beyond ogc standards: the new challenges for open source gis gilberto câmara director general,...
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Beyond OGC Standards: The New Challenges for Open Source GIS
Gilberto CâmaraDirector General, National Institute for Space Research (INPE)Brazil
OGRS 2009, Nantes, France, July 2009
Creative Commons License Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alikehttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/
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INPE: CONVERTING DATA INTO KNOWLEDGE
SATELLITES
Earth observation, scientific, and data collection satellites
GROUND SYSTEMS
Reception, processingand distribution of satellite data
R&D
Weather Predictionand Earth System Science
SOCIETAL BENEFITS
Innovative productsto society
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User institutions (51% are private companies) 16,000
Image Distribution: CBERS and LANDSAT (2004-2008)
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CBERS as a global satellite
CBERS ground stations will cover most of the Earth’s land mass between 300N and 300S
Cuiabá
Boa Vista
Chetumal
MaspalomasAswan
Jo´burg
Nairobi(?)Gabon(?)
UrumchiMiyun
Ghuangzhou
Darwin(?)
Alice Springs (?)
Bangcoc
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“The international community (should) explore ways to reduce global-warming emissions from deforestation. (…) This information can now be extracted fairly accurately from satellite images. (…) A few satellites can cover the entire globe, but there needs to be a system in place to ensure their images are readily available to everyone who needs them. Brazil has set an important precedent by making its Earth-observation data available, and the rest of the world should follow suit.”
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Why do we want open source GIS?
Alternative to proprietary GISSupport for innovative applications
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What has Open GIS given us?
File FormatFile FormatFile Format
File Format
Real-TimeData Feed
File Format
TraditionalDBMS
File Format
File FormatNon-
traditionalDBMS
File Format
NETWORKS AND CLIENT/SERVER TECHNOLOGY
File FormatFileFormat
File Format
Interfaces based on the OpenGIS SpecificationWMS, WCS, WFS
OGC SQL extension
OGC archival formats
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What has Open GIS given us?
QGIS + GRASS
OrbiGIS WMS reader
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Open GIS can do much more: support decision-making in a changing world
Nature: Physical equations Describe processes
Society: Decisions on how to Use Earth´s resources
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source: IGBP
How is the Earth’s environment changing, and what are the consequences for human civilization?
The fundamental question of our time
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Global Change
Where are changes taking place? How much change is happening? Who is being impacted by the change?
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augmented reality
sensor networks
mobile devices
Open GIS-21
ubiquitous images and maps
Data-centered, mobile-enabled, contribution-based, field-based modelling
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Slides from LANDSAT
Aral Sea
Bolivia 1975 1992 2000
1973 1987 2000
images: USGS
Modelling Nature-Society Interactions
How do humans use space?How to describe and predict changes resulting from human actions? What computational tools are needed to model nature-society interactions?
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TerraLib: spatio-temporal database as a basis for innovation
Visualization (TerraView)
Spatio-temporalDatabase (TerraLib)
Modelling (TerraME)
Data Mining(GeoDMA)Statistics (aRT)
G. Câmara et al.“TerraLib: An open-source GIS library for large-scale environmental and socio-economic applications”. In: B. Hall, M. Leahy (eds.), “Open Source Approaches to Spatial Data Handling”. Berlin, Springer, 2008.
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TerraME: Dynamical spatial modellingwith Agents in Cell Spaces
Cell Spaces
Generalized Proximity Matrix – GPM
Hybrid Automata model
Nested scales
TerraME uses functional programming ideas
Tiago Garcia de Senna Carneiro, “"Nested-CA: A Foundation for Multiscale Modelling of Land Use and Land Cover Change”. PhD Thesis, INPE, june 2006
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RR data from geoRgeoR package.
Loaded into a TerraLib database, and visualized with TerraView.
R-Terralib interface
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Lua and the Web
Where is Lua?
Inside Brazil Petrobras, the Brazilian Oil Company Embratel (the main telecommunication company in
Brazil) many other companies
Outside Brazil Lua is used in hundreds of projects, both commercial
and academic CGILua still in restricted use
until recently all documentation was in Portuguese
TerraME Programming Language: Extension of LUA
LUA is the language of choice for computer games
[Ierusalimschy et al, 1996]source: the LUA team
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166-112
116-113
116-112
TerraAmazon – open source software for large-scale land change monitoring
Spatial database (PostgreSQL with vectors and images)2004-2008: 5 million polygons, 500 GB images
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INPE´s support for open source GIS
SPRING (single-user)100.000 registered
users€ 200 K/an
TerraLib (multi-user database + viewer)
€ 250 K/an
TerraME (modelling software)
€ 150 K/an
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How can GIS technology handle spatio-temporal data?What algebra is needed for spatio-temporal data? How can this algebra be handled in an object-relational DBMS?
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Modelling change…from practice to theory
Outline of a theory for change modelling in spatio-temporal data
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What is a geo-sensor?What is a geo-sensor?
measure (s,t) = vs ⋲ S - set of locations in spacet ⋲ T - is the set of times. v ⋲ V - set of values
Basic spatio-temporal types
S: set of locations (space)T: set of intervals (time)A: set of values (attributes)
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What is a geo-sensor?What is a geo-sensor?
measure (s,t) = vs ⋲ S - set of locations in spacet ⋲ T - is the set of times. v ⋲ V - set of values
Field (static)field : S A
A field has values for every location of a space
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Slides from LANDSATAral Sea
Bolivia
1973
Time-varying fields
TField : T S VA temporal field records the values of the space at each time.
1987 2000
1975 1992 2000
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Evolving and moving objects
S1
P0
P2
S1
P0
P2
P3
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Moving objects
Object: (S,A) located in space with attributesTObject: T(S,A) location and attributes change
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Evolving objects
S1
P0
S1
P0
P2
S1
P0
P2
P3
Object: (S,A) located in space with attributesTObject: T(S,A) location and attributes change
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Sensors: sources of continuous information
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Sensors are temporal objects
Object : (S,A) located in space, has attributes (sensor measures)
TObject: T (S,A) location and attributes change
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Moving objects have trajectories
trajectory : TObject ⟶ T ⟶ Sshows where the object has been
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Sensor data produces a time series
TimeSeries: TObject T A
each temporal object (sensor) produces a time series
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Object Algebra: some operations
state : TObject ⟶ T ⟶ Objecttimes : TObject ⟶ set (T)range : TObject ⟶ set (A)values: TObject ⟶ TimeSeriespath: TObject ⟶ Trajectoryintersect: TObject ⟶ S ⟶ set(TObject)
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When did animal L01 come close to island I01?
LO1: TObject -- moving animalI01: Object -- static island
buf = buffer (I01, 20 km)LO1_parts = intersect (L01, buf)tclose = times (L01_parts)
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When did animal L01 come close to animal L02?
LO1, L02 : TObjectts1 : Timeseriest1: Time
ts1 = distance(path(L01),path(LO2))
t1 = times (filter (<2) ts1 )
tclose = min (times (A01_part))
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Evolution of a volcano eruption
state : TField ⟶ T ⟶ Fieldtimes : TField ⟶ set (T)range : TField ⟶ set (A)intersect: TField ⟶ S ⟶ set(TField)
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What was the biggest SO2 emission of volcano eruption?
plume: TFieldts = timeSeries (plume, “S02”)maxVal = max ( range (ts) )
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Managing change is a major challenge for the open GIS community
We need new algebras, data representations and algorithms to handle spatio-temporal data
Conclusions