bi 211 lab: fungicf.linnbenton.edu/mathsci/bio/bienekr/upload/bi 103 lec 8 fungi sp1… · fungi...
TRANSCRIPT
4/30/2014
1
Kingdom Fungi
Stepping back to “the tree”
Fungi are more closely related to animals than plants…
In your groups - discuss:
1. Why they were originally
thought to be more closely
related to plants?
2. Why they are now
considered to be more
closely related to animals?
4/30/2014
2
Animal Cell
Fungus Cell
Fungi have
filamentous bodies
• Fruiting body
• Mycelium
Made of
hyphae
Anatomy
4/30/2014
3
5
Figure 18.1 Masses of hyphae form
mycelia
The dense interwoven mat you see here growing through leaves
on a forest floor is a mycelium made up of microscopic hyphae
Filamentous body
Fig. 22-1
mycelium hyphae
4/30/2014
4
Filamentous Structural Organization
One cell
of one hypha
thread
of the
mycelium.
8
Septum and pore between cells in a
hypha
4/30/2014
5
DNA in Chromosomes
Haploid nucleus
Haploid cells have one set of chromosomes
Diploid cells have two sets of chromosomes
Fungi
(1n)
Adult
human
(2n)
4/30/2014
6
What causes a ‘fairy ring’?
Discuss with your table
Major Fungal Characteristics
Cell wall composition Chitin (with some cellulose), a nitrogen-containing polysaccharide
4/30/2014
7
Characteristics of the Kingdom Fungi
Reproduction spores
asexual
sexual
Sex: Fungi can be classified
as:
male, female
….. + many more sexes!
Called “mating types”
4/30/2014
8
4/30/2014
9
Phylogeny of the Major Groups of Fungi
Septation
Chytridiomycota
Most chytrids are aquatic
They are distinguished from other fungi
by forming flagellated spores that
require water for dispersal
They reproduce both asexually and
sexually
4/30/2014
10
Zygotmycota (Zygomycetes)
1% of known species
Successful, rapid reproducers
Produce and disperse hundreds of spores
from hyphae tips
Bread molds
Zygomycosis- malnourished, diabetics,
burns, weakened immunity systems
4/30/2014
11
Pilobus crystallinus
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TrKJ
AojmB1Y
Glomeromycota
Live in intimate contact with the roots of plants
Their hyphae penetrate root cells and form
microscopic branching structures inside the cell
Mutualism: Internal mycorrhizae
4/30/2014
12
Club fungi (Basidiomycota)
25,000 species
Reproductive structures protrude out
from mycelium
“mushrooms”
Caps with gills on
surface that have
spores
Basidiomycota
Cells: Septate
Amanita muscaria
4/30/2014
13
Basidiomycota
Reproductive structures:
Basidiocarp, basidium,
basidiospore
Ascomycota: Sac fungi Most diverse group
30,000 species
Cells: Septate
Reproductive structures Ascocarp, ascospores develop in
ascus
Symbiotic associations: Endophytic mycorrhizae -
beneficial association with plants
With insects: leaf cutter ants, termites
Peziza sp.
4/30/2014
14
Ascomycota Sexual reproductive structures:
Ascocarp, asci, ascospores
Ascomycota
Asexual reproduction
Structure: Conidia
Example:
Penicillium
4/30/2014
15
Diverse lifestyles
Fungi can be:
Decomposers e.g. bread mold
Parasites e.g. Athlete’s foot
Mutualistic symbionts
Decomposers
Angel wings
Pleurocybella porrigens
Chicken of the woods
4/30/2014
16
Mutualists:
A. Lichens
Lichen A. Lichens are a
composite
organism
(fungus+algae or
cyanobacteria)
4/30/2014
17
The fungal component is
usually in the Ascomycota
Lichen
Lichen with
basidiomycet
fungi
4/30/2014
18
Lichen with
Basidiomycota fungi
Ecological Roles of Lichens
Pioneer species: Survive in hostile
habitats and colonize new habitats
Cyanobacteria-containing lichens can fix
nitrogen
Convert atmospheric nitrogen to a form
plants can use
Environmental indicators
4/30/2014
19
Symbiosis of Fungi with Other Organisms
1. Mutualistic
B. Mycorrhizal fungi
Mycorrhizal fungi
4/30/2014
20
Symbiosis of Fungi with Other
Organisms
1. Mutualism
C. Endophytic fungi Aphids
Clacvicepts
4/30/2014
21
Symbiosis of fungi with other
organisms
2. Pathogenic
Examples:
Ergot
Salem witch trials?
Symbiosis of fungi with other
organisms
2. Pathogenic
Plant diseases caused by
Rusts
Smuts
Examples:
Corn smut
Dutch elm disease
Chestnut blight
4/30/2014
22
43
World’s largest
organism?
Pathogenic Fungi
Lobster mushrooms
Parasitize other
fungi!
Pathogenic fungi
4/30/2014
23
Symbiosis of fungi with other
organisms
2. Pathogenic Example:
Chytridiomycosis infectious skin disease that
affects amphibians
worldwide
Caused by a Chytrid fungus
Chytrid life cycle
4/30/2014
24
47
Chytrid infection
The pathogenic chytrid, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis,
has infected this frog
Symbiosis of fungi with other
organisms: Pathogenic
White nose syndrome:
Geomycets destructens
Bat populations in the
east are devistated!
Globalization—from
Europe
4/30/2014
25
Cordyceps/ Phasyrum and
Insects
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RuopJ
YLBvrI&feature=related
Can fungi help save the world? Fungi can be used to restore the environment with:
1. Livestock i. Kill off pathogens like Plasmodium
(Malaria) and coliform bacteria!
ii. Soak up toxic levels of copper & Zinc from manure
2. Oil , Mining, & Toxic waste i. Break down waste petroleum
hydrocarbons
ii. Collect heavy metals
3. Farming i. Break down some pesticides
ii. Stabilize soil, reducing erosion– use in no till farming
4. Biological control
http://www.ted.com/talks/p
aul_stamets_on_6_ways_
mushrooms_can_save_th
e_world.html
4/30/2014
26
Why not filer manure run-
off with mushrooms?!
Aka Mycofiltration
• Farms
• Urban areas
• Factories
• Watersheds
• Roads
Scanning electron microscope image 0.5-2 μm
thick
Turkey tail
Trametes
versicolor