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gZr_c ikbobdb b gZrbo i_jkhgZevguo j_r_gbc \ hij_^_e_gguo kblmZpbyo�

ihablb\gh ih^dj_ie_gguo hlkmlkl\b_f g_]Zlb\guo kZgdpbc� >Z[u dhjj_dl�

gh hibkZlv bg^bnn_j_glgh_ h[_aebq_ggh_ ih\_^_gb_� g_h[oh^bfh mklZgh�

\blv kbkl_fm jZaebq_gbc _]h nhjf� 3.2.1. ;ebadbc dhglZdl �^_nbpbl ijhkljZgkl\Z�

3.2.1.1. Hq_j_^v Hq_j_^v fh`gh jZkkfZljb\Zlv dZd ij_^_evguc

4kemqZc [ebadh]h

ijhkljZgkl\_ggh]h dhglZdlZ \ nhjf_ hlghkbl_evgh]h ijbgm`^_gby� < g_dh�

lhjuo kemqZyo Zdlhj g_ bf__l \u[hjZ � khojZgylv eb[h g_l k\h_ i_jkh�

gZevgh_ ijhkljZgkl\h b ih^^_j`b\Zlv mijZ\ey_fhklv nbabq_kdbfb dhglZd�

lZfb� ihkdhevdm Zdlhj bkiulu\Z_l ihlj_[ghklv \ dhgdj_lghf [eZ]_� \ dhg�

dj_lgh_ \j_fy� Z ihemq_gb_ ^Zggh]h [eZ]Z �lh\ZjZ� mkem]b \h \k_o bo nhj�

fZo� lj_[m_l ij_h^he_gby mkeh\bc hq_j_^b� < g_dhlhjuo khpbZevgh-wdhghfbq_kdbo mkeh\byo gZ[ex^Z_lky \ukhdZy \_jhylghklv lZdh]h jh^Z kb�

lmZpbc� b kh\_lkdb_ wdhghfbklu ih^kqblu\Zeb h[s_kl\_gguc ms_j[ b ijy�

fu_ m[uldb hl aZljZl \j_f_gb gZ klhygb_ \ hq_j_^yo� Khhl\_lkl\_ggh� mjh�

\_gv ikboheh]bq_kdhc gZijy`_gghklb� ]hlh\ghklv b gZ\udb jZaj_r_gby

dhgnebdlh\ nbabq_kdh]h ijhkljZgkl\Z� dZd� \ijhq_f� b \k_o hklZevguo

3Bf_ggh [ulv� Z g_ ³kqblZlvky´�

4< jy^_ kemqZ_\ – ebd\b^bjh\Zgguc�

Jhkkbckdh_ ]hjh^kdh_ ijhkljZgkl\h� ihiuldZ hkfuke_gby

98

dhgnebdlh\ \ hq_j_^b� nhjfu bg^bnn_j_glghklb b \h\e_q_gghklb – \k_ wlh

kbevgh aZ\bkbl hl qZklhlu kblmZpbc hq_j_^b \ `bagb ZdlhjZ� Ke_^m_l ij_^�

iheh`blv� qlh baf_g_gby qZklhlu b ijh^he`bl_evghklb gZoh`^_gby \ hq_�

j_^yo� Z lZd`_ k^\b]b \ wdhghfbq_kdbo oZjZdl_jbklbdZo kZfhc kblmZpbb

hq_j_^b \ agZqbl_evghc kl_i_gb \ebyxl gZ ijZ\beZ b nhjfu h[_aebq_ggh]h

ih\_^_gby \h \k_o hklZevguo kblmZpbyo \ `bagb ]hjh`Zg� KZf ijbgpbi ijhkljZgkl\_ggh]h jZaf_s_gby \ `b\hc hq_j_^b hi�

j_^_ey_l [Zah\uc mjh\_gv h[_aebq_gghklb – ]eZaZ mibjZxlky \ aZluehd \i_�

j_^b klhys_]h� ijb lhf qlh nbabq_kdbc dhglZdl fh`_l [ulv bgh]^Z g_ih�

kj_^kl\_gguf b h[rbjguf� Kms_kl\mxsb_ bkke_^h\Zgby ihk\ysZebkv k\y�

ab ih\_^_gby b ikboheh]bq_kdbo khklhygbc klhysbo \ hq_j_^b ex^_c k \Z`�

ghklvx� hlghkbl_evghc j_^dhklvx� p_ghc lh\ZjZ� h[sbf \j_f_g_f� ijh\_�

^_gguf \ hq_j_^b� Hq_\b^gh� qlh mklZgh\db klhysbo \ dhgp_ hq_j_^b� \ __

gZqZe_�5b j_Zdpbb gZ ih^oh^ysbo [_a hq_j_^b� gZ hlemqZ\rboky b \_jgm\�

rboky \ hq_j_^v� y\eyxlky k\h_h[jZaguf ke_idhf i_jkhgZevguo bgl_jij_�

lZpbc kbkl_fu kljZlbnbdZpbb� Ke_^m_l \u^_eblv l_ dhfihg_glu ³ih\_^_gby \ hq_j_^b´� dhlhju_

k\yaZgu kdhj__ k f_klghc dmevlmjhc� – lh _klv \Zjvbjmxsb_ hl ]hjh^Z d

]hjh^m� – q_f k oZjZdl_jbklbdZfb \hklj_[h\Zggh]h ZdlhjZfb [eZ]Z� Bf_xl�

ky \ \b^m ijhp_^mju� k ihfhsvx dhlhjuo Zdlhju ijbgbfZxl j_r_gby – \klZ\Zlv \ hq_j_^v beb g_l� dZd kijZrb\Zxl dlh ihke_^gbc� dZd j_Z]bjmxl

gZ g_ih^h[Zxs__ ih\_^_gb_� 3.2.1.2. H[s_kl\_gguc ljZgkihjl H[s_kl\_gguc ljZgkihjl fh`_l [ulv i_j_iheg_g b hlghkbl_evgh

k\h[h^_g� jZkklhygb_ f_`^m hklZgh\dZfb b� ke_^h\Zl_evgh� ijh^he`bl_ev�

ghklv i_jbh^h\ ihklhygguo mkeh\bc gZoh`^_gby \gmljb kZehgZ rbjhdh

\Zjvbjm_lky� < g_dhlhjhf kfuke_ fh^_eb ih\_^_gby \ ebnlZo jZaebqguo

lbih\ ihiZ^Zxl \ dZl_]hjbx ih\_^_gby \ h[s_kl\_gghf ljZgkihjl_� ;_a

khfg_gby� gZebqb_ jZaguo \b^h\ ljZgkihjlh\ – g_ lhevdh kl_i_gv jZaj_r_�

gby ijh[e_f ^hklb`bfhklb� gh b mjh\_gv jZaghh[jZaby b jZa\_l\e_gghklb

jZaguo \b^h\ – bf__l ijyfh_ \ha^_ckl\b_ gZ ^mrm ]hjh^Z� GZ jZaguo wlZiZo

jZa\blby ]hjh^Z p_glj� ^_eh\u_ jZchgu� ljZgablgu_ ahgu b kiZevgu_ ijb�

]hjh^u Zkkhpbbjmxlky k jZagufb \b^Zfb ljZgkihjlZ� eb[h k bo dhf[bgZpb�

5 DklZlb� aZ^mfZcl_kv – \ jZaguo ehdZevguo dmevlmjZo ihgylb_ ³dhg_p hq_j_^b´

hagZqZ_l ³gZqZeh hq_j_^b´ \ ^jm]bo�

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99

_c� K lhqdb aj_gby `bl_e_c f_]Zihebkh\� gZebqb_ lhevdh Z\lh[mkgh]h kh�

h[s_gby \hafh`gh ebrv \ ihk_e_gbyo ihemk_evkdh]h lbiZ� dhf[bgZpby Z\�

lh[mkh\ b lhevdh h^gh]h \b^Z we_dljhljZgkihjlZ �djhf_ f_ljh� k\hckl\_ggZ

ijh\bgpbZevguf ih ^mom ]hjh^Zf �ljZf\Zc� dZd ijZ\beh� \klj_qZ_lky \ bk�

lhjbq_kdbo p_gljZo� mljZlb\rbo k\h_ gZpbhgZevgh_ agZq_gb_�� <h \j_fy ih_a^db ]hjh`Zg_ jZa^_eyxlky gZ g_kdhevdh kljZl ih \ha�

fh`ghklb ihemqblv ijb\be_]bb \ ljZgkihjl_ – ih \hajZklm� khklhygbx a^h�

jh\vy� ihem� bgh]^Z jZk_� gZebqbx [Z]Z`Z� dhebq_kl\m hklZgh\hd ^h \uoh^Z�

G_j_^dh bf_ggh hkh[_gghklb f_klgh]h ljZgkihjlgh]h wlbd_lZ hibku\Zxl�

ky \ jmdh\h^kl\Zo ^ey bghkljZgp_\� LZdZy kljZlbnbdZpby kjZ\gbfZ kh kem�

qZ_f hq_j_^b� Ijb\be_]bb� dhlhju_ ij_^iheZ]Z_lky jZkij_^_eylv \ khhl\_l�

kl\bb k wlhc kljZlbnbdZpb_c� \dexqZxl g_ lhevdh kb^yqb_ f_klZ� gh lZd`_

^hklmi d hdgm� d ^\_jyf� Z ijb hlghkbl_evghc aZiheg_gghklb kZehgZ – m^h\�

e_l\hjbl_evgh_ i_jkhgZevgh_ ijhkljZgkl\h \ i_j\mx hq_j_^v� 3.2.1.3. Lheiu gZ mebpZo b \ �[hevrbo� fZ]ZabgZo Ih\_^_gb_ \ l_o f_klZo kdhie_gby [hevrh]h qbkeZ ex^_c� ^\b]Zx�

sboky oZhlbq_kdb �beb ^ey djZldhklb – lhei�� \ g_dhlhjuo k\hbo iZll_jgZo

koh^gh k \ur_mihfygmlufb h[jZapZfb ih\_^_gby \ hq_j_^yo b \ h[s_kl�

\_gghf ljZgkihjl_� Hlebqbl_evgufb hkh[_gghklyfb y\eyxlky gZebqb_ jZa�

ghh[jZagh]h p_e_iheZ]Zgby ^\b`_gby \ aZiheg_gguo f_klZo b ij_ju\Zgby

wlh]h ^\b`_gby� OZjZdl_jguc ijbf_j – ih^a_fguc i_j_oh^� h[hjm^h\Zggucih^ kf_rZgguc lhj]h\uc jy^� h^gb ki_rZl i_j_clb ijhki_dl ih^ a_fe_c�

^jm]b_ jZa]ey^u\Zxl \k_ \bljbgu ih^jy^� lj_lbc g_h`b^Zggh hklZgh\beky�

m\b^_\ g_h`b^Zggh gbadmx p_gm gZ ^Z\gh `_eZgguc lh\Zj� <k_ wlh mkm]m[�

ey_lky i_j_ie_l_gb_f g_kdhevdbo ihlhdh\� dh]^Z \oh^h\ b \uoh^h\ [hevr_�

q_f ^\Z� < h]jhfghf lhj]h\hf dhfie_dk_ ex^b \uoh^yl ba ebnlZ beb k wk�

dZeZlhjZ �\ wlbo ^\mo kemqZyo fh`gh ijh\_klb ZgZeh]bb \ h[s_kl\_gghf

ljZgkihjl_� b ^\b]Zxlky f_`^m g_[hevrbfb beb agZqbl_evgufb hq_j_^yfb�

ih oh^m ^_eZ mklmiZy ^hjh]m ^jm] ^jm]m beb aZklZ\eyy dh]h-lh mklmiblv ^h�jh]m� Ke_^m_l ijbgpbibZevgh jZaebqblv ^\Z kemqZy i_j_k_dZxsboky iml_c – ³eh[h\h_ klhedgh\_gb_´ �[he__ ih^jh[gh jZkkfZljb\Z_lky \ ke_^mxs_f

imgdl_� b ³i_j_k_dZxsb_ky ljZ_dlhjbb´� <h \lhjhf kemqZ_ \_jhylghklv

dhglZdlZ ebphf-d-ebpm ihgb`_gZ� \ke_^kl\b_ q_]h kemqZxlky m`_ l_e_kgu_klhedgh\_gby� h[_ klhjhgu bf_xl f_gvr_ \j_f_gb gZ hp_gdm klZlmkZ ijh�

lb\hiheh`ghc klhjhgu b ^he`gu ijbgbfZlv j_r_gby – lhedZlv beb mklm�

Jhkkbckdh_ ]hjh^kdh_ ijhkljZgkl\h� ihiuldZ hkfuke_gby

100

iZlv ^hjh]m- ijZdlbq_kdb fhf_glZevgh� G_j_^dh fh`gh m\b^_lv kblmZpbx

³\aZbfghc \_`eb\hklb´ – h[Z mqZklgbdZ ^\b`_gby j_adh lhjfhayl� aZl_f

\bamZevgh hp_gb\Zxl dhgljZ]_glZ� \ ex[hf kemqZ_ \u^_j`b\Zxl iZmam� ^hk�

lZlhqgmx� qlh[u \lhjhc mqZklgbd gZqZe ^\b`_gb_� GZ[ex^_gby \ ]hjh^Zo

<hklhqghc ?\jhiu b Jhkkbb� ijh\_^_ggu_ Z\lhjhf \ ����-�� ]h^Zo� ihdZ�

au\Zxl� qlh \ kblmZpbb ³i_j_k_dZxsboky ljZ_dlhjbc´� { \ lhj]h\uo ahgZo qZs_ ^hjh]m mklmiZxl l_� m dh]h g_l beb _s_

fZeh ihdmihd� { \_jhylghklv \aZbfghc \_`eb\hklb \ur_ \ lhj]h\uo dhfie_dkZo

k ij_h[eZ^Zgb_f k_dpbc ijhfure_gguo lh\Zjh\� q_f \ kmi_j�

fZjd_lZo� Z gZ hldjuluo [ZaZjZo – _s_ gb`_� { \_jhylghklv \aZbfghc \_`eb\hklb \ ZwjhihjlZo \ur_� q_f gZ

\hdaZeZo b Z\lh\hdaZeZo� { \_jhylghklv \aZbfghc \_`eb\hklb \ ljZgkihjlguo maeZo gb`_�

q_f \ f_klZo lhj]h\eb�

3.2.1.4. Ijhoh^ f_`^m fZrbghc b kl_ghc KblmZpby� dh]^Z Z\lhfh[bebklu ^ey iZjdh\db bkihevamxl agZqb�

l_evgmx qZklv ljhlmZjZ� gZb[he__ jZkijhkljZg_gZ \ bklhjbq_kdbo qZklyo

\hklhqgh_\jhi_ckdbo ]hjh^h\� GZ[ex^_gby Z\lhjZ \ <ZjrZ\_� ;m^Zi_rl_�

IjZ]_� Fhkd\_� IhagZgb� DjZdh\_ iha\hebeb \uy\blv g_kdhevdh nZdlhjh\�

hij_^_eyxsbo hq_j_^ghklv ijhoh^Z lZf� ]^_ ^\Z q_eh\_dZ g_ fh]ml ijhclb

gZ\klj_qm ^jm] ^jm]m h^gh\j_f_ggh� 1) Hlghkbl_evgh_ ij_bfms_kl\h ihemqZ_l lhl i_r_oh^� ^ey dhlhjh]h kl_�

gZ – ih ijZ\mx jmdm� Z fZrbgZ – ih e_\mx� 2) Hlghkbl_evgh_ ij_bfms_kl\h ihemqZ_l lhl i_r_oh^� dhlhjuc b^_l ih^

mdehg� _keb j_ev_n mebpu \ujZ`_g� 3) Hlghkbl_evgh_ ij_bfms_kl\h ihemqZxl `_gsbgu� 4) Hlghkbl_evgh_ ij_bfms_kl\h ihemqZxl g_dhlhju_ wlgbq_kdb_ ]jmiiu

�dZ\dZapu \ Fhkd\_� pu]Zg_ \ IjZ]_�� 5) Hlghkbl_evgh_ ij_bfms_kl\h ihemqZxl i_r_oh^u [_a kh[Zd� 6) Hlghkbl_evgh_ ij_bfms_kl\h ihemqZxl ex^b [_a �jZkijZ\e_gguo� ahg�

lh\� 7) Hlghkbl_evgh_ ij_bfms_kl\h ihemqZxl i_r_oh^u� g_ baf_gy\rb_ ljZ�

_dlhjbb� r_^rb_ \^hev ljhlmZjZ ^h wlh]h �lh _klv hklZgh\blvky b ih^h�

`^Zlv ke_^m_l l_f� dlh \ur_e ba ^\_j_c�^\hjZ beb i_j_k_d mebpm�� 8) Hlghkbl_evgh_ ij_bfms_kl\h ihemqZxl ^_lb b i_r_oh^u k ^_lvfb�

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101

9) Hlghkbl_evgh_ ij_bfms_kl\h ihemqZxl ex^b ih`beh]h \hajZklZ� <k_ wlb ijZ\beZ ^hklZlhqgh eh]bqgu – hgb eb[h ij_^iheZ]Zxl fh�

jZevgh_ kZgdpbhgbjh\Zgb_� eb[h ih^^_j`Zgb_ ^bklZgpbb [_ahiZkghklb�

eb[h ljZgkeypbx ijZ\be ^hjh`gh]h ^\b`_gby Z\lhfh[be_c gZ i_r_oh^h\�

Ijb wlhf \ p_gljZevghc qZklb ]hjh^Z qZklh \hagbdZxl kblmZpbb� dh]^Z ^\Z

beb ^Z`_ [hevr_ ijZ\be \klmiZxl \ ijhlb\hj_qb_� b mqZklgbdb ^he`gu

fhf_glZevgh ijbgylv j_r_gb_ h ijbhjbl_l_ lh]h beb bgh]h ijZ\beZ� <hl

dZd Z\lhj fh`_l h[h[sblv k\hb gZ[ex^_gby� 1) \ ^_eh\uo jZchgZo hkeZ[_\Z_l ijZ\beh wlgbq_kdbo ]jmii b ijZ\beh ^_�

l_c� 2) \ jZchgZo \hae_ l_Zljh\ \ \_q_jg__ \j_fy hkeZ[_\Z_l ijZ\beh ^_l_c b

ijZ\beh kh[Zd� 3) \ jZchgZo k \ukhdhc dhgp_gljZpb_c dZn_� [Zjh\ b j_klhjZgh\ hkeZ[_\Z�

_l ijZ\beh ljZ_dlhjbb� 4) \ jZchgZo� ]^_ aZf_lgh qbkeh bghkljZgguo lmjbklh\ – b \ l_ qZku� dh]^Z

bo [hevr_ \k_]h� – hkeZ[_\Zxl \k_ ijZ\beZ� djhf_ ijZ\be `_gsbg b

ih`beuo� 5) \ abfg__ \j_fy \h \k_o jZchgZo k j_ev_nhf ijZ\beh j_ev_nZ mkbeb\Z_l�

ky� 6) \h \k_o p_gljZevguo jZchgZo \k_ ijZ\beZ bf_xl hlghkbl_evgh `_kldbc

oZjZdl_j� ihjy^hd ijhoh^Z g_ h[km`^Z_lky – djhf_ ijhoh^h\ b mebp� ]^_fZeZ \_jhylghklv ijhoh^Z ihklhjhggbo – ]^_ g_l \uoh^Z d h[s_kl\_g�

guf a^Zgbyf� ^hklhijbf_qZl_evghklyf b ij�� \ ihke_^gbo kemqZyo \u�

khdZ \_jhylghklv iZjZebg]\bklbq_kdh]h b wdkljZebg]\bklbq_kdh]h ^bZ�

eh]Z� dhlhjuc iha\hey_l mklZgh\blv hq_j_^ghklv ijhoh^Z k f_gvr_c

hjb_glZpb_c gZ ijZ\beZ� QZs_ \k_]h ihklhjhggbc ^he`_g mklmiZlv ^h�

jh]m� < ]hjh^Zo� ]^_ ]jZgbpZ p_glj�g_p_glj \ujZ`_gZ ikboheh]bq_kdb

q_ldh� kms_kl\m_l q_ldbc i_j_oh^ f_`^m ijZdlbdZfb ijbf_g_gby ijZ\be�

=bihl_aZ� lZf� ]^_ bklhjbdh-dmevlmjguc p_glj fZe b hl]hjh`_g� ijhbkoh^blijb\udZgb_ d ³g_mqlb\uf ijZ\beZf´ b bo i_j_ghk \ lhf qbke_ \ p_glj� LZf�

]^_ p_glj hlghkbl_evgh \_ebd b ]jZgbpZ _]h g_kdhevdh jZafulZ� ijhbkoh^bl

^bnnmaby ³mqlb\uo ijZ\be´ \ [hevrbgkl\h ]hjh^kdbo ahg�

Jhkkbckdh_ ]hjh^kdh_ ijhkljZgkl\h� ihiuldZ hkfuke_gby

102

3.2.2. KemqZb hl\jZs_gby Hkh[uf kemqZ_f ijhy\e_gby Zghgbfghklb [m^_l khq_lZgb_ hlghkb�

l_evghc j_^dhklb kblmZpbb� hlghkbl_evgZy aZdjulhklv l_fu ^ey h[km`^_�

gby� b \ lh `_ \j_fy – mklhcqb\hklv b ih\lhjy_fhklv wlhc kblmZpbb� KlZe�

db\Zykv lZd beb bgZq_ i_jbh^bq_kdb k dZjlbgZfb b ih\_^_gb_f� dhlhju_

\uau\Zxl hl\jZs_gb_� ]hjh`Zg_ ^h\hevgh fZeh h[km`^Zxl wlb kblmZpbb k

j_n_j_glgufb bklhqgbdZfb \h \j_fy i_j\bqghc khpbZebaZpbb� b \ihke_^�

kl\bb \jy^ eb ij_^jZkiheh`_gu d lZdhc l_fZlbaZpbb� <hafh`gh_ h[km`^_�

gb_ \ khh[s_kl\_ jZ\guo – khk_^_c b h^ghdeZkkgbdh\ – khojZgy_l oZjZdl_j

lZ[mbjh\Zgghklb b g_ ^Z_l j_p_ilh\ ijZ\bevguo j_Zdpbc� LZdbf h[jZahf�

j_Zdpby ]hjh`ZgbgZ gZ kblmZpbb� \uau\Zxsb_ hl\jZs_gb_ gZ mebpZo� \

h[s_kl\_gghf ljZgkihjl_ b \ ijhqbo h[s_kl\_gguo f_klZo� kdhj__ \k_]h�

[m^_l _kl_kl\_gguf hljZ`_gb_f \k_c bgl_jgZebah\Zgghc dmevlmju ]hjh^�

kdh]h ih\_^_gby� ij_^ty\e_gghc \ fhf_gl [ukljh]h j_r_gby dZd gZlmjZev�

guc j_ne_dk ZdlhjZ� < lZdhf jZdmjk_ ^Zggu_ kblmZpbb klZgh\ylky f_lh^h�

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ih\_^_gby� h[ h[jZa_ ]hjh`ZgbgZ b h kl_i_gb h[_aebq_gghklb \ ^Zgghc ]h�

jh^kdhc ahg_� D kblmZpbyf� \uau\Zxsbf hl\jZs_gb_� b ih\lhjyxsbfky ^hklZ�

lhqgh qZklh� qlh[u fh`gh [ueh [_a ihklZgh\hqgh]h wdki_jbf_glZ gZ[ex�

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iylgZ j\hlu b kemqZb j\hlu g_ihkj_^kl\_ggh� klhedgh\_gb_ k q_eh\_dhf�

dhlhjuc fhqblky gZ mebp_� kemqZb� dh]^Z dlh-lh gZklmiZ_l gZ kh[Zqvb n_dZ�ebb – kZf Zdlhj b _]h kimlgbd�

3.2.3. Lhj`_kl\_ggu_ kemqZb

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