bhopal gas tragedy
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Editorial
Bhopal Gas Tragedy and its effects on process safety
The Bhopal Gas Tragedy was the worst-ever industrial
disaster. Forty-one tonnes of deadly methyl isocyanate gas and
its reaction products were released in to the air on the midnight
of December 2–3, 1984 from the Union Carbide plant in
Bhopal, India. It resulted in the immediate death of several
thousand people and caused untold sufferings to hundreds of
thousands. Quoting Charles Perrow, Yale University (Perrow,
1999) ‘The accident that released deadly methyl isocyanate
gas (MIC) in Union Carbide’s Bhopal, India, plant in
December 1984, resulting in atleast 4000 ‘prompt’ deaths
and over 200,000 injuries, was for me the most theoretically
significant catastrophe.In the words of one of the most
interesting cliches in this business, ‘It was an accident waiting
to happen’. But .equally common cliche ‘we were lucky it
was not worse’ for once does not hold. Bhopal was that rare
accident that could hardly have been worse; they are hard to
arrange’. He calls it the ‘Union Carbide Factor’.
The death toll, since then, has reached over 20,000 with
victims dying from the complications caused by inhaling the
gas that night. Over 120,000 continue to still suffer.
The hazardous chemicals buried at the company site when
the plants were operating and those left behind after the
disaster in 1984, have polluted the soil and underground
water, severely affecting the health of a large number of
people living in the vicinity who have no other source of
water. Thus, the Bhopal Gas Tragedy has turned out to be
the world’s worst pollution disaster as well.
On the 20th anniversary of the disaster in December
2004, articles and news stories appeared in all the major
newspapers and the technical press in India and in many
other countries. There was a vast coverage by the visual
media as well. BBC, Canadian Broadcasting Corporation
and the National Geographic released new documentaries.
A couple of new books were also released.
Since the Bhopal disaster, the interest in process safety
has been increasing. Elective or compulsory courses are
taught in some universities. Active researchers are to be
found in several countries. Specialized International
conferences on process safety are also held.
So far so good. With very little process safety activity up
until 1984, any increase is to be genuinely welcomed.
But have we done enough? Not by a long shot. The new
discipline of Process Safety is emerging at an excruciating
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slow pace. The number of converts to it in any country can
be counted on the fingers of one hand. Much of that has
occurred due to accreditation requirement in some
countries. Within chemical engineering faculties, very
few, if any, working in the areas of catalysis, reaction
kinetics, process control, thermodynamics, transport
phenomena, etc. have extended their research to include
the aspects of process safety. To quote Cussler, et al. (2002),
‘Professors are by nature conservative, in that they conserve
what they are good at doing.’ All the books and courses in
these subjects also generally do not account for deviations
from normal behaviour while most of the accidents in
process industry are the results of such deviations.
Specialized conferences in these areas do not discuss as to
how they can make the process industry safer even though
these specialized fields play a very significant role in the
design and/or operations of the chemical industry. What a
perfect chemical engineering world! This, while the
academicians know that from the very first day a chemical
engineer enters a job, he/she will have to be concerned with
safety, while the other chemical engineering subjects taught
at colleges take a back seat and some may never be of any
use. Thus, we are guilty of sending a half-baked product to
the industry and assume that industry will teach the new
recruits about this important subject. That is, they will learn
it on the job. We should know that learning from accidents
is very costly.
In the above context, Gygax’s message to the universities
is still very valid: “Chemical Reaction Engineering can be
defined as the art of conducting chemical processes
selectively, effectively and safely.To achieve these
goals, the chemistry and physics of the reacting system
are studied.In most Chemical Engineering text books,
these efforts are directed primarily to the conversion of the
materials into products under operational conditions.For
safe process operation, it is however equally important to
extend Chemical Engineering Principles to the study of
failure conditions. Only if runaway scenarios are kept in
focus can the best process design concepts be evaluated.
.It is the responsibility of the universities to be leaders
in promoting it through their Chemical Engineering
courses” (Gygax, 1988).
It is not that the chemical engineering faculty does not
get into newer areas. The moves to biosciences, molecular
genetics, nano engineering, etc. in the recent past are
Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries 18 (2005) 195–196
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Editorial / Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries 18 (2005) 195–196196
examples of the dynamic nature of the profession, once it
decides to act. It is interesting to note that safety is of
concern even in these areas: both in production and in use.
US Chemical Safety and Hazard Investigation Board
(CSB) has been investigating chemical accidents in the US
since 1998. In a Senate hearing held in January 2005, the
CSB Chair, Ms Carolyn Merritt stated (Merritt, 2005) ‘.I
am disturbed by what the CSB’s investigations have shown.
In the cases we have examined, preparations for chemical
emergencies were found to be uneven and inadequate.
.The lack of preparation potentially leaves our country
vulnerable to the effects of both chemical accidents and
possible acts of terrorism. .if such a disaster should
happen, we must be prepared to respond quickly and
effectively. The time for planning is now, not after a
tragedy..’
The chemical engineering faculty has a significant role in
this planning. Their teaching and research into process
safety including in Inherently Safer Design and Process
Intensification, will make the chemical industry less
attractive to terrorists, make the industry safer to operate
and easier to mitigate the consequences of any accident. The
plant size as well as storage inventory would reduce
significantly, reducing the capital and operating costs by
an order of magnitude. Stankiewicz and Moulin (Stankie-
wicz & Moulin, 2000) give a very interesting comparison of
a present-day refinery and an intensified one of the future.
The latter looks from the outside as clean as an electronics
plant. One cannot see the equipment, hear it or smell the
chemicals!
The chemical industry in the US was worth $460 billion
in 2000, employed over a million directly and many
millions indirectly, contributed the maximum to the exports,
and is involved in all aspects of daily life and living
(American chemistry council, 2002). It is true in most major
countries. Yet, its reputation is not as high as the above
figures would dictate. The number of students opting for
chemical engineering and the number and amounts of
research grants are far less than in many other engineering
fields, biological and health sciences, chemistry and
physics. Accidents anywhere rattle people all over the
world, thus universally reducing the attraction for chemical
engineering.
Chemical Engineers should not have a smug feeling that
because our products are so pervasive in society, we should
be subject to lesser scrutiny and some accidents should be
accepted as a small price to pay. Prausnitz’s comments are
very timely (Prausnitz, 2001): ‘.Our unavoidable task is
to serve society. We need to re-examine ourselves and
be concerned with how we are seen by others. .Companies
should realize that business is not apart from but a part of
culture. .While society eagerly uses chemical products, it
will not tolerate any failures. The challenge of postmodern-
ism to chemical engineers is: Stop pollution and make sure
your processes and products are totally safe’.
It would be good for the profession to become proactive
in process safety before public outcry forces very restrictive
legislation, especially after 9/11 when large chemical
facilities are also considered to be attractive targets for the
terrorists. Staying ahead of legislation brings respect to a
profession, not when forced to comply with it. It is therefore
imperative that the safety culture should become more
pervasive amongst companies, governments, communities,
academics, media, judiciary, .all the stake holders at all
levels all over the world. International organisations need to
become more active as well. Several other related points
in an earlier invited editorial would interest the readers of
this one (Gupta, 2003).
The conference at Kanpur did bring a dedicated and
devoted group of researchers and industry participants.
Cloning many more of the type will not violate any law
against cloning but will be a very welcome step.
This special issue of the journal is dedicated to those who
lost their lives and to those who continue to suffer due to the
Bhopal Gas Tragedy.
References
Perrow, C. (1999). Normal Accidents. Princeton: Princeton University Press
p. 356.
Cussler, E. L., et al. (2002). Refocusing Chemical Engineering. Chemical
Engineering Progress, 98(1), 26S.
Gygax, R. (1988). Chemical Reaction Engineering for Safety. Chemical
Engineering Science, 43(8), 1759.
Merritt, C.(2005). Testimony before the U.S. Senate Homeland Security
and Governmental Affairs Committee, Washington DC. April 27, 2005.
Stankiewicz, A. I., & Moulin, J. A. (2000). Process Intensification
transforming Chemical Engineering. Chemical Engineering Progress,
96(1), 22.
American Chemistry Council (2002), Protecting a Nation—Homeland
Defence and the Business of Chemistry, Arlington, VA, April 2002, p. 3.
Prausnitz, J. M. (2001). Chemical Engineering and the Postmodern World,
15th P.V. Danckwerts Memorial Lecture. Trans IChemE (UK)
Chemical Engineering Research and Design, 79(A), 777.
Gupta, J. P. (2003). Bhopal: .eighteen, going on nineteen and fading?
Invited Guest Editorial. Trans IChemE (UK), Process Safety and
Environmental Protection, 81(B), 227.
J.P. Gupta*
Conference Coordinator and Guest Editor
Department of Chemical Engineering,
Indian Institute of Technology,
Kanpur 208 016, India
E-mail address: [email protected]
* Tel.: C91 512 2597629; fax: C91 512 2590104.