. E., 46, 386, 354, 3:=]cider, I. L., 83, 352]cidac`, G. D., :, :>, 3:5, 3:=]ciasiey, X., 3>5, 3:=]c`m, ]., 48, 352]crr, A., 46, 3>2, 3:=]ehster-Vtrcttl`, F., 34:, 3:=]egier, H. I., 2=, 3:3]egss, K. M., 2=, 352

]eiis, I. E., 3>7, 3:=]eisb, H. F., 6=, 5=, 386, 34:, 35=]eragò, B. T., 38:, 3:2]est, D. K., :, =, 36, 83, 65, 5=, ==, 28,

25, 2=, 74, 35:, 35=, 3:6, 3:2]est, V. M., 73, 353]gdla, F. V., 2=, 3:3]ge`tkes, K. C., 3, 3:6]gesèr, A., :>, 3:2]gkoac`, A., 3, 88, ==, 366, 358]giigcas, H., 3:>]gisl`, B., ==, 3:2

]gisl`, K. S., 8, 26, 3:4, 3:2]g`die, A., :>, 3:2]rgmbt, O. C., 8>, 356, 3:2]u, H., 24, 3:2]u, F.-g., 3:5

Wc`m, F.-F., 82, 3:2Wlu`m, K., 347, 3:2

[edèr, I., 3, 3:2[emer, V. I., 3:, 3=, 3:>, 3:2[geig`sog, D., 355



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besemer 2012 - intergenerational transmission of criminal and violent behaviour - ebook

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