Food safety

Better Training for Safer FoodInitiative

Sofia, Bulgaria 6th -8th June 2018

Introduction Talk

- Update on the global situation

-

Geneviève LIBEAU

Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR) BTSFThis presentation is delivered under contract with theConsumers, Health, Agriculture and Food Executive Agency(http://ec.europa.eu/chafea). The content of this presentation isthe sole responsibility of Opera S.u.r.l., the IstitutoZooprofilattico Sperimentale Lombardia e Emilia Romagna andthe State Food and Veterinary Service of Latvia and it can in noway be taken to reflect the views of the Consumers, Health,Agriculture and Food Executive Agency or any other body of theEuropean Union. The Consumers, Health, Agriculture and FoodExecutive Agency or any other body of the European Union willnot be responsible under any circumstances for the contents ofcommunication items prepared by the contractors.

Food safety

Training Workshop “Peste des Petits

Ruminants” Title: Peste des petits ruminants introduction talk

- Update on the global situation

Name: Geneviève LIBEAUCIRAD Astre Unit, Montpellier FRANCE

FAO, OIE and EU reference laboratory

genevieve.libeau@cirad.fr

6th-8th June 2018 Sofia, Bulgaria

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Food safety

Primarily infects small ruminants

Maintained by enzootic transmission across large

belts of countries in Africa, Middle East and Asia

One billion small ruminants are at risk annually

Increasing spread to new areas in the last 20 years

Main hosts of the disease, are widely distributed

Play a major role in rural economics

Managed under many production systems

Principal source of income and play a major role in

the survival during drought and famines

• Sheep and goats

PPR, an increasingly important viral disease oflivestock

Introduction

Food safety

A highly contagious disease of domestic and wild

small ruminants caused by a Morbillivirus (family

Paramyxoviridae)

First reported in 1942 in Cote d’Ivoire

PPR causes annual economic losses of up to more

than USD 2 billion, but the costs extend beyond

monetary considerations

A PPR outbreak in a naïve population creates an

emergency situation due to its rapid spread and high

animal mortality rate

PPR and its impacts…

Introduction

Food safety

Adopted during the FAO/OIE

International Conference, Abidjan,

April 2015

Specific Objectives:

▪ The eradication of PPR by 2030

▪ Reinforcing Veterinary Services

▪ Improving animal health globally by

reducing the impact of other

major infectious diseases of small

ruminants

The PPR Global Control and EradicationStrategy (GCES)

Introduction

Food safety

Step-wise approach of GCES to eradicationat national level

The Stages correspond to a combination of decreasing levels of epidemiological

risk and increasing levels of prevention and control

Introduction

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Technical issues that support a progressive

PPR control and eradication strategy

• Effective long-term vaccines (1 serotype)

• Cheap to produce

• DIVA vaccines and diagnostic approaches soon available

• Multivalent vaccines (PPR, Pox, etc.)

• Diagnostic tools that are fit for purpose

• No carrier, no known reservoir

• Role of other species (dromedary, pig and wildlife) in the

epidemiology of the disease; Vaccines / tools not adapted

• Increased SR population and mobility, difficulty to reach

• In poor countries, cold chain or storage infrastructure limited

Strengths

Weaknesses

Introduction

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Technical issues that support a progressive PPRcontrol and eradication strategy

• Growing technical and political support for progressive control

and eradication

• Experience of rinderpest eradication

• Prevention and control of PPR in combination with other major

SR diseases → cost reduction

Opportunities

Introduction

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• Sheep and goats

The disease is highly contagious and easily

transmitted by direct contact to nearby healthy

animals by secretions and/or excretions of

infected animals

Symptoms are often confused with, and

exacerbated by, secondary infections making

PPR a difficult disease to characterise, and

diagnose

Febrile illness, mucopurulent ocular and nasal

discharges, erosion of the mucosa.

Bronchopneumonia and severe dehydration

due to the acute diarrhoea leading to death.

PPR in small ruminants

Introduction

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• Sheep and goats

Goats may be more severely affected than

sheep by PPRV infection

This aspect highlights the genetic variation in

host susceptibility to disease and identifies

variations in disease severity (Hammouchi et

al., 2012; Fakri et al., 2017)

But some reports have highlighted cases of

high mortality in sheep within small ruminants

mixed flocks (Shaila et al., 1989; Yesilbag et al.

2005)

PPR in small ruminants

Introduction

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• Cattle (Gargadennec et Lalanne ,1942; Mornet 1956)

Sub-clinical infection in calf (differential diagnosis)SeroconversionRP-like disease in buffaloes (Govindarajan et al., 1997)

• Dromaderies (Roger et al., 2001, Khalafalla et al., 2005-10)

Respiratory syndrome,Cachexia & Death

• Pigs & Wild artiodactyls

PPRV may cause disease in other species

• Sheep and goats

Death caused by bronchopneumonia or severe dehydration

Ability of PPRV to cross species barrier

Introduction

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Bharal, in Tibet (Bao et al., 2011

& 2012),

Ibex in Pakistan (Abubakar et al.,

2011& 2012)

Wild goats in Kurdistan (Hoffmann et al., 2012)

and Iran (Marashi et al., 2017)Saiga antelopes, Mongolia

(mass die-off, Jan 2017)

Introduction

• Wild artiodactyls (Historical publication, Furley et al 1987).

Food safety

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SUDAN

1983-1993

BF

CINIGERIA

SENEGAL

1942-1970 1970-1972

INDE

GABONCONGO

SOMALIA

REP.

DEMOCRATIQUE

du CONGOKENYA

TANZANIE

UGANDA

2000

2008-2015

Angola2004-2012

The disease expands in Africa, recently introduced in Maghreb and in the European part of Turkey ➔ rest of Europe at risk. Expands also in Asia

2016

Process of expansion

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Since 2000: genotype distribution undergoes

profound changes: PPR emergences = incursions

of foreign genotypes in the historically defined

areas; inform on the related animals movements

IV

I

II

III

PPR distribution and expansion can be followed by identified genotypes

Process of expansion

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2008 First Incursion in Morocco

Outbreaks in Morocco (June – August 2008)

Vaccine used

Regional situation

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Epidemiologic situation in Morocco (July – Nov 2008)

Mass vaccination with

the attenuated PPR vaccine

22 September 2008

23 outbreaks /week

3 outbreaks / week

Mean

additional

outbreaks

and

number of

outbreaks

Regional situation

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PPR can be controlled in areas through mass vaccination campaigns implemented at the

national level, providing that adequate means for vaccine delivery are available and

correctly implemented.

However vigilance is needed when the country is surrounded by endemic areas from

which illegal cross-border movements of livestock is continuous

Preparedness relying on active surveillance measures

Lessons learned from the PPR epidemic in Morocco

Regional situation

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Data source Tatar et al., 2002. In brackets the number of

provinces in each region

Prevalence study conducted

between 1999-2000 on nearly 13000

animals reported to be 29% in sheep

and 24% in goats (Tatar et al, 2002).

PPR is endemic in Turkey and became a compulsory notifiable

disease in 1997

Officially declared in 1999 to OIE

But first detection in 1992 (south-east

Anatolia) and confirmed by serology

Mid nineties, the virus was isolated and

identified phylogenetically as PPRV

belonging to Lineage IV.

Initial occurrence coincided with eradication

of rinderpest (declared free 2003)

Alçigir et al., (1996), Tatar (1998),

Tatar et al, (2002)

Guler et al., 2014,

Regional situation

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Locations of PPR outbreaks 2002-2016

PPR reached Western Anatolia (Marmara

region) in early 2000s.

First case of PPR in the European Turkey:

- 2004 Turkish Thrace, Edirne

province (on the border with Greece)

- 2006, Kırklareli province (on the

border with Bulgaria)

Since then, the number of outbreaks varied In

the whole territory as recorded in the OIE

WAHIS portal

Still outbreaks recorded in Thrace region that

pose big threats to Europe

78 94

36

24

63

218

59

19

43 65

50

100

JAN

JUL

JAN

JUL

JAN

JUL

JAN

JUL

JAN

JUL

JAN

JUL

JAN

JUL

JAN

JUL

JAN

JUL

JAN

JUL

JAN

JUL

JAN

JUL

JAN

JUL

JAN

JUL

2 0 0 5 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

Monthly Cumulative

Regional situation

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PPR Vaccination in Turkey 1999-2000

Rinderpest vaccine initially used to control the

disease

Homologous PPRV Nigeria 75-1 attenuated

strain for perifocal vaccination from 1999,

Avoid dependence towards other producers

CVI, Etlik Institute, Ankara decided to produce its’

own vaccine through a technology transfer made

by CIRAD from 2001, .

In the following year PPR control was included in

the scope of diseases control activities

Regional situation

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PPR Vaccination in Turkey 2010-2012

EU-supported project between 2010 and 2012

throughout the country (3 year program)

Principle: “Ear-Tagging and Vaccination of

sheep and goats Project” (30 million heads).

Two rounds established per year (Spring and

Fall) with Nig 75-1 produced locally

Vaccination coverage of young animals :

- 65% in 2010 (22 922 758 animals),

- 76% in 2011, and

- 68,5% in 2012.

Next aims: according to regions: eradication in

Thrace and decrease incidence in Anatolia

Year

Number of

vaccinated

animals

Age

2010 15.652.775 adults

2010 7.693.639 young

2011 13.836.089 young

2012 13.676.297 young

2013 8.597.245 young

2014 11.365.611 young

2015 10.805.978 young

2016 11.566.280 young

2017 first

semester4.849.730 young

Regional situation

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First notification January 2016, Tbilisi, Georgia

Three outbreaks reported on sheep, 600

lambs out of 2200

“Unknown” disease accrued in lambs which

clinical signs started in December

Flock moved from Samtskhe-Javakheti region

Immediate implementation of a large

vaccination campaign on nearly a million sheep

and goats (in 4 weeks).

PPR is present in other countries close to

Turkey, but Russia, Azerbaijan and Armenia

have never reported it (OIE WAHID, 2016)..

PPR in Georgia, a first declaration for Eastern Europe

Regional situation

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Immediate response

Outbreak investigation, sample collection

suspicion for FMD, GP, Orf, BT, PPR

local laboratory BTV+

shipped to Pirbright, PPR+, BTV-

Control measures

surveillance, restricted movements

communication etc..

Quick support from FAO-CMC-AH (within the

week of request)

outbreak investigation, market inspection

farmers interview, laboratory training

Prevaccination /postvaccination serosurvey

Vaccination 1.700.000 doses purchased (Russia)

PPR in Georgia, a first declaration for Eastern Europe

Regional situation

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Situation for other diseases

- Modality of transmission of disease is important to consider

- PPR is a direct transmitted disease

- Comparable to sheep and goat pox, CaPox and FMD non vector-

born diseases both present in Turkey but with no impact in Greece

- Oppositely to LSD, vector borne (Since January 2016 the dispersion

speed of the virus in the Balkans is about 75 km per week)

Outbreaks of LSDV in Turkey, Greece, Bulgaria and

Former Republic of Macedonia (between August

2015 and May 2016). http://www.plateforme-esa.fr/article/dermatose-

nodulaire-contagieuse-bovine-en-europe-point-de-situation-2016-03-du-17052016

Regional situation

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Geographical distribution of PPR-infected countries and number of cases in different provinces,

autonomous regions or municipalities (P/A/Ms) of China in 2007 and during 2013-2014. Liu et

al.,Transbound Emerg Dis. 2018 Jun;65(3):638-648.

PPR in China, still regarded as an exotic disease

Cases of PPR, in sheep, goats

and bharals, the Himalayan blue

sheep, found in the Tibetan

Plateau

Immediate control by stamping-

out and implementation of a

surveillance strategy in the whole

country

Reoccurrence detected end 2013,

32 P/A/Ms affected due to animal

movements

First occurrence, in July 2007, in the Ngari

region of western Tibet

More likely existed for several years without

being recognized in Tibet

Regional situation

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Ma et al. Preventive Veterinary Medicine 147 (2017) 194-198

PPR in China, still regarded as an exotic disease

Regional situation

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PPR in Mongolia

Shatar et al., Arch of Virol. Map of Mongolia and neighboring countries. High

similarity (99.0-99.5%) with PPR viruses currently circulating in China (2013-

2015) indicating a common origin.Robinson

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Out of the global 208 countries and territories to be accredited by the OIE

54 are

accredited OIE PPR

free status 63report

presence of PPR

13 are

with unknown

status

76 countries for major programme focus

79 never

reported PPR and could

move toward free status

133

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PPR global situation

Global situation

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Global situation

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Team involved

CIRAD (ASTRE, UMR117)

Arnaud Bataille

PPR expertise, evolutionist, reverse genetics methodology

Olivier KwiatekPPR expertise, Lab

techniques

Emmanuel AlbinaVirology expertise

Tetiana Kwan TatIntellectual Property

Renata Servan de AlmeidasiRNA methodology, animal challenges

Geneviève Libeau PPR expertise, ELISA and

vaccine development

Thank you

Food safety

Better Training for Safer Food

BTSF

OPERA

Viale Parioli 96, 00197 Roma - Italy

Tel +39 06 96042652- / +39 06 8080111

Fax +39 06 89280678

info@opera-italy.it; www.btsftraining.com; www.opera-italy.it

This presentation is delivered under contract with the Consumers, Health, Agriculture and Food Executive Agency (http://ec.europa.eu/chafea). Thecontent of this presentation is the sole responsibility of Opera S.u.r.l., the Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Lombardia e Emilia Romagna and theState Food and Veterinary Service of Latvia and it can in no way be taken to reflect the views of the Consumers, Health, Agriculture and FoodExecutive Agency or any other body of the European Union. The Consumers, Health, Agriculture and Food Executive Agency or any other body of theEuropean Union will not be responsible under any circumstances for the contents of communication items prepared by the contractors.

• European CommissionConsumers, Health and Food Executive Agency

DRB A3/042L-2920 Luxembourg

Thank you!