BETWEEN WORLD WAR I AND BETWEEN WORLD WAR I AND WORLD WAR II, 1919-1939WORLD WAR II, 1919-1939

SSWH17 The student will be able to identify the major political and economic factors that shaped world societies between World War I and World War II.

a. Examine the impact of the war on science, art, and social thinking by identifying the cultural significance of Sigmund Freud, Albert Einstein, and Picasso.

b. Determine the causes and results of the Russian Revolution from the rise of the Bolsheviks under Lenin to Stalin’s first Five Year Plan.

c. Describe the rise of fascism in Europe and Asia by comparing the policies of Benito Mussolini in Italy, Adolf Hitler in Germany, and Hirohito in Japan.

d. Analyze the rise of nationalism as seen in the ideas of Sun Yat Sen, Mustafa Kemal Attaturk, and Mohandas Ghandi.

e. Describe the nature of totalitarianism and the police state that existed in Russia, Germany, and Italy and how they differ from authoritarian governments.

f. Explain the aggression and conflict leading to World War II in Europe and Asia; include the Italian invasion of Ethiopia, the Spanish Civil War, the rape of Nanjing in China, and the German annexation of the Sudetenland

The The aftermath of World War Iaftermath of World War I drastic political, cultural, and social change drastic political, cultural, and social change

across Europe, Asia, Africa, and even in across Europe, Asia, Africa, and even in areas outside those that were directly areas outside those that were directly involved in the warinvolved in the war

Four empires collapsed due to the warFour empires collapsed due to the war old countries were abolishedold countries were abolished new ones formed, boundaries were redrawnnew ones formed, boundaries were redrawn international organizations were establishedinternational organizations were established many new and old ideologiesmany new and old ideologies

those who fought in the war became those who fought in the war became what is known as "the what is known as "the Lost GenerationLost Generation" because they never " because they never fully recovered from their fully recovered from their experiences experiences

sense of disillusionmentsense of disillusionment

SUMMARY VIDEO SUMMARY VIDEO http://www.history.com/topics/world-war-i/videos#wwi-firstshttp://www.history.com/topics/world-war-i/videos#wwi-firsts

CULTURAL ACHIEVEMENTS, CULTURAL ACHIEVEMENTS, POST WORLD WAR IPOST WORLD WAR I

SIGMUND FREUDSIGMUND FREUD ALBERT EINSTEINALBERT EINSTEIN PABLO PICASSOPABLO PICASSO

SIGMUND FREUDSIGMUND FREUD 1856-19391856-1939 AUSTRIAAUSTRIA DOCTOR AND DOCTOR AND

FATHER OF FATHER OF PSYCHOANALYSISPSYCHOANALYSIS

http://www.biography.com/http://www.biography.com/people/sigmund-freud-9302400/people/sigmund-freud-9302400/videos/sigmund-freud-look-within-videos/sigmund-freud-look-within-20800956352080095635

ALBERT EINSTEINALBERT EINSTEIN 1879-19551879-1955 GERMANYGERMANY PHYSICSPHYSICS NOBEL PEACE NOBEL PEACE

PRIZE, 1921PRIZE, 1921 LATER, U.S. LATER, U.S.

CITIZEN, AND CITIZEN, AND PROMOTED PROMOTED DEVELOPMENT OF DEVELOPMENT OF ATOMIC BOMBATOMIC BOMB

PABLO PICASSOPABLO PICASSO 1881-19731881-1973 SPAINSPAIN PAINTERPAINTER REVOLUTIONARY REVOLUTIONARY

ARTISTARTIST CUBIST ARTCUBIST ART

Les Demoiselles d'AvignonLes Demoiselles d'Avignon ( (The Young Ladies The Young Ladies of Avignonof Avignon, and originally titled , and originally titled The Brothel of The Brothel of

Avignon)Avignon)

GUERNICA, 1937, THE SPANISH GUERNICA, 1937, THE SPANISH CIVIL WAR (PRIOR TO WW II)CIVIL WAR (PRIOR TO WW II)

POST WORLD WAR I…POST WORLD WAR I…BETWEEN THE FIRESBETWEEN THE FIRES

RUSSIAN REVOLUTIONRUSSIAN REVOLUTION series of series of revolutionsrevolutions in in RussiaRussia in 1917 in 1917 A. ENDED A. ENDED Tsarist autocracyTsarist autocracy-divine right, absolule -divine right, absolule

rule of CZAR NICHOLAS IIrule of CZAR NICHOLAS II 1. REVOLUTION I, CZAR IS OVERTHROWN AND 1. REVOLUTION I, CZAR IS OVERTHROWN AND

replaced by a replaced by a provisional governmentprovisional government during the during the first revolution of February 1917, LED BY first revolution of February 1917, LED BY ALEXANDER KERENSKYALEXANDER KERENSKY

2. REVOLUTION II, PROVISIONAL GOVERNMENT IS 2. REVOLUTION II, PROVISIONAL GOVERNMENT IS OVERTHROWN BY BOLSHEVIK (COMMUNIST) OVERTHROWN BY BOLSHEVIK (COMMUNIST) REVOLUTIONARIES, LED BY NIKOLAI LENINREVOLUTIONARIES, LED BY NIKOLAI LENIN

SEE HANDOUT PREVIOUSLY GIVEN…SEE HANDOUT PREVIOUSLY GIVEN…HIGHLIGHT CAUSESHIGHLIGHT CAUSES

ALEXANDER ALEXANDER KERENSKY, 1881-KERENSKY, 1881-19701970

NIKOLAI LENIN, NIKOLAI LENIN, 1870-19241870-1924

RED SQUARE, PETROGRAD RED SQUARE, PETROGRAD (NOW ST. PETERSBURG)(NOW ST. PETERSBURG)

BOLSHEVIKSBOLSHEVIKS

1 1 factionfaction of the of the MarxistMarxist Russian Social Democratic Russian Social Democratic LabourLabour Party Party (RSDLP) which split apart from (RSDLP) which split apart from the the MenshevikMenshevik faction at the faction at the Second Party CongressSecond Party Congress in 1903 in 1903

2 MEANS “MAJORITY” 2 MEANS “MAJORITY”

3 LED BY LENIN AND LATER THE 3 LED BY LENIN AND LATER THE COMMUNIST PARTY OF THE SOVIET COMMUNIST PARTY OF THE SOVIET UNIONUNION

4 RUSSIAN CIVIL WAR (1917-1922) 4 RUSSIAN CIVIL WAR (1917-1922) DURING AND AFTER WW IDURING AND AFTER WW I

1) “REDS” (COMMUNISTS) VS. 1) “REDS” (COMMUNISTS) VS. “WHITES” (CZARISTS)“WHITES” (CZARISTS)

2) COMMUNIST WIN…ESTABLISH THE 2) COMMUNIST WIN…ESTABLISH THE USSR, OR THE SOVIET UNION (USSR ?)USSR, OR THE SOVIET UNION (USSR ?)

3) UNION OF SOVIET SOCIALIST 3) UNION OF SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLICSREPUBLICS

AFTER LENIN…JOSEF STALINAFTER LENIN…JOSEF STALIN 1878-19531878-1953 RUSSIAN, SOVIET LEADER AFTER RUSSIAN, SOVIET LEADER AFTER

LENINLENIN ELIMINATED ALL OPPOSITIONELIMINATED ALL OPPOSITION TOTALITARIAN, AUTHORITARIANTOTALITARIAN, AUTHORITARIAN STARTED USSR’S STARTED USSR’S

command economycommand economy, launching a , launching a period of period of industrializationindustrialization and and collectivizationcollectivization IN THE FIRST FIVE IN THE FIRST FIVE YEAR PLANYEAR PLAN

transformation of USSR from an transformation of USSR from an agrarian society into an industrial agrarian society into an industrial powerpower

Imprisoned millions of people in Imprisoned millions of people in Soviet correctional labor campsSoviet correctional labor camps

deporteddeported many others to remote many others to remote areas areas

1936-39, GREAT PURGE, 1936-39, GREAT PURGE, EXECUTED MILLIONS, “ENEMIES” EXECUTED MILLIONS, “ENEMIES” OF THE USSROF THE USSR

LEADER OF USSR DURING WW IILEADER OF USSR DURING WW II

VIDEO CLIPS: LENIN AND VIDEO CLIPS: LENIN AND STALINSTALIN

http://www.dvarchive.com/stock-footage/911-0271/vladimirleninleadsthecohttp://www.dvarchive.com/stock-footage/911-0271/vladimirleninleadsthecommunistrevolutioninrussiainmmunistrevolutioninrussiain

http://www.history.com/videos/stalins-purges#stalins-purgeshttp://www.history.com/videos/stalins-purges#stalins-purges

TOTALITARIANISMTOTALITARIANISM

form of government that form of government that theoretically permits no individual theoretically permits no individual freedom and that seeks to freedom and that seeks to subordinate all aspects of the subordinate all aspects of the individual’s life to the AUTHORITY of individual’s life to the AUTHORITY of the government AND STATEthe government AND STATE

Italian Italian dictatordictator Benito MussoliniBenito Mussolini coined the term coined the term totalitariototalitario in the early in the early 1920s to describe the new fascist 1920s to describe the new fascist statestate of Italy of Italy

He described as: “All within the state, He described as: “All within the state, none outside the state, none against none outside the state, none against the state.” the state.”

ABSOLUTE, OPPRESSIVE, SINGLE-ABSOLUTE, OPPRESSIVE, SINGLE-PARTY GOVERNMENTPARTY GOVERNMENT

TOTALITARIANISMTOTALITARIANISM Totalitarianism is characterized by strong central rule that Totalitarianism is characterized by strong central rule that

attempts to control and direct all aspects of individual life attempts to control and direct all aspects of individual life through coercion and repressionthrough coercion and repression

EXAMPLESEXAMPLES Maurya dynasty of India (Maurya dynasty of India (cc. 321–. 321–cc. 185 bc). 185 bc) Ch’in dynasty of China (221–206 bc)Ch’in dynasty of China (221–206 bc) Zulu chief Shaka (Zulu chief Shaka (c.c. 1816–28) 1816–28) Totalitarian state of Nazi Germany under Totalitarian state of Nazi Germany under Adolf HitlerAdolf Hitler (1933–45) (1933–45) Totalitarian state of the Soviet Union under Totalitarian state of the Soviet Union under Joseph StalinJoseph Stalin

(1924–53)(1924–53) The last two were the first examples of decentralized or The last two were the first examples of decentralized or

popular totalitarianism, in which the state achieved popular totalitarianism, in which the state achieved overwhelming popular support for its leadership. This support overwhelming popular support for its leadership. This support was not spontaneous; its genesis depended on a charismatic was not spontaneous; its genesis depended on a charismatic leader; and it was made possible only by modern leader; and it was made possible only by modern developments in communication and transportationdevelopments in communication and transportation

TYPESTYPES

TYPESTYPES

FASCISMFASCISM

NAZISMNAZISM

COMMUNISMCOMMUNISM

LEADERS AND LEADERS AND LOCATIONSLOCATIONS

BENITO MUSSOLINI, BENITO MUSSOLINI, ITALY; EMPEROR ITALY; EMPEROR HIROHITO, JAPANHIROHITO, JAPAN

ADOLPH HITLER, ADOLPH HITLER, GERMANYGERMANY

JOSEF STALIN, USSR JOSEF STALIN, USSR (SOVIET UNION)(SOVIET UNION)

FASCISMFASCISM

WHAT IS IT?WHAT IS IT? POLITICAL IDEOLOGY OF EXTREMISM POLITICAL IDEOLOGY OF EXTREMISM

(RADICAL)(RADICAL) Europe’s first fascist leader, Europe’s first fascist leader,

Benito MussoliniBenito Mussolini, ITALY, ITALY FASCIST POLITICAL PARTY, ITALYFASCIST POLITICAL PARTY, ITALY From the Latin word FASCES, which referred to a bundle of From the Latin word FASCES, which referred to a bundle of

elm or birch rods (usually containing an ax) used as a elm or birch rods (usually containing an ax) used as a

symbol of penal authority in ANCIENT ROMEsymbol of penal authority in ANCIENT ROME

DEFINED: POLITICAL IDEA…DEFINED: POLITICAL IDEA… Although fascist parties and movements Although fascist parties and movements

differed significantly from each other, they differed significantly from each other, they had many characteristics in common, had many characteristics in common, including extreme militaristic including extreme militaristic nationalismnationalism, , contempt for electoral contempt for electoral democracydemocracy and and political and cultural political and cultural liberalismliberalism, a belief in , a belief in natural social hierarchy and the rule of elites, natural social hierarchy and the rule of elites, and the desire to create a and the desire to create a VolksgemeinschaftVolksgemeinschaft (German: “people’s community”), in which (German: “people’s community”), in which individual interests would be subordinated to individual interests would be subordinated to the good of the nation the good of the nation

http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/202210/fascismhttp://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/202210/fascism

NAZISMNAZISM

short form name of National Socialism short form name of National Socialism TOTALITARIAN; GERMAN FASCISMTOTALITARIAN; GERMAN FASCISM uses biological racism and uses biological racism and

antisemitismantisemitism based on an idea that the German race based on an idea that the German race

was better than all others and had the was better than all others and had the greatest ability to survive greatest ability to survive

ANTI JEW, SLAV, ROMANI, AND OTHER ANTI JEW, SLAV, ROMANI, AND OTHER GROUPSGROUPS

COMMUNISMCOMMUNISM

TOTALITARIAN political and economic TOTALITARIAN political and economic system that aims to replace private system that aims to replace private property and a profit-based property and a profit-based economyeconomy with public ownership with public ownership

EXTREME NATIONALISMEXTREME NATIONALISM

MUSSOLINI’S MUSSOLINI’S ITALY>ITALY>

HITLER’S HITLER’S GERMANY>GERMANY>

HIROHITO’S JAPAN>HIROHITO’S JAPAN>

MEDITERRANEAN SEA, “MARE MEDITERRANEAN SEA, “MARE NOSTRUM” (OUR SEA)NOSTRUM” (OUR SEA)

A NEW “ROMAN EMPIRE”A NEW “ROMAN EMPIRE”

THIRD REICH (THIRD EMPIRE); THIRD REICH (THIRD EMPIRE); “EMPIRE THAT WOULD LAST 1000 “EMPIRE THAT WOULD LAST 1000 YEARS”; LEBENSRAUM-”LIVING YEARS”; LEBENSRAUM-”LIVING SPACE”, GERMANY FOR SPACE”, GERMANY FOR GERMANS; THE FINAL SOLUTION GERMANS; THE FINAL SOLUTION (HOLOCAUST) EXTERMINATION OF (HOLOCAUST) EXTERMINATION OF 11 MILLION, INCLUDING 9 MILLION 11 MILLION, INCLUDING 9 MILLION JEWSJEWS

““ASIA FOR ASIATICS”; EXPANSION ASIA FOR ASIATICS”; EXPANSION IN THE PACIFIC; EMPEROR IN THE PACIFIC; EMPEROR WORSHIPWORSHIP

NATIONALISMNATIONALISM

ideologyideology based on the premise that based on the premise that the individual’s loyalty and devotion the individual’s loyalty and devotion to the to the nation-statenation-state surpass other surpass other individual or group interests individual or group interests

REVOLUTIONARY LEADERS, REVOLUTIONARY LEADERS, NATIONALISTS, 1900-1939NATIONALISTS, 1900-1939

SEE CHARTSEE CHART VLADIMIR (NIKOLAI) LENINVLADIMIR (NIKOLAI) LENIN JOSEF STALINJOSEF STALIN SUN YIXIAN (SUN YAT SEN)SUN YIXIAN (SUN YAT SEN) MAO ZEDONGMAO ZEDONG MOHANDAS K. GHANDIMOHANDAS K. GHANDI MUSTAFA KEMAL ATTATURKMUSTAFA KEMAL ATTATURK

ACTS OF AGGRESSION ACTS OF AGGRESSION LEADING TO WORLD WAR IILEADING TO WORLD WAR II

WHAT IS AGGRESSION IN RELATION WHAT IS AGGRESSION IN RELATION TO NATION-STATES?TO NATION-STATES?

in international relations, an act or in international relations, an act or policy of expansion carried out by policy of expansion carried out by one state at the expense of another one state at the expense of another by means of an unprovoked military by means of an unprovoked military attack attack

SEE CHART.SEE CHART.

ITALYITALY: INVASION OF ETHIOPIA, 1931: INVASION OF ETHIOPIA, 1931 GERMANY: GERMANY: ANNEXATION (TAKING) ANNEXATION (TAKING)

OF SUDENTENLAND IN W. OF SUDENTENLAND IN W. CZECHOSLOVAKIA)CZECHOSLOVAKIA)

OTHER CONFLICTS PRIOR TO OTHER CONFLICTS PRIOR TO WORLD WAR IIWORLD WAR II

SPANISH CIVIL WARSPANISH CIVIL WAR (1936–39), military revolt against the Republican (1936–39), military revolt against the Republican

government of Spain by the Nationalistsgovernment of Spain by the Nationalists The Nationalists, as the rebels were called, The Nationalists, as the rebels were called,

received aid from Fascist Italy and Nazi received aid from Fascist Italy and Nazi GermanyGermany

The Republicans received aid from the Soviet The Republicans received aid from the Soviet Union, as well as from International Brigades, Union, as well as from International Brigades, composed of volunteers from Europe and the composed of volunteers from Europe and the United States. United States.

http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/558032/Spanish-Civil-Warhttp://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/558032/Spanish-Civil-War

THE “RAPE” OF NANJING (NANKING) THE “RAPE” OF NANJING (NANKING) IN CHINAIN CHINA

(December 1937–January 1938), mass (December 1937–January 1938), mass killing and ravaging of Chinese killing and ravaging of Chinese citizens and capitulated soldiers by citizens and capitulated soldiers by soldiers of the Japanese Imperial soldiers of the Japanese Imperial Army after its seizure of Nanjing, Army after its seizure of Nanjing, China, on Dec. 13, 1937, during the China, on Dec. 13, 1937, during the Sino-Japanese War that preceded Sino-Japanese War that preceded World War II.World War II.

CAUSES OF WORLD WAR IICAUSES OF WORLD WAR II(“JIG”, JAPAN, ITALY, (“JIG”, JAPAN, ITALY,

GERMANY”)GERMANY”) MARTINMARTIN M >M > A >A >

R >R >

T >T >

I >I > N >N >

MILITARISMMILITARISM ACTS OF AGGRESSION ACTS OF AGGRESSION

BY “JIG”BY “JIG” RESENTMENT OF RESENTMENT OF

VERSAILLES TREATYVERSAILLES TREATY

TOTALITARIAN TOTALITARIAN POLICIES OF “JIG”POLICIES OF “JIG”

IMPERIALISMIMPERIALISM NATIONALISMNATIONALISM