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TRANSCRIPT
THE ROLE OF DISTRIBUTED GENERATION IN INDIAN
ELECTRICITY PARADIGM
JITENDRA SINGH BHADORIYA1
,School of Instrumentation ,DAVV, Indore
AASHISH KUMAR BOHRE2,Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology, Bhopal
Dr. GANGA AGNIHOTRI3, Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology, Bhopal
Dr. MANISHA DUBEY4, Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology, Bhopal
Abstract—this paper is an overview of
some of the main issues in distributed
generation (DG). It discusses various
aspects of DG such as definitions,
technologies, distributed power
application, economics, environmental
performance, reliability issues, the role
of DG in the new electricity paradigm of
India, and the comparative study of DG
in India with respect to some developed
country. It also presents some of the
challenges that DG systems are
confronting today. In this article, some
benefits and potential problems of DG
systems are brought out, and the
current status of DG systems operation
is presented.
Keywords- Distributed Generation , DG
Technologies , Smart Grid .
I. INTRODUCTION-
The concept of distributed generation,
which is now gaining worldwide
acceptance, was started in the USA almost
a decade ago. The earliest electric power
systems were distributed generation (DG)
systems intended to cater to the
requirements of local areas. Subsequent
technology developments driven by
economies of scale resulted in the
development of large centralized grids
connecting up entire regions and countries.
The design and operating philosophies of
power systems have emerged with a focus
on centralized generation. During the last
decade, there has been renewed interest in
DG. The relevance of these options for a
developing country context is examined
using data for India.
New concerns are emerging in the power
industry today. For example, although
hydro power plants are recognized to be
environmentally friendly, it is difficult to
find new sites for hydro power plant
installations in developed countries.
Furthermore, some countries such as
Germany and Sweden have enacted laws
to decommission nuclear power plants,
and under public pressure, retired nuclear
power plants would not be replaced [1].
Additionally, in the deregulated power
sector of today, it is not easy to convince
market players to invest in multibillion
dollar power generation and transmission
projects where the payback period may be
very long [2].These issues, and the
decentralization of power systems and
liberalization of the electricity sector,
along with dramatically growing demand
for electricity in developed countries has
made DG an attractive option that has been
reconsidered by various entities in the new
electricity market such as customers,
power distributors, power producers,
regulators and researchers.
II. DG Definitions
As per Wikipedia collections Distributed
Generation (DG) is also known as on-site
generation, dispersed generation,
embedded generation, decentralized
generation, etc. It varies from country to
country. Over the last century, be it
developed nation or developing nation, on
account of rapid industrialization causing
high rate of growth in the demand for
electricity, everyone resorted to
establishment of large scale centralized
generation facility. IEEE defines the
generation of electricity by facilities
sufficiently smaller than central plants,
usually 10 MW or less, so as to allow
interconnection at nearly any point in the
power system, as Distributed Resources
[2] The plants concerned were based on
use of fossil-fuel (solid, liquid as well as
gas), hydro, nuclear elements. Due to the
economy of scale with large unit size, it
became possible to have big centralized
power stations near the sources to deliver
power to load centers through the medium
of high voltage transmission lines over a
long distance. From environment point of
view as well due to limitation of natural
resources, it is in fact advantageous too to
have the plants away from populated areas.
Of course like power grid, gas grid has
also been constructed that allows use of
less polluting natural gas-based plants
right at the load center, where it may not
be uncommon to have waste heat recovery
and use combined cycle plant to achieve
higher efficiency and at the same time for
heating in winter days, if the need be. On
the other hand Distributed Generation too
is a method to reckon with, particularly
when unbundling of power sector has
come up with generation, transmission,
and distribution recognized as distinct
entities. Low capital investment, local use
of generated power by the load, absence of
any high voltage transmission system, etc.
lead to flourishing of this type of
decentralized generation. Advancement of
technology with renewable energy sources,
gradual reduction in cost, ease of operation
and maintainability, etc., all go in favor of
Distributed Generation as source of green
power. Also if it is not as replacement to
centralized large generation, it is at least to
supplement the entire effort of generating
capacity addition to a great extent. Further
in the context of absence of right-of way
for drawing new high voltage lines, it is a
boon as it envisages connectivity through
low voltage networks only and that too
over short distance. In UK Distributed
Generation is defined [3] as a generation
plant that is connected to a distribution
network and not to a transmission network.
The US Department of Energy (DOE)
defines DG as follows: “Distributed power
is modular electric generation or storage
located near the point of use. Distributed
systems include biomass-based generators,
combustion turbines, thermal solar power
and photovoltaic systems, fuel cells, wind
turbines, micro turbines, engines/generator
sets, and storage and control technologies.
Distributed resources can either be grid
connected or independent of the grid.
Those connected to the grid are typically
interfaced at the distribution system” [4].In
a similar tone in USA it is referred to as
small scale generation of electric power by
a unit sited close to the load being served.
Both of these justify terming Distributed
Generation as embedded to distribution
system. However, as per American
Council for an Energy Efficient Economy
for Distribution Power Generation, its is
also known as any technology that
produces power outside of the utility,
which is in fact the case for this type of
generation. Furthermore, in the literature,
terms such as embedded generation,
dispersed generation, distributed energy
resources or DER and decentralized
generation, have also been used in the
context of DG. The term dispersed
generation is usually referred to a
distributed power generation unit
regardless of the technology, and whether
it is connected to the grid or
completely independent of the grid [5] In
India too effectively it means decentralized
small scale generation directly supplying
load and having interconnection at low
voltage with distribution network.
Moreover it is very often in the context of
electrification of rural areas including
remote villages / hamlets. The above
definitions do not specify any criterion or
classification of DG based on their
capacity. Although, there is no generally
accepted rule or standard, the following
ratings are used in different countries and
situations:
1) The DOE considers distributed power
systems to typically range from less than a
kilowatt (kW) to tens of megawatts (MW)
in size as DG unit [4].
2) The Electric Power Research Institute
(EPRI) considers small generation units
from a few kW up to 50 MW and/or
energy storage devices typically sited near
customer loads or distribution and sub-
transmission substations as distributed
energy resources [6].
3) According to the Gas Research Institute,
typically between 25 kW to 25 MW
generation units are considered as DG [5].
4) Swedish legislation treats generating
units under 1500 kW differently from
those unit capacities higher than 1500 kW.
Then, it can be considered that DG
capacity in Sweden is defined as those
units under 1500 kW [7].
From the above discussion, it is evident
that capacity specification for DG units is
not universally defined. Various
generating schemes under completely
diverse rating, behavior, regulation,
purpose and locations are currently being
considered as DG in the power industry.
III. Indian power sector
India had an installed capacity of 2,
10,951.72 MW (Ministry of Power,) in the
centralized power utilities on 31st
March2012. Of this 140976.18 MW is
accounted for by thermal power plants,
39,339.40MW of large hydro plants and
4,780.00 MW of nuclear, 25,856.14 MW
of renewable energy resources (Shown in
Table 1). The focus of power planning has
been to extend the centralized grid
throughout the country. However the
capacity addition has not been able to keep
pace with the increasing demand for
electricity. This is reflected by the
persistent energy and peak shortages in the
country. This requires an average capacity
addition of more than 10,000MW per year.
Centralized generation alone is unlikely to
meet this target. In this context DG is
likely to be important. DG also has the
advantage of improving tail-end voltages,
reducing distribution losses and improving
system reliability. The present installed
capacity of DG is about 13,000MW
(10,000MW diesel, 3000MW renewable).
The majority of this is accounted for by
diesel engines that are used for back-up
power (in the event of grid failure) and
operate at very low load factors. The share
of the energy generation from DG is
marginal (about2–3% of the total
generation). Apart from the diesel engines,
the DG options that have been promoted in
India are modern renewable. India is
probably the only country with a separate
Ministry of Non-conventional Energy
Sources (MNES). The renewable energy
installed capacity was 205.5MW in 1993
(104.6MW small hydro, 39.9MW Wind).
This increased to 2978 MW in 2001 (as on
31st March2001) and accounted for almost
3% of India’s installed power capacity
(MNES, 2001; Annual Reports MNES,
2000, 2001, 2002). The growth rate of
installed renewable power capacity during
the period 1993–2001 was 39% per year.
During the period January 2000–April
2001the installed capacity increased from
1600MW to 2978MW (an annual growth
rate of 49%).. The major contributors are
small hydro 25MW which accounts for
1341MW (45%) and wind which accounts
for 1267MW (42%). The installed capacity
in Biomass based power generation is
308MW (10.3%), with most of it coming
from biogases based cogeneration. Most of
the installed capacity available from
renewable is accounted for by grid
connected systems (wind, small hydro and
biomass cogeneration). These accounts for
about 3% of India’s installed capacity
contribute to about 1–2% of the total
generation (due to low capacity factors on
renewable). The growth rate has been
significant (above 30% per year). This has
been facilitated by an enabling policy
environment and a supportive government.
Despite the emphasis on extending the
centralized grid to the rural areas, 78
million rural households (Ministry of
Power, 2003b) or 56.5% of rural
households are still un electrified. The
recently passed Electricity Act (2003) has
made it a statutory obligation to supply
electricity to all areas including villages
and hamlets. The act suggests a two
pronged approach encompassing grid
extension and through standalone systems.
The act provides for enabling mechanisms
for service providers in rural areas and
exempts them from licensing obligations.
MNES has been given the responsibility of
electrification of 18,000 remote villages
through renewable. The ministry has set up
an ambitious target of meeting 10% of the
power requirements of India from
renewable by 2012. In most cases, the
areas to be electrified do not have
sufficient paying capacity.. The main
recommendations of the Committee are as
under :-
1. The concept of Distributed
Generation (D.G.) has been taken
as decentralized generation and
distribution of power especially in
the rural areas. In India, the
deregulation of the power sector
has not made much headway but
the problem of T&D losses, the
unreliability of the grid and the
problem of remote and inaccessible
regions have provoked the debate
on the subject.
2. The D.G. technologies in India
relate to turbines, micro turbines,
wind turbines, biomass, and
gasification of biomass, solar
photovoltaics and hybrid systems.
However, most of the decentralized
plants are based on wind power,
hydra power and biomass and
biomass gasification. The
technology of solar photovoltaic is
costly and fuel cells are yet to be
commercialized.
3. In so far as the 18,000 villages in
remote and inaccessible areas are
concerned, the extension of grid
power is not going to be
economical. Decentralized plants
based on biomass, gasification of
biomass, hydro power and solar
thermal power and solar
photovoltaic are the appropriate
solution for these areas. A decision
with regard to the available options
will have to be taken depending on
the feature of each site/village.
4. As regards the remaining un
electrified villages, the
responsibility should rest primarily
with the State Governments. The
Govt. of India would, however, act
as the facilitator to them.
5. As people in many of the electrified
villages are very much dissatisfied
with the quality of grid power, such
villages also encouraged to go
ahead with the Distributed
Generation Schemes. These should
also be the responsibility of the
State Governments.
6. Though India has made
considerable progress in adopting
technologies based on renewable
sources of energy these are not yet
capable of commercial application
on a large scale.
Most systems are subsidized by the
Government or the utility. The
power sector has significant losses
and needs to ensure that the DG
systems selected are likely to be
cost-effective. For a large and
dispersed rural country,
decentralized power generation
systems, where in electricity is
generated at consumer end and
thereby avoiding transmission and
distribution costs, offers a better
solution. Gokak Committee had
gone into details about the concept
of decentralized generation to meet
the needs of rural masses
IV. DG TECHNOLOGIES &
CHALLENGES IN INDIAN
SCENERIO
DG technologies are usually categorized as
renewable or non-renewable technologies
(shown in table 2). Renewable
technologies comprise solar either thermal
or photovoltaic, wind, geothermal or
ocean. Usually the location and size of
wind power generators is suitable for
connecting to the distribution network;
therefore it can be considered as DG.
However, electricity generation from wind
usually takes place in wind farms, owned
by large power generation companies;
hence these types of generation are usually
excluded from DG in the literature and for
the same reasons are also not considered
here. The internal combustion engines
(ICE), combined cycles,
combustion turbines, micro turbines and
fuel cells are all examples of non-
renewable DG technologies. Among all
available technologies, combustion engines
and turbines, micro turbines,
fuel cells and photovoltaic play an
important role in DG applications [1]. The
Government of India set up a Commission
for Additional Sources of Energy in the
Department of Science and Technology on
the lines of the Space Commission and the
Atomic Energy Commission to promote R
& D activities in the area. In 1982, a
separate department of Non Conventional
Energy Sources was created in the Smalls
try of Energy. After a decade, the
department was elevated and converted
into a full-fledged Smalls try. The
mounting burden of subsidy has also lead
to the introduction of the new legislation
referred to above. There are a number of
technologies for distributed generation, the
details
of which are given below:
i. The Internal Combustion Engine.
ii. Biomass
iii. Turbines
iv. Micro-turbines
v. Wind Turbines
vi. Concentrating Solar Power (CSP)
vii. Photovoltaics
viii. Fuel Cells
ix. Small-Hydro plant.
The Internal Combustion Engine: The
most important instrument of the D. G
systems around the world has been the
Internal Combustion Engine. Hotels, tall
buildings, hospitals, all over the world use
diesels as a backup. Though the diesel
engine is efficient, starts up relatively
quickly, it is not environment friendly and
has high O & M costs. Consequently its
use in the developed world is limited. In
India, the diesel engine is used very widely
on account of the immediate need for
power, especially in rural areas, without
much concern either for long-term
economics or for environment.
i. Biomass: Biomass refers to
renewable energy resources
derived from organic matter,
such as forest residues,
agricultural crops and wastes,
wood, wood wastes that are
capable of being converted to
energy. This was the only form
of energy that was usefully
exploited till recently. The
extraction of energy from
biomass is split into three
distinct categories, solid
biomass, biogas, and liquid bio
fuels. Solid biomass includes
the use of trees, crop residues,
household or industrial residues
for direct combustion to provide
heat. Animal and human waste
is also included in the definition
for the sakes of convenience. It
undergoes physical processing
such as cutting and chipping,
but retains its solid form.
Biogas is obtained by an
aerobically digesting organic
material to produce the
combustible gas methane There
are two common technologies,
one of fermentation of human
and animal waste in specially
designed digesters, the other of
capturing methane from
municipal waste landfill sites.
Liquid bio fuels, which are used
in place of petroleum derived
liquid fuels, are obtained by
processing plants seeds or fruits
of different types like
sugarcane, oilseeds or nuts
using various chemical or
physical processes to produce a
combustible liquid fuel.
Pressing or fermentation is used
to produce oils or ethanol from
industrial or commercial
residues such as biogases or
from energy crops grown
specifically for this purpose.
ii. Turbines: Turbines are a
commercialized power
technology with sizes ranging
between hundreds of kilowatts
to several hundred megawatts.
These are designed to burn a
wide range of liquid and
gaseous fuels and are capable of
duel fuel operation. Turbines
used in distributed generation
Vary in size between 1-30 MW and their
operating efficiency is in the range of 24-
35%. Their ability to adjust output to
demand and produce high quality waste
heat makes them a popular choice in
combined heat and power applications.
iii. Micro-turbines: Micro
turbines are installed
commercially in many
applications, especially in
landfills where the quality of
natural gas is low. These are
rugged and long lasting and
hold promise for Distributed
Generation in India.
iv. Wind-turbines: Wind turbines
extract energy from moving air
and enable an electric generator
to produce electricity. These
comprise the rotor (blade), the
electrical generator, a speed
control system and a tower.
These can be used in a
distributed generation in a
hybrid mode with solar or other
technologies. Research on
adaptation of wind turbines for
remote and stand-alone
applications is receiving
increasingly greater attention
and hybrid power systems using
1-50-kilowatt (kW) wind
turbines are being developed for
generating electricity off the
grid system. Wind turbines are
also being used as grid
connected distributed resources.
Wind turbines are commercially
available in a variety of sizes
and power ratings ranging from
one kW to over one MW. These
typically require a Smallmum
9-mph average wind speed
sites.
v. Concentrating Solar Power:
Various mirror configurations
are used to concentrate the heat
of the sun to generate electricity
for a variety of market
applications that range from
remote power applications of up
to 1- 2kW to grid connected
applications of 200MW or
more. R & D efforts in the area
of distributed generation
applications are focused on
small,modular, and dish/ design
systems.
vi. Photovoltaics: Photovoltaic
power cells are solid state semi
conductor devices that convert
sunlight into direct current
electrical power and the amount
of power generated is directly
related to the intensity of the
light PV systems are most
commonly used for standalone
applications and are
commercially available with
capacities ranging between one
kW to one MW. The systems
are commonly used in India and
can contribute a great deal for
rural areas, especially remote
and inaccessible areas. It can be
of great help in grid connected
applications where the quality
of power provided by the grid is
low. This is yet to be proved.
High initial cost is a major
constraint to large-scale
application of SPV systems.
R&D work has been undertaken
for cost reduction in SPV cells,
modules, and systems besides
improvements in operational
efficiency.
vii. Fuel Cells: Fuel cells produce
direct current electricity using
an electromechanical process
similar to battery as a result of
which combustion and the
associated environmental side
effects are avoided. Natural gas
or coal gas is cleaned in a fuel
cell and converted to a
hydrogen rich fuel by a
processor or internal catalyst.
The gas and the air then flow
over an anode and a cathode
separated by an electrolyte and
thereby produces a constant
supply of DC electricity, which
is converted to high quality AC
power by a power conditioner.
Fuel cells are combined into
stacks whose sizes can be
varied (from one kW for mobile
applications to 100MW plants
to add to base load capacity to
utility plants) to meet customer
needs.
viii. Biomass Based Schemes: This
can be considered under three
distinct heads, National Project
on Biogas Development,
National Programmed on Bio-
Mass Power/Cogeneration and
Bio-Mass Gasified
Programmer. The gas is piped
for use as cooking and lighting
fuel in especially designed
stoves and lamps respectively
and can also be used for
replacing diesel oil in fuel
engines for generation of
motive power and electricity.
The Floating Gas Holder Type,
that is India or KVIC model and
Fixed Dome Type which is
made of brick masonry
structure i.e. Deenabandhu
model are among the
indigenous designs of biogas
plants. A Bag Type Portable
Digester made of rubberized
nylon fabric, suitable for remote
and hilly areas, is being
promoted. The recently
developed methodology of on
sight construction of
Deenabandhu model with Ferro
cement, which costs about 10 to
15% less as compared to the
model constructed with bricks
and cement, is getting popular
in the Southern States.
The National Project on Biogas
Development was started in 1981-
82.About 33.68 lac families have been
benefited upto March 2002. The
Community and Institutional Biogas
Plants Programme was initiated in
1992-93. In order to achieve recycling
the cattle dung available in the villages
and institutions for the benefit of the
weaker sections as well. Biogas is
generally used for motive power and
generation of electricity under the
programme in addition to meet the
cooking fuel requirement. A total of
3,901 plants, including 600 night soil
based Biogas plants had been installed
up to March 2002.
National Programme on Biomass
Power/Cogeneration: The
Government of India has initiated a
National Programme on Biomass
Power/Cogeneration. It aims at
optimum utilization of a variety of
biomass materials such as agro-
residues, agro-industrial residues, and
forestry based residues and dedicated
energy plantations for power
generation through the adoption of
latest conversion technologies. These
include combustion, incineration,
pyrolysis, gasification etc. using gas
turbine, steam turbine, dual fuel engine,
gas engine or a combination there of
either for power generation alone or
cogeneration of more than one energy
National Biomass Gasifier Programme:
Biomass gasification is the process by
which solid biomass materials are broken
down using heat to produce a combustible
gas, known as the producer gas. Common
feedstocks for combustion include wood,
charcoal, rice husks and coconut shells.
The producer gas can be used directly in a
burner to provide process heat or it can be
used in IC engines, but it requires cleaning
and cooling for the latter application. It can
also be used as a substitute for diesel oil in
duel fuel engines for mechanical and
electrical applications
Encouragement to technologies such as
biomass briquetting and gasification for
various applications in rural and urban
areas, and R and D on Biomass Production
and Gasification, are the important
objectives of the programme. Biomass
gasifier systems of up to 500 kW capacity
based on fuel wood have been
indigenously developed and being
manufactured in the country. Technology
for producing biomass briquettes from
agricultural residues and forest litter at
both household and industry levels has
been developed. A total capacity of 51.3
MW has so far been installed, mainl for
stand-alone applications.
ix. Wind Energy: The programme
was initiated in the year 1983-
84. A market-oriented strategy
has been adopted right from the
beginning and hence
commercial development of the
technology has been
successfully achieved.
Scientific assessment of wind
resources throughout the
country and a series of other
systematic steps have facilitated
the emergence of a cost
effective technology. The wind
power potential of the country
was initially assessed at 20000
MW and reassessed at 45000
MW subsequently assuming 1%
of land availability for wind
power generation in potential
areas. The technical potential
has been assessed at 13000MW
assuming 20% grid penetration,
which will go up with the
augmentation of grid capacity
in potential States. The Centre
for wind energy technology (C-
WET) is coordinating the Wind
Resource Assessment
Programme with the States and
Nodal Agencies. Wind diesel
projects are being taken up in
Island regions and remote areas
which are dependent on costly
diesel for power generation
.Two machines of 50 kW
capacity each have been
installed in the first phase of the
project at Sagar Islands in West
Bengal. Similar projects are
being considered for
Lakshadweep and Andaman
and Nicobar Islands.
Solar Power Programme: The solar
power programme comprises Solar
Photovoltaic Power Programme and Solar
Thermal Power Programmes.
Under the Solar Photovoltaic
Programme:, 27 grid interactive SPV
projects have been installed, with an
aggregate capacity of 2.0 MW in Andhra
Pradesh, Chandigarh, Karnataka, Punjab,
Kerala, Lakshadweep, Madhya Pradesh,
Maharashtra, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, and
Uttar Pradesh. These are meant for voltage
support applications in remote sections of
weak grids, peak shaving applications in
public buildings in urban centers and for
saving diesel use in islands. These are
expected to generate and feed over 2.6
million units of electricity annually to the
respective grids. In addition, ten projects of
900 kW capacity, are under different stages
of implementation. The solar photovoltaic
systems can be used for a variety of
applications, such as rural
telecommunications, battery charging, road
and railway signaling which are non
subsidized. Only 3 MW out of the total
aggregate capacity of 96 MW (9,80,000
systems) is used by the power plants. In so
far as rural areas are concerned.
However, the technology is not yet ripe for
being considered for DG application in
India, as it is very expensive, and has not
yet been commercially tried on a large
scale even in the U. S.A.
The technologies referred to above are
applied under various schemes for
generation of electricity from renewable
sources of energy in the country. A bird’s
eye view of the schemes would give a good
insight into the status of Distributed
Generation based on renewable sources of
energy.
V. Benefits of distributed generation
Use of distributed generation is one of the
many strategies electric utilities are
considering to operate their systems in the
deregulated environment. Several DG
technologies are showing promise for this
application. Inclusion of DG at the
distribution level results in several
benefits, among which are congestion
relief, loss reduction, voltage support, peak
shaving, and an overall improvement of
energy efficiency, reliability, and power
quality[16]. The benefits obtained by the
introduction of DG should be weighed
against the costs involved before deciding
on the use
of DG(shown in Table 3). As DG
technologies improve and cost decrease,
their use is expected to rise
Installing small-scale distributed DGs
instead of an aggregated large-scale DG
can improve the system reliability indices,
depending on the locations of DGs, the
number of customers and the sizes of the
loads. The index improves if the DGs are
located closer to the end of line. However,
the reliability indices improve the most
when the aggregated DG is placed at the
end of the line [17].
• Most of the benefits of employing DG in
existing distribution networks have both
economic and technical implications and
they are interrelated.
The major technical benefits are:
• reduced line losses.
• Voltage profile improvement.
• reduced emissions of pollutants.
• increased overall energy efficiency.
• enhanced system reliability and security.
• improved power quality.
• relieved T&D congestion.
� The major economic benefits are:
• deferred investments for upgrades of
facilities.
• reduced O&M costs of some DG
technologies.
• enhanced productivity.
• reduced health care costs due to improved
environment.
• reduced fuel costs due to increased
overall efficiency.
• reduced reserve requirements and the
associated costs.
• lower operating costs due to peak
shaving.
• increased security for critical loads.
� . Compared to traditional
centralized generation, DG
possesses advantages as follows
[18].
• Reducing the transmission and
distribution costs, thus reducing energy
loss.
• Providing black start capability and
spinning reserves, thus improving power
reliability.
• Providing improved security of supply.
•Enabling development of sustainable and
green electricity thus reducing
environmental resources used by central
generation Easy and quicker installation on
account of prefabricated standardized
components.
• Lowering of cost by avoiding long
distance high voltage transmission
• Environment friendly where renewable
sources are used .
• Running cost more or less constant over
the period of time with the use of
renewable sources .
• Possibility of user-operator participation
due to lesser complexity more
dependability with simple construction,
and consequent easy operation and
maintenance [19].
VI. Distributed Power Application
Distributed power technologies are
typically installed for one or more of the
following purposes:
(i)Overall load reduction – Use of energy
efficiency and other energy saving
measures for reducing total consumption of
electricity, sometimes with supplemental
power generation.
(ii) Independence from the grid – Power is
generated locally to meet all local energy
needs by ensuring reliable and quality
power under two different models.
a. Grid Connected – Grid power is used
only as a back up during failure of
maintenance of the onsite generator.
b. Off grid – This is in the nature of stand-
alone power generation. In order to attain
self-sufficiency it usually includes energy
saving approaches and an energy storage
device for back-up power. This includes
most village power applications in
developing countries.
(iii) Supplemental Power- Under this
model, power generated by the grid is
augmented with distributed generation for
the following reasons: -
a. Standby Power- Under this arrangement
power availability is assured during grid
outages.
b. Peak shaving – Under this model the
power that is locally generated is used fro
reducing the demand for grid electricity
during the peak periods to avoid the peak
demand charges imposed on big electricity
users.
(iv) Net energy sales – Individual
homeowners and entrepreneurs can
generate more electricity than they need
and sell their surplus to the grid. Co-
generation could fall into this category.
(v) Combined heat and power - Under this
model waste heat from a power generator
is captured and used in manufacturing
process for space heating, water heating
etc. in order to enhance the efficiency of
fuel utilization.
(vi) Grid support – Power companies resort
to distributed generation for a wide variety
of reasons. The emphasis is on meeting
higher peak loads without having to invest
in infrastructure (line and sub-station
upgrades).
Most of the early adopters of distributed
power wanted to stay connected to the grid,
which they used either as a backup or for
selling their surplus power to the power
companies[ 17 ]
VII. CONCLUSION
India is on right track to pursue
development of Distributed Generation
with the unbundling of power sector
utilizing captive and co-generation, besides
putting all out effort in harnessing various
forms of new and renewable energy.
Collective participation of industries,
private entrepreneurs, giant Corporations
hitherto engaged in conventional power
development is the essence of such
venture. Liberalization of Government
policy vis-à-vis support as well as
regulatory mechanism in place is helping
to create conducive atmosphere to achieve
target set in this direction.
IX. REFERENCES :
[1] A. M. Borbely and J. F. Kreider,
Distributed Generation The Power
Paradigm for the New
Millennium. CRC Press, 2001.
[2] “P1547 standard series for
interconnecting distributed resources with
electric power systems,” IEEE, 1547 Work
Group, Tech. Rep., 2003.
[3] Suresh Agrawal, “Distributed
Generation using Renewable Sources of
Energy – an Ideal Option for Remote
Village Electrification”, Proc. International
Himalayan Small Hydropower Summit,
Dehradun, India, Oct 12-13, 2006, pp. 114-
121.
[4] The US Department of Energy, Office
of Distributed Energy Resources, online
publications available at:
http://www.eere.energy.gov/der/, 2003
[5] T. Ackerman, G. Anderson, and L.
Soder, “Distributed generation: a
definition,” Electric Power System
Research, vol. 57, pp. 195–204, 2001.
[6] The Electric Power Research Institute,
online publications available at:
http://www.epri.com/, 2002.
[7] B. M. Balmat and A. M. Dicaprio,
“Electricity market regulations and their
impact on distributed generation,” in Proc.
Conf. on Electric Utility Deregulation and
Restructuring and Power Technologies
(DRPT 2000), London, 2000, pp. 608–613.
[8] Rodrigo “Dissertation on Renewable
Energy Sources” dec 22 ,2012 in The
Write Pass Journal.
[9]Ministry of Power, 2003a. Annual
Report 2002–2003, Government of India,
New Delhi.
[10]Ministry of Power, 2003b. Discussion
Paper on Rural Electrification Policies,
November 2003, Government of India,
New Delhi.
[11]Ministry of Non Conventional Energy
Sources, 2001. Renewable Energy in India,
Business Opportunities, Government of
India, March2001.
[12]Ministry of Non Conventional Energy
Sources, 2002. Wind power development
in India: Towards global leadership; New
Delhi, October 2002.
[13]Ministry of Non Conventional Energy
Sources, Annual Reports, New Delhi,
1993, 2000, 2001, 2002.
[14]Ministry of Power, 2001. Blueprint for
Power Sector Development,
[15]Government of India, New Delhi;
available at powermin.nic.in. ASCENT,
1998. Status of Biomass Gasification
Technology, India, October 1998;
http://www.bgtechnologies.net/ankur.htm.
[16]P. Chiradeja “Benefit of Distributed
Generation: A Line Loss
Reduction Analysis”2005 IEEE/PES
Transmission and Distribution Conference
& Exhibition: Asia and Pacific Dalian,
China
[17] S.Rahman,M.Pipattanasomporn
“Reliability Benefits of Distributed
Generation as a Backup Source” 2009
IEEE
[18] Q. Kejun , Z.Chengake “ Analysis of
the Environmental Benefits of Distributed
Generation “2008 IEEE
[19] S.Mukhopadhyay,B.Singh
“Distributed Generation - Basic Policy,
Perspective Planning, and Achievement so
far in India” 2009 IEEE
[20 ] H.D.Mathur “Enhancement of Power
System Quality using Distributed
Generation” 2010 IEEE Conference on
power and energy (PECcon2010) nov29-
dec1 2010 Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
BIOGRAPHIES—
Jitendra Singh Bhadoriya,
Jitendra Singh Bhadoriya was born in
Distt. Bhopal , India, in 1989. He received
BE degree (2011) from UIT- RGPV
Bhopal in electrical engineering , and at the
moment he is an M-Tech (instrumentation)
scholar at SCHOOL OF
INSTRUMENTATION, Devi Ahilya
University (DAVV) , lndore, India. Email:
Aashish Kumar Bohre,
Aashish Kumar Bohre was born in Distt.
Hoshangabad, India, in 1984. He received
BE degree (2009) from UIT- RGPV
Bhopal, and M-Tech degree (Power
System) in 2011 from MANIT, Bhopal. At
the moment he is PhD. scholar at MANIT,
Bhopal, India. Email:
Dr. Ganga Agnihotri,
Dr. Ganga Agnihotri received BE degree
in Electrical engineering from MACT,
Bhopal (1972), the ME degree (1974) and
PhD degree (1989) from University of
Roorkee, India. Since 1976 she is with
Maulana Azad College of Technology,
Bhopal in various positions. Currently she
is professor. Her research interest includes
Power System Analysis, Power System
Optimization and Distribution Operation.
Dr. Manisha Dubey
Dr. Manisha Dubey was born in Jabalpur
in India on 15th December 1968. She
received her B.E (Electrical), M.Tech.
(Power Systems) and Ph.D (Electrical
Engg.) in 1990, 1997 and 2006
respectively. She is working as Professor at
the Department of Electrical Engineering,
National Institute of
