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Best Available Techniques (BAT)

Reference Document for Waste

Treatment

Industrial Emissions Directive

2010/75/EU

(Integrated Pollution

Prevention and Control)

Antoine Pinasseau, Benoit Zerger,

Joze Roth, Michele Canova,

Serge Roudier

2018

EUR 29362-EN

Best Available Techniques (BAT) Reference Document for

Waste Treatment

Industrial Emissions Directive 2010/75/EU

Integrated Pollution Prevention and control

Authors:

Antoine Pinasseau

Benoit Zerger

Joze Roth

Michele Canova

Serge Roudier

2018

EUR 29362 EN

This publication is a Science for Policy report by the Joint Research Centre (JRC), the European

Commissions science and knowledge service. It aims to provide evidence-based scientific support to

the European policymaking process. The scientific output expressed does not imply a policy position of

the European Commission. Neither the European Commission nor any person acting on behalf of the

Commission is responsible for the use that might be made of this publication.

Contact information

Name: European IPPC Bureau

Address: Joint Research Centre, Edificio Expo c/ Inca Garcilaso 3, E-41902 Seville, Spain

Email: [email protected]

Tel.: + 34 95 4488 284

JRC Science Hub

https://ec.europa.eu/jrc

JRC113018

EUR 29362 EN

PDF ISBN 978-92-79-94038-5 ISSN 1831-9424 doi:10.2760/407967

Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union, 2018

European Union, 2018

AbstractThe Best Available Techniques (BAT) Reference Document for Waste Treatment is the result of the

information exchange since the kick-off meeting which was held from 25 to 28 November 2013. The

information collection took place in 2014 and 2015 and the final meeting took place in March 2017. The

document includes information on the following waste treatment processes:

- Mechanical treatment in shredders of metal waste

- Mechanical treatment of VFCs and VHCs containing equipment

- Mechanical treatment of waste with calorific value

- Aerobic treatment of waste

- Anaerobic treatment of waste

- Mechanical-Biological treatment of waste (MBT)

- Physico-chemical treatment of solid and pasty waste

- Re-refining of waste oil

- Physico-chemical treatment of waste with calorific value

- Regeneration of spent solvents

- Physico-chemical and/or biological treatment of water-based liquid waste

- Regeneration / recovery of pollution abatement components / Flue-Gas Treatment (FGT) of waste

- Recovery of components from spent catalysts

- Treatment of excavated contaminated soil

- Treatment of POPs-containing waste

- Treatment of mercury-containing waste

Legal Notice

Under the Commission Decision of 12 December 2011 on the Re-use of Commission Documents

(2011/833/EU), the present BREF document is subject to free re-use, except for parts covered by any

third-party rights which may be present in the document (such as images, tables, data, written material,

or similar, the rights to which need to be acquired separately from their respective rights-holders for

further use). The European Commission is not liable for any consequence stemming from the re-use of

this publication. Any re-use is subject to the acknowledgement of the source and non-distortion of the

original meaning or message.

How to cite this report: Antoine Pinasseau, Benoit Zerger, Joze Roth, Michele Canova, Serge Roudier; Best Available Techniques (BAT) Reference Document for Waste treatment Industrial Emissions

Directive 2010/75/EU (Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control); EUR 29362 EN; Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg, 2018; ISBN 978-92-79-94038-5, doi:10.2760/407967, JRC113018

All images European Union 2018, except: Cover picture credits from left to right1.jrgen flchle fotolia.com Jrgen Flchle; 2.waste pile fotolia.com Gudellaphoto; 3.murdocksimagestanks sludge digester storage dry biogas equipment fotolia.com murdocksimages;4. tanks sludge digester storage dry biogas equipment fotolia.com sauletas;

Title Best Available Techniques (BAT) Reference Document for Waste Treatment

Acknowledgements

This report was produced by the European Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control Bureau

(EIPPCB) at the European Commission's Joint Research Centre Directorate B: Growth and

Innovation under the supervision of Serge Roudier (Head of the EIPPCB) and Luis Delgado

Sancho (Head of the Circular Economy and Industrial Leadership Unit).

The authors of this BREF were Mr Antoine Pinasseau, Mr Benoit Zerger, Mr Joze Roth, Mr Michele Canova and Mr Serge Roudier

This report was drawn up in the framework of the implementation of the Industrial Emissions

Directive (2010/75/EU) and is the result of the exchange of information provided for in Article

13 of the Directive.

Major contributors of information were:

among EU Member States: Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany,

Ireland, Italy, the Netherlands, Spain, Sweden, and the United Kingdom;

among industry: EBA (European Biogas Association), ECN (European Compost

Network), EuRIC (European Recycling Industries' Confederation), EUCOPRO

(European Association for Co-processing), EURITS (EU for Responsible Incineration

and Treatment of Special Waste), FEAD (European Federation of Waste Management

and Environmental Services), HWE (Hazardous Waste Europe), MWE (Municipal

Waste Europe);

among environmental Non-Governmental Organisations: EEB (European

Environmental Bureau).

Other contributors to the review process were Czech Republic, Poland, Portugal, Romania,

Norway, CEFIC, CEMBUREAU, CEPI, CEWEP, EERA, ERFO, ESRG, ESWET,

EURELECTRIC, EUROFER, EUROMETAUX, GEIR and ORGALIME.

The whole EIPPCB team provided contributions and peer reviewing.

This report was edited by Ms Anna Atkinson and formatted by Mr Rick Nowfer.

This document is one from the series of foreseen documents listed below (at the time of writing,

not all documents have been drafted):

Reference Document on Best Available Techniques (BREF) Code

Ceramic Manufacturing Industry CER

Common Waste Water and Waste Gas Treatment/Management Systems in the Chemical

Sector CWW

Common Waste Gas Treatment in the Chemical Sector WGC

Emissions from Storage EFS

Energy Efficiency ENE

Ferrous Metals Processing Industry FMP

Food, Drink and Milk Industries FDM

Industrial Cooling Systems ICS

Intensive Rearing of Poultry and Pigs IRPP

Iron and Steel Production IS

Large Combustion Plants LCP

Large Volume Inorganic Chemicals Ammonia, Acids and Fertilisers Industries LVIC-

AAF

Large Volume Inorganic Chemicals Solids and Others Industry LVIC-S

Large Volume Organic Chemical Industry LVOC

Management of Tailings and Waste-rock in Mining Activities MTWR

Manufacture of Glass GLS

Manufacture of Organic Fine Chemicals OFC

Non-ferrous Metals Industries NFM

Production of Cement, Lime and Magnesium Oxide CLM

Production of Chlor-alkali CAK

Production of Polymers POL

Pulp and Paper Industry PP

Production of Speciality Inorganic Chemicals SIC

Refining of Mineral Oil and Gas REF

Slaughterhouses and Animals By-products Industries SA

Smitheries and Foundries Industry SF

Surface Treatment of Metals and Plastics STM

Surface Treatment Using Organic Solvents (including Wood and Wood Products

Preservation with Chemicals) STS

Tanning of Hides and Skins TAN

Textiles Industry TXT

Waste Incineration WI

Waste Treatment WT

Wood-based Panels Production WBP

Reference Document (REF)

Economics and Cross-media Effects ECM

Monitoring of Emissions to Air and Water from IED Installations ROM

Electronic versions of draft and finalised documents are publicly available and can be

downloaded from http://eippcb.jrc.ec.europa.eu

Preface

Waste Treatment i

PREFACE

1. Status of this document

Unless otherwise stated, references to the Directive in this document refer to Directive

2010/75/EU of the European Parliament and the Council on industrial emissions (integrated

pollution prevention and control) (Recast).

The original best available techniques (BAT) reference document (BREF) on Waste Treatment

was adopted by the European Commission in 2006. This document is the result of a review of

that BREF. The review commenced in June 2013.

This BAT reference document for Waste Treatment forms part of a series presenting the results

of an exchange of information between EU Member States, the industries concerned, non-

governmental organisations promoting environmental protection and the Commission, to draw

up, review, and where necessary, update BAT reference documents as required by Article 13(1)

of the Directive. This document is published by the European Commission pursuant to Article 13(6) of the Directive.

As set out in Article 13(5) of the Directive, the Commission Implementing Decision (EU)

2018/1147 on the BAT conclusions contained in Chapter 6 was adopted on 10.8.2018 and

published on 17.8.20181.

2. Participants in the information exchange

As required in Article 13(3) of the Directive, the Commission has established a forum to

promote the exchange of information, which is composed of representatives from Member

States, the industries concerned and non-governmental organisations promoting environmental

protection (Commission Decision of 16 May 2011 establishing a forum for the exchange of

information pursuant to Article 13 of the Directive 2010/75/EU on industrial emissions (2011/C

146/03), OJ C 146, 17.05.2011, p. 3).

Forum members have nominated technical experts constituting the technical working group

(TWG) that was the main source of information for drafting this document. The work of the

TWG was led by the European IPPC Bureau (of the Commission's Joint Research Centre).

3. Structure and contents of this document

General information

Chapter 1 provides general information on the waste treatment sector.

For the sake of clarity, the waste treatment sector has been divided into four chapters, each split

into several sections as shown below.

1 OJ L 208, 17.8.2018, p. 38.

Preface

ii Waste Treatment

Structure and content of Chapters 2 to 5

Chapter

number Item Section number Item

Chapter 2

Processes and techniques

commonly used for waste

treatment

This chapter deals with common process steps such as

reception, storage, handling, blending and mixing, cleaning

and washing. This chapter also gives information about the

data collection used to review this document as well as an

overview of the emissions encountered across the sector.

Finally, it addresses the techniques to consider in the

determination of BAT for the processes commonly found in

the waste treatment sector.

Chapter 3 Mechanical treatment of

waste

Section 3.1 Mechanical treatment in

shredders of metal waste

Section 3.2

Treatment of WEEE

containing VFCs and/or

VHCs

Section 3.3 Mechanical treatment of

waste with calorific value

Chapter 4 Biological treatment of

waste

Section 4.1 Overview of the different

biological treatments of waste

Section 4.2 Aerobic treatment

(including composting)

Section 4.3 Anaerobic treatment

(or anaerobic digestion (AD))

Section 4.4 Mechanical biological

treatment (MBT)

Section 4.5

As the three processes

addressed in Chapter 4

(aerobic treatment, AD and

MBT) have many

commonalities, this section

deals with all techniques to

consider in the determination

of BAT for the biological

treatments.

Chapter 5

Physico-chemical treatment

(PCT)

of waste

Section 5.1 PCT of solid and/or pasty

waste

Section 5.2 Re-refining of waste oil

Section 5.3 PCT of waste

with calorific value

Section 5.4 Regeneration of spent

solvents

Section 5.5

Regeneration/recovery of

pollution abatement

components / FGT residues

Section 5.6 Treatment of excavated

contaminated soil

Section 5.7 Treatment of water-based

liquid waste

Section 5.8

Treatment of waste containing

POPs or mercury and of other

waste

Applied processes and techniques

General information on the industrial processes and techniques used within the sector are

provided as shown below.

Preface

Waste Treatment iii

Structure of general information on processes and techniques

Treatment type Section number

Processes and techniques commonly used for

waste treatment Section 2.1

Mechanical treatment of waste Sections 3.1.1, 3.2.1 and 3.3.2

Biological treatment of waste Sections 4.2.1, 4.3.1 and 4.4.1

Physico-chemical treatment (PCT) of waste

PCT of solid and/or pasty waste: Section 5.1.2

Re-refining of waste oil: Section 5.2.1

PCT of waste with calorific value: Section 5.3.2

Regeneration of spent solvents: Section 5.4.1

Regeneration/recovery of pollution abatement

components / FGT residues: Section 5.5.1

Treatment of excavated contaminated soil: Section 5.6.1

Treatment of water-based liquid waste: Section 5.7.1

Treatment of POP-containing waste: Section 5.8.1.1

Treatment of mercury-containing waste: Section 5.8.2.1

Other PCT treatments: Sections 5.8.3, 5.8.4, 5.8.5 and

5.8.6

Current emission and consumption levels

Data and information concerning the environmental performance of plants within the sector, and

in operation at the time of writing, in terms of current emissions, consumption and nature of raw

materials, water usage, and use of energy, are provided as shown below.

Structure of data and information concerning current emission and consumption levels


Processes and techniques commonly used for

waste treatment Section 2.2


Biological treatment of waste Sections 4.2.2, 4.3.2 and 4.4.1.1.2







components / FGT residues: Section 5.5.2





Techniques to consider in the determination of BAT

Techniques to prevent or, where this is not practicable, to reduce the emissions from plants in

this sector that were considered in determining the BAT are presented in more detail as shown

below. This information includes, where relevant, the environmental performance levels (e.g.

emission and consumption levels) that can be achieved by using the techniques, the associated

monitoring and the costs and the cross-media issues associated with the techniques.

Preface

iv Waste Treatment

Structure of techniques to consider in the determination of BAT


Processes and techniques commonly

used for waste treatments Section 2.3


Biological treatment of waste

All types of biological treatments: Section 4.5.1

Aerobic treatment of waste: Section 4.5.2

Anaerobic treatment of waste: Section 4.5.3

Mechanical biological treatment: Section 4.5.4







components / FGT residues: Sections 5.5.3 and 5.5.4





Best available techniques (BAT) conclusions

Chapter 6 presents the BAT conclusions as defined in Article 3(12) of Directive 2010/75/EU.

Emerging techniques

Chapter 6 presents information on 'emerging techniques' as defined in Article 3(14) of Directive

2010/75/EU.

Concluding remarks

Concluding remarks and recommendations for future work are presented in Chapter 8.

4. Information sources and the derivation of BAT

This document is based on information collected from a number of sources, in particular

through the TWG that was established specifically for the exchange of information under

Article 13 of the Directive. The information has been collated and assessed by the European

IPPC Bureau (of the Commission's Joint Research Centre) who led the work on determining

BAT, guided by the principles of technical expertise, transparency and neutrality. The work of

the TWG and all other contributors is gratefully acknowledged.

The BAT conclusions have been established through an iterative process involving the

following steps:

identification of the key environmental issues for the Waste Treatment sector;

examination of the techniques most relevant to address these key issues;

identification of the best environmental performance levels, on the basis of the available

data in the European Union and worldwide;

examination of the conditions under which these environmental performance levels were

achieved, such as costs, cross-media effects, and the main driving forces involved in the

implementation of the techniques;

selection of the best available techniques (BAT), their associated emission levels (and

other environmental performance levels) and the associated monitoring for this sector

according to Article 3(10) of, and Annex III to, the Directive.

Preface

Waste Treatment v

Expert judgement by the European IPPC Bureau and the TWG has played a key role in each of

these steps and the way in which the information is presented here.

Where available, economic data have been given together with the descriptions of the

techniques presented in the sections mentioned above. These data give a rough indication of the

magnitude of the costs and benefits. However, the actual costs and benefits of applying a

technique may depend strongly on the specific situation of the plant concerned, which cannot be

evaluated fully in this document. In the absence of data concerning costs, conclusions on the

economic viability of techniques are drawn from observations on existing plants.

5. Review of BAT reference documents (BREFs)

BAT is a dynamic concept and so the review of BREFs is a continuing process. For example,

new measures and techniques may emerge, science and technologies are continuously

developing and new or emerging processes are being successfully introduced into the industries.

In order to reflect such changes and their consequences for BAT, this document will be

periodically reviewed and, if necessary, updated accordingly.

6. Contact information

All comments and suggestions should be made to the European IPPC Bureau at the Joint

Research Centre at the following address:

European Commission

Joint Research Centre (JRC)

Directorate B Growth and Innovation

Circular Economy and Industrial Leadership Unit

European IPPC Bureau

Edificio Expo

c/ Inca Garcilaso, 3

E-41092 Seville, Spain

Telephone: +34 95 4488 284

Fax: +34 95 4488 426

E-mail: [email protected]

Internet: http://eippcb.jrc.ec.europa.eu

Unless otherwise mentioned, all graphs and tables presented in Chapters 1 to 6 were produced by the EIPPCB by using the information exchanged for the review of the Waste Treatment BREF under Article 13 of the IED, in particular the plant-specific information submitted through questionnaires (see Annex 9.1).

vi Waste Treatment

Reference Document on Best Available Techniques for Waste Treatment

PREFACE ........................................................................................................................ I

SCOPE ................................................................................................................... XXVII

1 GENERAL INFORMATION ................................................................................. 1

1.1 THE PURPOSE OF WASTE TREATMENT ........................................................................... 1

1.2 TYPES OF WASTE AND WASTE GENERATION IN THE EU ................................................ 3

1.2.1 End-of-life vehicles (EoLVs) ............................................................................... 5

1.2.2 Waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) ............................................ 6

1.2.3 Municipal solid waste (MSW) ............................................................................. 7

1.2.4 Sludge and liquid waste ....................................................................................... 7

1.2.5 Waste acids and bases .......................................................................................... 8

1.2.6 Waste adsorbents ................................................................................................. 8

1.2.7 Waste catalysts ..................................................................................................... 8

1.2.8 Wastes from combustion processes ..................................................................... 9

1.2.9 Waste oil ............................................................................................................ 10

1.2.10 Waste solvents ................................................................................................... 11

1.2.11 Other recyclable wastes ..................................................................................... 11 1.2.11.1 Waste plastics ......................................................................................................... 11 1.2.11.2 Waste wood ............................................................................................................ 13

1.2.12 Hazardous waste from the construction and demolition sector ......................... 13

1.2.13 Waste contaminated with PCBs ......................................................................... 14

1.2.14 Waste contaminated with SF6 ............................................................................ 14

1.2.15 Waste soils ......................................................................................................... 15

1.3 INSTALLATIONS FOR THE TREATMENT OF WASTE ....................................................... 16

1.3.1 Shredders ........................................................................................................... 17

1.3.2 Waste transfer installations ................................................................................ 18

1.3.3 Installations for the biological treatment of waste ............................................. 19

1.3.4 Installations for the physico-chemical treatment of waste waters ..................... 19

1.3.5 Installations for the treatment of combustion ashes and flue-gas treatment residues .............................................................................................................. 20

1.3.6 Installations for the treatment of waste containing POPs .................................. 20

1.3.7 Installations for the treatment of waste containing SF6 ..................................... 20

1.3.8 Installations for treatment of waste oil............................................................... 21

1.3.9 Installations for treatment of waste solvent ....................................................... 22

1.3.10 Installations for the treatment of waste catalysts, waste from pollution abatement and other inorganic waste ................................................................. 23

1.3.11 Installations for treatment of activated carbon and resins.................................. 23

1.3.12 Installations for the treatment of waste acids and bases .................................... 24

1.3.13 Installations for the preparation of waste with calorific value ........................... 24

1.4 ECONOMICS OF THE WASTE TREATMENT SECTOR ....................................................... 26

1.5 GENERAL ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES RELATED TO INSTALLATIONS THAT TREAT WASTE ......................................................................................................................... 29

2 PROCESSES AND TECHNIQUES COMMONLY USED FOR WASTE TREATMENT ........................................................................................................ 31

2.1 APPLIED PROCESSES AND TECHNIQUES ....................................................................... 32

2.1.1 Pre-acceptance and acceptance of waste ............................................................ 32

Waste Treatment vii

2.1.1.1 Pre-acceptance........................................................................................................ 32 2.1.1.2 Acceptance ............................................................................................................. 32

2.1.2 Storage ............................................................................................................... 33

2.1.3 Handling ............................................................................................................ 35

2.1.4 Blending and mixing ......................................................................................... 37

2.1.5 Treatment of laboratory smalls ......................................................................... 39

2.1.6 Cleaning and washing ....................................................................................... 40

2.1.7 Reduction of solid waste size ............................................................................ 41

2.1.8 Other than normal operating conditions ............................................................ 42

2.2 CURRENT EMISSION AND CONSUMPTION LEVELS ....................................................... 44

2.2.1 General information on the data collection ....................................................... 44

2.2.2 General information on the emission levels ...................................................... 46

2.2.2.1 Dust emissions to air .............................................................................................. 47 2.2.2.2 Organic compound emissions to air ....................................................................... 50 2.2.2.3 Ammonia emissions to air ...................................................................................... 58

2.3 TECHNIQUES TO CONSIDER IN THE DETERMINATION OF GENERAL BAT FOR THE WT SECTOR ................................................................................................................ 61

2.3.1 Organisational techniques to improve environmental performance .................. 62 2.3.1.1 Environmental management system (EMS) ........................................................... 62 2.3.1.2 Stream inventory/register ....................................................................................... 64 2.3.1.3 Utilisation of qualified personnel in the plant ........................................................ 66

2.3.2 Operational techniques to improve environmental performance ...................... 67 2.3.2.1 Waste pre-acceptance ............................................................................................. 67 2.3.2.2 Waste composition characterisation ....................................................................... 70 2.3.2.3 Waste acceptance ................................................................................................... 73 2.3.2.4 Waste sampling ...................................................................................................... 76 2.3.2.5 Waste tracking system and waste inventory ........................................................... 79 2.3.2.6 Output quality management for the waste treatment .............................................. 80 2.3.2.7 Waste segregation .................................................................................................. 82 2.3.2.8 Waste compatibility assessment ............................................................................. 86 2.3.2.9 Waste sorting .......................................................................................................... 88

2.3.3 Monitoring ....................................................................................................... 102 2.3.3.1 Overview .............................................................................................................. 102 2.3.3.2 Monitoring of influent and effluent waste water .................................................. 102 2.3.3.3 Monitoring of emissions to water ......................................................................... 104 2.3.3.4 Monitoring of channelled emissions to air ........................................................... 105 2.3.3.5 Odour monitoring ................................................................................................. 107

2.3.4 Techniques for the prevention and control of channelled emissions to air ..... 108

2.3.4.1 Overview .............................................................................................................. 108 2.3.4.2 Cyclone ................................................................................................................ 108 2.3.4.3 Electrostatic precipitator (ESP) ............................................................................ 108 2.3.4.4 Fabric filter ........................................................................................................... 109 2.3.4.5 Absolute filter ...................................................................................................... 110 2.3.4.6 Thermal oxidation ................................................................................................ 110 2.3.4.7 Biofiltration .......................................................................................................... 111 2.3.4.8 Condensation and cryogenic condensation .......................................................... 113 2.3.4.9 Adsorption ............................................................................................................ 114 2.3.4.10 Scrubbing ............................................................................................................. 116 2.3.4.11 Sorbent injection .................................................................................................. 117

2.3.5 Techniques for the prevention and control of odour and diffuse/fugitive emissions to air ................................................................................................ 118

2.3.5.1 Odour management plan ...................................................................................... 118 2.3.5.2 Prevention or reduction of odour emissions from waste treatment ...................... 119 2.3.5.3 Reduction of diffuse emissions ............................................................................ 121

viii Waste Treatment

2.3.5.4 Leak detection and repair programme .................................................................. 125 2.3.5.5 Flaring ................................................................................................................... 126

2.3.6 Techniques for the prevention and control of emissions to water ................... 129 2.3.6.1 Treatment of waste water from waste treatment plants ........................................ 129

2.3.6.1.1 Environmental performance of all waste treatment plants except for those treating water-based liquid waste .................................................................. 132

2.3.6.1.2 Environmental performance of plants treating water-based liquid waste ..... 153 2.3.6.2 Descriptions of individual waste water treatment techniques ............................... 190

2.3.6.2.1 Equalisation .................................................................................................. 190 2.3.6.2.2 Neutralisation ................................................................................................ 190 2.3.6.2.3 Mechanical separation of insoluble contaminants ........................................ 191

2.3.6.2.3.1 Oil-water separation ............................................................................. 191 2.3.6.2.3.2 Coagulation and flocculation ............................................................... 192 2.3.6.2.3.3 Electrocoagulation ............................................................................... 193 2.3.6.2.3.4 Sedimentation ...................................................................................... 193 2.3.6.2.3.5 Flotation ............................................................................................... 194 2.3.6.2.3.6 Filtration............................................................................................... 195 2.3.6.2.3.7 Membrane filtration ............................................................................. 196

2.3.6.2.4 Physico-chemical treatment of soluble non-biodegradable or inhibitory contaminants ................................................................................................. 197

2.3.6.2.4.1 Precipitation of metals ......................................................................... 197 2.3.6.2.4.2 Chemical oxidation .............................................................................. 197 2.3.6.2.4.3 Chemical reduction .............................................................................. 199 2.3.6.2.4.4 Nanofiltration and reverse osmosis ...................................................... 200 2.3.6.2.4.5 Stripping............................................................................................... 200 2.3.6.2.4.6 Ion exchange processes ........................................................................ 201 2.3.6.2.4.7 Evaporation .......................................................................................... 202 2.3.6.2.4.8 Adsorption ........................................................................................... 202 2.3.6.2.4.9 Distillation/rectification ....................................................................... 203

2.3.6.2.5 Biological treatment of waste water .............................................................. 204 2.3.6.2.5.1 Aerobic treatment................................................................................. 204 2.3.6.2.5.2 Anaerobic treatment ............................................................................. 207 2.3.6.2.5.3 Nitrogen removal by biological nitrification/denitrification ................ 208

2.3.6.3 Sludge treatment techniques ................................................................................. 209

2.3.7 Techniques for the optimisation of water usage and reduction of waste water generation ........................................................................................................ 211

2.3.8 Techniques for the prevention or reduction of consumption of raw materials and chemicals ................................................................................................... 213

2.3.9 Techniques for the efficient use of energy ....................................................... 215

2.3.9.1 Energy efficiency plan .......................................................................................... 215 2.3.9.2 Energy balance ..................................................................................................... 217

2.3.10 Techniques for the prevention and control of noise and vibration emissions .. 218

2.3.10.1 Noise and vibration management plan .................................................................. 218 2.3.10.2 Noise and vibration reduction at source and noise abatement .............................. 219

2.3.11 Techniques for the prevention and reduction of soil and water contamination220

2.3.12 Techniques for the prevention or reduction of residues generation ................. 222

2.3.13 Techniques for the prevention or reduction of the environmental consequences of accidents and incidents ......................................................... 224

2.3.13.1 General techniques for the prevention or limitation of the environmental consequences of accidents and incidents .............................................................. 224

2.3.13.2 Techniques for the reduction of the environmental risk of storing waste ............. 228 2.3.13.3 Techniques for the reduction of the environmental risk of handling and

transferring waste.................................................................................................. 231

2.3.14 Techniques for the decommissioning of the plant ........................................... 233

3 MECHANICAL TREATMENT OF WASTE ................................................... 235

Waste Treatment ix

3.1 MECHANICAL TREATMENT IN SHREDDERS OF METAL WASTE .................................. 235

3.1.1 Applied processes and techniques ................................................................... 235

3.1.2 Current emission and consumption levels ....................................................... 245 3.1.2.1 Emissions to air .................................................................................................... 245

3.1.2.1.1 General overview ......................................................................................... 245 3.1.2.1.2 Dust and particle-bound metals .................................................................... 246 3.1.2.1.3 Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) ........................................................... 251 3.1.2.1.4 PCB and dioxins ........................................................................................... 253 3.1.2.1.5 Mercury ........................................................................................................ 256

3.1.2.2 Emissions to water and water usage ..................................................................... 259 3.1.2.2.1 Emissions to water ....................................................................................... 259 3.1.2.2.2 Water usage .................................................................................................. 264

3.1.2.3 Noise and vibration .............................................................................................. 264 3.1.2.4 Consumption of energy ........................................................................................ 265

3.1.3 Techniques to consider in the determination of BAT ..................................... 265

3.1.3.1 Techniques for the prevention or reduction of emissions to air ........................... 265 3.1.3.1.1 Abatement of waste gases using cyclone, Venturi scrubber and bag filter in

combination or alone .................................................................................... 265 3.1.3.1.2 Ultrafiltration ................................................................................................ 275 3.1.3.1.3 Prevention or reduction of diffuse emissions ............................................... 277

3.1.3.1.3.1 Specific acceptance procedure............................................................. 277 3.1.3.1.3.2 Pressure relief dampers........................................................................ 278 3.1.3.1.3.3 Deflagration management plan ............................................................ 279 3.1.3.1.3.4 Pre-shredding ...................................................................................... 281

3.1.3.2 Techniques for the prevention and control of noise and vibration emissions ...... 281 3.1.3.2.1 Vibration management plan ......................................................................... 281 3.1.3.2.2 Noise barriers ............................................................................................... 283

3.1.3.3 Techniques to reduce energy consumption .......................................................... 285 3.1.3.3.1 Shredder feed control ................................................................................... 285

3.1.3.4 Water management in mechanical treatment in shredders of metal waste ........... 285

3.2 TREATMENT OF WEEE CONTAINING VFCS AND/OR VHCS ..................................... 287

3.2.1 Applied processes and techniques ................................................................... 287 3.2.1.1 Innovative processes ............................................................................................ 292

3.2.1.1.1 Treatment of halogen-free cooling and freezing appliances ......................... 292


3.2.2.1.1 Dust .............................................................................................................. 294 3.2.2.1.2 Volatile fluorocarbons (VFCs) ..................................................................... 294 3.2.2.1.3 VOCs, NMVOC and TOC ........................................................................... 296

3.2.2.2 Emissions to water ............................................................................................... 296 3.2.2.3 Energy consumption ............................................................................................. 296

3.2.3 Techniques to consider in the determination of BAT ..................................... 297 3.2.3.1 Techniques for the prevention or reduction of emissions to air ........................... 297

3.2.3.1.1 Removal of refrigerants and oils .................................................................. 297 3.2.3.1.2 Treatment of gas containing organic compounds such as VFCs/VHCs ....... 298 3.2.3.1.3 Reduction of dust emissions ......................................................................... 302

3.2.3.2 Techniques to prevent explosion .......................................................................... 303

3.3 MECHANICAL TREATMENT OF WASTE WITH CALORIFIC VALUE ............................... 305

3.3.1 Overview ......................................................................................................... 305


3.3.3 Current emission and consumption levels ....................................................... 312 3.3.3.1 Emissions to air .................................................................................................... 312 3.3.3.2 Emissions to water ............................................................................................... 316 3.3.3.3 Water usage .......................................................................................................... 319 3.3.3.4 Energy consumption ............................................................................................. 319

x Waste Treatment

3.3.4 Techniques to consider in the determination of BAT ...................................... 320

3.3.4.1 Techniques for the prevention or reduction of emissions to air ............................ 320 3.3.4.1.1 Reduction of dust emissions ......................................................................... 320 3.3.4.1.2 Reduction of organic compounds emissions ................................................. 323

4 BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT OF WASTE..................................................... 325

4.1 GENERAL OVERVIEW ................................................................................................. 325

4.2 AEROBIC TREATMENT (INCLUDING COMPOSTING) .................................................... 328


4.2.1.1 Innovative processes ............................................................................................. 332


4.2.2.1.1 Outdoor aerobic treatment ............................................................................ 333 4.2.2.1.2 Indoor aerobic treatment ............................................................................... 335

4.2.2.2 Emissions to water ................................................................................................ 342 4.2.2.2.1 Outdoor aerobic treatment ............................................................................ 342 4.2.2.2.2 Indoor aerobic treatment ............................................................................... 346

4.2.2.3 Water usage .......................................................................................................... 350 4.2.2.4 Energy consumption ............................................................................................. 350

4.3 ANAEROBIC TREATMENT (OR ANAEROBIC DIGESTION (AD)) ................................... 351

4.3.1 Applied processes and techniques ................................................................... 351 4.3.1.1 Innovative processes ............................................................................................. 361

4.3.1.1.1 Conversion of organic waste to carboxylates, carboxylic acids or polymers by fermentation with mixed cultures ............................................................ 361

4.3.1.1.2 Bioethanol production ................................................................................... 362 4.3.1.1.3 Separation and recirculation of dry matter in AD plants .............................. 362 4.3.1.1.4 Pretreatment of biomass substrates to enhance anaerobic digestion ............. 363

4.3.2 Current emission and consumption levels ....................................................... 363

4.3.2.1 Emissions to air .................................................................................................... 363 4.3.2.2 Emissions to water and water usage ..................................................................... 369

4.3.2.2.1 Emissions to water ........................................................................................ 369 4.3.2.2.2 Water usage .................................................................................................. 374

4.3.2.3 Energy consumption ............................................................................................. 374

4.4 MECHANICAL BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT (MBT) ....................................................... 375

4.4.1 Applied processes and techniques ................................................................... 375 4.4.1.1 Innovative processes ............................................................................................. 380

4.4.1.1.1 Pretreatment to separate food waste from packaging.................................... 380 4.4.1.1.2 Separation of biodegradable material by enzyme treatment ......................... 380



4.4.2.2.1 Emissions to water ........................................................................................ 387 4.4.2.2.2 Water usage .................................................................................................. 389


4.5 TECHNIQUES TO CONSIDER IN THE DETERMINATION OF BAT .................................. 390

4.5.1 Techniques for all types of biological treatment .............................................. 390 4.5.1.1 Selection of the waste input .................................................................................. 390 4.5.1.2 Storage management of putrescible waste input ................................................... 392 4.5.1.3 Odour management plan ....................................................................................... 394 4.5.1.4 Reduction of channelled emissions of dust, odour, organic compounds, H2S and

NH3 ....................................................................................................................... 395 4.5.1.5 Reduction of waste water generation and water usage ......................................... 402

4.5.2 Techniques for aerobic treatment..................................................................... 406 4.5.2.1 Monitoring of aerobic process to improve the environmental performance ......... 406 4.5.2.2 Techniques to limit diffuse dust, odour and bioaerosols emissions ...................... 411

Waste Treatment xi

4.5.2.3 Semipermeable membrane covers with forced positive aeration ......................... 412

4.5.3 Techniques for anaerobic treatment ................................................................ 416

4.5.3.1 Anaerobic process and waste monitoring ............................................................. 416

4.5.4 Techniques for MBT ....................................................................................... 417

4.5.4.1 Measures to reduce emissions to air ..................................................................... 417

5 PHYSICO-CHEMICAL TREATMENT OF WASTE ..................................... 423

5.1 PHYSICO-CHEMICAL TREATMENT OF SOLID AND/OR PASTY WASTE ......................... 423

5.1.1 Overview ......................................................................................................... 423

5.1.2 Applied processes and techniques ................................................................... 423 5.1.2.1 Immobilisation of solid and/or pasty waste .......................................................... 423

5.1.2.1.1 Stabilisation .................................................................................................. 427 5.1.2.1.2 Solidification ................................................................................................ 430

5.1.2.2 Physico-chemical treatment of solid and/or pasty waste before backfilling ........ 432


5.1.3.1 Overview .............................................................................................................. 434 5.1.3.2 Emissions to air .................................................................................................... 435 5.1.3.3 Emissions to water and water usage ..................................................................... 442 5.1.3.4 Energy consumption ............................................................................................. 444

5.1.4 Techniques to consider in the determination of BAT ..................................... 444 5.1.4.1 Monitoring of the waste input .............................................................................. 444 5.1.4.2 Techniques for the prevention or reduction of emissions to air ........................... 446

5.2 RE-REFINING OF WASTE OILS .................................................................................... 449



5.2.2.1 Emissions from the re-refining of waste oils ........................................................ 468 5.2.2.1.1 Emissions to air ............................................................................................ 471 5.2.2.1.2 Emissions to water ....................................................................................... 475 5.2.2.1.3 Solid residues ............................................................................................... 479

5.2.2.2 Consumption in the re-refining of waste oils ....................................................... 480


5.2.3.1 Selection of waste oils to be re-refined ................................................................ 482 5.2.3.2 Reduction of water usage and emissions to water in waste oil re-refining plants 484 5.2.3.3 Reduction of waste generated by waste oil re-refining installations .................... 485 5.2.3.4 Reduction of VOC emissions from waste oil re-refining plants........................... 486

5.3 PHYSICO-CHEMICAL TREATMENT OF WASTE WITH CALORIFIC VALUE .................... 489

5.3.1 Overview ......................................................................................................... 489

5.3.2 Applied processes and techniques ................................................................... 493 5.3.2.1 Preparation of solid output mainly from solid waste ............................................ 493

5.3.2.1.1 Drying the solid waste .................................................................................. 493 5.3.2.1.2 Pelletising and agglomeration ...................................................................... 494

5.3.2.2 Preparation of solid output mainly from solid and pasty waste by mechanical treatment and impregnation .................................................................................. 494

5.3.2.3 Preparation of liquid output.................................................................................. 496 5.3.2.3.1 Preparation of liquid waste fuels by homogenisation, phase separation and

blending/mixing of wastes ............................................................................ 496 5.3.2.3.2 Preparation of liquid output by fluidification of wastes ............................... 498 5.3.2.3.3 Preparation of emulsions from liquid/semi-liquid waste .............................. 500

5.3.2.4 Treatments of waste oils other than re-refining .................................................... 502 5.3.2.4.1 Mild and severe reprocessing of waste oils .................................................. 505 5.3.2.4.2 Thermal cracking .......................................................................................... 507

5.3.2.5 Treatment of vegetable waste oils for the production of biodiesel ....................... 509



xii Waste Treatment


5.3.4 Techniques to consider in the determination of BAT ...................................... 521 5.3.4.1 Reduction of VOC emissions to air when preparing waste fuel from liquid and

semi-liquid waste .................................................................................................. 521

5.4 REGENERATION OF SPENT SOLVENTS ........................................................................ 525



5.4.3 Techniques to consider in the determination of BAT ...................................... 543 5.4.3.1 Recovery of raw material or energy from distillation residues ............................. 543 5.4.3.2 Monitoring of diffuse and fugitive VOC emissions to air .................................... 544 5.4.3.3 Collection and abatement of VOC emissions to air .............................................. 546 5.4.3.4 Reduction of waste water generation and of water usage from vacuum

generation ............................................................................................................. 548 5.4.3.4.1 Water-free vacuum generation ...................................................................... 548 5.4.3.4.2 Liquid ring pumps with high boiling point liquids ....................................... 549 5.4.3.4.3 Closed cycle liquid ring vacuum pumps ....................................................... 550

5.5 REGENERATION/RECOVERY OF POLLUTION ABATEMENT COMPONENTS / FGT RESIDUES ................................................................................................................... 552

5.5.1 Applied processes and techniques ................................................................... 552 5.5.1.1 Regeneration of spent activated carbon ................................................................ 552 5.5.1.2 Regeneration of ion exchange resins .................................................................... 554 5.5.1.3 Regeneration of waste catalysts ............................................................................ 555 5.5.1.4 Treatment of FGT residues ................................................................................... 558

5.5.1.4.1 Recycling of Residual Sodium Chemicals from solid FGT residues ............ 558 5.5.1.4.2 Recovery of salts from liquid FGT residues by solution/evaporation ........... 561 5.5.1.4.3 Washing of FGT residues and their use as a raw material for production of

construction products .................................................................................... 562 5.5.1.4.4 Acid extraction .............................................................................................. 563


5.5.2.1 Regeneration of activated carbon.......................................................................... 564 5.5.2.2 Regeneration of waste catalysts ............................................................................ 567 5.5.2.3 Treatment of FGT residues ................................................................................... 567

5.5.3 Techniques to consider in the determination of BAT for the regeneration of activated carbon ............................................................................................... 570

5.5.3.1 Heat recovery and waste gas treatment ................................................................. 570

5.5.4 Techniques to consider in the determination of BAT for the recovery of components from catalysts ............................................................................... 573

5.5.4.1 Heat recovery and waste gas treatment ................................................................. 573

5.6 TREATMENT OF EXCAVATED CONTAMINATED SOIL.................................................. 575

5.6.1 Applied processes and techniques ................................................................... 575 5.6.1.1 Thermal desorption ............................................................................................... 575 5.6.1.2 Soil washing ......................................................................................................... 578 5.6.1.3 Vapour extraction ................................................................................................. 582 5.6.1.4 Solvent extraction ................................................................................................. 583 5.6.1.5 Biodegradation ...................................................................................................... 584


5.6.2.1 Emissions from thermal desorption ...................................................................... 590 5.6.2.2 Emissions from vapour extraction of solid waste ................................................. 592 5.6.2.3 Emissions and consumption of soil washing ........................................................ 593 5.6.2.4 Emissions and consumption of biodegradation .................................................... 597

5.6.3 Techniques to consider in the determination of BAT ...................................... 599 5.6.3.1 Thermal desorption ............................................................................................... 599

5.6.3.1.1 Reduction of dust and VOC emissions to air from thermal desorption of contaminated soil .......................................................................................... 599

5.6.3.2 Soil washing ......................................................................................................... 600

Waste Treatment xiii

5.6.3.2.1 Treatment and reuse of generated waste water for water washing of contaminated soil .......................................................................................... 600

5.6.3.2.2 Control of emissions to air from soil washing .............................................. 601

5.7 TREATMENT OF WATER-BASED LIQUID WASTE ........................................................ 602


5.7.2 Current emission and consumption levels ....................................................... 611 5.7.2.1 Overview .............................................................................................................. 611 5.7.2.2 Emissions to air .................................................................................................... 612 5.7.2.3 Emissions to water ............................................................................................... 626

5.7.2.3.1 Overview ...................................................................................................... 626 5.7.2.3.2 Direct discharge ............................................................................................ 626 5.7.2.3.3 Indirect discharge ......................................................................................... 643 5.7.2.3.4 Direct and indirect discharge (THC, HOI, CN, AOX and metals) ............... 652

5.7.2.4 Energy consumption ............................................................................................. 675 5.7.2.5 Raw material consumption ................................................................................... 675


5.7.3.1 Monitoring of the waste input .............................................................................. 678 5.7.3.2 Techniques for the prevention or reduction of emissions to air from the

treatment of water-based liquid waste .................................................................. 680

5.8 TREATMENT OF WASTE CONTAINING POPS OR MERCURY AND TREATMENT OF OTHER WASTE ........................................................................................................... 685

5.8.1 Treatment of POP-containing waste................................................................ 685 5.8.1.1 Applied processes and techniques ........................................................................ 685

5.8.1.1.1 Decontamination of waste or equipment polluted with persistent organic pollutants (POPs) .......................................................................................... 685

5.8.1.1.2 Decontamination of PCB-containing waste ................................................. 686 5.8.1.1.2.1 Equipment cleaning ............................................................................. 686

5.8.1.1.3 Destruction of POPs ..................................................................................... 687 5.8.1.1.4 Innovative processes .................................................................................... 691

5.8.1.2 Current emission and consumption levels ............................................................ 692 5.8.1.3 Techniques to consider in the determination of BAT........................................... 693

5.8.1.3.1 Optimisation of the environmental performance of PCB decontamination .. 693 5.8.1.3.2 Capture and control of VOC emissions from solvent washing .................... 695

5.8.2 Treatment of mercury-containing waste.......................................................... 696 5.8.2.1 Applied processes and techniques ........................................................................ 697 5.8.2.2 Current emission and consumption levels ............................................................ 699 5.8.2.3 Techniques to consider in the determination of BAT........................................... 702

5.8.2.3.1 Reduction of mercury and dust emissions to air ........................................... 702

5.8.3 Treatment of SF6-containing waste ................................................................. 705

5.8.4 Treatment of waste asbestos ............................................................................ 707

5.8.5 Treatment of healthcare waste ......................................................................... 708

5.8.6 Regeneration of spent acids ............................................................................. 709

5.8.6.1 Regeneration of spent sulphuric acid ................................................................... 709 5.8.6.2 Regeneration of spent hydrochloric acid .............................................................. 710

6 BEST AVAILABLE TECHNIQUES (BAT) CONCLUSIONS FOR WASTE TREATMENT ...................................................................................................... 711

SCOPE .................................................................................................................................. 711

DEFINITIONS .......................................................................................................................... 713

GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS .................................................................................................. 716

6.1 GENERAL BAT CONCLUSIONS .................................................................................. 718

6.1.1 Overall environmental performance ................................................................ 718

6.1.2 Monitoring ....................................................................................................... 722

6.1.3 Emissions to air ............................................................................................... 728

xiv Waste Treatment

6.1.4 Noise and vibrations ........................................................................................ 732

6.1.5 Emissions to water ........................................................................................... 734

6.1.6 Emissions from accidents and incidents .......................................................... 740

6.1.7 Material efficiency ........................................................................................... 740

6.1.8 Energy efficiency ............................................................................................. 741

6.1.9 Reuse of packaging .......................................................................................... 741

6.2 BAT CONCLUSIONS FOR THE MECHANICAL TREATMENT OF WASTE ........................ 742

6.2.1 General BAT conclusions for the mechanical treatment of waste ................... 742 6.2.1.1 Emissions to air .................................................................................................... 742

6.2.2 BAT conclusions for the mechanical treatment in shredders of metal waste .. 743 6.2.2.1 Overall environmental performance ..................................................................... 743 6.2.2.2 Deflagrations ........................................................................................................ 743 6.2.2.3 Energy efficiency .................................................................................................. 744

6.2.3 BAT conclusions for the treatment of WEEE containing VFCs and/or VHCs 744

6.2.3.1 Emissions to air .................................................................................................... 744 6.2.3.2 Explosions ............................................................................................................ 745

6.2.4 BAT conclusions for the mechanical treatment of waste with calorific value 745 6.2.4.1 Emissions to air .................................................................................................... 745

6.2.5 BAT conclusions for the mechanical treatment of WEEE containing mercury746

6.2.5.1 Emissions to air .................................................................................................... 746

6.3 BAT CONCLUSIONS FOR THE BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT OF WASTE .......................... 747

6.3.1 General BAT conclusions for the biological treatment of waste ..................... 747 6.3.1.1 Overall environmental performance ..................................................................... 747 6.3.1.2 Emissions to air .................................................................................................... 747 6.3.1.3 Emissions to water and water usage ..................................................................... 748

6.3.2 BAT conclusions for the aerobic treatment of waste ....................................... 749

6.3.2.1 Overall environmental performance ..................................................................... 749 6.3.2.2 Odour and diffuse emissions to air ....................................................................... 749

6.3.3 BAT conclusions for the anaerobic treatment of waste ................................... 750 6.3.3.1 Emissions to air .................................................................................................... 750

6.3.4 BAT conclusions for the mechanical biological treatment (MBT) of waste ... 750 6.3.4.1 Emissions to air .................................................................................................... 751

6.4 BAT CONCLUSIONS FOR THE PHYSICO-CHEMICAL TREATMENT OF WASTE .............. 752

6.4.1 BAT conclusions for the physico-chemical treatment of solid and/or pasty waste ................................................................................................................ 752

6.4.1.1 Overall environmental performance ..................................................................... 752 6.4.1.2 Emissions to air .................................................................................................... 752

6.4.2 BAT conclusions for the re-refining of waste oil ............................................ 753 6.4.2.1 Overall environmental performance ..................................................................... 753 6.4.2.2 Emissions to air .................................................................................................... 753

6.4.3 BAT conclusions for the physico-chemical treatment of waste with calorific value ................................................................................................................. 753

6.4.3.1 Emissions to air .................................................................................................... 753

6.4.4 BAT conclusions for the regeneration of spent solvents ................................. 754 6.4.4.1 Overall environmental performance ..................................................................... 754 6.4.4.2 Emissions to air .................................................................................................... 754

6.4.5 BAT-AEL for emissions of organic compounds to air from the re-refining of waste oil, the physico-chemical treatment of waste with calorific value and

the regeneration of spent solvents .................................................................... 755

6.4.6 BAT conclusions for the thermal treatment of spent activated carbon, waste catalysts and excavated contaminated soil ....................................................... 755

6.4.6.1 Overall environmental performance ..................................................................... 755

Waste Treatment xv

6.4.6.2 Emissions to air .................................................................................................... 756

6.4.7 BAT conclusions for the water washing of excavated contaminated soil ....... 756

6.4.7.1 Emissions to air .................................................................................................... 756

6.4.8 BAT conclusions for the decontamination of equipment containing PCBs .... 757

6.4.8.1 Overall environmental performance ..................................................................... 757

6.5 BAT CONCLUSIONS FOR THE TREATMENT OF WATER-BASED LIQUID WASTE .......... 758

6.5.1 Overall environmental performance ................................................................ 758

6.5.2 Emissions to air ............................................................................................... 758

6.6 DESCRIPTION OF TECHNIQUES .................................................................................. 759

6.6.1 Channelled emissions to air ............................................................................. 759

6.6.2 Diffuse emissions of organic compounds to air .............................................. 761

6.6.3 Emissions to water .......................................................................................... 762

6.6.4 Sorting techniques ........................................................................................... 765

6.6.5 Management techniques .................................................................................. 766

7 EMERGING TECHNIQUES ............................................................................. 767

7.1 GENERAL TECHNIQUES ............................................................................................. 767

7.1.1 Online XRF analysis ....................................................................................... 767

7.2 MECHANICAL TREATMENTS ..................................................................................... 769

7.2.1 Mechanical treatment in shredders of metal waste.......................................... 769 7.2.1.1 Dissolution of VOCs ............................................................................................ 769 7.2.1.2 Abatement of VOCs in exhaust air from shredders by ionisation in combination

with activated carbon adsorption .......................................................................... 770

7.3 BIOLOGICAL TREATMENTS ....................................................................................... 773

7.3.1 Composting ..................................................................................................... 773 7.3.1.1 Monitoring of emissions to air - Inverse dispersion technique using Lagrangian

modelling ............................................................................................................. 773 7.3.1.2 Container composting .......................................................................................... 774

7.3.2 Anaerobic treatment ........................................................................................ 776 7.3.2.1 Dry anaerobic digestion of organic household waste ........................................... 776

8 CONCLUDING REMARKS AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FUTURE WORK................................................................................................................... 779

9 ANNEXES............................................................................................................. 783

9.1 LIST OF PLANTS THAT PARTICIPATED IN THE DATA COLLECTION ............................ 783

GLOSSARY ................................................................................................................. 791

I. ISO COUNTRY CODES ............................................................................................... 792

II. MONETARY UNITS .................................................................................................... 793

III. UNIT PREFIXES, NUMBER SEPARATORS AND NOTATIONS ......................................... 794

IV. UNITS AND MEASURES .............................................................................................. 795

V. CHEMICAL ELEMENTS ............................................................................................... 796

VI. CHEMICAL FORMULAE COMMONLY USED IN THIS DOCUMENT ................................. 797

VII. ACRONYMS ............................................................................................................... 798

VIII. DEFINITIONS ............................................................................................................. 802

REFERENCES ............................................................................................................ 807

xvi Waste Treatment

List of Tables

Table 1.1: List of Waste (LoW) as per amended Commission Decision 2000/53/EC ............................ 4 Table 1.2: Waste generated in the EU-28 and Norway in 2014 .............................................................. 4 Table 1.3: Waste generation by economic activity and households in 2014 (1 000 tonnes) ................... 5 Table 1.4: End-of-life vehicles generated and treated in the EU-28 and Norway in 2014 ...................... 6 Table 1.5: WEEE collected and treated in the EU-28 and Norway in 2014 ............................................ 7 Table 1.6: Municipal waste generated and treated in the EU-28 and Norway in 2014 ........................... 7 Table 1.7: Industrial effluent sludge and sludge and liquid wastes from waste treatment generated

in the EU-28 and Norway in 2014 .......................................................................................... 7 Table 1.8: Acid, alkaline or saline waste generated and treated in the EU-28 and Norway in 2014 ....... 8 Table 1.9: Examples of industrial sectors where catalysts are used ........................................................ 8 Table 1.10: Overview of the types of catalysts used for industrial purposes ............................................ 9 Table 1.11: Combustion waste generated and treated in the EU-28 and Norway in 2014 ...................... 10 Table 1.12: Main components of the FGT residues ................................................................................ 10 Table 1.13: Used oils generated and treated in the EU-28 and Norway in 2014 ..................................... 11 Table 1.14: Spent solvents generated and treated in the EU-28 and Norway in 2014 ............................. 11 Table 1.15: Waste plastics ....................................................................................................................... 12 Table 1.16: Presence of metals in plastics ............................................................................................... 12 Table 1.17: Waste plastics generated in the EU-28 and Norway in 2014 ............................................... 12 Table 1.18: Waste wood generated in the EU-28 and Norway in 2014 .................................................. 13 Table 1.19: Amount of hazardous mineral construction and demolition wastes generated in 2014 in

the EU-28 and Norway ......................................................................................................... 14 Table 1.20: Waste containing PCBs generated and treated in the EU-28 and Norway in 2014 .............. 14 Table 1.21: Waste soils generated in the EU-28 and Norway in 2014 .................................................... 15 Table 1.22: Amount of waste treatment activities from different databases ........................................... 17 Table 1.23: Main air pollutants emitted by waste treatments and their main sources ............................. 29 Table 1.24: Main water pollutants (parameters) emitted by waste treatments and their main sources.... 30 Table 2.1: Information contained in the description of each technique/process included in Chapter 2..31Table 2.2: Cleaning and washing steps ................................................................................................. 41 Table 2.3: Overview of the plants which participated in the data collection ......................................... 44 Table 2.4: Information for each technique ............................................................................................ 61 Table 2.5: Economics of laboratory and monitoring equipment in a waste oil treatment facility ......... 78 Table 2.6: Plants from the reference list operating an output quality management system ................... 82 Table 2.7: Example of a compatibility chart for the storage of hazardous waste .................................. 84 Table 2.8: Examples of sorting techniques ............................................................................................ 89 Table 2.9: Examples of sorting techniques used in waste treatment plants from the reference list ....... 99 Table 2.10: Plants equipped with cyclonic separation ........................................................................... 108 Table 2.11: Plants equipped with an electrostatic precipitator (ESP) .................................................... 109 Table 2.12: Plants equipped with a fabric filter ..................................................................................... 109 Table 2.13: Plants equipped with absolute filtration ............................................................................. 110 Table 2.14: Plants equipped with a thermal oxidation system .............................................................. 111 Table 2.15: Plants equipped with a biofilter .......................................................................................... 113 Table 2.16: Plants equipped with a condensation system ...................................................................... 114 Table 2.17: Plants equipped with activated carbon adsorption ............................................................. 115 Table 2.18: Plants equipped with a wet scrubbing system .................................................................... 117 Table 2.19: Plants equipped with a sorbent injection system ................................................................ 118 Table 2.20: Plants where an odour management plan is implemented .................................................. 119 Table 2.21: Overview of end-of-pipe odour treatment techniques ........................................................ 120 Table 2.22: Abatement efficiencies and emission levels associated with flaring .................................. 127 Table 2.23: Application limits and restrictions associated with flaring................................................. 128 Table 2.24: Economics associated with flaring ..................................................................................... 129 Table 2.25: Examples of plants using flaring ........................................................................................ 129 Table 2.26: Environmental performance of waste treatment plants directly discharging to water

(TSS) .................................................................................................................................. 133 Table 2.27: Environmental performance of waste treatment plants directly discharging to water

(TOC and COD) ................................................................................................................. 134 Table 2.28: Environmental performance of waste treatment plants directly discharging to water

(nitrogen) ............................................................................................................................ 135 Table 2.29: Environmental performance of waste treatment plants directly discharging to water

(phosphorus) ....................................................................................................................... 136

Waste Treatment xvii

Table 2.30: Environmental performance of waste treatment plants directly discharging to water (phenols) ............................................................................................................................ 136

Table 2.31: Environmental performance of waste treatment plants directly and indirectly discharging to water (THC) .............................................................