b_fluids and fluid types 1-6-04
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Fluids and Fluid Types
Copyright 2003 Schlumberger. Unpublished work. All rights reserved. This work contains confidential and proprietary trade secrets of Schlumberger and maynot be copied or stored in an informational retrieval system, transferred, used, distributed, translated or retransmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or
mechanical, in whole or part, without the express written permission of the copyright owner.
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Outline
Importance to SchlumbergerTypes of reservoir fluidsCharacteristics of reservoirs:
Initial production data Laboratory analysis Production history
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Objectives
Describe the importance to you and SchlumbergerList the types of oil (5) and gas (3) reservoirhydrocarbons
Describe bubble and dew pointsDescribe the approximate GOR and API gravity foroil and gas
Describe the phase diagram for oil and gas wells
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Importance to SchlumbergerWell loggingWell testingTreatment designProduction prediction
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Phase Diagram of a Typical Black Oil
Black Oil
Critical
Point
P r e s s u r e ,
p s
i a
Separator
Pressure pathin reservoir
Dewpoint line
% Liquid
Temperature, F
?
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Phase Diagram of a Typical Volatile Oil
P r e s s u r e
Temperature, F
Separator
% Liquid
Volatile oil
Pressure pathin reservoir
2
1
3
Criticalpoint
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Phase Diagram of a Typical Retrograde Gas
3
Separator
% Liquid
Pressure pathin reservoir
1
2Retrograde gas
Critical point
P r e s s u r e
Temperature
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Phase Diagram of Typical Wet Gas
P r e s s u r e
Temperature
% Liquid
2
1
Pressure pathin reservoir
Wet gas
Critical
point
Separator
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Phase Diagram of Typical Dry Gas
P r e s s u r e
Temperature
% Liquid
2
1
Pressure pathin reservoir
Dry gas
Separator
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The FiveReservoir
Fluids
Black Oil
Criticalpoint
P r e s s u r e ,
p s
i a
Separator
Pressure pathin reservoir Dewpoint line
% Liquid
Temperature, F
P r e s s u r e
Temperature
Separator
% Liquid
Volatile oil
Pressure pathin reservoir
3
2
1
3
Criticalpoint
3
Separator
% Liqu id
Pressure pathin reservoir
1
2Retrograde gas
Criticalpoint P
r e s s u r e
Temperature
P r e s s u r e
Temperature
% Liquid
2
1
Pressure pathin reservoir
Wet gas
Criticalpoint
Separator
P r e s s u r e
Temperature
% Liquid
2
1
Pressure pathin reservoir
Dry gas
Separator
Retrograde Gas Wet Gas Dry Gas
Black Oil Volatile Oil
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Three Gases - What Are theDifferences?
Dry gas - gas at surface is same as gas inreservoir
Wet gas - recombined surface gas andcondensate represents gas in reservoirRetrograde gas - recombined surface gas
and condensate represents the gas in thereservoir but not the total reservoir fluid(retrograde condensate stays in reservoir)
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Field Identification
BlackOil
VolatileOil
RetrogradeGas
WetGas
DryGas
InitialProducingGas/LiquidRatio, scf/STB
3200 > 15,000* 100,000*
Initial Stock-Tank LiquidGravity, API
< 45 > 40 > 40 Up to 70 NoLiquid
Color of Stock-Tank Liquid
Dark Colored LightlyColored
Water White
NoLiquid
*For Engineering Purposes
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Laboratory Analysis
BlackOil
VolatileOil
RetrogradeGas
WetGas
DryGas
PhaseChange in
Reservoir
Bubblepoint Bubblepoint Dewpoint NoPhase
Change
NoPhase
ChangeHeptanesPlus, MolePercent
> 20% 20 to 12.5 < 12.5 < 4* < 0.8*
OilFormationVolumeFactor atBubblepoint
< 2.0 > 2.0 - - -
*For Engineering Purposes
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0
50000
0 30Heptanes plus in reservoir fluid, mole %
I n i t i a l p r o
d u c
i n g
g a s
/ o i l r a
t i o , s c
f / S T B
Dewpoint gasBubblepoint oil
Retrogradegas
Volatileoil
Wetgas
Drygas
Blackoil
5000
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Primary Production Trends
G O R
G O R
G O R
G O R
G O R
Time Time Time
TimeTime TimeTimeTime
TimeTime
Noliquid
Noliquid
DryGas
WetGas
RetrogradeGas
VolatileOil
BlackOil
A P I
A P I
A P I
A P I
A P I
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Exercise 11. Black oil has a lower API gravity than volatile oil. T___ F___
2. A ( wet, dry) gas exists solely as a gas in the reservoir throughout thereduction in reservoir pressure.
3. The hydrocarbon mixture is solely gas in the reservoir and normal surfaceseparator conditions fall outside the phase envelope. (dry or wet gas).
4. (Dry, Wet, Retrograde) gas - gas at surface is same as gas in reservoir
5. (Dry, Wet, Retrograde) - recombined surface gas and condensaterepresents gas in reservoir
6. (Dry, Wet, Retrograde) - recombined surface gas and condensaterepresents the gas in the reservoir but not the total reservoir fluid (retrogradecondensate stays in reservoir)
7. >70 API gravity hydrocarbon is representative of (Black oil, Volatile oil, Wetgas condensate).
8. Black oil has a (higher, lower) Heptane + value than volatile oil.
9. Black oil may contain paraffin and asphaltenes. T___ F___
10. What forms in retrograde gas at the dew point?
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Exercise 2
Determine Reservoir Fluid TypeFrom Field Data
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Plot of Exercise 2 Data
00 12 24 36 48 60 72
50
5152
53
5455
605958
57
56
1000009000080000
70000
600005000040000
30000
1000020000
Months since start of 1967
P r o
d u c i n g
g
a s
/ o i l r a
t i o , s
c f / S T B
S t o ck - t ank
l i q ui
d gr avi t y
,AP I
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Exercise 3
Determine Reservoir Fluid TypeFrom Field Data