betty glisky department of psychology university of arizona · 2016-11-22 · *penzu (n = 13, age =...
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Betty Glisky
Department of Psychology
University of Arizona
Feb. 20, 2015
*
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Balance
Equilibrium Stability/Steadiness
Evenness – no ups and downsHarmony
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UnBalAnCEd
UnEquAl
LOpSidEd
uNsteAdY
NoiSY
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*
*What do we do when things get out of
balance?
We try to do
something
different,
rearrange our
priorities
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*
*Finding balance is really a lifelong task
*Aging presents some unique challenges
*Life events that throw us off balance
*Suggest some ways to adapt to those changes, re-balance one’s life, and restore a sense of well-being
*What is well-being?
*Sense of contentment, fulfillment, and satisfaction
*Seems to depend on balance among the various aspects of one’s life
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Physical
EmotionalCognitive
Well-Being
Environment
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* Changes in family dynamics
*Children leave home (or children return home)
*Retirement
*Loss of spouse
* Temporary or chronic health problems
*Self
*Loved one
*Caregiving responsibilities
*New living arrangements
*Restructuring or redesigning a home
*Downsizing , i.e., moving
*Retirement village
*Living alone
Precarious balance
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*
*Be Active
*Exercise physically
*Keep active mentally
*Engage in cognitively-stimulating activities
*Get out and about
*Volunteer
*Try new things
*Take it slow
*Reduce stress
*Take care of yourself
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**Supportive relationships are a strong
predictor of well-being (Myers, 2003)
*They can
*be a source of positive affect
*provide meaning in our lives
*reduce stress
*provide practical support
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*
*Social engagement has been found to be related
to longevity, resilience in the face of adversity,
better overall physical health, and reduced risk of
dementia (Cohen & Wills, 1985; Holt-Lunstad et al, 2010,2012)
*Social isolation has been found to increase the risk
of dementia by as much as 60% (Fratiglioni, 2000)
*There is an increased probability of becoming
socially isolated with age
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*
*We did two studies looking at whether:
*a) Emotionally positive memories tended to
include more social experiences than self-
focused experiences, and
*b) Increasing social interaction in older adults
who lived alone would provide cognitive
benefits
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*
*Literature indicates that as people get older they
tend to seek out and focus more on positive
emotional experiences—what has been called the
positivity effect (Carstensen et al, 2006)
*We were interested in whether one’s positive
emotional experiences were derived primarily from
social interactions and whether this would be
reflected in their autobiographical memories
Polsinelli et al, 2015
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*
*Compared older adults (N=45, age=76.8) to
younger adults (N=25, age=18.6)
*People were asked to freely recall memories of
personal events that had happened to them in the
past 3 years but were at least one month old
*3 positive memories and 3 negative memories
* Memories were recorded and later analyzed for
content in the following way:
*Individual (i.e., self-focused) or social
(interpersonally-focused)
*“I” pronouns or “she, he or they” pronouns
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*
*Older adults positive
memories were more
socially or interpersonally
focused, had less I-talk
and more third-person
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YOUNGER ADULTS OLDER ADULTS
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YOUNGER ADULTS OLDER ADULTS
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*
*Older adults derive positive emotional
benefits from events that involve social and
interpersonal interactions
*Their negative memories, on the other hand,
tended to be less social and more self-
related.
*These findings are consistent with the view
that social interactions support emotional
well-being in older adults
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*
*Some evidence that people who are socially engaged
have better cognitive function
*We wanted to look at whether increasing social
interaction could help to maintain or even improve
cognitive function with age
*We wanted to reach people who might be socially
disengaged
*Could online social networking such as Facebook be used
to connect socially isolated older adults, and would that
provide cognitive benefits?
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*
*Three Groups
*Facebook (n = 13, age = 79.4)
*Penzu (n = 13, age = 78.4)
*Waitlist (n = 14, age = 79.3)
*Interventions
* 6 hours of training over a week
* 7 weeks of daily postings in Facebook or Penzu
*Tests of working memory/executive function,
processing speed, and event memory were given
before and after the Facebook/Penzu
interventions
For the most
part, these
people lived
alone
Myhre et al., 2014
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*
*Everyone was able to learn how to
use these computer programs, and
make two postings a day on their
own for 7 weeks.
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Updating c
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Penzu
Waitlist
Time 1 Time 2
The Facebook group showed a significant increase in performance
compared to no significant change in the other two groups.
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*
Trails A Trails B
Both Facebook and Penzu groups showed increases in processing
speed following the intervention compared to the Waitlist
group. No differential slowing for Trails B across groups
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*
*There appear to be specific cognitive benefits
associated with using Facebook
*Only the Facebook group showed improvements in
working memory
*This cognitive benefit could be attributable either to
the greater social interaction required by Facebook
or to the cognitive demands of Facebook relative to
Penzu
*Facebook may have required greater working memory
than Penzu
*Face-to-face social interactions require working memory
just as online conversations do
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*Social engagement, whether it occurs face-to-face or through online social media, improves working memory in older adults
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*
*It allows people who are truly socially isolated to stay
connected, increasing the likelihood that they will
challenge and maintain their cognitive function
*It allows people who are experiencing cognitive
decline to continue social interactions at their own
pace
*It allows people who may be experiencing hearing
problems to remain socially connected
*Ultimately, it may allow older people to stay in their
own homes for a longer time, connected to a social
support system, and able to function relatively
independently.
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Stay
Engaged!
Ivy Bean, 104 years old, has
4,000 friends on Facebook
Osher Lifelong Learning Institute
Annual Conference on Successful Aging 2013
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*
*Social interactions contribute significantly
to older adults’ positive life experiences
and emotional well-being, and are also the
source of improved cognitive function
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*
*Find time for yourself
*Consider mindfulness
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*
*Focusing attention on the present moment
*Blocking out distraction
*An acceptance of things as they are
*Withdrawing attention from stressful
situations, past or future
*Calming the mind and staying in the
moment
*Mindfulness can be enhanced through
meditation
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*
*Has at least 2 components:
*Focused attention, which involves focusing on
breathing, on an object, or your body
*Open monitoring, which is sort of a calm, non-
judgmental awareness or openness to experience
*Mindfulness meditation has been shown to
increase attention, decrease stress and
depression, and increase life satisfaction.
*Thus it has the potential to enhance both
cognitive and emotional well-being
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*
*Major lifetime changes or adverse events that
occur as we age can throw us off balance,
disrupt our lives, and leave us unhappy and
unfulfilled
*To restore that balance and achieve a
renewed sense of well-being, we need to
*Try something new
*Seek out positive social interactions
*Find time for self-reflection and mindfulness
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THANKS!
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Thank You Supporters!