best practices for aerial application · • march 15, 2018 webinar: “strategies for managing...

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Best Practices for Aerial Application

Pesticide Spray Drift Series—3 Parts

• March 15, 2018 webinar: “Strategies for Managing Pesticide Spray Drift” – Presented by Dr. Greg Kruger, University of Nebraska-Lincoln

– Covers fundamentals of pesticide spray particle drift management

– Materials available: https://www.epa.gov/reducing-pesticide-drift/strategies-managing-pesticide-spray-drift-webinar-materials

• Today’s webinar: “Best Practices for Aerial Application” – Presented by Br. Bradley Fritz, United States Department of Agriculture

– Dr. Greg Kruger will join for the Q+A discussion

• October 25, 2018 webinar: “Best Practices for Ground Application” – Presented by Dr. Greg Kruger, University of Nebraska-Lincoln

– Register at: https://www.epa.gov/pesticides/register-oct-25-webinar-best-practices-pesticide-ground-application

– Dr. Bradley Fritz will join for the Q+A discussion

4

https://www.epa.gov/reducing-pesticide-drift/strategies-managing-pesticide-spray-drift-webinar-materials

https://www.epa.gov/pesticides/register-oct-25-webinar-best-practices-pesticide-ground-application

Co-moderator

Greg Kruger, Ph.D.

• Weed science and pesticide application technology specialist

• University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Department of Agronomy and Horticulture

• Director of the Pesticide Application Technology Laboratory

• Areas of research: droplet size and efficacy, spray drift deposition and canopy penetration, influence of nozzle type, orifice size, spray pressure, and carrier volume rate on spray droplet size

5

Presenter

• Bradley Fritz, Ph.D

• Agricultural engineer and Research Leader, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture

• Research areas: examining the role of spray nozzles, spray solutions, and operational settings in resulting droplet size of spray; exploring the transport and fate of applied spray under field conditions

• Numerous publications: https://www.ars.usda.gov/people-locations/person?person-id=33323

6

https://www.ars.usda.gov/people-locations/person?person-id=33323

Best Practices for Aerial Application

Presenter:

Bradley Fritz Research Leader and Agricultural Engineer

USDA ARS Aerial Application Technology Research Unit

College Station, Texas 77845

[email protected]

mailto:[email protected]

Disclaimer

The use of trade, firm, or corporation names in this

presentation is for the information and convenience of the

viewer. Such use does not constitute an official

endorsement or approval by the United States Department

of Agriculture or the Agricultural Research Service of any

product or service to the exclusion of others that may be

suitable.

8

Aerial Application in the U.S.

• More than 1300 aerial application services and 4000+ aircraft in the U.S.;

• Accounts for ~25% of all applied crop protection products on commercial farms

• ~100% of forest protection products

• 71 million acres treated aerially.

• Public health application for control of insects vectoring diseases.

• Wildfire/forest fire suppression.

9

Aerial Applications - Crops

• While aerial applications are made on nearly

all US agricultural crops, based on an

industry survey, the 5 most predominate

crops are:

– Corn

– Wheat/barley

– Soybeans

– Pastures/Rangelands

– Alfalfa

10

Aerial Equipment in the US

• 88% Fixed-Wing

• 12% helicopter

• 67% turbine, 33% piston

• Industry standards: GPS, flow control,

aerial specific nozzles, AIMMS

11

-Aer;a/

~'-"Appl;cat:ion Technologv

Aerial Applicators in the US

• Average applicator has over 21 years

experience.

• Commercial pilot and applicator license.

• Participation in annual system testing and

other training programs.

12

Spray Droplet Sizing – Understanding the Basics

er;a/ ppl;cat:ion chnologv

Scale of Measurement - Micrometer

Raindrops

500 to 4000 um

Human Hair Agricultural Sprays 20 to 180 um 50 to 2500 um

Bacterium

1 to 10 um

14

1 V = -TID3

6

V1 Df 13 1 -----------8 V2 - 0.5Df - 0.53 - 0.125 -

Droplet Diameter

D

A droplet of ½ D, = 1/8 the Volume of D.

D = droplet diameter

V = droplet volume

8X the Droplets to get the same Volume

15

Droplet Volume in the Spray Cloud

One 400 µm drop

16


8 - 200 µm drops

17


18

64 - 100 µm

drops

Total Spray Volume

Characteristics

of total spray

volume.

Volume Distribution to

account for A.I.

19

Droplet Size Definitions

• From ASABE Standard S327.4 - Terminology and Definitions for

Applications of Crop or Forestry Production and Protective Agents

• or Volume Median Diameter (VMD) DV0.5

• Droplet diameter at which 50% of the total spray volume is in droplets of

smaller diameter

• and DV0.9 DV0.1

• Droplet diameters at which 10% and 90%, respectively of the total spray

volume is in droplets of smaller diameter

• Using some measurement system, these data are determined.

20

c umulative d istribution xo/ m J/. xo/ m ~ Xo/M_m Xt/M_m

9 . 00 0.00 37.00 0.15 150 . 00 4 . 19 610.00 5. 41 11. 00 o.oo 43 . 00 0.18 180.00 6.38 730 .00 2.23 13.00 0 . 00 50 . 00 0.26 210 . 00 7 . 89 870 .00 0 .28 15.00 0.01 60.00 0.48 250 .00 12.06 1030 .00 o.oo 18.00 0 . 03 75 . 00 1. 02 300 . 00 15.30 1230 . 00 o.oo 22.00 0.06 90.00 1.37 360.00 15.82 1470.00 0 .00 26 . 00 0.07 105 . 00 1.70 430 . 00 13.24 1750 .00 o.oo 31.00 o. 11 125.00 2.72 510.00 9.03

DvlO= 135.95 +/· 0.00 µm Dv50= 286.95+/· 0.00 µ m Dv90= 491 .SJ+/. 0 .00 µm Relative Soan = 1.2~ %Less75um = 237

100 ~ I I l-H I • l+I ,,.,., l---' i-. H I ' 1+ ' "'' "I

- - - - - - ? ?5 I I l- 'I 1 1,.- n_,·, •1 -, = -•-

90 -----t-4-+-..... ++<~+++ - t--+--+-+-+-+-<>++-++-<-- --■ 11 ,"1 _ ' -==_ 2.00

I V I \ - I I I - w - ---+-1-1-1--+-+-+--l-+-l1++1++ M

Cl 70 >-

·i 60 ~ D ~ ---t--1-1--+-++-l-+-li++I# ·5 50 - ---+-1-1-1--+-+-l--l-+-ll++I++ ~ ~ 1-., 40 >-

] ~ ~~----+--+--t-t+H-t+ttttt ::,

E 20 - ---+-t--l-l-t-++-l-+-ll++I++ a

:::t:~i:~:::t:~=~~~~t~lt~~==:t.:-t,f:;r1-~1-._:t~ ~t ,t,tt:t,mmt==--~~= 1.1s ~ .:: I.SO C

=- ,Q 5 --+----t.....-i....+-+-""""r+++++-t-----+-· 1 -~ t1 I ":' 1.25 :g

- t---t--t-+-t

I I I 1 I ,.

L 1•- : 1.00

, ,- ~ _ {_ 0,75 II ,- t-+.....- t- -

r I"= II r----+-3 0 ,50 ++,'"+"I .. 111 L • ,. ,__ 1>-+_.1_..1 I I I 1...-- ::

I ;;; :;;

-~ ~

5 0

0 ii •

r _...,.-_.,. ,,• H r ' = o.25 ~ , 1 :--1 1 T l ,.. , , •-=--=-1 ~

0.00 I 5 10 so 100 500 1000

p Ml icle size / ,, m

4008 @ 30 psi and 130 mph – Herbicide Mix

Example output from

Sympatec HELOS laser

diffraction measurement

system.

Distribution data and plot.

21

Relative Span

DV0.9 − DV0.1 RS =

DV0.5

An indicator of the

width of distribution.

22

0.9 ~------------------------------------------

0. s L--------------~ .k---------------------

o. 6 L-------------+--- 1----- t-----------------

Aerial Applicat:ion Tec·h ,nology

VMD = 300µm

RS = 0.67

RS = 1.4

RS = 2.2

DV10 DV10 DV90 DV90 DV10 DV90 90 µm 200 µm 400 µm 510 µm 165 µm 435 µm

23

ANSI/ASAE S572.2 JUL2018 Approved July 2018 as an American National Standard

Spray Nozzle Classification by Droplet Spectra

Developed by the ASAE Pest Control and Fertilizer Application Committee; approved by the Power and Machinery Division Standards Committee; adopted by ASAE August 1999; reaffirmed February 2004; revised March 2009; approved as an American National Standard March 2009, reaffirmed by ASABE December 2013, reaffirmed by ANSI January 2014; Corrigendum issued January 2014; reaffirmed by A SABE and ANSI December 2017; revised and approved by ASABE and ANSI July 2018.

Keywords: Chemicals, Drop size, Droplet, Fertilizer, Nozzle, Spray

1 Purpose and Scope

1.1 This Standard defines droplet spectrum categories for the classification of spray nozzles, relative to specified referenoe fan nozzles discharging spray into static ai r or so that no stream of ai r enhances atomization. The purpose of classification is to provide the nozzle user with droplet size information primarily to indicate offsite spray drift potential and secondarily for application efficacy.

1.2 This Standard defines a means for relative nozzle comparisons only based on droplet size. Other spray drift and application efficacy factors, such as droplet discharge trajectory, height, and velocity, ai r bubble inclusion; droplet evaporation; and impaction on target are examples of factors not addressed by the current Standard.

Clals, sification N,ozzle Sp ray An,gle

Refe:r,ence F1low Rate2

Re·feren,ce Operating Pressu re3

Catego:ry Thresho Id (0) (g1pm), (Ll'Rl·in) ,(gpm) (kP.a) (p,s·),

XF/ VF IP-164, 30 0.12 0 .032: 0.03,6 0.010 550 79.8

VF / IF 110 0 .38 0.10 0.48 0.13 450 65.3

F/ M 110 1.14 0.30 1.18 0.31 300 43.5,

MI C 1 0 2 .27 0.60 1.93 0.5 200 29 .. 0

C / VC 80 3.03 0.80 2.88 0.76 250 36 .. 3

VC / XC 65 3.78 1.00 3.22 0.85 200 29.0

XG / UC 65 5.68 1.50 4.22 1, 12 150 21 .7 -tion ogv

VF/F

F/M

M/C

C/VC

VC/XC

24

900 -r---------------------------

800 -j----------,..........--""', --I~l~II~

100 -i------------~~~@~M~~~0

~ ~ ~ ~~ - ~ :..__~~~~~

-E 600 :l -'- - VF/F QJ .., 500 QJ - F/M E ta ffi!A] ~ [Q) ~ (UJ ~ ·- - M/C C 400 .., QJ - C/VC -C. 0 - VC/XC '- 300 C

[Fm~~ 200

100

0 --t--------------,--------------,-------------

DVlO DVSO DV90

Reference Nozzle Curves

25

Take Home

• At equal volume:

– Halving the diameter creates 8X droplets

– Quartering creates 64X droplets • The smaller the diameter, the greater the number of droplets, and the less

control you have over them.

• Volume Distribution corresponds to available product and efficacy

(VMD), DV0.9, RS – DV0.1, DV0.5

• Droplet Size Classification provides a relative size rating of a spray.

26

Aerial Application Nozzles

and

Droplet Size Trends

Standard Nozzle Types

• Hydraulic Nozzles

– Flat Fans

– Straight Streams

– Anvil Impaction

• Rotary Atomizers

– Air driven

– Electrical driven

28

700

600

500

_400 E 2. 0 :lo > 300

200

100

0

so 60

VMDs for a 4015 at 40 psi and O deflection

70 80 90

5

100 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 Airspeed ( mph)

Hydraulic Nozzles - Airspeed

As airspeed

increases, droplet

size decreases.

29

VMDs for 4015 at 140 mph

390

380 1

370

360

e :,

o 350 ::i: >

340

3 330

320 -1-----------------------------310 L ___________________________ _

30 40 so 60 Pressure (psi)

70 80 90

Hydraulic Nozzles - Pressure

As pressure

increases, droplet

size increases.

30

Changes in Orifice Size 500

466 450 -455 445 435

"-4-2~ 400 l ~ of'-

~ S7 5

350

300

e 2 ::,

0 250 ::; - 4015 - 0015 >

200

150

100

50

0 4 6 8 10 12 15 20 25 30

Orifice Size

Hydraulic Nozzles - Orifice

Droplet size

versus orifice size

– Nozzle type

dependent.

31

VMDs - 4015, 40 psi, 140 mph: Changes in Orientation Angle

400

350 3

300

250

e :, -200 Q :; >

4 150

100 -1--------------------------------

so -1--------------------------------

O J_ __________________________ _

0 15 30 45 60 75 90 Orientation Angle (Degrees)

Hydraulic Nozzles - Deflection

As deflection

angle increases,

droplet size

decreases.

32

140

120

100

80 "l 0 > 0

60

- Dv0.5 - - RPM

40

20

0

120 130 140 150 Air Speed (mph)

... ... .,. --

160

--7000

-6000

5000

4000 2 0.. a::

3000

2000

1000

0

166

Rotary – AU5000 – Blade Angle 55º

As airspeed

increases, rotational

velocity increases

and droplet size

decreases

33

LI)

0 >

0

140

120

100

80

60

40

20

0

---

120

---------

- DVSO

130

------------

RPM - - Linear (RPM)

140 150 Air Speed (mph)

--- ---

160

4150

4100

4050

4000

3950

3900 166

Aerial Applicat:ion Technologv

Rotary – AU5000 – Constant RPM

Blade angle can be 67º

65º adjusted to maintain 63º 60º 55º 58º rotational velocity with

changing airspeed,

reducing changes in

droplet size.

34

Adjuvants

PURDUE EXTENSI O N

Adjuvants and the Power of the Spray Droplet

PPP·10 7

Improving the Perfonnance of Pesticide Applications

Resource for Adjuvants

https://ppp.purdue.edu/wp-

content/uploads/2016/08/PPP-107.pdf

A google search for Purdue Extension

PPP-107 will return the web link.

36

https://ppp.purdue.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/PPP-107.pdf

What is an Adjuvant?

ASTM Standard E1519: “Standard Terminology Relating to

Agricultural Tank Mix Adjuvants”

“A material added to a tank mix to aid or modify the action

of an agrichemical, or the physical characteristics of the

mixture.”

37

Adjuvant Usage and Benefits

• Improve performance by overcoming issues with: – Water quality and other properties;

– Plant structure and makeup;

– Spray system limitations;

– Environmental conditions in field.

• Adjust pH to maintain pesticide efficacy;

• Reduce fine droplet formation;

• Reduce evaporative losses;

• Improve rainfastness;

• Increase plant absorption and uptake;

• Increase retention and spread;

• Etc… 38

300

200

-E :1. -1so ....

ci > C

100

so

0

-+-Gly only

~ Gly+COC

-1----~ - ~ ~...,..._-~ ~~----------l================-------:::-rt ly + Pl

80 100 120 140

Airspeed (mph)

~ ly+ME

_., ly+MSO

~--'----------------.-=--+', ly + Si

-1-Gly + P2

160 180 200 Aerial Application Technologv

4008 – DV0.1 @ 60 psi

VERY COARSE

COARSE

COC, ME, MEDIUM

MSO

FINE

VERY Gly, Si, P1, P2

FINE

39

600

500

400

-E ::1. -300

i.n ci

> C

200

100

0

80 100 120 140

Airspeed (mph)

160 180 200

-+-Gly only

-4-Gly + COC

-rGly + Pl

~ Gly+ME

~ Gly+MSO

....._Gly + Si

-1-Gly + P2

-Aerial Application Technologv

4008 – DV0.5 @ 60 psi

VERY COARSE

COARSE

MEDIUM P1, P2

FINE

VERY

FINE

40

-E ::1. -en ci

> C

1200

1000

800

600

400 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

200 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - I

0

80 100 120 140

Airspeed (mph)

160 180 200

-+-Gly only

~ Gly+COC

-rGly + Pl

~ Gly+ME

~ Gly+MSO

....... G ly + Si

-1-Gly + P2


4008 – DV0.9 @ 60 psi

VERY COARSE

MEDIUM

COARSE P1, P2

FINE

VERY

FINE

41

20

18 -~ -I.. 16 a, +,I a, E

14 ta ·-C

§_ 12 0 0 t"-4 V

10 a, E 8 ::::, -~ a, Q0

6 ta +,I C a, 4 u I.. a, Q.

2

0

80 100 120 140

Airspeed (mph)

160 180 200

-+-Gly only

~ Gly+COC

-rGly + Pl

~ Gly+ME

~ Gly+MSO

....... G ly + Si

-1-Gly + P2


4008 – %Vol<100µm

@ 60 psi

FINE

Gly, Si,

P1, P2 COC,

ME,

MSO

MEDIUM

COARSE

VERY COARSE

42

45.0

"[ 25.0 +--=::~====~=t::::::::::~~~;;;;~~::::::::---... 20.0 +----------------------------

0

6 15.0 +-----------------1-----------1---

115 120 125 130 135 140 145

Airspeed (mph)

150 155 160 165

~ Water

---Gly only

-a-Gly + ME

~ Gly+MSO

--l!E-Gly + P2

-E ::1. -U'I

ci > C

120.0 -r---------------------1

80.0

~ Water

60.0 ---Gly only

-a-Gly + ME

~ Gly+MSO

40.0 --l!E-Gly + P2

20.0 -+---------------------------

0.0 +---~--~--~-~--~-~--~--~-~-~ 115 120 125 130 135 140 145

Airspeed (mph)

150 155 160 165

Aerial Applicat:ion Technologv

AU4000– @ 40 psi

Water,

Gly, P2

Water,

Gly, P2

ME,

MSO

ME,

MSO

43

General Trends

• Different nozzle/adjuvant combinations may have different effects. – Formulation of the active product will change droplet size.

• Air shear is the dominant factor with solution effect lessening past 140 mph.

• Adjuvant type: – Oils tend to slightly increase size or have no effect.

– Thickening type adjuvants tend to increase Relative Span, creating more droplets in the larger and smaller size range.

• Nozzle selection has greatest impact on droplet size. – Proper nozzle selection should always be your starting point when

setting up an application.

44

Aircraft Setup

Setting up a System for an Application

• Pesticide product selected based on pest/application needed, grower, producer or crop consultant requirements

– Label Requirements • Droplet Size

• Weather conditions

• Tank Mix modifiers

• Mixing requirements

• Spray Rate

– Nozzle and Boom setup

– Swath Uniformity and Effective Swath Width

46

Spray System Setup

Droplet Size

Spray Rate

Application Airspeed

Nozzle type, orifice size, orientation

Spray Pressure

Number of Nozzles (Spray Rate only)

Both a Factor of

• Changes to factors alter both droplet size and spray rate.

• Iterative Process

Effective Swath Width

Uniform Spray Pattern

Number of nozzles

Boom setup

Application height

Aircraft type

Both a Factor of

• At this stage and applicator would do an initial boom setup

and have their pattern assessed and adjusted.

47

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•h •1•n .,, •• 1<o .. .. _. ._, ,-. ... - ••'••·, c'l.1-.~,~'""""' -~,-ll'U! f:~-.:,<, 0> 1•• • t <-1>••• •• .. • .. ~ " ••l * " •c h ... , -. ; . . ..... .. .. .... ~ , ...... 1•• • i • .,. • ••t••·· •• ,;.~ :,-~ s•.:r.u'9',•~,1::• 1,-.x·.:t, J:,:l'k;h' ••~~:•:-.ro ·i •hnc~ . .... , l • ,. ••••u0<•• t , 010,\ 11 " • • • • •"' " ' ••ot U -t., o ,;,: ,v i ,: ·,n x , c:u ·.:o -.:·,11 • :if·:t:n ,c,:,:: 'll 1 :w.-'-"' , .:n. ~ .......... :,.., .... .,~ \lc -c ll t1 r.'X1$~ti.! )I( itri.:l r.-; ;:,1 k 1· I:,:,: ll n - IX )11') :t '.T:n: '< :t1t 11 '( 1'll l'f.l~ ll': l:•;,;kll(~l.c, .:,t1:,o:'ict'<: ll1t:c ..•. .,. .... ,., • h •n~-ol <h • to ..in , , .. " '"· • ~·•••"' •• • • • ·• • •• •~ .. .... ,. ...... .. 110 ... , .... ..... _. •. , ..o. ,; .. , ... ,.1,..,· . .., .... ..i , ... -X:'(f,1(~ (1 x ,•,. / ( 'inl. •l.r, • , .,~,.1, ,.,,..,._.,,,.,.,., ,1-.. ,. , , ,.\ ) \>.,o l /'1:,. .1"

'<l: .~ f )r.: !l O l.11:\ ·1:1•.0:1: •<l ">Y.'O:t : •l<ll. Ill :l!lll( '< )'( ~- ~llll ~,.,..1-.• 11· ....... ,r • • ,.,t.o •t lo » Jd I \,.• lo • ♦ •l_.,._, ••• '-•••' "'• • ., • .,, • •••"••"'

•·• • • • .. ,.• t <1u t·• ~ •• h • •• • ,.,.,. •. , .,.,., . , ,, ... . ... ..,. ~--• l•>O o,- , <'! , . ... . . . . .. . 10 ,, n • t> I.,.~ , 1 ,1.,►:1 11c .,<1>•• • !,H ' ; ( .. ... .,. ,,,. •+J ,.. ~ (1• ,., : ,-.,.-, ... i U 'S l:t:·: llitt ~ l '( l'( f} , :i. cl ~• •:11tr )( t lC

..... . .. , • l<\ 1'3

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,:,:)t,~.11

Pesticide Labels = Law

Labels indicate requirements and

limitations associated with the application

of a particular product. Applicators must

follow guidance provided on product

labels.

Application Method,

Nozzle types,

Spray rate,

Droplet Size,

Meteorological conditions ,

Tank mix partners,

Number of applications,

Etc…. 48

Apply only as a medium or coarser spray (ASAE standard 572) or a volume mean diameter of 300 microns or greater

IMPORTANCE OF DROPLET SIZE The most effective way to reduce drift potential is to apply large droplets(> 150 microns). The best drift management strategy is to apply the largest droplets that provide sufficient coverage and control. The presence of sensitive species nearby, the environmental conditions, and pest pressure may affect how an applicator balances drift control and coverage.

Use sufficient carrier volume and appropriate equipment set-up to fo~ droplets large erno11gh to avoid drift potential. Coarse dropl1ets In the 300 to 500 (VMD) micron range are r,ecommended.

Coarse sprays are less llikely to drift; therefore, do not use nozzles or nozzle configurations which dispense spray as fine spray droplets. Do not angle nozzles forward into the airsueam and do not increase spray vollume by increasing nozzle pressur,e.

Aerial Application: Poor coverage win result in reduced weed control!. For optimal weed con~rd, apply Ut>erty 280 SL Herbicide in a minimum of 1 o gallons per acre. Appiy Liberty 280 SL Herbicide using nozzJes and pressures that generate MEDIUM (about 300 to 400 microns) spray droplets catego,y as reported by the nozzle manufacturer and in accordance to ASABE S 572 based upon the selected air speed. Do not use nozzles arnd pressures that result in COARSE sprays. FINE sprays should also be avoided to minimize spray drift risk. See the Spray Drift Management section of this labe1I for additional info1mation ,on ro era p p pp lication of Ube 1 rty 280 SL Herbicide.

Labels – Droplet Size

49

INIFORIM!ATIO:N ON DROPLET SIIZE:: The most eff - · - - . llarge droplets. The best drift management strateg Volume _Median Diame.ter (VMID) - The VIMD value• is the mediian sufficient coverage and control. Applryingi !larger drople! size• of _the spray· pattern. The optimum Rage he~ioide VMD is prevent dirift if applications are made improperly, o· 450 m1orons wiilh fewer than 10% of the dropl•ets b~inQ 200 microns or (see Wind, Temperature and Humidity, and Tempe les~. Use sprayer nozzles that me.el these VMD gu1delmes. CONTROLLIING DRO ·. . s produce larger drop1le·ts .. • Volume_ Use lh i:g AJ~RIAL APPUC~TfONS: apply the h"gnest practical

with higher rated fl Uniformly ap ly with pro

• produces larger S iginif1i cant deflecti •

• Nozzle Type - Us nozzlle types, nan nozzlles _ So I id stre llowest drift.

• Nozzle lheight above• ground must be a maximum of 1 o feet. • Nozzfes must lbe pointed 1oward the rear of the airoraft. The down

ward angle of the nozzle should not be greater than 20 degr:ees.

• To minimize wing-tip vortex roll, n les or spray boom must not be located any closer to end of wing or ro or ~ha:n three-fourths the dis-

"ufactu rer's. "3oommenaled pressure produoes larger

d, use• h'.gher flow rate noz-

Coarse ?prays ar~ l'ess likely to drift· therefore do not use nozzles or nozzle conf urations which dispense spray as fine spray droplets. Do not angle nozzles forward into the a1rstr.eam an o not increase spray vo ume y mcreasmg nozz e pressure. Aerial

_ __,_,,,.. Applicat:ion Technologv

Labeling Issues

50

Example – RoundUp PowerMax

AERIAL SPRAY DRIFT MANAGEMENT

The following drift management requirements must be followed to minimize off-target drift movement during aerial application.

• 1. The distance of the outermost nozzles on the boom must not exceed 3/4 the length of the wingspan or rotor.

• 2. Nozzles must always point backward, parallel with the air stream and never be pointed downwards more than 45 degrees. Where states have more stringent regulations, they must be followed.

51


Importance of Droplet Size

• The most effective way to reduce drift potential is to apply large droplets. The best drift management strategy is to apply the largest droplets that provide sufficient coverage and control. Applying larger droplets reduces drift potential, but will not prevent drift if the application is made improperly, or under unfavorable environmental conditions, such as in windy, high temperature with low humidity, and/or inversion conditions as described below.

52

Example – RoundUp PowerMax Controlling Droplet Size

• Volume: Use high flow rate nozzles to apply the highest practical spray volume. Nozzles with the higher rated flows produce larger droplets.

• Pressure: Operate at a sprayer pressure towards the lower end of the range listed for the nozzle. Higher pressure reduces droplet size and does not improve canopy penetration. When higher flow rates are needed, use higher flow rate nozzles instead of increasing the pressure.

• Number of nozzles: Use the minimum number of nozzles that provide uniform coverage.

• Nozzle orientation: Orienting nozzles so that the spray is released backwards, parallel to the air stream, will produce larger droplets than other orientations. Significant deflection from the horizontal will reduce droplet size and increase drift potential.

• Nozzle type: Use a nozzle type that is designed for the intended application. With most nozzle types, narrower spray angles produce larger droplets. Consider using low-drift nozzles. Solid stream nozzles oriented straight back produce larger droplets than other nozzle types.

• Boom length: For some use patterns, reducing the effective boom length to less than 3/4 of the wingspan or rotor length could further reduce drift without reducing swath width.

• Application height: Application must be made at a height of 10 feet or less above the top of the largest plants unless a greater height is required for aircraft safety. Making the application at the lowest height that is safe reduces the exposure of the droplets to evaporation and wind.

53


• Annual Weeds:

– Aerial: 3 – 5 gallons per acre

• Typical fixed-wing aircraft with the following operational characteristics:

– Typical application airspeeds - 130-150 mph

– 60-70’ swath

• Based on label we will select nozzles and settings to achieve both a MEDIUM and a COARSE spray application.

54

Aerial Spray Models

• A set of droplet sizing models were developed by USDA

ARS to assist applicators with this process.

http://tiny.cc/DropletSizeModels

• Detailed descriptions and instructions on website.

55

http://tiny.cc/DropletSizeModels

Acceptable Ranges: Orifice Size Nozzle Angle Pressure Airspeed

Aerial Application Technology

2 to 30 0 to 90 3r o 90 ri 120 to 180 MPH ~==-------·I 15 ~, ___ l_o_l ______ 4_o ____ 1_1_4o_l --lo not enter or clear data in the cells in this boxl CAUTION

Dvo.1 = Dvo.s = Dvo.9 =

RS= %V<1001-1m =

147 339 627 1.42 1.27

µm µm µm

%

· Droplet size such that 10% of the spray volume is In droplets smaller than 0\/0.1•

· Volume median diameter. Droplet size such that 50% of the spray volume is in droplets smaller than OV0.5.

· Droplet size such that 90% of the spray volume is In droplets smaller than O\/0.,.

%V<200µm = 19.48 %

DSCvo.1 = MEDIUM

DSCvo.s = MEDIUM

DSCvo.9 = COARSE

· Percentage of spray volume In droplets smaller than 100 µm diameter.

· Percentage of spray volume In droplets smaller than 200 µm diameter.

· Droplet Spectra Classification based on 0\/0.1•

. Droplet Spectra Classification based on Ova.~

HE Ow., CLASSIFICATION SHOWN IS FOR REFERENCE ONLY, DOES NOT IMPACT DSC RATING.

DSC= MEDIUM

DISCLAIMER: Nozzle numbers provided do not imply swath uniformity or coverage. Applicators are encouraged to attend an Operation S.A.F.E. Clinic.

3 GPA

70 ~oo♦

l 59.4 GPM

1.49 GPM

40 Nozzle!

STEP 3: ENTER SPRAY RATE AND SWATH WIDTH

ENTER DESIRED SPRAY RATE IN GALLONS PER ACRE (GPA)

ENTER DESIRED SWATH WIDTH IN FEET

otal Boom Flow Rate

per Nozzle Flow Rate at Selected Operating Conditions

otal Number of Nozzle Needed Aer;al Applicat:ion Technologv

Select nozzle type

Enter operational

settings

Enter spray rate and

swath width

56

Acceptable Ranges:

Dvo.1 = 165

Dvo.s = 379

Dvo.9 = 690 RS= 1.39

%V<100µm = 0.45

Orifice Size 2 to 30

I 1s I Nozzle Angle

Oto 90

Cu CAUTION: Do not enter or clear data In the cells in this boxl

Pressure

31 to 90 ri 40

µm = Droplet size such that 10% of the spray volume is in droplets smaller than Dvo.1•

Aerial Applicat:ion Technology

µm

µm

= Volume median diameter. Droplet size such that 50% of the spray volume is in droplets smaller than DV0.5.

= Droplet size such that 90% of the spray volume is in droplets smaller than Dvo.,.

= Relative Span

% %V<200µm = 12.38 %

DSCvo.1 = COARSE

DSCvo.s = COARSE

DSCvo.9 = COARSE

= Percentage of spray volume In droplets smaller than 100 µm diameter.


= Droplet Spectra Classification based on Dvo.1-

HOWN IS FOR REFERENCE ONLY, DOES NOT IMPACT DSC RATING.

ctra Classlflcatlon DSC = COARSE

3 GPA

70 Feet

53.0 GPM

1.49 GPM

ed do not imply swath uniformity or coverage. Applicators are encouraged to attend an Operation S.A.F.E. Clinic.




Total Boom Flow Rate

Per Nozzle Flow Rate at Selected Operating Conditions

36 Nozzles Total Number of Nozzle Needed Aer;al -"'~ Applicat:ion

Technologv

57

Acceptable Ranges:

Dvo.1 = 180

Orifice Size 2 to 12

I 1 I Nozzle Angle

O to45

~ CAUTION: Do not enter or clear data in the cells in this boxl

Pressure

31 to 90 ri 40

µm = Droplet size such that 10% of the spray volume is in droplets smaller than Dva.1•

Aerial Application Technology

Dvo.s = 418

Dvo.9 = 747 µm µm

= Volume median diameter. Droplet size such that 50% of the spray volume is In droplets smaller than DV0.5.

= Droplet size such that 90% of the spray volume is in droplets smaller than Dva.,-

RS= 1.36 %V<100µm = 3.21 % %V<200µm = 14.18 %

DSCvo.1 = COARSE

DSCvo.s = COARSE

DSCvo.9 = VERY COA DSC= COARSE

= Relative Span



= Droplet Spectra Classification based on Dva.1-

OWN IS FOR REFERENCE ONLY, DOES NOT IMPACT DSC RATING.

do not imply swath uniformity or coverage. an Operation S.A.F.E. Clinic.


3 GPA

70 Feet

63.6 GPM

1.41 GPM



Total Boom Flow Rate

Per Nozzle Flow Rate at Selected Operating Conditions

45 Nozzles Total Number of Nozzle Needed Aer;al -"'~ Applicat:ion

Technologv

58

••••• AJ&T M-Cell -.,. 7:53 AM

A ERIAL SPR A y ~ -

S:..11beons ----

Aer;a/ . Appl;cat:,on Technologv

Mobile App Formats

59

••• 0 :: AU50:•0 .\tcmi:::~ r :: X

(i) www.mcrongro1.p.com/dropletSJ

MICR0NAIR AU5000 ATOMISER

Droplet Size Prediction Model

Ca!rulete now per atomiser? YP.~

Application rate 2

Number of atomis-er3 A

Trad< S}acing 66

Ca1001e1ec:1 trow per atomiser • 4.1

Formulation \11/ater

Air sptt•d 120

Is RPM transducar frtte,.:S? Ne

Blade ongle 65

feet

t:l mph

.:I

COQf00$

Blac• type EX1772/2 Standa·d

A:omisor rotational speed (spraying) 2890 RPM

Cal:u!ate

110% ·•• C, * ~ »

PREDICTED DROPLET

SIZE (µm)

D [v,D.11 5G

I/MD 167

D [v,0.91 317

Rel. Span 1.58

l'.;liiii M :,!'I~ t:!'!11~ lt'I ~l'!lft"l f.f')lil':'1-'I

l:mor <1010 in grey OCIG

Micron Group

http://www.microngroup.com/

droplets/models.php

Sign up for a user account to

access the models.

60

http://www.microngroup.com/droplets/models.php

Boom Setup and Nozzle Positioning

Field Streaking

62

·- =

The effect of propwash on spray recovery.

\!'\ling tip vortices affAr.finri spray pattern.

Nozzle and Boom Positioning

63

-

-Aer;a/ Appl;cat:ion Technologv

Pattern Measurement

64

Best Practices to Consider for

Drift Mitigation

What Factors Cause Drift?

• Spray Characteristics – Droplet Size (formulation, nozzle, operational

settings, airspeed)

– Evaporation Rate (formulation, weather)

• Aircraft – Application Height

– Wing-tip Vortices (nozzle positioning)

• Weather – Wind

– Temperature and Humidity

– Inversions

66

Droplet Size and Wind Speed

• Using AGDISP let’s consider: – AT-602

– 75’ swath – 65% boom width

– 80º F at 50% TH

– 20 spray passes

– Fine, Medium, Coarse and Very Coarse

– 5, 10, 15 and 20 mph

67

"O QJ

0.6

0.5

~0.4 <! -0 C 0

.B o.3 ro ... LL

C 0

·..::;

"§ 0.2 0. QJ

0

100 200

- Fine

- Medium

- Coarse

- Very Coarse

300 400 500 Distance Downwind (ft)

0.6

0.5

"O - Fine QJ

~0.4 - Medium <! - - Coarse 0 C 0 - Very Coarse .B o.3 ro ... LL

C 0

·..::;

"§ 0.2 0. QJ

0

0.1

o L _ --::::::::::::~-=-===i:~~~;;;;;;;;;_ ;;~~ 100 200 300 400 500

Distance Downwind (ft)

Droplet Size vs Wind Speed

5 mph 20 mph

68

1 1

0.9 t 0.9 + t

0 .8 0.8 t

=u- =u- - 5mph .9! 0.7 + t .9! 0.7 t C. - 5mph C. - 10mph C. C. <( <(

6 0.6 - lOmph t- t- 'o 0.6 - 15 mph t

C C 0 - 15 mph 0 - 20mph B o.5 t- + "-B 0.5 ~ - 20mph ~ ~ ~

§ 0.4 t- + § 0.4 t :;:; ·;::; "vi ·.;; 0 0 a} 0 .3 t ai-o.3 t 0 0

0 .2 + 0.2

0.1 0.1

0 0

50 70 90 110 130 150 170 190 210 230 250 50 70 90 110 130 150 170 190 210 230 250

Distance Downwind (ft) Distance Downwind (ft)

1 1

0.9 0.9

0.8 0.8

=u- - 5mph -0

.9! 0.7 .9! 0.7 - 5mph

+ C. - 10 mph C. C. C. <( <(

- lOmph 6 0.6 - 15 mph 6 0.6 t

C C - 15 mph 0 - 20 mph 0

B o.5 "-B 0.5 ~ ~ - 20mph ~ LL

§ 0.4 § 0.4 + ·;::; :;:; ·.;; ·.;; 0 0 a} 0.3 a} 0.3 t

0 0

0.2 t- 0.2 t

0.1 0.1 t

Aerial 0 0

50 70 90 110 130 150 170 190 210 230 250 50 70 90 110 130 150 170 190 210 230 250 Applicaf:ion Distance Downwind (ft) Distance Downwind (ft) Technologv

FINE MEDIUM

COARSE VERY

COARSE

69

A ,_

• . • □

~

I

I •• 7

' ,7

'\,

,. ,.

'1 I

Nozzle Position on Booms

Farthest nozzle

<75% of Wing

Span

70

Downwind Edges

• The majority of off-target movement comes from the

downwind edges of the field.

– Spray when wind speed is lower, or when wind direction

changes.

– Modify application to adjust droplet size or nozzle position.

• Reduced airspeed – 2 or 3 lower airspeed passes can reduce total off

target movement by up to 10%

• ½ boom shutoffs to reduce entrainment from downwind wing

71

Evaporation Speed ~ Off-Target IIIIIIIIIC Height ,;Application_• l>S:

Atomizatiori'a1 -h~~ -a m-, flt- ctD

~~- ~ tD QJ ..:...J c:::~ 3 ::::, rt- -•r A PIP--, <::::, tD ~ -• ~ VI '--'I-..- tD rt-:,

n -r, O O rA tD ............ tD ,.... ;-- 0 ::::, ::::, VI IIIIIJIIIII! C. "' ""I c 3 C -•'--'Species 'z3 :!. tD -, Ill tD Health

C: a' ::::, s V,

~~""I !.tD pray~== -cn,o· ~- Stewardship ~m ~ ~"' :::, ~ Crop Safety ""I ,... :::r

~ DropletMixi [ :,Boom -· AirspeedTempe~a~ure :::,

Depos1t1on .Public -: Effect1vewind ~sizesolution

72

USDA

-

Aerial Application

_ Technolo9y

A&rlsl Al)l)llea;lon Technology Reeearctl unn Teem

RESOURCES

t:ion '-----------======-----------==-=:.--- -.--.= ....... --lfogv

http://tiny.cc/AATRU

THANK YOU

FOR

PARTICIPATING

https://www.ars.usda.gov/

73

http://tiny.cc/AATRU

https://www.ars.usda.gov

? w

whe" who .

? -how

who i it~y wh~-t l whe

l •

who 7

whe~e·

ow

80

best practices for aerial application · • march 15, 2018 webinar: “strategies for managing...

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