BIBILIOGRAPHY

Abdel–Hassan IA, Abdel–Barry JA, Tariq Mohammeda S (2000). The hypoglycemic and antihyperglycemic effect of Citrullus colocynthis fruit aqueous extract in normal and alloxan diabetic rabbits. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 71: 325–330.

Abdel-Zaher AO, Salim SY, Assaf MH, Abdel-Hady RH (2005).

Antidiabetic activity and toxicityof Zizyphusspina-christi leaves. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 101: 129-138.

Abdul FB (2007). Type-2 diabetes and rural India. Lancet, 27:273-274. Adaramoye OA, Adeyemi EO (2006). Hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic

effects of fraction from kolaviron, a biflavonoid complex from Garcinia kola in streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus rats. Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 58:121-128.

Aguilar-Santamaría L, Ramírez G, Nicasio P, Alegría-Reyes C, Herrera-

Arellano A (2009). Antidiabetic activities of Tecoma stans (L.) Juss. ex Kunth. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 124(2):284-8.

Ahlawat R, Sahi RP (1985). Histological changes in pancreas after

experimentally produced duodenal obstruction in Charles Foster rats. Indian Journal of Experimental Biology, 23: 596–599.

Ahmad M, Akhtar MS, Malik T, Gilani AH (2000). Hypoglycemic action of

the flavonoid fraction of Cuminium nigrum seeds. Phytotherapy Research, 14(2):103-106.

Ajitkar, Choudhary BK, Bandhopadhyay NG (1999). Preliminary studies

on the inorganic constituents of some indigenous hypoglycemic herbs on oral glucose tolerance test. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 64:179–184.

Akanksha, Srivastava AK, Maurya R(2010).Antihyperglycemic activity of

compounds isolated from Indian medicinal plants. Indian Journal of Experimental Biology, 48(3):294-8.

Akbarzadeh A, Norouzian D, Mehrabi MR, Jamshidi Sh, Farhangi A,

Allah.Verdi A, Mofidian 1SMA, Lame Rad B (2007). Induction of diabetes by Streptozotocin in rats. Indian Journal of Clinical Biochemistry, 22 (2): 60-64.

Al-Amin ZM, Thomson M, Al-Oattan KK, Peltonem-Shalaby R, Ali M,

(2006). Antidiabetic and hypolipidemic properties of ginger (Zingiber officinale) in sterptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. British Journal of Nutrition, 96(4): 660-666.

Alarcon-Aguilara FJ, Jimenez-Estrada M, Reyes–Chilpa R, Roman-

Ramos R (2000). Hypoglycemic effect of extracts and fractions from Psacalium decompositum in healthy and alloxan diabetic mice. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 72: 21-27.

Alarcon-Aguilara FJ, Roman-Ramos R, Perez-Gutierrez S, Aguilar-

Contreras A, Contreas-Weber CC, Flores-Saenz JL (1998). Study of the antihyperglycemic effect of plants used as antidiabetics. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 61: 101-110.

Al-Azzawie HF, Alhamdani MS (2005). Hypoglycemic and antioxidant

effect of oleuropein in allloxan-diabetic rabbits. Life Sciences,

78(12): 1371-1377.

Allemann E, Gurny R, Doelker E (1993). Drug-loaded nanoparticles preparation methods and drug targeting issues. European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, 39: 173.191.

Al-Shamaony L, Al-Khazraji SM, Twaij HAA (1994). Hypoglycemic effect

of Artemisa herba alba. 11. Effect of a valuable extract on some blood parameters in diabetic animals. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 43: 167-171.

Alvarez J, Shoichet B (2006). Virtual screening in drug discovery

. Chemistry and BioChemisry, 7: 389 – 390.

Alves TMA, Nagem TJ, Carvalho LH, Krettli AU, Zani CL (1997). Antiplasmodial triterpene from Vernonia brasiliana. Planta Medica, 63: 554-555.

Al-Yassin D, Ibrahim K (1981). A minor hemoglobin fraction and the level

of fasting blood glucose. Journal of Faculty of Medicine University of Baghdad, 23: 373–380.

Amalraj T, Ignacimuthu S (1998). Evaluation of the hypoglycemic effect of

Memecylon umbellatum in normal and alloxan diabetic mice. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 62: 247–250.

Ana Grenha, Manuela E. Gomes, Ma rcia Rodrigues, Vı´tor E. Santo, Joa

o F. Mano,Nuno M. Neves, Rui L. Reis. Development of new chitosan/carrageenan nanoparticles for drug delivery applications. Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part A.2009.

Anand P, Murali YK, Tandon V, Murthy PS Chandra R (2008).

Insulinotropic effect of aqueous extract of Brassica nigra improves glucose homeostasis in streptozotocin- induced diabetic rats. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes, 117(6):251-6.

Andallu B, Radhika B (2000). Hypoglycemic, diuretic and hypocholesterolemic effect of winter cherry (Withania somnifera Dunal) root. Indian Journal of Experimental Biology, 38:607-609.

Andersen AR, Christiansen JS, Andersen JK, Kreiner S, Deckert K

(1985). Diabetic nephropathy in Type I (insulin-dependent) diabetes: An epidemiologic study. Diabetologia, 25

:496–501.

Anderson CA (2003). The process of structure-based drug design. Chemistry and Biology, 10: 787-797.

Anderson JW (1974). Alterations in metabolic fate of glucose in the liver of

diabetic animals. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 27: 746-755. Andrikopoulos NK, Kaliora AC, Assimopoulou AN, Papapeorgiou VP

(2003). Biological activity of some naturally occurring resins, gums, and pigments against in vitro LDL oxidation. Phytotherapy Research, 17: 501-507.

Anuradha K, Hota D, Pandhi P (2004). Investigation of Central

mechanism of Insulin induced hypoglycemic convulsions in mice. Indian Journal of Experimental Biology, 42: 368-372.

Aponte G, Gross D, Yamada T (1985). Capillary orientation of rat

pancreatic D cell processes. Evidence for endocrine release of somatostatin. Amsterdam Journal of Physiology, 249:G599-G606.

Arathi G, Sachdanandam (2003) Therapeutic effect of Semecarpus and

Cardium Linn, nut milk extract on carbohydrate metabolizing and mitochondrial TCA cycle and respiratory chain enzymes in mammary carcinoma rats. Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 55: 1283-1290.

Ariano MA, Armstrong RB, Edgerton VR (1973). Hindlimb muscle fiber

populations of five mammals. Journal of Histochemistry and Cytochemistry, 21:51-55.

Artursson P, Lindmark T, Davis SS, Illum L (1994).Effect of chitosan on

the permeability of monolayers of intestinal epithelial cells (Caco-2). Pharmaceutical Research, 11: 1358-1361.

Ashcroft FM, Ashcroft NK (1992). The pathogenesis of insulin- dependent

diabetes mellitus. New England Journal of Medicine, 331: 1428-1436. Ashizawa N, Endoh H, Hidaka K, Watanabe M, Fukumoto S (1997).

Three dimensional structure of the rat pancreatic duct in normal and inflammated pancreas. Microscopy Research and Technique, 37: 543-556.

Aslan M, Orhan N, Orhan DD, Ergun F (2010). Hypoglycemic activity and antioxidant potential of some medicinal plants traditionally used in Turkey for diabetes. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 128(2): 384-389.

Atta-Ur-Rahman, Zaman K (1989). Medicinal plants with hypoglycemic

activity. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 26: 1-55. Austel V, Martin YC, Kutter E, (1989). The medicinal chemist's approach,

in Modern Drug Research, Paths to Better and Safer Drugs. Pg.no: 243-307.

Avdeef A (1998). Solubility-pH profiles from Bjerrum plots. Gibbs buffer

and pKa in the solid state. Pharmacy and Pharmacology Communications, 4: 165–178.

Aybar MJ, Riera ANS, Grau A, Sanchez SS (2001). Hypoglycemic effect of

the water extract of Smallantus sonchifolius (yacon) leaves in normal and diabetic rats. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 74: 125-132.

Babu PS, Stanley Mainzen Prince P (2004). Antihyperglycemic and

antioxidant effect of hyponidd, an ayurvedic herbomineral formulation in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 56(11): 1435-1442.

Baetens D, Malaisse–Lagae F, Perrelet A, Orci L (1979). Endocrine

pancreas: Tridimensional reconstruction shows two types of islets of Langerhans. Science, 206: 1323-1325.

Bagdade JD, Porte D, Bierman EL (1968). Acute insulin withdrawal and

the regulation of plasma triglyceride removal in diabetic subjects. Diabetes, 17: 127-130.

Baginsky ES, Foa PP, Zak B (1992). Methods of enzymatic analysis, Vol 2,

2nd edition, Bergmeyer HU and Gawehn K edition, Academic Press,New York.

Bailey CJ (1992). Biguanides and NIDDM. Diabetes Care, 15:755-772. Bailey CJ, Day C (1989). Traditional treatments for diabetes. Diabetes

Care, 12: 553-564. Bainton D, Miller NE, Botton CH, Yarnell JWG, Suretman PM, Baker IA,

Lewis B, Elwood PC (1992). Plasma triglyceride and high density lipoprotein cholesterol as predictors of ischemic heart disease in British men. British Heart Journal, 68: 60-66.

Balasee EO, Bier DM, Havel RJ (1972). Early effects of anti-insulin serum

on hepatic metabolism of plasma free fatty acids in dogs. Diabetes, 21: 280– 284.

Balkau B, Charles MA, Eschwege E (2000). Epidemiological discourse on new criteria on diabetes. Molecular endocrinology, 2: 229-234.

Bani S, Kaul A, Khan B, Ahmad SF, Suri KA, Gupta BD, Satti NK, Qazi

GN (2006). Suppression of T lymphocyte activity by lupeol isolated from Crataeva religiosa. Phytotherapy Research, 20: 279-287.

Banting FG, Best CH (1922). The internal secretion of the Pancreas.

Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine, 7:251-266. Baque S, Montell E, Camps M, Guinovart JJ, Zorzano A, Gomez-Foix

AM (1998). Overexpression of glycogen phosphorylase increases Glut-4 expression and glucose transport in cultured akeletal human muscle. Diabetes, 47: 1185-1192.

Baron AD, Brechtel G, Wallace P, Edelman SV (1988). Rates and tissue

sites of non-insulin and insulin mediated glucose uptake in human. American Journal of Physiology, 255:E769-E774.

Baskaran K, Ahmath BK, Shanmugasundaram KR, Shanmugasundaram,

ERB (1990). Antidiabetic effect of a leaf extract from Gymnema sylvestre in non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus patients. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 30: 295-305.

Basso LV, Havel RJ (1970). Hepatic metabolism of free fatty acids in

normal and diabetic dogs. Journal of Clinical Investigation, 49: 537-541.

Bedoya FJ, Solano F, Lucas M (1996). N – monomethyl – arginine and

micotinamicle prevent streptozotocin induced double strand DNA break formation in Pancreatic rat islets. Experimentia, 52: 344-347.

Bellacossa A, Testa JR, Staal SP, Tsichlis PN (1991). A retero viral

oncogene akt encoding a serinethreonine kinase containing an SH2-like region. Science, 254: 244-247.

Bendayan M (1987). Presence of endocrine cells in pancreatic duct.

Pancreas, 2: 393-397. Bennett JW, Klich M (2003). Mycotoxins. Clinical Microbiology Reviews,

16: 497-516. Benwahhoud M, Jouad H, Eddouks M, Lyoussi B (2001). Hypoglycemic

effect of Suaeda fruticosa in streptozotocin–induced diabetic rats. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 76:35–38.

Berger J, Biswas C, Vicario PP, Strout HV, Saperstein R, Pilch PF

(1989). Decreased expression of the insulin-responsive glucose transporter in diabetes and fasting. Nature, 340: 70-72.

Bernkop-Schnurch A, Walker G (2001).Multifunctional matrices for oral

peptide delivery. Critical Reviews in Therapeutic Drug Carrier System, 18: 459-501.

Bersch PC, Nies B, Liebendorfer A (1995).Evaluation of the biological

properties of different wound dressing materials. Journal of Material Science Materials in Medicine, 6: 231-240.

Bertelli E, Regoli M, Bastianini A (1994). Endocrine tissue associated

with the pancreatic ductal system. A light and electron microscopic study of the adult rat pancreas with special reference to a new endocrine arrangement. The Anatomical Record, 239: 371-378.

Berthomieu C, Hienerwadel R (2009). Fourier transform infra red

spectroscopy. Photosynthetic Research, 101: 157. Bhatia G, Puri A, Maurya R, PrakashYadav P, Khan MM, Khanna AK,

Saxena JK (2008). Anti-dyslipidemic and antioxidant activities of different fractions of Pongamia pinnata (lin.) fruits. Medicinal Chemistry Research, 17: 281–289.

Bhavapriya V, Govidasamy S (2000). Biochemical studies on the

hypoglycemic effect Aegle marmelos (Linn).Correa Ex. RoxB. In streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. Indian Drugs. 37(10):474-477.

Bhavapriya V, Kalpana S, Govindasamy S, Apparanantham T (2001).

Biochemical studies on hypoglycemic effect of Aavirai Kudineer: a herbal formulation in alloxan diabetic rats. Indian Journal of Experimental Biology, 39: 925-928.

Bhugan BK (1970). Action of streptozotocin on mammalian cells. Cancer

Research, 30: 217-223. Bishop JS (1970). Inability of insulin to activate liver glycogen transferase

D phosphatase in the diabetic pancreatectomized dog. Biochimica Biophysica Acta, 208: 208-218.

Bliss M (1982). The discovery of insulin Mcdelland and Stewart, Toronto. Bnouham M, Mekhfi H, Legssyer A, Ziyyat A (2002). Medicinal plants

used in the treatment of diabetes in Morocco. International Journal of Diabetes and Metabolism, 10: 1-33.

Bodmeier R and Wang J(1993) Microencapsulation of drugs with aqueous

colloidal polymer dispersions. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 82:191-199.

Bodmeier R, Chen HG, Paeratakul O (1989). A novel approach to the oral delivery of micro- or nanoparticles. Pharmaceutical Research, 6: 413-417.

Bolkent S, Yanardag R, Oguz AT, Sacan OO (2000). Effects of chard (Beta

Vulgaris L. var. cicla) extract on pancreatic β-cells in streptozotocin-diabetic rats: a morphological and biochemical study. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 73: 251-259.

Bonkovsky HL, Azar R, Bird S, Szabo G, Banner B (2002). Severe

Cholestatic hepatitis caused by thiazolidinediones: risks associated with substituting rosiglitazone for troglitazone. Digestive Disease and Sciences, 47(7): 1632-1637.

Bonting SL (1970). Membrane and ion transport. In: Interscience, Bittar,

C. and Willey EE. (Eds.) Vol. 1, London, pp. 25-28. Bora PS, Srivastava LM, Bhatt SD (1985). Metabolic and histopathological

effects of streptozotocin-induced diabetes in rats: Effects of propranolol and insulin. Indian Journal of Experimental Biology, 23: 23-26.

Bora PS, Srivastava LM, Bhatt SD (1989). Myocardial dysfunction in

diabetic rats : Influence of β-adrenoceptor blockade (propranolol). Indian Journal of Experimental Biology, 27: 615-620.

Borchard G, Lueben HL, De Boer GA, Coos Verhoef J, Lehr CM,

Junginger HE (1996).The potential of mucoadhesive polymers in enhancing intestinal peptide drug absorption III: Effects of chitosan glutamate and carbomer on epithelial tight junctions in-vitro. Journal of Controlled Release, 39: 131-138.

Brandstrup N, Kirk JE, Bruni C (1957). The hexokinase and

phosphoglucoisomerase activities of aortic and pulmonary artery tissue in individuals of various ages. Journal of Gerontology , 12: 166-170.

Braunlich H, Marx F, Fleck C, Stein G (1997). Kidney function in rats

after 5/6 nephrectomy (5/6 NX); effort of treatment with vitamin E. Experimental Toxicology and Pathology, 49: 135-139.

Brigger I, Dubernet C, Couvreur P(2002). Nanoparticles in cancer therapy

and diagnosis. Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews, 54: 631-651. Bunn HF (1981). Evaluation of glycosylated hemoglobin in diabetic

patients. Diabetes, 30: 613. Bunn HF, Gabbay KH, Gallop PM (1978). The glycosylation of hemoglobin:

relevance to diabetes mellitus. Science, 200:21-27.

Bunn HF, Haney DN, Kamin S, Gabbay KH, Gallop PM (1976). The

biosynthesis of human hemoglobin A1c. Journal of Clinical Investigation, 57: 1652–1659.

Burcelain R, Eddouks M, Maury J, Kande J, Assan R, Girard J (1995).

Execessive glucose production rather than insulin resistance accounts for hypoglycaemia in recent-onset diabetic rats. Diabetologia, 38: 283-290.

Burtis CA, Ashwood ER (1996). Enzymes, Teitz Fundamentals of Clinical

Chemistry, 4th

edition NB Saunders Company, Philadelphia, USA, pp 312–335.

Bwititi P, Musabayane CT, Nhachi CFB (2000). Effects of Opuntia megacantha on blood glucose and kidney function in streptozotocin diabetic rats. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 69: 247-252.

Cakici I, Hurmoglu C, Tunctan B, Abacioglu N, Kanzik I, Sener B (1994).

Hypoglycemic effect of Momordica charantia extracts in normoglycemic or cyproheptadine-induced hyperglycemic mice. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 44: 117-121.

Calvo P, Remunan-Lopez C, Vila-Jato JL, Alonso MJ (1997). Novel

hydrophilic chitosan-polyethylene oxide nanoparticles as protein carrier. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 63: 125-132.

Campbell RK, White JR (2002). Insulin therapy in type 2 diabetes

Journal of American Pharmacological Society, 42(4): 602 – 611. Caniato R, Puricelli L (2003). Review: natural antimalarial agents

(1995-2001). Critical Reviews in Plant Science,22: 79-105. Caraway WT (1955). Determination of uric acid in serum by carbonate

method. American Journal of Clinical Pathology, 25(7): 840-845. Carino GP, Jacob JS, Mathiowitz E (2000). Nanosphere based oral insulin

delivery. Journal of Controlled Release, 65(1-2): 261–269. Carr I, Rojers CB (1986). Chemosystamatics studies of the genus

Combretum (Combretacece). I.A convenient method of identifying species of this genus by a comparison of the polar constituents extracted from leaf material. South African Journal of Botany, 53: 173-176.

Caumo A, Florea I, Luzi L (2007). Effect of a variable hepatic insulin

clearance on the postprandial insulin profile: insights from a model simulation study. Acta Diabetologia, 44: 23–29.

Chakrabarti S, Biswas TK, Rokeya B, Ali L, Mosihuzzaman M, Nahar N, Khan AKA, Mukherjee B (2003). Advanced studies on the hypoglycemic effect of Caesalpinia bonducella F. in type-1 and 2 diabetes in Long Evans rats. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 84: 41-46.

Chakravarthy BK, Gupta S, Gambhir SS, Gode KD (1981). The

prophylactic action of epicatechin against alloxan induced diabetes in rats. Life Science, 29: 2043-7.

Chandramohan G, Ignacimuthu S, Pugalendi KV (2008). A novel

compound from Casearia esculenta (Roxb.) root and its effect on carbohydrate metabolism in streptozotocin-diabetic rats. European Journal of Pharmacology, 590: 437–443.

Chang AY (1972). Comparison of liver glycogen synthetase between

streptozotocin diabetic and control rats. Canadian Journal of Biochemistry, 50: 714-714.

Chang JC, Wu MC, Liu IM, Cheng JT (2005). Increase of insulin sensitivity

by stevioside in fructose-rich chow-fed rats. Hormone and Metabolic Research

, 37(10): 610-616.

Charron MJ Kahn BB (1990). Divergent molecular mechanisms for insulin-resistant glucose transport in muscle and adipose cells in- vivo. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 15: 265(14):7994–8000.

Charron MJ, Brosins FC, Alper SL, Lodish HF (1989). A glucose

transporter protein expressed predominantly in insulin-responsive tissues. Proc.Nati.Acad.Sci: USA, 86: 2535-2539.

Charron MJ, Katz EB, Olson A (1999). Glut-4 gene regulation and

manipulation. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 274: 640-644. Chatterjee AK, Murthi PSR, Mukherjee SK (1980). Efffect of

centpiperalone in insulin deficient diabetes. Indian Journal of Experimental Biology, 18: 1005-1008.

Chattopadhyay RR (1999). A comparative evaluation of some blood sugar

lowering agents of plant origin. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 67: 367- 72.

Chatwal GR (1999). Medicinal Chemistry. Himalaya Publishing House,

Connemara.

Chaudhuri A, Dandona P (2011). Effects of insulin and other antihyperglycemic agents on lipid profiles of patients with diabetes. Diabetes Obesity and Metabolism, doi: 10.1111/j.1463-1326.2011.01423. PMID: 21569185.

Chen F, Zhang ZR, Huang Y (2007). Evaluation and modification of

N-trimethyl chitosan chloride nanoparticles as protein carriers. International Journal of Pharmaceutics, 336(1):166–173.

Chen H, Feng R, Guo Y, Sun L, Jiang J (2001). Hypoglycemic effects of

aqueous extract of Rhizoma polygonati odorati in mice and rats. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 74: 225-229.

Cheng A, Merz JRK (2003). Prediction of aqueous solubility of a diverse set of compounds using quantitative structure –property relationships, Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, 46: 3572-3580.

Cherian S, Augusti KT (1993). Antidiabetic effects of a glycoside of leucopelargonidin isolated from Ficus bengalensis Linn. Indian Journal of Experimental Biology, 31(1): 26-9.

Cho K, Wang X, Nie S, Chen ZG, Shin DM(2008). Therapeutic

nanoparticles for drug delivery in cancer. Clinical Cancer Research, 14: 1310-1316.

Chopra RN, Nayar SL, Chopra IC (1956). Glossary of Indian Medicinal

Plants. CSIR, Delhi. Claire E, Hills Nigel J, Brunskill (2008). Intracellular Signalling by

C-Peptide. Experimental Diabetes Research. 635158: doi: 10.1155/2008/635158.

Colmenarejo G (2005). In Silico ADME Prediction: Data Sets and Models.

Current Computer-Aided Drug Design, 1: 365-376. Connolly JD, Hill RA (2008). Triterpenoids. Natural Product Reports,

25: 794- 830. Cooper EJ, Hudson AL, Parker CA, Morgan NG (2003). Effects of the beta-

carbolines, harmane and pinoline, on insulin secretion from isolated human islets of Langerhans. Europeon Journal of Pharmacology, 482: 189-96.

Cornblath M, Randle PJ, Parmeggiani M, Morgan HE (1963). Regulation

of glycogenolysis in muscle. Journal of Biological Chemistry,

238: 1592.

Couvreur P, Dubernet C, Puisieux F (1995). Controlled drug delivery with nanoparticles: current possibilities and future trends. European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, 41; 2.13.

Cushman SW, Wardzala LJ (1980). Sensitive Intracellular Compartment in Rat Skeletal Muscle

. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 225:

4758-4762.

Daisy P, Jasmine R, Ignacimuthu S, Murugan E (2009). A novel steroid from Elephantopus scaber L. an ethnomedicinal plant with antidiabetic activity. Phytomedicine, 16: 252-257.

Daisy P, Jasmine R, Ignacimuthu S, Murugan E(2008). A novel Steroid1

from Elephantopus scaber L. an ethnomedicinal plant with antidiabetic activity. Phytomedicine, 16(2):252-257.

Daisy P, Nirmala A, Rajathi D (2007). Hypoglycemic and other related

effects of Elephantopus scaber extracts on alloxan induced diabetic rats. Journal of Biological Sciences, 7(2): 433-437.

Das AV, Padayatti PS, Paulose CS (1996). Effect of leaf extract of Aegle

marmelose L. Correa ex Roxb. on histological and ultrastructural changes in tissues of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Indian Journal of Experimental Biology, 34:341-345.

Dash RJ (1999). Classification of diabetes mellitus. Current Medical

Journal–North Zone, 6: 39–42. Dashti M, Morshedi A (2002). A comparison between the effect of black

tea and Kombucha tea on blood glucose level in diabetic rats. In: Proceedings of the 21st

Conference of European comparative Endocrinologists, (Eds. Keller, R., Dineksen, H., Sedlmeier, D. and Vaudry, H.), 519-522.

Davidson MB (1981). Diabetes Mellitus, Diagnosis and Treatment. Wiley,New York.

Davis FB, Davis PJ, Nat G, Bias SD, MacGillivray M, Gutman S, Feldman

MJ (1985). The effect of in vivo glucose administration on human erythrocyte Ca+ activity on enzyme responsiveness in vitro to thyroid hormone and calmodulin. Diabetes, 34:693-646.

Day C, Cartwright T, Provost J, Bailey CJ (1990). Hypoglycemic effect of

Momordica charantia extracts. Planta Medica, 56: 426-429. De S, Robinson D (2003). Polymer relationships during preparation of

chitosan– alginate and poly-L-lysine–alginate nanospheres. Journal of Controlled Release, 89: 101–112.

De silva LB, Herath WHMW, Jennings RC, Mahendrani M, Wannigama

GE(1982). A new sesquiterpene lactone from. Elephantopus scaber. Phytochemistry, 21(5):1173‐l 175.

DeFronzo R (1988).Glucose counter regulation in man. Diabetes, 30:261-264.

Defronzo RA (1999). Pharmacologie therapy for type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Annals of Internal Medicine, 131: 281-303. Delancy CA, Dunger A, Di Matteo M, Cunningilam JM, Green MH, Green

IC (1995). Comparison of unhibition of glucose – stimulated insulin secretion in rat islets of Langerhans by streptozotocin and methyl and ethyl nitrosoureas and methane sulphonatis. Lack of correlation with nitric oxide releasing or O6

– alkylating ability. Biochemical Pharmacology, 50: 2015-2020.

DeLeve LD, Shulman H, McDonald GB (2002). Toxic injury to hepatic sinusoids: sinusoidal obstruction syndrome (veno-occlusive disease). Seminars in Liver Disease, 22:27-42.

Delfino VDA, Gray DWR, Leow CK, Shimizu S, Ferguson DJP, Morris PJ

(1993). A Comparison of four solutions for cold storage of pancreatic islets. Transplantation, 6:1325-1330.

Derosa G, Maffioli P(2010). Effects of thiazolidinediones and sulfonylureas

in patients with diabetes. Diabetes Technology and Therapeutics, 12(6):491-501.

Dey BB, Raman S (1957). Laboratory manual of organic chemistry.

S. Viswanathan Publication, Madras. Dimo T, Rakotonirina SV, Tan PV, Azay J, Dongo E, Kamtchouing P,

Cros G (2007). Effect of Sclerocarya birrea (Anacardiaceae) stem bark methylene chloride/methanol extract on streptozotocin-diabetic rats. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 110: 434–438.

Ding Y, Nguyen HT, Kim SI, Kim HW, Kim YH (2009). The regulation of

inflammatory cytokine secretion in macrophage cell line by the chemical constituents of Rhus sylvestris. Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry Letters, 19: 3607-3610.

Dische Z, Shettles LB (1948). Special colorimetric reaction of methyl

pentoses and a spectrophotometric micromethod for their determination. Journal of Biological Chemistry,

175: 595-604.

Dixon SL (1999). Design criteria for molecular mimics of fragments of the beta-turn, Investigation of classification methods for the prediction of activity in diverse chemical libraries.

Journal of Computer Aided Molecular Design, 13: 533-545.

Dombrowski I, Roy D, Mareotte B, Marette A (1996). A new procedure for the isolation of plasma membrane, T-tubules and internal membranes from skeletal muscles. American Journal of Physiology, 270: 667-676.

Drabkin DL, Austin JM (1932). Spectrophotometric constants for common

haemoglobin derivatives in human, dog and rabbit blood. Journal of Biological chemistry , 98: 719-733.

Dufayet De La Tour D, Raccah D, Jannot MF, Coste T, Rougerie C,

Vague P(1998). Erythrocyte Na/K ATPase activity and diabetes: relationship with C-peptide level. Diabetologia, 41(9):1080–1084.

Duke JA (1992). Handbook of Phytochemical Constituents of GRAS Herbs

and Other Economic Plants, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 688 pp. Dulin WE, Land GH, Gerritson GC (1967). Stretozotocin induced diabetes

in the rat. Diabetes, 16: 512. Duncan BD (1957). Multiple range tests for correlated and heteroscedastic

means. Biometrics, 13: 359-364. Dunne MJ, Cosgrove KE, Shepherd RM, Aynsley-Green A, Lindley KJ

(2004). Hyperinsulinsm in infancy: form basic science to clinical disease. Physiological Reviews, 84: 239 – 275.

Dwivedi S, Agarwal MP (1994). Antianginal and cardioprotective effects

of Terminalia arjuna, an indigenous drug in coronary artery disease. The Journal of the Association of Physicians of India, 42: 287-289.

Egan WJ ,Lauri G (2002). Prediction of intestinal permeability.

Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews, 54: 273-289.

Eidia A, Eidib M, Esmaeilia E (2006). Antidiabetic effect of garlic (Allium sativum L) in normal and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Phytomedicine, 13: 624–629.

El-Demerdash FM, Yousef MI, El-Naga NI (2005). Biochemical study on

the hypoglycemic effects of onion and garlic in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 43(1):57-63.

El-Hillay J, Hmammouchi M, Lyoussi B (2003). Ethnobotanical studies

and economic evaluation of medicianal plants in Taounate province (northern Morocco). Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 86: 149-158.

El-Hillay J, Lyoussi B (2002). Hypoglycemic effect of the lyophilized

aqueous extract of Ajuga iva in normal and streptozotocin diabetic rats. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 80: 109-113.

El-Hillay J, Tahraoui A, Israili ZH, Lyouui B (2006). Hypolipidemic effects of acute and subchronic administration of an aqueous extract of Ajuga iva L. whole plant in normal and diabetic rats. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 105(3):441-448.

Elias D, Prigozin H, Polak N, Rapoport M, Lohse AW, Cohen IR (1994).

Autoimmune diabetes induced by the b - Cell toxin STZ. Diabetes, 43: 992-8.

Eliza J, Daisy P, Ignacimuthu S, Duraipandiyan V (2009). Antidiabetic

and antilipidemic effect of eremanthin from Costus speciosus (Koen.)Sm., in STZ-induced diabetic rats. Chemico-Biological Interactions, 182:67–72.

Elsner M, Guldbakke B, Tiedge M, Munday R, Lenzen S (2000). Relative

importance of transport and alkylation for pancreatic beta-cell toxicity of streptozotocin. Diabetologia, 43: 1528-1533.

Elson LA, Morgon WTJ (1933). Colorimetric method for the determination

of glucosamine and galactosamine. Biochemical Journal,

27: 1824-1828.

Estrada O, Hasegawa M, Gonzalez-Mujica F, Motta N, Perdomo E, Solorzano A, Mendez J, Mendez B, Zea EG (2005). Evaluation of flavonoids from Bauhinia megalandra leaves as inhibitors of glucose-6-phosphatase system. Phytotherapy Research, 19(10): 859-863.

Evans WH (1969). Membrane adenosine triphosphate of E. coli activation by

calcium ions inhibition by monovalent cations. The Journal of Bacteriology

, 100: 914.

Fabre J, Balant LP, Dayer PG, Fox HM, Vernet AT (1982). The kidney in maturity onset diabetes mellitus: A clinical study of 510 patients. Kidney International, 21

:730–738.

Falkmer S (1985). Comparative morphology of pancreatic islets in animals. In: Volk BW, Arquilla ER edition. The Diabetic Pancreas, Medical Book Company, New York.

Fan YF, Wang YN, Fan YG, Ma JB (2006).Preparation of insulin

nanoparticles and their encapsulation with biodegradable polyelectrolytes via the layer-by-layer adsorption. International Journal of Pharmaceutics, 324: 158-167.

Fanelli CG, Epifano L, Rambotti AM (1993). Meticulous prevention of hypoglycemia normalizes the glycemic thresholds and magnitude of most of neuroendocrine responses to, symptoms of, and cognitive function during hypoglycemia in intensively treated patients with short-term IDDM. Diabetes, 42:1683-1689. (LOE 3).

Fawcett DW (1994). Pancreas. In: Bloom and Fawcett edition, A text book of histology, New York, Chapman and Hall.

Fawcett JK, Scott JE (1960). A rapid and precise method for

determination of urea. Journal of Clinical Pathology, 13: 156 – 159. Feng RM (2002). Assessment of blood-brain barrier penetration: in silico, in

vitro and in vivo. Current Drug Metabolism, 3: 647–657. Fenglin Li, Qingwang Li, Dawei Gao, Yong Pen, Caining Feng (2009).

Preparation and antidiabetic activity of polysaccharide from Portulaca oleracea L. African Journal of Biotechnology, 8 (4): 569-573.

Ferrannini E, Wahren J, Felig P, DeFronzo R (1980). The role of fractional

glucose extraction in the regulation of splanchinc glucose metabolism in normal and diabatic man. Metabolism, 29:28-35.

Ferri GL, Bloom SR, Polak JM (1987). Morphology of the islets of Langer

hans. In: Howard, J.M., Jordan, G.L., Reber, H.A., edition. Surgical disease of the pancreas, Philadelphia.

Fischer LJ, Hamburger SA (1980). Inhibition of alloxan action in isolated

Pancreatic islets by superoxide dismutase, catalase and a metal chelator. Diabetes, 29: 213-216.

Fiske GH, Subbarrow Y (1925). The colorimetric determination of

phosphorus. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 66: 375-400. Fontbonne A, Eschwege E, Cambien F, Richard JL, Ducimetiere P,

Thibult N, Warnet JM, Claude JR, Rosselin GE (1989). Hypertriglyceridemia as a risk factor of coronary heart disease mortality in subjects with impaired glucose tolerance or diabetes. Diabetologia, 32: 300-304.

Fotie J, Bohle DS, Leimanis ML, Georges E, Rukunga G, Nkengfack AE

(2006). Lupeol long-chain fatty acid esters with antimalarial activity from Holarrhena floribunda. Journal of Natural Products, 69: 62-67.

Fournet A, Angelo A, Muñoz V, Roblot F, Hocquemiller R, Cave A

(1992). Biological and chemical studies of Pera benensis, a Bolivian plant used in folk medicine as a treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 37: 159-164.

Franch HA (2007). Kidney growth during catabolic illness: what it does not

destroy makes it grow stronger. Journal of renal nutrition, 17(3): 167-172.

Franco LJ (1992). Diabetes in Brazil: a review of recent survey data.

Ethnicity & Disease, 2: 158-165.

Friedwald WT, Levy RJ, Fredricken DS (1972). Estimation of VLDL- cholesterol in the plasma without the use of preparative ultracentrifuge. Clinical Chemistry,

18: 449.

Frokjaer S, Otzen DE (2005). Protein drug stability: a formulation challenge. Nature Reviews Drug Discovery, 4 (4):298–306.

Fuentes NL, Sagua H, Morales G, Borquez J, San Martin A, Soto J,

Loyola LA (2005). Experimental antihyperglycemic effect of diterpennoids of llareta Azorella compacta (Umbelliferae) Phil in rats. Phytotherapy Research, 19(8): 713-716.

Fukomoto H, Kayano T, Buse JB, Edwareds Y, Pilch PH, Bell GI, Seino S

(1989). Cloning characterization of the major insulin- responsive glucose transporter expressed In human skeletal muscle and other insulin insulin –responsive tissues. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 264:7776-7779.

Furtoda LM, Somwar R, Sweeny G, Niu W, Klip A (2002). Acticvation of

the glucose transporter Glut-4 by insulin. Bichemistry and Cell Biology, 80:569-578.

Furuse M, Kimura C, Mabayo RT, Takashi H, Oicumura J (1993). Dietary

sorbose prevents and improves hyperglycemia genetically in diabetic mice. Journal of Nutrition, 123: 59 - 65.

Gadspy R (2002). Advanced drug Delivivery Review, 54: 1165-1172. Gallo MBC, Marques ASF, Vieira PC, Silva MFGF, Fernandes JB, Silva

M, Guido RV, Oliva G, Thiemann OH, Albuquerque S, Fairlamb AH (2008). Enzymatic inhibitory activity and trypanocidal effects of extracts and compounds from Siphoneugena densiflora O. Berg and Vitex polygama. Cham Zeitschrift für Naturforschung ,63c: 371-382.

Gancedo JM, Gancedo C (1971). Fructose 1, 6-bisphophatase,

phosphofructokinase and glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase from fermenting yeast. Archives of Microbiology, 76:132-138.

Ganda OP, Rossi AA, Like AA (1976). Studies on streptozotocin diabetes. Diabetes, 25: 595-603.

Gandjbakhch I, Leprince P, D’Alessandro C, Ouattara A, Bonnet N,

Varvous S, Pavie A (2005). Coronary artery bypass graft surgery in patients with diabetes. Bulletin de l Academie Nationale de Medecine,189:257-66.4.

Garg MC, Ojha S, Bansal DD (1996). Antioxidant status of streptozotocin diabetic rats. Indian Journal of Experimental Biology, 34, 264-266.

Garvey WT, Huecksteadt TP, Birnbaum MJ (1989). Pretranslational

suppression of an insulin responsive glucose transporter in rats with diabetes mellitus . Science, 245: 60-63.

Gehlhaar DK, Bouzida D, Rejto PA (1999). Rational Drug Design: Novel

Methodology and Practical Applications. American Chemical Society, 292-311.

Georg P, Ludvik B (2000). Lipids and Diabetes. Journal of Clinical and

Basic Cardiology,3:159-62. George M, Abraham TE (2006).Polyionic hydrocolloids for the intestinal

delivery of protein drugs: alginate and chitosan. Journal of Controlled Release, 114: 1-14.

George Sheppard S, Jennifer Bouska J (2005). Why optimize cancer drugs

for ADMET? Drug Discovery Today: Therapeutic Strategies Vol. 2, No. 4: 343-349.

Gepts W, Veld PA (1988). Morphology of the normal and diabetic

endocrine pancreas. In : Besser GM, Bodansky, HJ, Cudworth AG editions : Clinical Diabetes. An illustrated text. Gower Medical Publishing, London.

Gerich JE (1985). Sulphonylureas in the treatment of diabetes mellitus.

Clinical Procedures, 60: 439 – 443. Ghosh S, Suryawanshi SA (2001). Effect of Vinca rosea extracts in

treatment of alloxan diabetes in male albino rats. Indian Journal of Experimental Biology, 39: 748–759.

Gichner T, Veleminsky J, Krepinsky J (1968). Strong mutagenic activity

of streptozotocin – an antibiotic with an alkylnitroso group. Molecular and general genetics, 102: 184-186.

Gireesh G, Thomas SK, Josep B, Paulose CS (2009). Antihyperglycemic

and insulin secretory activity of Costus pictus leaf extract in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats and in in- vitro pancreatic islet culture. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 123(3):470-4.

Golden S, Wals PA, Okajima F, Katz J (1979). Glycogen synthesis by

hepatocytes from diabetic rats. Biochemical Journal, 182: 727-734. Goldstein DE, Parker KM, England JD (1982). Clinical applications of

glycosylated hemoglobin measurements. Diabetes, 31: 70-78.

Gombotz WR, Wee SF (1998). Protein release from alginate matrices. Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews, 31: 267–285.

Gomes A, Vedasiromoni JR, Das M, Sharma RM, Ganguly DK (1995).

Antihyperglycemic effect of black tea (Camellia sinsnsis) in rat. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 45: 223-226.

Gomes MB, Lucctetti MR, Gonacalvez MFR, Gazzolla H, Dimetz T,

Matos H (1997). Influence of first morning urine volume, fasting blood and glycosylated Hb on first morning urine albumin excretion. Brazilian Journal of medical and biological research, 30:191–196.

Gonzalez AT, Ortiz GG, Perez AMP, Contreras MDH, Mazariegos MRM,

Arreguin SM, Calva E (1996). A purified extract from prickly pear cactus (Opuntia fulignosa) controls experimentally induced diabetes in rats. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 55: 27-33.

Gonzalez Flecha FL, Bermudaz CM, Cedola NV, Gargliardino JJ, Rossi

JPFC (1990). Decreased Ca2+

-ATPase activity after glycosylation of erythrocyte membranes in vivo and in vitro. Diabetes, 39: 707-711.

Goth MD (1985). Medical Pharmacology, 9th edition, Mosby, C.V., St. Louis.

Graaf deC, Vermeulen EPN, Feenstra NK (2005). Cytochrome P450 in

silico: an integrative modeling approach. Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, 48: 2726–2755.

Granner, K.P. 1990. Hormones of the Pancreas and GI tract. In: Harpers

Biochemistry (Eds. Murray, K.R., Granner, K.D., Mayes, P.A. and Rodwell, V.W), Prentice – Hall International INc. 530 – 545.

Granner DK, Scott DK (2005). Regulation of hepatic glucose metabolism.

In: Joslin’s diabetes mellitus. Kahn, C.R., King, G.L., Moses,A.C., Weir, G.C., Jacobson,A.M., Smith, R.J. 14th

edition, Boston,M.A, pp.243-263.

Greider MH, Howell SL, Lacy PE (1969). Isolation and properties of secretory granules from rat islets of Langerhans. II.Ultrastructure of the beta granule. Journal of Cell Biology, 41: 162-166.

Griffth LG (2000). Polymeric Biomaterials. Acta Materialia, 48: 263-277. Gronda C, Rossi JPFC, Bermudaz CM, Cedola NY, Gargliardino JJ,

(1986). Decreased Ca+

-ATPase activity in erythrocyte membrenes from diabetic patients. ICRS Medicinal Science, 10:479.

Groop L, Harno K, Nikkila EA, Pelkonen B, Tolppanen EM (1985). Transient effect of the combination of insulin and sulfonylurea (Glibenclamide) on glycemic control in non-insulin dependent diabetics poorly controlled with insulin alone. Acta Medica Scandinavica, 17: 33-39.

Grover JK, Rathi SS, Vats V (2002a). Amelioration of experimental

diabetic neuropathy and gastropathybinrats following oral administration of plant (Eugenia jambolana, Mucuna pruriens and Tinospora cordifolia) extracts. Indian Journal of Experimental Biology, 40: 273-276.

Grover JK, Vats V, Rathi SS (2000). Antihyperglycaemic effect of Eugenia

jambolana and Tinospora cordifolia in experimental diabetes and their effects on key metabolic enzymes involved in Carbohydrate metabolism. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 73: 461–470.

Grover JK, Vats V, Rathi SS, Dawar R (2001). Traditional Indian anti

diabetic plants attenuates progression of renal damage in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 76: 233-238.

Grover JK, Yadav S, Vats V (2002). Medicinal plants of India with anti

diabetic potential. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 81:81-100. Grover JK, Yadav SP, Vats V (2003). Effect of feeding Murraya koeingii

and Brassica juncea diet on kidney functions and glucose levels in streptozotocin diabetic mice. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 85:1-5.

Guerrero-Analco JA, Hersch-Martinez P, Pedraza-Chaverri J, Navarrete

A, Mata R (2005). Antihyperglycemic effect of constituents from Hintonia standleyana in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Planta Medica, 71(12): 1099-1105.

Gupta S, Sharma SB, Bansal SK, Prabhu KM (2009). Antihyperglycemic

and hypolipidemic activity of aqueous extract of Cassia auriculata L. leaves in experimental diabetes. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 25:123(3):499-503.

Gupta SP (1989). QSAR studies on drugs acting at the central nervous

system. Chemical Reviews, 89: 1765–1800. Guoyan J ((1992). Practical diabetes mellitus. The People’s Medical

Publishing House, Beijing. Gutman A (1986). Regulation of glycogen metabolism. In Regulation of

Carbohydrate Metabolism. Vol. II. R. Beitner, editor. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 33-52.

Hameda Y, Kitazawa R, Fujii H, Kasuga M, Fukagawa M (2006). Histomormphometric analysis of osteopenia in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice: Apossible role of oxidative stress. Bone, 40(5):1408-1414.

Hannan JMA, Rokeya B, Faruque O, Nahar N, Mosihuzzaman M, Khan

AKA, Ali L (2003). Effect of soluble dietary fibre fraction of Trigonella foenum graecum on glycemic, insulinemic, lipidemic and platelet aggregation status of Type 2 diabetic model rats. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 88: 73-77.

Hart T, Pino R (1986). Pseudoislet vascularization induction of diaphragm

fenestrated endothelia from the hepatocyte sinusoids. Laboratory Investigation, 54: 304-313.

Hassan Pajouhesh and George R Lenz (2005). Medicinal Chemical

Properties of Successful Central Nervous System Drugs. The American Society for Experimental NeuroTherapeutics, vol2, no.4: 541-553.

Hata K, Hori K, Murata J, Takahashi S (2005). Remodeling of actin cyto

skeleton in lupeol-induced B16 2F2 cell differentiation. Journal of Biochemistry, 138: 467-472.

Hata K, Ishikawa K, Hori K, Konishi T (2000). Differentiation-inducing

activity of lupeol, a lupane-type triterpene from Chinese dandelion root (ho kouei-kon), on a mouse melanoma cell line. Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 23: 962-967.

Hauguel S, Cedard L (1979). Stimulation of glycogen synthetase activity (I

form) in the human placenta. Compte Rendus Hebdomadaire des Seances de L’ Academic des Sciences, Serie D, 288: 517-520.

Havel PJ, Hahn TM, Sindelar DK, Baskin DG, Dallman MF, Weigle DS,

Schwartz MW (2000). Effects of streptozotocin induced diabetes and insulin treatment on hypothalamie melanocortin system and muscle uncoupling protein 3 expression in rats. Diabetes, 49: 244-252.

Hayat MA (1981). Principles and Techniques of Electron Microscopy.

Biological Applications. Edward Arnold, London. Heikkila RE, Winston B, Cohen G (1976). Alloxan-induced diabetes

evidence for hydroxyl radical as a cytotoxic intermediate. Biochemistry and Pharmacology, 25: 1085-1092.

Helperin I, Ma B, Wolfson H, Nussinov R (2002). Principles of docking: An

overview of search algorithms and a guide to scoring functions. Proteins Structure, Function and Genetics, 47: 409-443.

Henderson J, Moss M (1985). A morphometric study of endocrine and exocrine capillaries of the pancreas. Journal of Experimental Physiology, 70: 347-356.

Herman LS, Schersten B, Bitzen PO, Kjellstorm T, Lindgand F,

Melandes A (1994). Therapeutic comparison of metformin and sulphohyl urea, alone and in various combinations. A double-bind controlled study. Diabetes Care, 17:1109 – 1119.

Herrera-Arellano A, Aguilar-Santamaria L, Garcia-Hernandez B, Nicasio-

Torres P, Tortoriello J (2004). Clinical trial of Ceropia obtusifolia and Marrubiam vulgare leaf extracts on blood glucose and serum lipids in type2 diabetics. Phytomedicine, 11:561-566.

Herrs RR, Jahnke HK, Argoudelis AD (1967). The structure of

streptozotocin. Journal of American Chemical Society, 89: 4808. Herve F

, Urien S, Albengres E, Duche JC, Tillement JP (1994). Drug binding in plasma. Clinical Pharmacokinetics, 26: 44–58.

Hess RA, Thurston RJ (1977). Ultrastructure of the epithelial cells in the epididymal region of the turkey (Meleagris gallopavo). Journal of Anatomy, 124: 765-778.

Hii CS, Howell SL (1985). Effects of flavonoids on insulin secretion and

45Ca2+ handling in rat islets of Langerhans. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 107: 1-8.

Hirano S, Seino H, Akiyama I, (1990). Nonaka I Chitosan: a biocompatible

material for oral and intravenous administration, in: C.G. Gebelein, R.L. Dunn (Eds.), Progress in Biomedical Polymers, 283-289.

Hirano S, Seino H, Akiyama Y, Nonaka I (1989).Biocompatibility of

chitosan by oral and intravenous administration. Polymer Engineering and Science, 59: 897-901.

Hirshman MF, Goodyear LJ, Wardrala LJ, Horton ED, Horton ES (1990).

Identification of an intracellular pool of glucose transporters from basal and insulin stimulated rat skeletal muscle. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 265:987-991.

Hjerken S, Pan H (1983). Purification and characterization of two forms of

a low affinity calcium ion-ATPase from erythrocyte membrane. Biochemica Biophysica Acta, 728: 281-288.

Hoehne FC (1939). Plantas e substancias vegetais tdxicas e medicinais.

Graphicars, Sgo Paulo, 299.

Hoet S, Pieters L, Muccioli GG, Habib-Jiwan J-L, Opperdoes FR, Quetin Leclercq J (2007). Antitrypanosomal activity of triterpenoids and sterols from the leaves of Strychnos spinosa and related compounds. Journal of Natural Products, 70:1360-1363.

Holemans K, Bree RV, Verhaeghe J, Meurrens K, Assche AV (1997).

Maternal Semi starvation and Streptozotocin-Diabetes in Rats have different effects on the in- vivo glucose uptake by peripheral tissues in their female adult offspring. The Journal of Nutrition, 127:1371-6.

Holloszy JO, Coyle EF (1984). Adaptation of skeletal muscle to endurance

exercise in muscle. Journal of Applied Physiology, 56: 831-839. Holman RR, Turner RC (1991). Oral agents and insulin in the treatment

of NIDDM. In Pickup, J, Williams, G. edition, Textbook of diabetes, Blackwell, Oxford.

Hongwei G, Mirna M, Noel GM (2003). Effects of the Imidazoline binding

Site Ligands, Idazoxan and Efaroxan, on the Viability of Insulin-Secreting BRIN-BD11 cells. Journal of Pancreas, 4(3): 117-24.

Hornbrook KR (1970). Synthesis of liver glycogen in starved alloxan

diabetic rats. Diabetes, 19: 916-923. Houghton, S.G., Zarroug,A.E., Fernandez-Zapico,M.E., Sarr.M.G 2006.

The diurnal periodicity of hexose transporter mRNA and protein levels in the rat jejunam: Role of vagal innervations. Surgery, 139: 542-549.

Howarth FC, Qureshi MA, Lawrence P, Adeghate E (2000). Chronic

effect of streptozotocin – induced diabetes on the ultrastructure of rat ventricular and papillary muscle. Acta Diabetology, 37: 119-124.

Humason GL (1979). Animal tissue techniques. WH Freeman and

Company, San Francisco. Hussain AS, Lesko LJ, Lo KY, Shah VP, Volpe D, Williams BL (1999).

The biopharmaceutics classification system: highlights of the FDA’s draft guidance. Dissolution Technologies, 6: 5-9.

Hwang DF, Lai YS, Chiang MT (1997). Toxic effects of grass carp, snake

and chicken bile juices in rats. Toxicology Letters, 85: 85-92. Ichikawa S, Iwamoto S, Dodane V, Vilivalam D (1998).Pharmaceutical

applications of chitosan. Pharmaceutical Science and. Technology Today, 16: 246-253.

Ikebukuro K, Adachi Y, Yamada Y, Fujimoto S, Seino Y, Oyaizu H (2002). Treatment of Streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus by transplantation of islet cells Plus bone Marrow cells via portal vein in rats. Transplantation, 73 (4): 512-8.

Illum L (1998). Chitosan and its use as a pharmaceutical excipient.

Pharmaceutical Research, 15: 1326-1331. Imura H (1998). A novel antidiabetic drug, troglitazone-reason for hope

and concern. New England Journal of Medicine, 338 (13): 908-909. Ivorra MD, Paya M, Villar A (1988). Hypoglycemic and insulin release

effects of tormentic acid, on a new hypoglycemic natural product. Planta Medica, 54: 282-286.

Jackson RL, Hess RL, England JD (1979). HemoglobinA1c

values in children with overt diabetes maintained in varying degree of control. Diabetes Care, 2: 391-395.

Jafri MA, Aslam M, Javed K, Singh S (2000). Effect of Punica granatum Linn. (flowers) on blood glucose level in normal and alloxan–induced diabetic rats. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 70: 309–314.

Jain AN (1996). Scoring noncovalent protein-ligand interactions: A

continuous differentiable function tuned to compute binding affinities. Journal of Computer Aided Molecular Designing, 10: 427-440.

Jaiprakash R, Rani MAN, Venkatraman BV (1995). Effect of

felodipine on cholinergic responses of the colonic smooth muscle of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Indian Journal of Experimental Biology, 33:297–299.

James DE, Strube M, Mucklierm M (1989). Molecular cloning and

characterizationof and insulin-regulatable glucose transporter. Nature, 338: 83-87.

James Eliza, Pitchai Daisy, Savarimuthu Ignacimuthu, Veeramuthu

Duraipandiyan (2009). Normo-glycemic and hypolipidemic effect of costunolide isolated from Costus speciosus (Koen ex. Retz.)Sm. in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Chemico-Biological Interactions, 179 (2-3): 329-334.

Janes KA, Calvo P, Alonso MJ(2001). Polysaccharide colloidal particles as

delivery systems for macromolecules. Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews, 47(1): 83–97.

Janes KA, Fresneau MP, Marazuela A, Fabra A, Alonso MJ

(2001a).Chitosan nanoparticles as delivery systems for doxorubicin. Journal of Controlled Release, 73: 255-267.

Jaouhari JT, Lazrek HB, Seddik A, Jana M (1999). Hypoglycemic response to Zygophyllam gaetulum extracts in patients with non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 64: 211-217.

Jaya Wardena MHS, de Alwis NMW, Hettigoda V, Fernando DJS (2005).

A double blind randomized placebo controlled cross over study of a herbal preparation containing Salacia reticulata in the treatment of type2 diabetes. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 96: 215-218.

Jayakar B, Suresh B (2003). Antihyperglycemic and hypoglycemic effect of

Aporosa lindleyana in normal and alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 84: 247-249.

Jeanrenaud FR, Walker CD, Perotto RG, Jeanrenaud B (1989). Central

corticotrophin releasing factor administration prevents the excessive body weight gain of genetically obese (fa/fa) rats. Endocrinology, 124: 733-739.

Jennings A and Tennant M (2005). Discovery strategies in a

BioPharmaceutical startup: maximising your chances of success using computational filters. Current Pharmaceutical Design, 11: 335-344.

Jeon HJ, Jeong YI, Jang MK, Park YH (2000). Effect of solvent on the

preparation of surfactant-free poly(DL-lactideco-glycolide) nanoparticles and norfloxacin release characteristics. International Journal of Pharmaceutics, 207: 99 – 108.

Jie Yang, Hong Chen, Li Zhang, Qiang Wang, Mao-Xiang Lai

(2009). Anti-diabetic effect of standardized extract of Potentilla discolor Bunge and identification of its active components. Drug Development Research, 10.1002/ddr.20340.

Johansson BL, Borg K, Fernqvist-Forbes E, Kernell A, Odergren T, Wahren J (2000). Beneficial effects of C-peptide on incipient nephropathy and neuropathy in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Diabetic Medicine, 17: 181–189.

Johansson BL, Borg K, Fernqvist-Forbes E, Odergren T, Remahl S,

Wahren J (1996). C-peptide improves autonomic nerve function in IDDM patients. Diabetologia, 39: 687–695.

Johnson AD, Turner PC (1971). Epidydimal carbohydrate metabolism-I.

Glucose-1 14C and Glucose -6-14

C metabolism by mouse, rat and rabbit tissues. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, 39: 599-604.

Johnston CF, Shaw C, O Har’e MMT, Buchanan KD (1988). Anatomy and Physiology of the Pancreatic Islets. In: Besser GM, Bodansky HJ, Cudworth AG editions : Clinical Diabetes. An illustrated text. Gower Medical Publishing, London.

Jones JP, Dohm L (1997). Regulation of glucose transporter Glut-4 and

hexokinase II gene transcription by insulin and epinephrinr. American Journal of Physiology, 273: E682-E687.

Jonsson JR, Edwards-Smith CJ, Catania SC (2000). Expression of

cytokines and factors modulating apoptosis by human sinusoidal lymphocytes. Journal of Hepatology, 32: 392-8.

Joost HG, Bell GI, Best JD, Birnbaum MJ, Charron MJ, Chen YT, Dieg

H, James DE, Lodish HF, Moley KH, Moly JF, Mueckler M, Rogers S, Schurmann A, Seino S, Thotens B (2002). Nomenclature of the Glut/SLC2A family of sugar/phylol transport facilitators. American Journal of Physiology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, 282:974-976.

Jorns A, Barklage E, Grube D (1988). Heterogeneties of the islets in the

rabbit pancreas and the problem of “Paracrine” regulation of islet cells. Anatomy and Embryology, 178: 297-307.

Joseph-McCarthy D (1999). Computational approaches to structure-based

ligand design - a major success of structure-assisted drug design.

Pharmacology and theapeutics, 84: 179–191.

Jouad H, Haloui M, Rhiouauani H, El-Hillay J, Edddouks M (2001). Ethnobotanical survey of medicinal plants used for the treatment of diabetes, cardiac and renal diseases in the north centre region of Morocco (Fez- Boulemane). Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 77: 175-182.

Kahlos K, Hiltunen R, Kangas L (1989). Anti-tumor activity of some

extracts and compounds from Inonotus radiates. Fitoterapia, 60: 166-168.

Kahn BB, Charron MJ, Lodish HF, Cushman SW, Flier JS (1989).

Differential regulation of two glucose transporters in adipose cells from diabetic and insulin-treated diabetic rats. Journal of Clinical Investigation, 84: 404-411.

Kahn BB, Rossetti L, Lodish HF, Charron MJ (1991). Decreased in vivo

glucose uptake but normal expression of Glut-1 and Glut-4 in skeletal muscle of diabetic rats. Journal of Clinical Investigation, 87:2197-2206.

Kahn BB, Simpson IA, Cushman SW (1988). Divergent mechanisms for the insulin resistant and hyperresponsive glucose transport in adipose cells from fasted and refed rats. Alterations in both glucose transporter number and intrinsic activity. Journal of Clinical Investigation, 82(2):691–699.

Kaji M, Nomura M, Tamura Y, Ito S (2007). Relationships between insulin

resistance, blood glucose levels and gastric motility: an electrogastrography and external ultrasonography study. The Journal of Medical Investigation, 54: 168-176.

Kaleem M, Asif M, Ahmed QU, Bano B (2006). Anti-diabetic and

antioxidant activity of Annona squamosa extract in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Singapore Medical Journal, 47: 670-675.

Kalyanaraman C, Bernacki K, Jacobson MP (2005). Virtual screening

against highly charged active sites: Identifying substrates of alpha-beta barrel enzymes. Biochemistry, 44: 2059-2071.

Kamble SM, Kamlakar PL, Vaidya S, Bambole VD (1998). Influence of

Coccinia indica on certain enzymes in glycolytic and lipolytic pathway in human diabetes. Indian Journal of Medical Science, 52:143-146.

Kameswara Rao B, Giri R, Kesavalu MM, Apparao C (2001a). Effect of

oral administration of bark extracts of Pterocarpus santalinus L. on blood glucose level in experimental animals. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 74(1): 69-74.

Kameswara Rao B, Kesavalu MM, Apparao C (2003). Evaluation of

antidiabetic effect of Momordica cymbalaria fruit in alloxan-diabetic rats. Fitoterapia, 74: 7-13.

Kamtchouing P, Sokeng DS, Moundipa PF, Pierre W, Jatsa BH, Lontsi D

(1998). Protective role of Anacardium occidentale extract against streptozotocin induced diabetes in rats. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 62: 95-99.

Kanter M, Meral I, Yener Z, Ozbek H, Demir H (2003). Partial

regeneration/proliferation of the beta cells in the islets of langerhans by Nigella sativa L. in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. The Tohoku Journal of experimental medicine, 201(4): 213-219.

Kaplowitz N (2004). Drug-induced liver injury. Clinical Infectious Diseases,

38: 731-739. Kar A, Choudhary BK, Bandyopadhyay NG (2003). Comparitive evaluation

of hypoglycemic activity of some Indian medicinal plants in alloxan diabetic rats. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 84: 105-108.

Karnovsky MJ (1965). A formaldehyde, glutaraldehyde fixative of high osmolarity for use in electron microscopy. Journal of Cell biology, 27: 137A.

Karunanayake EH, Jeevathayaparan S, Tennekoon KH (1990). Effect of

Momordica charantia fruit juice on streptozotocin-induced diabetes in rats. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 30: 199-204.

Karunanayake EH, Welihinda J, Sirimanne SR, Sinnadorai G (1984).

Oral hypoglycemic activity of some medicinal plants of Sri Lanka. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 11: 223–231.

Kasuga M, Fujita-Yamaguchi Y, Blithe D, Kahn CR (1983). Tyrosine

specific protein kinase activity is associated with insulin receptor. Proceedings of National Academic Science U.S.A, 80:2137-2141.

Katayoun Derakhshandeh, Marzieh Soheili, Simin Dadashzadeh, Reza

Saghiri(2010) Preparation and in vitro characterization of 9-nitrocamptothecin-loaded long circulating nanoparticles for delivery in cancer patients. International Journal of Nanomedicine, 5 : 463 – 471.

Katin CR, Schechter Y (1991). Insulina, agentes hipoglycemiantes orales

y farmacologia del pancreas endocrine. En: Goodman Gilman, A. Rall, TW, Nies, AS, Taylor, P, edition, Octava Edicion, Panamericana, Mexico.

Kato Y, Onishi H, Machida Y (2003). Application of chitin and chitosan

derivatives in the pharmaceutical field. Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, 4: 303-309.

Katoh M, Ohmachi Y, Kurosawa Y, Yoneda H, Narita H (2000). Effects of

imidapril and captopril on streptozotocin-induced diabetic nephropathy in mice. European Journal of Pharmacology, 398: 381-387.

Katsumata K, Katsumata K Jr, Katsumata Y (1992). Protective effect of

diltiazem hydrochloride on the occurrence of alloxan-or streptozotocin induced diabetes in rats. Hormone and Metabolic Research, 24: 508-510.

Kavalali G, Tuncel H, Goksel S, Hatemi HH (2003). Hypoglycemic activity

of Urtica pilulifera in streptozotocin-diabetic rats. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 84: 241-245.

Kayser O, Lemke A, Hernandez-Trejo N (2005). The impact of

nanobiotechnology on the development of new drug delivery systems. Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, 6: 3-5.

Kearns CM, Gianni L, Egorin MJ(1995). Paclitaxel pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. Seminars in Oncology, 22: 16–23.

Kellenberger E, Rodrigo J, Muller P, Rognan D (2004). Comparative

evaluation of eight docking tools for docking and virtual screening accuracy. Proteins: Structure, Function and Bioinformatics, 57: 225–242.

Kempaiah RK, Srinivasan K (2006). Beneficial influence of dietary

curcumin, capsaicin and garlic on erythrocyte integrity in high-fat fed rats. Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry, 17: 471–478.

Kenakin T (2003). Predicting therapeutic value in the lead optimization

phase of drug discovery. Nature Reviews Drug Discovery, 2: 429-38. Kennedy AL, Mehl T.D, Merimee TJ (1981). Non-enzymatically

glycosylated serum protein in diabetes mellitus. An index of short–term glycemia. Diabetologia, 21: 94-98.

Khan BA, Abreham A, Leelamma S (1995). Hypoglycemic action of

Murraya Koeingii (curry leaf) and Brassica iuncea (musturd). Mechanism of action. Indian Journal of Biochemistry and Biophysics, 32(2):106-108.

Khor E, Lim LY (2003). Implantable applications of chitin and chitosan.

Biomaterials, 24(13):2339–2349. Kim BY, Jeong JH, Park K, Kim JD (2005). Bioadhesive interaction and

hypoglycemic effect of insulin-loaded lectinmicroparticleconjugates in oral insulin delivery system. Journal of Controlled Release, 102(3):525–538.

Kim HJ, Kong MK, Kim YC (2008). Beneficial effects of Phellodendri

Cortex extract on hyperglycemia and diabetic nephropathy in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. BMB Rep, 31:41(10):710-5.

Kim HK, Kim MJ, Shin DH (2006). Improvement of lipid profile by

amaranth (Amaranthus esculentus) supplementation in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Annals of nutrition and Metabolism, 50(3): 277-281.

Kim KB, Kim SI, Song KS (2003). Neuraminidase inhibitors from

mushroom Microphorus affinis. Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology, 13: 778-782.

Kimura I (2006). Medical benefits of using natural compounds and their

133-143. derivatives having multiple pharmacological actions. Yakugaku Zasshi, 126(3): 133-143.

Kind PRN, King EJ (1954). Estimation of plasma phosphatases by determination of hydrolyzed phenol with amino-antipyrine. Journal of Clinical Pathology, 7: 330-322.

Kingsley JD, Dou H, Morehead J, Rabinow B, Gendelman HE, Destache

CJ(2006). Nanotechnology: a focus on nanoparticles as a drug delivery system. Journal of Neuroimmune Pharmacology, 1: 340-350.

Kirtikar KR, Basu BD (1991). Indian Medicinal Plants. Periodical Experts

Book Agency, Delhi. Klip A, Ramla T, Bilan PJ, Cartee GD, Gulve EA, Holloszy J.O (1990).

Recuitment of Glu-4 transporters by insulin in diabetic rat skeletal muscle. Biochemistry and Biophysics Research Communication, 172:728-736.

Knapczyk J, Krowczynski L, Krzck J, Brzeski M, Nirnberg E, Schenk D,

Struszcyk H (1989). Requirements of chitosan for pharmaceutical and biomedical applications, in: G. Skak- Braek, T. Anthonsen, P. Sandford (Eds.), Chitin and Chitosan: Sources, Chemistry, Biochemistry, Physical Properties and Applications, 657-663.

Knecht KT, Bradford BU, Mason RP, Thurman RG (1990). In vivo

formation of a free radicals metabolite of ethanol. Molecular Pharmacology, 38: 26–30.

Kodama T (1983). A light and electron microscopic study on the pancreatic

ductal system. Acta Pathology, 33: 297-321. Koehler TH and Villar OH (2000). Design of screening libraries biased for

pharmaceutical discovery. Journal of Computational Chemistry, 21: 1145-1152.

Koenig R, Peterson CM, Jones RL, Sandek C, Lehrman M, Cerami A

(1976). Correlation of glucose regulation and hemoglobinA1c

in diabetes mellitus. New England Journal of Medicine, 295: 417–420.

Kokate CK .Vallabhprakashan (1986). Practical pharmacognosy first edition , p.112.

Konukoglu D, Serin O, Akcay T, Hatemi H (1999). Relationship between

diabetic angiopathic complications and serum total and lipid associated sialic acid concentrations. Medical Science Research, 27: 53–55.

Kotze AF, Thanou MM, Luebetaen HL, de Boer AG, et al (1999). Enhancement of paracellular drug transport with highly quaternized N-trimethyl chitosan chloride in neutral environments: In vitro evaluation in intestinal epithelial cells (Caco-2). Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 88: 253–257.

Kraft LA, Johnson AD (1972). Epidydimal carbohydrate metabolism-II.

Substrate and pathway utilization of caput and cauda epididymal tissue from the rabbit rat and mouse. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, 42: 451-461.

Kreuter J (1994). Nanoparticles. In: Swarbrick, J. and Boylan, J. C. (Eds.) Encyclopedia of Pharmaceutical Technology. pp. 165.190. New York, USA:

Marcel Dekker, Inc., 1994. ISBN 0-8247-2809-2. Kroncke KD, Fehsel K, Sommer A, Rodriguz ML, Kolb-Bachofen V

(1995).Nitric oxide generation during cellular metabolization of the diabetogenic N-methyl-N-nitroso-urea streptozotocin contributes to islet cell DNA damage. Biological Chemistry HOPPE seylor, 376: 179-185.

Kumar G, Murugesan AG (2008). Influence of Helicteres isora bark extracts

on plasma and tissue glycoprotein components in Streptozotocin diabetic rats. Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research, 1(4): 330-338.

Kumar G, Murugesan AG, Rajasekara Pandian M (2006). Effect of

Helicteres isora bark extract on blood glucose and hepatic enzymes in experimental diabetes. Pharmazie,61(4):353-5.

Kumar PJ, Clark M (2002). Diabetes mellitus and other disorders of

metabolism.In: Clinical Medicine, Saunders (London), 1069 – 1121. Kumari K, Mathew BC, Augusti KT (1995). Hypoglycemic and

hypolipidemic effects of S-methyl cysteine sulfoxide isolated from Allium cepa Linn. Indian Journal of Biochemistry and Biophysics, 32: 49-54.

Kuntz ID, Blaney JM, Oatley SJ, Langridge R. Ferrin, TE (1982).

A geometric approach to macromolecular-ligand interactions. Journal of Molecular Biology, 161: 269-288.

Lacy PE (1962). Quantitative histochemistry of the islets of Langerhans

I.Lactic, Malic, glucose-6-phosphate and 6–phosphogluconate dehydrogenese activities of beta cells and acini. Diabetes, 11: 96-100.

Lacy PE, Davie JM (1984). Transplantation of pancreatic islets. Annual

Review of Immunology, 2: 183–198.

Ladeji O, Omekarah I, Solomon M (2003). Hypoglycemic properties of aqueous bark extract of Ceiba pentandra in streptozotocin – induced diabetic rats. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 84: 139-142.

Laemmli UK (1970). Cleavage of structural protein during the assembly of

the head bacteriophage T4. Nature, 227: 680-685. Lamela M, Cadavid I, Calleja JM (1986). Effects of Lythrum salicaria

extracts on hyperglycemic rats and mice. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 15:153-160.

Langer RS (1998). Drug delivery and targeting. Nature, 392: 5-10. Langerhans P (1869). Beitrage Zur mikroskopischen Anatomic der

Bauchspeicheldruse. Inaugural dissertation, Berlin. Larner J (1985). Insulin and oral hypoglycemic drugs. In: Gilman, A.,

Goodman, L.S., Rall, T.W. and Murad, F., edition. The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 7th, edition. Macmillan, New York.

Larsen TM, Toubro S, Astrup A (2003). PPAR gamma agonists in the

treatment of type II diabetes: is increased fatness commensurate with long-term efficacy? International Journal of obesity Related Metabolic Disorder, 27(2): 147-161.

Larson LI, Sunder F, Hakanson R (1976). Pancreatic polypeptide–A

postulated new hormone: Identification of its cellular storage site by light and electron microscopic immunocytochemistry. Diabetologia, 12: 211-226.

Latha M, Pari L (2003). Antihyperglycaemic effect of Cassia auriculata in

experimental diabetes and its effects on key metabolic enzymes involved in carbohydrate metabolism. Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology and Physiology, 30:(1-2):38-43.

Le Garrec D, Gori S, Luo L, Lessard D, Smith DC, Yessine MA Ranger M,

et al (2004). Poly(N-vinylpyrrolidone)-block-poly(D,L-lactide) as a new polymeric solubilizer for hydrophobic anticancer drugs: in- vitro and in- vivo evaluation. Journal of Controlled Release, 99: 83–101.

Leatherdale BA, Panesar RK, Singh G, Atkins TW, Bailey CJ, Bignell

AHC (1981). Improvement in glucose tolerance due to Momordica charantia. British Medical Journal, 282: 1823-1824.

Lebovitz HE, Pasmantier R (1990). Combination insulin-sulphonylurea

therapy. Diabetes Care, 13: 667-675.

Lee HS, Ku SK (2008). Effect of Picrorrhiza rhizoma extracts on early diabetic nephropathy in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Journal of Medicinal Food, 11(2):294-301.

Leelavinothan Pari, Narayanasamy Rajarajeswari (2009). Efficacy of

coumarin on hepatic key enzymes of glucose metabolism in chemical induced type 2 diabetic rats. Chemico Biological Interactions, 181(3): 292-296.

LeHoux JG, Grondin F (1993). Some effects of chitosan on liver function in

the rat. Endocrinology, 132: 1078-1084. Lehr CM, Bowstra JA, Schacht EH, Junginger HE(1992). In vitro

evaluation of mucoadhesive properties of chitosan and some other natural polymers. International Journal of Pharmaceutics, 78: 43-48.

Leibowitz JO (1972). The concept of diabetes in historical perspective.

Israel Journal Medicine and Science, 8: 469-475. Leite AC, Ambrozin ARP, Fernandes JB, Vieira PC, Silva MFGF, Albu

querque S (2008). Trypanocidal activity of limonoids and triterpenes from Cedrela fissilis. Planta Medica, 74: 1795-1799.

Leloir LF, Goldemberg SH (1960). Synthesis of Glycogen from Uridine

Diphosphate Glucose in Liver. Journal of Biological Chemistry

235(4): 919.

Leloir LF, Olavarrfa JM, Goldemberg SH, Carminatti H (1959). Biosynthesis ofglycogen from uridine diphosphate glucose. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics, 81:508-520.

Li AP (2001). Screening for human ADME/Tox drug properties in drug

discovery. Drug Discovery Today, 6: 357-366. Li AP (2002). A review of the common properties of drugs with idiosyncratic

hepatotoxicity and the "multiple determinant hypothesis" for the manifestation of idiosyncratic drug toxicity, Chemico- Biological Interactions, 142: 7-23.

Li C, Price JE, Milas L, Hunter NR, Ke S, Yu DF Charnsangavej C, et al

(1999). Antitumor activity of poly(L-glutamic acid)-paclitaxel on syngeneic and xenografted tumors. Clinical Cancer Research, 5: 891–897.

Li P, Dai NY, Zhang PJ, Wang QA, Wei Q (2008b). Chitosan-alginate

nanoparticles as novel drug delivery system for nifedipine. International Journal of Biomedical Sciences, 4:221-8.

Li X, Li R, Qian X, Ding Y, Tu Y, Guo R and Hu Y, et al (2008a). Superior antitumor efficiency of cisplatin-loaded nanoparticles by intratumoral delivery with decreased tumor metabolism rate. Europeon Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, 70: 726–734.

Li Y, Wu T, Wang Z, Shi W, Guo C (2008). Quantitative analysis of lupeol

in leaves of Ilex cornuta by RP-HPLC. Zhongguo Zhongyao Zazhi, 33: 149-152.

Like A, Orci L (1972). Embryogenesis of the human pancreatic islets: A

light and electron microscopic study. Diabetes, 21: 511-534. Like AA (1967). The ultra structure of the secretory cells of the islets of

Langerhans in men. Laboratory Investigation, 16: 937-951. Lima LM, Perazzo FF, Carvalho JCT, Bastos JK (2007). Anti-

inflammatory and analgesic activities of the ethanolic extracts from Zanthoxylum riedeli-anum (Rutaceae) leaves and stem bark. Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 59: 1151-1158.

Lin CC, Tsai CC, Yen MH (1995). The evaluation of hepatoprotective effects

of Taiwan folk medicine ‘teng khia u’. Jounral of Ethnopharmacology, 45: 113–123.

Lin CC, Yen MH (1992). Development of natural crude drug resources from

Taiwan (IX)The pharmacognostical studies on the crude drug "Ding-kia-u. Journal of Chinese Medicine (Taipei) 2: pp. 33.

Lipinski CA (1999). Consideration of Drug Solubility in High Throughput

Screening of Oral Drug Candidates. "Strategies for Optimizing Oral Drug Delivery: Scientific to Regulatory Approaches".

Lipinski CA (2000). Drug-like properties and the causes of poor solubility

and poor permeability. Journal of pharmacology and toxicology methods, 44(1): 235-249.

Lipinski CA, Lombardo F, Dominy BW, Feeney PJ (1997). Experimental

and computational approaches to estimate solubility and permeability in drug discovery and development settings. Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews, 1: 3-25.

Liu HR, Tang XY, Dai DZ, Dai Y (2008). Ethanol extracts of Rehmannia

complex (Di Huang) containing no Corni fructus improve early diabetic nephropathy by combining suppression on the ET-ROS axis with modulate hypoglycemic effect in rats. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 13:118(3):466-72.

Liu IM, Liou SS, Lan TW, Hsu FL, Chen J.T (2005). Myricetin as the active priniciple of Abelmschus moschatus to lower plasma glucose in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Planta Medica, 71(7): 617-621.

Liu IM, Tzeng TF, Liou SS, Chang CJ (2009). The amelioration of

streptozotocin diabetes-induced renal damage by Wu-Ling-San (Hoelen Five Herb Formula), a traditional Chinese prescription. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 15;124(2):211-8.

Liu Y, Wan Q, Gao L, Zhao J (2006). High-fat dietr feeding impairs both

the expression and activity of AMPKa in rat skeletal muscle. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communication, 339: 701-707.

Lockman PR, Mumper RJ, Khan MA, Allen DD(2002). Nanoparticle

technology for drug delivery across the bloodbrain barrier. Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy, 28: 1-13.

Lolitkar MM, Rao MRR (1966). Pharmacology of a hypoglycemic principle

isolated from the fruits of Eugenia jambolana Linn. Indian Journal of Pharmacy, 28: 129-133.

Lopez Candaless CA (2001). Metabolic syndrome X; a comprehensive

review of the pathophysiology and recommended therapy. Jornal do médico,

32:283-300.

Lowry OH, Rosebrough NJ, Farr AL, Randall R (1951). Protein Measurement with the Folin Phenol reagement. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 193: 265-275.

Ludvic B, Waldhausl W, Prager R, Kautzky-Willer A, Pacini G (2003).

Mode of action of Ipomoea batatas (Caiapo) in type 2 diabetic patients. Metabolism, 52: 875-880.

Lukinus A, Jansson L, Korsgren O (1995). Ultrastructural evidence for

blood microvessels devoid of an endothelial cell lining in transplanted pancreatic islets. American Journal of Pathology, 146: 429-435.

Lutta KP, Bii C, Akenga AT, Cornelius WW (2008). Antimicrobial marine

natural products from the sponge Axinella infundibuliformis. Records of Natural Products, 2: 116-127.

Maghrani M, Lemhadri A, Zeggwagh NA, El Amraoui M, Haloui M, Jouad

H, Eddouks M (2004). Effects of an aqueous extract of Triticum repens on lipid metabolism in normal and recent-onset diabetic rats. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 90: 875-880.

Magid AA, Voutquenne-Nazabadioko L, Bontemps G, Litaudon M,

Levaud C (2008). Tyrosinase inhibitors and sesquiterpene diglycosides from Guioa villosa. Planta Medica, 74: 55-60.

Maiti K, Mukherjee K, Gantait A, Ahamed HN, Saha BP, Mukherjee PK (2005). Enhanced therapeutic benefit of quercetin-phospholipid complex in carbon tetrachloride induced acute liver injury in rats: a comparative study. Iranian Journal of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 4: 84–90.

Maleppillil Vavachan Vijayakumar, Sandeep Singh, Rishi Raj Chhipa,

Manoj Kumar Bhat (2005). The hypoglycaemic activity of fenugreek seed extract is mediated through the stimulation of an insulin signalling pathway. British Journal of Pharmacology, 146: (1)41-8.

Mandarino LJ, Wright KS, Verity LS, Nicolus J, Bell JM, Kolterman OG,

Beck-Nielsen H (1987). Effects of insulin infusion on human skeletal muscle pyruvate dehydrogenase, phosphofructokinase and glucogen synthase. Evidencce for their role in oxidative and non-oxidative glucose metabolism. Journal of Clinical Investigation, 80:655-663.

Mantovani A (2009). Inflaming metastasis. Nature, 457: 36-37. Margareth BC. Gallo, Miranda J. Sarachine (2009). International Journal

of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences. 3 (Special Issue 1), 46-66; Global Science Books.

Marles RJ, Farnsworth NR (1994). Plants as sources of antidiabetic

agents. In : Wagner, H., Farnsworth, N.R. edition, Economic and Medicinal Plant Research, Academic Press, London.

Marles RJ, Farnsworth NR (1995). Antidiabetic plants and their active

constituents. Phytomedicine, 2: 137-189. Marston A, Maillard M, Hostettmann K (1997). GIT Laboratory Journal,

1: 36-39. Martelanc M, Vovk I, Simonovska B (2007). Determination of three major

tri- terpenoids in epicuticular wax of cabbage (Brassica oleracea L.) by high- performance liquid chromatography with UV and mass spectrometric detection. Journal of Chromatography A, 1164: 145-152.

Martelanc M, Vovk I, Simonovska B (2009). Separation and identification

of some common isomeric plant triterpenoids by thin-layer chromatography and high-performance liquid chromatography. Journal of Chromatography A, 1216: 6662-6670.

Mathe C, Culioli G, Archier P, Vieillescazes C (2004). High-performance

liquid chromatographic analysis of triterpenoids in commercial Frankincense. Chromatographia, 60: 493-499.

Mathew PT, Augusti KT (1975). Hypoglycaemic effects of onion, Allium cepa Linn. on diabetes mellitus - a preliminary report. Indian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology, 19(4): 213-7.

Mathur R, Sharma A, Dixit VP, Varma M (1996). Hypolipidemic effect of

fruit juice of Emblica officinalis in cholesterol fed rabbits. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 50: 61-68.

Mc letchie NGB (2002). Alloxan diabetes: A discovery, albeit a minor one.

Journal of the Royal College of physicians of Edinburgh, 32: 134-142. McCarthy JD (1999). Computational approaches to structure-based ligand

design. Pharmacophore and Therapeutics, 84: 179-191. Merzouki A, Ed-derfoufi F, Molero Mesa J (2000). Contribution to the

knowledge of Rifian traditional medicine . III: phytotherapy of diabetes in Chefchaouen province (north of Morocco). Reserhche Pharmaceutica, 44: 59-67.

Mezei O, Banz WJ, Steger RW, Peluso MR, Winters TA, Shay N (2003).

Soy isoflavones exert hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects through the PPAR pathways in obese Zucker rats and murine RAW 264.7 cells. Journal of Nutrition, 133: 1238-43.

Migliorini RH (1971). Early changes in the levels of liver glycolytic

enzymes after total pancreatectomy in the rat. Biochimica Biophysica Acta, 244: 125-128.

Miller NE (1980). HDL-cholesterol, tissue cholesterol and coronary

atherosclerosis: Epidemiological correlations. Proceedings of the Fifth International Symposium, Springer-Verlag, New York Patil, U.K., Saraf, S., Dixit, V.K., 2004. Hypolipidemic activity of seeds of Cassia tora Linn. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 90:249–252.

Min KH, Park K, Kim YS, Bae SM, Lee S, Jo HG, Park RW, Kim IS,

Jeong SY, Kim K, Kwon IC (2008).Hydrophobically Modified Glycol Chitosan Nanoparticles- Encapsulated Camptothec in Enhance the Drug Stability and Tumor Targeting in Cancer Therapy, Journal of Controlled release, 127: 208-218.

Min-Lu, Feng-lin-Hsu, Chieh Fu Chen, JueiTang Cheng (2000).

Antihyperglycemic action of isoferulic acid in streptozotocin- induced diabetic rats. British journal of pharmacology, 129(4):631-6.

Mitcheson JS, Chen J, Lin M, Culberson C, Sanguinetti MC (2000).

A structural basis for drug-induced long QT syndrome. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 97: 12329-12333.

Mitra SK, Gopumadhavan S, Muralidhar TS, Anturlikar SD, Sujatha MB (1995). Effect of D-400, a herbomineral preparation on lipid profile, glycated hemoglobin and glucose tolerance in streptozotocin-induced diabetes in rats. Indian Journal of Experimental Biology, 33: 798–800.

Mitra SK, Goupmadhavan S, Muralidhar TS, Seshadri SJ (1996). Effect of

D-400, a herbomineral formulation on liver glycogen content and microscopic structure of pancreas and liver in streptozotocin-induced diabetes in rats. Indian Journal of Experimental Biology, 34: 964-967.

Mittal N, Karur J, Mahmood A (1996). Changes in tubular membrane

glycosylation in diabetic, insulin and thyroxin treated rat kidneys. Indian Journal of Experimental Biology, 34: 782–785.

Mizuguchi T (1968). Study on lipids and fatty acids of the plasma and

aortic walls in human and experimental atherosclerosis. Japanese Heart Journal, 9: 34-45.

Mladenovska K, Cruaud O, Richomme P, Belamie E, et al (2007). 5-ASA

loaded chitosan–Ca–alginate microparticles: Preparation and physicochemical characterization. International Journal of Pharmaceutics,, 345: 59–69.

Moghimi SM, Hunter AC, Murray JC (2001).Long-circulating and target

specific nanoparticles: theory to practice. Pharmacology Review, 53: 283-318.

Moller DE, Greene DA (2001). Peroxisome Proliferator – activated receptor

(PPAR) gamma agonists for diabetes. Advances in Protein Chemistry, 56: 181-212.

Momin A (1987). Role of indigenous medicine in primary healthcare. In:

Proceedings of first international seminar on Unani medicine. New Delhi, India, 54.

Morgen NG, Cable HC, Newcombe NR, Williams GT (1994). Treatment of

cultured pancreatic β-cell with streptozotocin induces cell death by apoptosis. Bioscience Reports, 243-250.

Moss DW (1984). In: Bergmeyer, H.U (Ed.), Methods of Enzymatic analysis,

Vol.4, third ed., Verlag – chemic, Berlin, 92 -106. Movassat J, Saulnier C, Portha B (1997). Insulin administration

enhances growth of β-cell mass instreptozotocin-treated new born rats. Diabetes, 46: 1445-1452.

Mua L, Seowc PH (2006). Application of TPGS in polymeric nanoparticulate

drug delivery system.2006 Colloids Surf. Biointerfaces,47: 90-97.

Muegge I (2006). PMF Scoring Revisited. Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, 49: 5895-5902.

Muegge I, Martin YC (1999). A General and Fast Scoring Function for

Protein-Ligand Interactions: A Simplified Potential Approach. Journal of Medcinal Chemistry, 42: 791. 25.

Mukherjee K, Ghosh NC, Datta T (1972). Coccinia indica Linn. as

potential hypoglycemic agent. Indian Journal of Experimental Biology, 10: 347–349.

Mukherjee PK, Maiti K, Mukherjee K, Houghton PJ (2006). Leads from

Indian medicinal plants with hypoglycemic potentials. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 106: 1-28.

Mukherjee SK (1981). Indigenous Drugs in Diabetes mellitus. Journal of

Diabetic Association India, 21: 97-108. Mukherjee SK, Mukherjee SS, (1966). Therapeutic advance in diabetes

mellitus through ages. Indian Journal of Medical Research, 1: 91-112. Munger BL, Caramia F, Lacy PE (1965). The ultrastructural basis for the

identification of cell type in the pancreatic islets. II. Rabbit, dog and opossum. ZZellf orach, 67: 776 – 798.

Munoz P, Rosenblatt M, Testar X, Palacin M, Thoidis G, Pilch PR,

Zorzano A (1995). The T-tubule is a cell-surface targetfor insulin-regulated recycling of membrane proteins in skeletal muscle. Biochemistry Journal, 312:393-400.

Murali B, Upadhyaya UM, Goyal RK (2002). Effect of chronic treatment

with Enicostemma littorale in non-insulin dependent diabetic rats. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 81: 199-204.

Murata Y, Jinno D, Liu D, Isobe T, et al (2007). The drug release profile

from calcium-induced alginate gel beads coated with an alginate hydrolysate. Molecules, 12(11):2559–2566.

Murray RK, Granner DK, Mayes PA, Rodwell VW (2000). Proteins:

Myoglobin and Hemoglobin. Harper’s Biochemistry, 24 edition, Prentice Hall International, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey.

Mutalik S, Chetana M, Sulochana B, Devi PU, Udupa N (2005). Effect of

Dianex, a herbal formulation on experimentally induced diabetes mellitus. Phytotherapy Research, 19(5):409-415.

Mythili DM, Patra SS, Gunasekaran S (2003). Culture prior to

transplantation preserves the ultrastructural integrity of monkey pancreatic islets. Journal of Electron Microscopy, 52: 399–405.

Nadkarni AK (1954). Indian Materia Medica. Dhootapapeshwar Prakashan Ltd., Mumbai.

Nagappa AN, Thakurdesai PA, Rao NV, Singh J (2003). Antidiabetic

activity of Terminalia catappa Linn fruits. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 84: 139-142.

Nahar M, Dutta T, Murugesan S, Asthana A, Mishra D, Rajkumar V, Tare

M, Saraf S, Jain NK(2006).Functional polymeric nanoparticles: an efficient and promising tool for active delivery of bioactives. Critical Reviews in Therapeutic Drug Carrier System, 23: 259-318.

Naik SR, Filho JMB, Dhuley JN, Deshmukh V (1991). Probable

mechanism of hypoglycemic activity of bassic acid, a natural product isolated from Bumelia sartorum. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 33: 37-44.

Nakashima K, Miyagi M, Goto K, Matsumoto Y, Ueoka R (2004).

Enzymatic and hyperglycemia stability of chemically modified insulins with hydrophobic acyl groups. Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry Letters, 14(2): 481–483.

Narendhirakannan RT, Subramanian S, Kandaswamy M (2006).

Biochemical evaluation of antidiabetogenic properties of some commonly used Indian plants on streptozotocin-induced diabetes in experimental rats. Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology and Physiology, 33(12): 1150-1157.

Navabpour A, Ghoraishian SM, Mosadegh MM (2002). The effect of

hazel-leaf decoction on blood glucose reduction in the diabetic rates. In: Proceedings of the 21st

conference of European comparative Endocrinologists (Eds. Keller, R., Dircksen, H., Sedtmeier, D., Vaudry, H.) 535-538.

Navarro CM, Montilla PM, Martin A, Jimenez J, Utrilla PM (1993). Free radicals scavenger and antihepatotoxic activity of Rosmarinus. Plant Medicine, 59: 312–314.

Navindra P Seeram, Haruyo Ichikawa, Shishir Shishodia and Bharat B

Aggarwal, (2005). Preventive and Therapeutic Effects of Plant Polyphenols through Suppression of Nuclear Factor-Kappa B, 243-275.

Ng TB, Wong CM, Li WW, Yeung HW (1986). Insulin-like molecules in

Momordica charantia seeds. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 15: 107-17.

Niebes P (1972). Determination of enzymes and degradation products of glycosaminoglycan metabolism in the serum of healthy and various subjects. Clinica Chimica Acta,

42: 399-408.

Nigam N, Prasad S, George J, Shukla Y (2009). Lupeol induces p53 and cyclin-B-mediated G2/M arrest and targets apoptosis through activation of caspase in mouse skin. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 381: 253-258.

Nikilla EA, Huttunen JK, Ehnholm C (1977). Postheparin plasma

lipoprotein lipase and hepatic lipase in diabetes mellitus. Diabetes, 26: 11-21.

Noor A, Gunasekaran S, Manickam AS, Vijayalakshmi MA 2008.

Antidiabetic activity of Aloe vera and histology of organs in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. Current Sciences, 94: 1070-1076.

Nukatsuka M, Yoshimura Y, Nishida M, Kawada J (1990). Importance of

concentration of ATP in rat pancreatic beta cells in the mechanism of streptozotocin–induced cytotoxicity. Journal of Endocrinology, 127: 161-165.

Oertell JE, Heffess CS, Oertel YC (1992). Pancreas. In: Sternberg SS

edition: Histology for Pathologists, Raven Press Limited, New York. Ogata H, Tokuyama K, Nagasaka S, Ando A, Kusaka I, Sato N, Goto A,

Ishibashi S, Kiyono K, Struzik ZR, Yamamoto Y (2007). Long range correlated glucose fluctuations in diabetes. Methods of Information in Medicine

, 46(2): 222-226.

Ogiwara K, Hata K (2009). Melanoma cell differentiation induced by lupeol separates into two stages: morphological and functional changes. Journal of Natural Medicines, 63: 323-326.

Ohaeri OC (2001). Effect of garlic oil on the levels of various enzymes in the

serum and tissue of streptozotocin diabetic rats. Bioscience Reports, 21: 19–24.

Ohinishi T, Suzuki T, Suzuki Y (1982). A comparative study of plasma

membrane magnesium ion ATPase activity in normal, regenerating and malignant cells. Biochimimica Biophysica Acta, 684: 67-74.

Ohnishi M, Matuo T, Tsuno T, et al (2004). Antioxidant activity and

hypoglycaemic effect of ferulic acid in STZ-induced diabetic mice and KK-Ay mice. Biofactors, 21: 315-9.

Ojewole JAO (2002). Hypoglycemic effect of Clausena anisata (Wild) Hook

methanolic root extract in rats. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 81: 231–237.

Orci L (1974). A potrait of the pancreatic β-cell. Diabetologia,

10: 163-187. Orci L (1985). The insulin factory: A tour of the plant surrounding and a

visit to the assembly line. Diabetologia, 28: 528-546. Orci L, Malaisse-Lagae M, Ravazzola M, Rouiller D, Renold AE, Perrelet

A, Unger R (1975). A morphological basis for intercellular communication between α and β-cells in the endocrine pancreas. The Journal of Clinical Investigation, 56: 1066-1070.

Orci L, Unger RH, Renold AE (1973a). Structural basis for intercellular

communications between cells of the islets of Langerhans. Experientia, 29: 777.

Orci L, Unger RH, Renold AE (1973b). Structural coupling between

pancreatic islet cells. Experientia, 29: 1015-1018. Osborn MJ, Felts JM, Chaikoff IL (1953). Transitory increase in fat

content and size of liver induced by insulin in alloxan diabetic rats. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 203: 173.

Padashetty SA, Mishra SH (2007). Effect of terpenoidal fraction of

Echinops echinatus roots on reproductive parameters of male rats. Journal of Natural Medicines, 61: 452-457.

Pai GM, Slavin BG, Tung P, Volk BW, Johnson DG, Anderson DG, Levin

SR (1993). Morphologic basis for loss of regulated insulin secretion by isolated rat pancreatic islets. The Anatomical Record, 237: 498-505.

Pan MH, Lai CS, Dushenkov S (2009). Modulation of inflammatory genes

by natural dietary bioactive compounds. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 57: 4467-4477.

Pan Y, Li Y, Zhao H, Zheng J, Xu H, Wei G, Hao J, Cui F

(2002).Bioadhesive polysaccharide in protein delivery system: chitosan nanoparticles improve the intestinal absorption of insulin in-vivo. International Journal of Pharmaceutics, 249: 139-147.

Pandey R, Ahmad Z, Sharma S, Khuller GK (2005).Nanoencapsulation of

azole antifungals: potential applications to improve oral drug delivery. International Journal of Pharmaceutics, 301: 268-276.

Pandey R, Khuller GK (2004). Chemotherapeutic potential of alginate-

chitosan microspheres as antitubercular drug carriers. Journal of Antimicrobial and Chemotherapy, 53: 635-40.

Panyam J, Labhasetwar V(2003). Biodegradable nanoparticles for drug and gene delivery to cells and tissue. Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews, 55: 329–347.

Papaccio G, Pisanti FA, Latronico MV, Ammendola E, Galdieri M (2000).

Multiple low dose and single high dose treatments with streptozotocin do not generate nitric oxide. Journal of Cellular Biochemistry, 77: 82-91.

Pari L, Latha M (2005.) Antihyperglycaemic Effect of Scoparia dulcis.:

Effect on Key Metabolic Enzymes of Carbohydrate Metabolism in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetes. Pharmaceutical Biology, 42(8): 570-576.

Park SA, Choi MS, Kim MJ, Juan UJ, Kim HJ, Park KK, Noh HJ, Park

HM, Park YB, Lee JS, Lee MK (2006). Hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic action of Du-zhong (Eucommia ulmoides Oliver) leaves water extract in C57BL/KsJ-db/db mice. Journal of Ethanopharmacology, 107(3): 412-417.

Park, L.S., Bendayan, M., 1992. Characterization of the endocrine cells in

the pancreatic–bile duct system of the rat. The Anatomical Records, 232: 247-256.

Patel JK, Jivani NP (2009). Chitosan Based Nanoparticles in Drug

Delivery. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Nanotechnology, 2: 2.

Patel M, Shah T, Amin (2007).A Therapeutic opportunities in colonspecific

drug delivery systems. Critical Reviews in Therapeutic Drug Carrier System, 24: 147-202.

Pathak A, Dhawan D (1988). Effects of lithium on the levels of blood urea

and creatinine in diabetic rats. Medicinal Science Research, 26: 855. Patil UK, Saraf S, Dixit VK (2004). Hypolipidemic activity of seeds of

Cassia tora Linn. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 90: 249–252. Patti ME, Virkamaki A, Landaker EJ, Kahan CR, Yki-Jarvinen H (1999).

Activation of the hexosamine pathway by glucosamine in vivo induces insulin resistance of early postreceptor insulin signaling events in skeletal muscle. Diabetes, 48: 1562–1571.

Paul Pui-Hay But, Po-Ming Hon, Hui Cao, Dominic Chan, T.W, Bo-Mu

Wu, Thomas, CW. Mak, Chun-Tao Che (1997). Sesquiterpene lactones from Elephantopus scaber. Phytochemistry, 44: 113–116.

Paul W, Sharma C (2000).Chitosan, a drug carrier for the 21st

century.S.T.P. Pharmaceutical Sciences, 10: 5-22.

Peer LM, Metzger J. (1980) Medicinal plant of East and Southeast Asia:

Attributed properties and uses. The MII press, London. pp. 92. Peidrola G, Novo E, Escober F, Garcia- Robles R (2001). White blood cell

count and insulin resistance in patients with coronary artery disease, Annale’s Endocrinologie,62:7-10.

Pelletier G, Leclerc R (1977). Immunohistochemical localization of human

pancreatic polypeptide (HPP) in the human endocrine pancreas Gastroenterology, 72: 569-571.

Peniston QP, Johnson E (1980). Process for the manufacturer of chitosan.

US Patent, 4: 195,175. Penumathsa SV, Thirunavukkarasu M, Zhan L, et al 2008. Resveratrol

enhances GLUT-4 translocation to the caveolar lipid raft fractions through AMPK /AKT /eNOS signaling pathway in diabetic myocardium. Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, 1582-4934.

Pepato MT, Keller EH, Baviera AM, Kettlelhut IC, Vendramini RC,

Brunetti IL (2002). Antidiabetic activity of Bauhinia forficata decoction in streptozotocin diabetic rats. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 81: 191-197.

Pepato MT, Mori DM, Baviera JB, Harami RC, Vendramini IL, Brunetti

IL (2005). Fruit of the jambolan tree (Eugenia jambolana Lam.) and experimental diabetes. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 96: 43-48.

Pereira AS, Nascimento EA, Aquino Neto FR (2002). Lupeol alkanoates in

Brazilian propolis. Zeitschrift für Naturforschung, 57c: 721-726. Pereira MM, Souza Júnior SN, Alcântara AFC, Pilo-Veloso D, Alves RB,

Machado PO, Azevedo AO, Moreira FH, Castro MSA, Rasland DS (2006). Constituintes químicos e estudo biológico de Aspidosperma nitidum (Apocynaceae). Revista Brasileira de Plantas Medicinais, 8: 1-8.

Perez C and Ortiz AR (2001). Evaluation of Docking Functions for Protein

Ligand Docking. Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, 44: 3768-3785. Perez S, Perez RM, Perez, C, Zavala MA, Vargas R (1991). Coyolosa, a

new hypoglycemic from Acrocomia mexicana. Pharmaceutica Acta

Helvetiae, 72(2): 105-111.

Perfumi M, Arnold N, Tacconi R (1991). Hypoglycemic activity of Salvia fruticosa Mill from Cyprus. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 34: 135–140.

Perola E, Walters WP, Charifson PS (2004). A detailed comparison of current docking and scoring methods on systems of pharmaceutical relevance. Proteins: Structure, Function and Bioinformaics, 56: 235–249.

Pessin JE, Bell GI (1992). Mammalian facilitative glucose transporter

family: structure and molecular regulation. Annual Review of Physiology, 54:911-930.

Peungvicha P, Thirawarapan SS, Temsiririrkkul R, Watanabe H, Prasain,

JK, Katoda, S (1998). Hypoglycemic effect of the water extract of Piper sarmentosum in rats. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 60: 27-32.

Pickett SD, McLay IM, Clark DE (2000). Enhancing the hit-to-lead

properties of lead optimization libraries. Journal of Chemical Informaion and modelling, 40: 263-272.

Ping Li, Ya-Ni Dai1, Jun-Ping Zhang3, Ai-Qin Wang , Qin Wei1(2008).

Chitosan–Alginate Nanoparticles as a Novel Drug Delivery System for Nifedipine. International Journal of Biomedical Sciences, 4 : 3.

Pipeleers D (1987). The biosociology of pancreatic β-cells. Diabetologia,

30: 277-291. Pipeleers D (1992). Heterogeneity in pancreatic β-cell population. Diabetes,

41: 777-781. Platel K, Srinivasan K (1997). Plant foods in the management of diabetes

mellitus: Vegetables as potential hypoglycemic agents. Nahrung, 41: 68-74.

Ploug T, Van Deurs B, Ai H, Cushman, SW, Ralston E (1998). Analysis of

Glut-4 distribution in whole skeletal muscle fibers: identification of distinct storage compartments that are reduced by insulin and muscle contractions. Journal of Cell Biology, 142: 1429-1446.

Plummer TD (1987). An introduction to practical Biochemistry. Tata Mc

Graw Hill Company, UK, Whithington, 1894. Polak JM, Bloom SR (1992). The endocrine Pancreas. In: Mc Gee Jo,

Isaacson P.G., Wright, N.A., edition, Oxford Textbook of pathology. Volume 2b. Pathology of systems, Oxford University Press, Oxford.

Poli A, Nicolan M, Nicolan RM, Simoes CM, Zanin M (1992). Preliminary

pharmacological evaluation of crude whole plant extracts of Elephantopus scaber. Part I: In vivo studies. Jounral of Ethnopharmacology, 37: 71–76.

Ponchel G, Irache JM (1998). Specific and non-specific bioadhesive particulate systems for oral delivery to the gastrointestinal tract. Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews, 34( 2-3):191–219.

Ponnachan PTC, Paulose CS, Panikkar KR (1993). Effect of leaf extract of

Aegle marmelose in diabetic rats. Indian Journal of Experimental Biology, 31: 345-347.

Ponnachan PTC, Paulose CS, Panikkar KR (1993). Effect of leaf extract of

Aegle marmelose in diabetic rats. Indian Journal of Experimental Biology, 31: 345-347.

Prabaharan M, Mano JF (2006).Stimuli-responsive hydrogels based on

polysaccharides incorporated with thermo-responsive polymers as novel biomaterials. Macromolecular Bioscience, 6: 991-1008.

Prabhakar PK, Doble M (2008). Mechanism of action of medicinal plants

towards diabetes mellitus-A review. Recent trends in medicinal plants, 22: 181-204.

Pranav K. Prabhakar Mukesh Doble (2008). A Target Based Therapeutic

Approach Towards Diabetes Mellitus Using Medicinal Plants. Current Diabetes Reviews, 4: 291-308.

Prasad KVSRG, Sujatha D, Bharathi K (2007a). Herbal drugs in

urolithiasis - A review. Pharmacognosy Reviews, 1: 175-179. Prasad S, Kalra N, Shukla Y (2007b). Hepatoprotectic effects of lupeol and

mango pulp extract of carcinogen induced alteration in Swiss albino mice. Molecular Nutrition and Food Research, 51: 352-359.

Prasad S, Kalra N, Singh M, Shukla Y (2008c). Protective effects of lupeol

and mango extract against androgen induced oxidative stress in Swiss albino mice. Asian Journal of Andrology, 10: 313-318.

Prasad S, Yadav VK, Srivastava S, Shukla Y (2008d). Protective effects of

lupeol against benzo[a]pyrene induced clastogenicity in mouse bone marrow cells. Molecular Nutrition and Food Research, 52: 1117-1120.

Prasannan KG (1973). Glycogen levels in brain and liver of normal and

alloxan-diabetic and insulinized rats. Indian Journal of Experimental Biology, 11: 331-332.

Preetha SP, Kanniappan M, Selvakumar E, Nagaraj M, Varalakshmi P

(2006). Lupeol ameliorates aflatoxin B1-induced peroxidative hepatic damage in rats. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, 143: 333-339

Prince PSM, Menon VP (2000). Hypoglycemic and other related actions of Tinospora cordifolia roots in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 70: 9-15.

Prince PSM, Menon VP, Pari L (1997). Effect of Syzigium cumini extracts

on hepatic hexokinase and glucose-6-phosphatase in experimental diabetes. Phytotherapy Research, 11: 529-531.

Pushparaj P, Tan CH, Tan BKH (2000). Effects of Averrhoa bilimbi leaf

extract on blood glucose and lipids in streptozotocin-diabetic rats. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 72: 69-76.

Pushparaj PN, Low HK, Manikandan J, Tan BKH, Tan CH (2006).

Antidiabetic effects of Cichorium intybus in streptozotocin-diabetic rats. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 111(2): 430-434.

Qian F, Cui F, Ding J, Tang C, Yin C (2006). Chitosan graft copolymer

nanoparticles for oral protein drug delivery: preparation and characterization. Biomacromolecules, 7(10):2722–2727.

Qurrat-ul Ain, Sharma S, Khuller GK, Garg SK (2003). Alginatebased oral

drug delivery system for tuberculosis: pharmacokinetics and therapeutic effects. Journal of Antimicrobial and Chemotherapy, 51: 931-938.

Raccah D (2006). Importance of blood glucose management in the

multifactorial approach of absolute cardiovascular risk in type 2 diabetes: the lessons from the steno 2 study. Diabetes and Metabolism

, 32: 48-51.

Ragusa A, García I, Penadés S (2007). Nanoparticles as nonviral gene delivery vectors, IEEE Trans. Nanobioscience, 6: 319- 330.

Raheja BS (1977). Oral hypoglycemic agent in the management of Maturity-

Onset Diabetes-A: Reprint. Reassessment. Journal J. J. Group Hospitals Grant Medical College, 22: 1-9.

Rahman AU, Zaman K (1989). Medicinal plants with hypoglycemic activity.

Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 26: 1-55. Rajaonarivony M, Vauthier C, Couarraze G, Puisieux F, Couvreur

P(1993). Development of a new drug carrier made from alginate. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 82: 912-917.

Rajasekaran S, Ravi K, Sivagnanam K, Subramanian S (2006). Beneficial

effects of aloe vera leaf gel extract on lipid profile status in rats with streptozotocin diabetes. Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology and Physiology, 33(3): 232-237.

Rajsekaran S, Sivagnanam K, Ravi K, Subramanian S (2004).

Hypoglycemic effect of Aloe vera gel on streptozotocin-induced diabetes in experimental rats. Journal of Medicinal Food, 7: 61-66.

Rakieten N, Rakieten ML, Nadkarni MV (1963). Studies on the

diabetogenic action of streptozotocin. Cancer Chemotherapy Reports, 29: 91-98.

Ramesh B, Pugalendi KV (2006). Antihyperglycemic effect of umbelliferone

in streptozotocin-diabetic rats. Journal of Medicinal Food,

9(4): 562-566.

Ramkumar KM, Rajaguru P, Latha M, Ananthan R (2007). Ethanol extract of Gymnema montanum leaves reduces glycoprotein components in experimental diabetes. Nutritional Research, 27: 97–103.

Ramlal T, Rastogi S, Vranic M, Klip A (1989). Decreased in vivo glucose

uptake but normal expression of Glut-1 and Glut-4 in skeletal muscle of diabetic rats. Endocrinology, 125: 890-897.

Rang HP, Dale MM (1991). The Endocrine System Pharmacology, 2nd

edition, Longman, Harlow. Rang HP, Dale MM, Ritter JM (1991). The endocrine system

pharmacology, LongmanGroup Ltd, UK; p504-8. Rao NK, Nammi S (2006). Antidiabetic and renoprotective effects of the

chloroform extract of Terminalia chebula Retz. Seeds in streptozotocin –induced diabetic rats. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 7(6): 17.

Rasch R (1979). Prevention of diabetic glomerulopathy in streptozotocin

diabetic rats by insulin treatment. Glomerular basement thickness. 319-324.

Rasch R, Mogensen CI (1980). Urinary excretion of albumin and total

protein in normal and streptozotocin diabetic rats. Acta Endocrinology, 95: 376-381.

Ravi K, Rajasekaran S, Subramanian S (2005). Antihyperglycemic effect of

Eugenia jambolana seed kernel on streptozotocin-induced diabetes in rats. Food Chemistry and Toxicology, 43: 1433–1439.

Reddy TN, Padmaja C, Rao JVR, Reddy PUM (1995). Modulatory effect

of sepia shell extract on activity of glucose–6–phosphatase and alanine amino transferase in diabetic mice. Indian Journal of Experimental Biology, 33: 886–888.

Reinhold JG (1953). Manual determination of serum total protein, albumin and globulin fractions by Biuret method. In: Reiner M (Ed.), Standard Methods in Clinical Chemistry, Academic Press, New York, p. 88.

Reitman S, Frankel SA (1957). Colorimetric method for the determination

of serum glutamate oxaloacetic and glutamate pyruvic transaminases. American Journal of Clinical Pathology,

28(1): 56-63.

Remacle CN, Hauser M, Gommers A (1977). Morphometric analysis of endocrine pancreas in old rats. Experimental Gerontology, 12: 207-214.

Rerup CC (1970). Drugs producing diabetes through damage of the insulin

secreting cells. Phacmacology Review, 22: 485-518. Rester U (2006). Dock around the clock - current status of small molecule

docking and scoring. QSAR and Combinatorial Science, 25: 605 – 615. Richter EA, Garetto LP, Goodman MN, Ruderman NB (1984). Enhanced

muscle glucose metabolism after exercise: modulation by local factors. American Journal of Physiology, 246:476-482.

Rizvi SI, Zaid MA (2001). Insulin-like effect of epicatechin on erythrocyte

membrane acetylcholinesterase activity in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology and Physiology, 28: 776-8.

Robbin (1999). Pathological basis of disease. Sixth edition Thomson press(I)

Ltd. NOIDA. Pp-917. Robert J Konrad, Irina Mikolaenko, Joseph F Tolar, Kan Liu, Jeffrey E

Kudlow (2001). The potential mechanism of the diabetogenic action of streptozotocin : inhibition of pancreatic β-cell O-GlcNAc-selective N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase. Biochemistry Journal, 356:31-41.

Robertson RP (1992). Seminars in medicine of the Beth Irael Hospital,

Boston: Pancreatic and islet transplantation for diabetes-cures or curiosities? Comment in: New England Journal of Medicine, 327: 1861-1868.

Robertson RP (1993). Seminars in medicine of the Beth Irael Hospital,

Boston: Pancreatic and islet transplantation for diabetes-cures or curiosities? Comment in: New England Journal of Medicine, 328: 1496-1497.

Roderick E. Hubbard (1960). 3D structure and the drug discovery process,

1-31.

Roman-Ramos R, Flores-Saenz JL, Alarcon-Aguilara FJ (1995). Antihyperglycemic effect of some edible plants. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 48: 25-32.

Roman-Ramos R, Lara Lemus A, Alarcon Aguilara FJ, Flores-Saenz JL

(1992). Hypoglycemic activity of some antidiabetic plants. Archives of Medical Research, 23: 105-109.

Rosenkranz HS, Carr HS (1970). Differences in the action of nitroso

methyl urea and streptozotocin. Cancer Research, 30: 112-117. Ruzaidi A, Amin I, Nawalyah AG, Hamid M, Faizul HA (2005). The effect

of Malaysian cocoa extract on glucose levels and lipid profiles in diabetic rats. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 98:55-60.

Sachdewa A, Khemani LD (2003). Effect of Hibiscus rosa sinensis Linn.

ethanol flower extract on blood glucose and lipid profile in streptozotocin-induced diabetes in rats. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 89: 61–66.

Sahoo SK, Labhasetwar V (2003).Nanotech approaches to drug delivery

and imaging. Drug Discovery Today, 8: 1112-1120. Saifi AQ, Shinde S, Kavishwar WK, Gupta SR (1971). Some aspects of

phytochemistry and hypoglycemic actions of Pterocarpus marsupium. Journal of Research in Indian Medicine, 6: 205–207.

Saito K, Iwama N, Takahashi T (1978a). Morphometrical analysis on

topographical difference in size distribution, number and volume of islets in the human pancreas. Tohoku Journal of Experimental Medicine, 124: 177-186.

Saito K, Takahashi T, Yaginuma N, Iwama N (1978b). Islet morphometry

in the diabetic pancreas of man. Tohoku Journal of Experimental Medicine, 125: 185–197.

Saito K, Yaginuma N, Takahashi T (1979). Differential volume try of A, B

and D cells in the pancreatic islets of diabetic and non-diabetic subjects. Tohoku Journal of Experimental Medicine, 129: 273-283.

Sakuma S, Hayashi M, Akashi M (2001). Design of nanoparticles

composed of graft copolymers for oral peptide delivery. Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews, 47(1):21–37.

Saleem M, Alam A, Arifin S, Shah MS, Ahmed B, Sultana S (2001).

Lupeol, a triterpene, inhibits early response of tumor promotion induced by benzoyl peroxide in murine skin. Pharmaceutical Research, 43: 127-134.

Saleem M, Maddodi N, Zaid MA, Khan N, Hafeez B, Asim M, Suh Y, Yun J, Setaluri V, Mukhtar H (2008). Lupeol inhibits growth of highly aggressive human metastatic melanoma cells in-vitro and in-vivo by inducing apoptosis. Cancer Therapy: Preclinical, 14: 2119-2127.

Saleem M, Murtaza I, Tarapore RS, Suh Y, Adhami VM, Johnson JJ,

Siddiqui IA, Khan N, Asim M, Hafeez BB, Shekhani MT, Li B, Mukhtar H (2009b). Lupeol inhibits proliferation of human prostate cancer cells by targeting -catenin signaling. Carcinogenesis, 30: 808-817.

Saleem R, Ahmad SI, Ahmed M, Faizi Z, Zikr-ur-Rehman S, Ali M, Faizi

S (2003) Hypotensive activity and toxicology of constituents from Bombax ceiba stem bark. Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 26: 41-46.

Saltiel AR, Pessin JE (2003). Insulin signaling in microdomains of the

plasma membrane. Traffic, 4: 711-716. Sambrokk J, Fritsch EF, Maniatis T (1989). Molecular cloning-A,

laboratory manual. In: Sambrook J and Russel WD (eds.) 3rd edition, cold Spring Harbor Laboratory press, Cold Spring Harbor, New York, USA pp 5.04-5.13.

Samols E (1991). The Endocrine Pancreas. Raven Press, New York. Samols E, Stagner J, Ewart R, Marks V (1998). The order of islet

microvascular cellular perfusion is B-D in the perfused rat pancreas. Journal of Clinical Investigation, 52: 350-353.

Samuelsson G (2004). Drugs of Natural Origin: A Textbook of

Pharmacognosy, 5th Swedish Pharmaceutical Press, Stockholm. Sangameswaran B, Jayakar B (2008). Anti-diabetic, anti-hyperlipidemic

and spermatogenic effects of Amaranthus spinosus Linn. on streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Journal of Natural Medicine,

62: 79–82.

Sanger F (1959). Chemistry of insulin, determination of the structure of insulin opens the way to greater understanding of life processes. Science, 129: 1340-1344.

Sanger F, Thompson EOP (1953). The amino acid sequence in the glycyl

chain of insulin. Biochemistry Journal, 53: 353-374. Sanger F, Tuppy H (1951). The amino acid sequences is the phenylalanyl

chain of insulin. Biochemistry Journal, 49:481-490.

Sarmento B, Ferreira DC, Jorgensen L, van deWeert M (2001). Probing insulin’s secondary structure after entrapment into alginate/chitosan nanoparticles. European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, 65 (1):10–17.

Sarmento B, Ribeiro A, Veiga F, Sampaio P, et al(2007).

Alginate/Chitosan Nanoparticles are Effective for Oral Insulin Delivery. Pharmaceutical Research, 24(12): 2198–2206.

Sarmento B, Ribeiro AJ, Veiga F, Ferreira DC, Neufeld RJ (2007a).

Insulinloaded nanoparticles are prepared by alginate ionotropic pre-gelation followed by chitosan polyelectrolyte complexation. Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology. 7:2833–2841.

Sasaki M, Arai T, Usui T, Oki Y (1991). Immunohistochemical,

ultrastructural and hormonal studies on the endocrine pancreas of Voles with monosodium aspartate-induced diabetes. Veterinary Pathology, 28: 497-405.

Sassy–Prigent C, Heudes D, Jouquey S, Auberval D, Belair MF, Michel

O, Hamon G, Bariety J, Bruneval P (1995). Morphometric detection of incipient glomerular lesions in diabetic nephropathy in rats. Protective effects of ACE inhibition. Laboratory Investigation, 73: 64-71.

Sato T, Herman L (1981). Stereological analysis of normal rabbit

pancreatic islets. The American Journal of Anatomy, 161:71-84. Sato T, Magata K, Koga N (1998). Defect of an early event of glucose

metabolism in skeltal muscle of the male OLETE rat, an NIDDM model, Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communication, 245(2): 378-381.

Saxena AM, Mukherjee SK, Shukla G (2006). Progress of diabetes

research in India during 20th century. National Institute of Science and Communication (CSIR), New Delhi, 1-104.

Saxena SC, Yadav RS (1983). A new plant extract to suppress the

population of yellow fever and dengue vector Aedes aegyptii L. (Dipttera: Culicidae). Current Science, 52: 713-715.

Schalin-Jiintti C, Yki-Jiirvinen H, Koranyi L, Bourey R, Lindstrom

Nikula-Ijiis P, Franssila-Kallunki A, Groop LC (1994). Effect of insulin on Glut-4 mRNA and protein concentrations in skeletal muscle of patients with NIDDM and their first-degree relatives. Diabetologia, 37:401-407.

Scheen AJ (2003). Treatment of type 2 diabetes. Acta Clinica Belgica,

58(5): 318 – 324.

Schipper NGM, Olsson S, Hoostraate AJ, De Boer AG, Varum KM,

Artursson P (1997).Chitosan as absorption enhancers for poorly absorbable drugs 2: Mechanism of absorption enhancement. Pharmaceutical Research, 14: 923-929.

Schipper NGM, Varum KM, Artursson P (1996). Chitosan as absorption

enhancers for poorly absorbable drugs 1: Influence of molecular weight and degree of acetylation on drug transport across human intestinal epithelia (Caco-29 cells). Pharmaceutical Research, 13: 1686-1692.

Schipper NGM, Varum KM, Stenberg P, Ockind G, Lennernais H,

Artursson P (1999). Chitosan as absorption enhancersfor poorly absorbable drugs 3: influence of mucus on absorption enhancement. Europeon Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 8: 335-343.

Schnedl WL, Ferber S, Johnson JH, Newgard CB (1994). STZ transport

and cytotoxicity, specific enhancement in Glut-2-expressing cells. Diabetes, 43: 1326-1333.

Schwikkard S, van Heerden FR (2002). Antimalarial activity of plant

metabolites. Natural Product Reports, 19: 675-692. Senthilkumar M, Mishra P, Jain NK (2008). Long circulating PEGylated

poly (D,L-lactide-co-glycolide) nanoparticulate delivery of docetaxel to solid tumors. Journal of Drug Target, 16: 424–435.

Senthilkumar N, Badami S, Dongre SH, Bhojraj S (2008). Antioxidant and

hepatoprotective activity of the methanol extract of Careya arborea bark in Ehrlich ascites carcinoma-bearing mice. Journal of Natural Medicines, 62: 336-339.

Seung-Soon IM, Sool-Ki KWON, Seung-Youn KANG, Tae-Hyun KIM, Ha-Il

KIM, Man-Wook HUR, Kyung-Sup KIM, Yong-Ho AHN1 (2006). Regulation of Glut-4 gene expression by SREBP-1c in adipocytes. Biochemistry Journal, 399: 131–139.

Shafqat J, Melles E, Sigmundsson K, Johansson BL, Ekberg K, Alvelius

G, Henriksson M, Johansson J, Wahren J, Jörnvall H (2006). Proinsulin C-peptide elicits disaggregation of insulin resulting in enhanced physiological insulin effects. Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences, 63: 1805–1811.

Shamaony LA, Khazraji MA, Twaij HAA (1994). Hypoglycaemic effect of

Artemisia herba alba II. Effect of a valuable extract on some blood parameters in diabetic animals. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 43: 167 – 171.

Shanmugasundaram ERB, Gopinath KL, Shanmugasundaram KR, Rajendran VM (1990a). Possible regeneration of the islets of Langerhans in streptozotocin diabetic rats given Gymnema sylvestre leaf extract. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 30: 265-279.

Shanmugasundaram ERB, Rajeshwari G, Baskaran X, Kumar BRR,

Shanmugasundaram KR, Ahmath BK (1990b). Use of Gymnema sylvestre leaf extract in the control of blood glucose in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 30: 281-294.

Shanmugasundaram ERB, Venkatasubramaniyam M, Vijendran N,

Shanmugasundaram KR (1988). Effect of an isolate from Gymnema sylvestra R.Br. in the control of diabetes mellitus and the associated pathological changes. Ancient Science of Life, 7: 183-194.

Shanmugasundaram KR, Paneerselvam C, Samudram P,

Shanmugasundaram ERB (1983). Enzyme changes and glucose utilization in diabetic rabbits: the effect of Gymnema sylvestre. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 7: 205-234.

Shanmugasundaram KR, Paneerselvam C, Samudram P,

Shanmugasundaram ERB (1981). The insulinotropic activity of Gymnema sylvestre R.Br. an Indian medical herb used in controlling diabetes mellitus. Pharmacology Research Communications, 13: 475-486.

Sharma S, Kulkarni J, Pawar AP (2006).Permeation enhancers in the

transmucosal delivery of macromolecules. Pharmazie, 61: 495-504. Sharma SB, Nasir A, Prabhu KM, Murthy PS, Dev G (2003).

Hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effect of ethanolic extract of seeds of Eugenia jambolana in alloxan–induced diabetic rabbits. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 85: 201-206.

Sheela CG, Augusti KT (1992). Antidiabetic effects of S-allyl cysteine

sulphoxide isolated from garlic Allium sativum Linn. Indian Journal of Experimental Biology, 30: 523-526.

Sheela CG, Kumud K, Augusti KT(1995). Anti-diabetic effects of onion

and garlic sulfoxide amino acids in rats. Planta Medica, 61(4): 356-7. Shepherd PR, Kahn BB (1999). Glucose transporters and insulin action:

implications for insulin resistance and diabetes mellitus. N. Engl. J. Med, 341: 248–257.

Shepherd PR, Withers DJ, Siddle K (1998). Phosphoinositide 3-kinase:

the key switch mechanism in insulin signaling. Biochemistry Journal, 333: 471-490.

Sheth K, Jolad S, Wiedhopf R, Cole JR (1972). Tumor-inhibitory agent from Hyptis emoryi (Labiatae). Journal of Pharmaceutical Science, 61: 1819.

Shi J, Alves NM, Mano JF (2008). Chitosan coated alginate beads

containing poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) for dual-stimuli-responsive drug release. Journal of Biomedical Materials Research B Applied Biomaterials, 84(2):595–603.

Shimazu T (1987). Neuronal regulation of hepatic glucose metabolism in

mammals. Diabetes Metabolism Review, 3: 185-206. Shoichet BK (2004). Virtual screening of chemical libraries. Nature,

432: 862-865. Shoichet BK, McGovern SL, Wei B, Irwin JJ (2002). Lead discovery using

molecular docking. Current Opinion in Chemical Biology, 6: 439-446. Shu XZ, Zhu KJ (2002). Controlled drug release properties of ionically

cross-linked chitosan beads: the influence of anion structure. International Journal of Pharmaceutics, 233(1-2):217–225.

Shutava TG, Lvov YM (2006).Nano-engineered microcapsules of tannic

acid and chitosan for protein encapsulation. Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, 6: 1655-1661.

Siddiqui MR, Moorthy K, Taha A, Hussain ME, Baquer NZ (2006). Low

doses of vanadate and Trigonella synergistically regulate Na+/K+-ATPase activity and Glut-4 translocation in alloxan-diabetic rats. Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, 285: 17-27.

Sima AA, Sugimoto K (1999). Experimental diabetic neuropathy: An

update. Diabetologia, 42: 773–788. Sinacore DR, Gulve EA (1993). The role of skeletal muscle in glucose

transport glucose homeostasis and insulin resistance: implications for physical therapy. Physical Therapy, 73: 878-891.

Sindurani JA, Rajamohan T (2000). Effects of different levels of coconut

fiber on blood glucose, serum insulin and minerals in rats. Indian Journal of Phsyiology and Pharmacology

. 44(1): 97-100.

Singh SN, Vats P, Suri S, Shyam R, Kumria MML, Ranganathan S, Sridharan K (2001). Effect of an antidiabetic extract of Catharanthus roseus on enzymic activities in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 76: 269-277.

Singh SS, Pandey SC, Srivastava S, Gupta VS, Patro B, Ghosh AC (2003). Chemistry and medicinal properties of Tinospora cordifolia (Guduchi). Indian Journal of Pharmacology, 35: 83-91.

Sivitz WI, Desautel SL, Kayano T, Bell GI, Pessin JE (1989). Regulation

of glucose transporter messenger RNA in insulin-deficient states. Nature, 340:72-74.

Slavin BG, Beigelman PM, Bessman SP (1977). Cytophysiological studies

on isolated pancreatic islets in vitro. The Anatomical Record, 188: 445-452.

Smidsrod O, Skjakbraek G (1990). Alginate as immobilization matrix for

Cells. Trends in Biotechnology, 8: 71–78. Sofue M, Yoshimura Y, Nishida M, Kawada J (1991). Uptake of

nicotinamide by rat pancreatic beta cells with regard to streptozotocin action. Journal of Endocrinology, 131: 135-138.

Soltani N, Keshavarz M, Dehpour AR (2007). Effect of oral magnesium

sulfate administration on blood pressure and lipid profile in streptozotocin diabetic rats. European Journal of Pharmacology: 560: 201–205.

Song Y, Manson JE, Buring JE, Howard D, Simin Liu S (2005).

Associations of Dietary Flavonoids with Risk of Type 2 Diabetes, and Markers of Insulin Resistance and Systemic Inflammation in Women: A Prospective Study and Cross-Sectional Analysis. Journal of American College Nutrition, 24(5): 376-84.

Soppimath KS, Aminabhavi TM, Kulkarni AR, Rudzinski WE(2001).

Biodegradable polymeric nanoparticles as drug delivery devices. Journal of Controlled release, 70(1-2):1-20.

Sousa Junior PT, Dall’Oglio EL, Silva LE, Figueiredo US, Vieira PC,

Machado HV, Santos LG (2009). Acosmium genus: chemical composition and pharmacological potential. Brazilian Journal of Pharmacognosy, 19: 150- 157.

Spiro RG, Ashmore J, Hastings AB (1958). Studies on carbohydrate

metabolism in rat liver slices. XII. Sequence of metabolic events following acute insulin deprivation. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 230: 761.

Sridhar GR, Nagamani G (2002). Clinical association of autoimmune

diseases with diabetes mellitus: analysis from southern India. The New York

Academy of Sciences, 958:390-392.

Sridhar SB, Sheetal UD, Pai MRSM, Shastri MS (2005). Preclinical evaluation of the antidiabetic effect of Eugenia jambolana seed powder in streptozotocin-diabetic rats. Brazillian Journal of Medical and Biological Research, 38(3): 463-468.

Srinivas Reddy S, Priyadarshini Pati P, Praveen Kumar HN, Pradeep and

Narahari Sastry G (2007). Virtual Screening in Drug Discovery – A Computational Perspective. Current Protein and Peptide Science, 8: 329-351.

Srinivasan T, Srivastava GK, Pathak A, Batra S, Raj K, Singh K, Purib

SK, Kundua B (2002). Solid-phase synthesis and bioevaluation of lupeol-based libraries as antimalarial agents. Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry Letters, 12: 2803-2806.

Stahl M, Rarey M (2001). A Detailed Analysis of Scoring Functions for

Virtual Screening. Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, 44: 1035-1042. Stanley P, Mainzen Prince, Kamalakkannan N (2006). Rutin improves

glucose homeostasis in streptozotocin diabetic tissues by altering glycolytic and gluconeogenic enzymes. Journal of Biochemical and Molecular Toxicology, 20(2):96-102.

Stearns SB, Camillo AB (1977). Structural and chemical alterations

associated with hepatic glycogen metabolism in genetically diabetic and streptozotocin induced diabetic mice. Laboratory Investigation, 36: 180-187.

Steiner D, Dodson G (1998). The role of assembly in insulin’s

biosynthesis. Current Opinion in Structural Biology,

8: 189–194.

Steiner DF, Bell GI, Rubenstein AH, Chan SJ (2001). Chemistry and biosynthesis of the islet hormones: insulin, islet amyloid polypeptide (amylin), glucagon, somato statin and pancreatic polypeptide. In: Endocrinology, DeGroot, L.J. and Jameson, J.L., Eds): 667–696. Saunders, Philadelphia.

Steiner DF, King J (1964). Induced synthesis of hepatic uridine

diphosphate glucose glycogen glycosyl transferase after administration of insulin to alloxan diabetic rats. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 239: 1292–1298.

Steiner DF, Oyer PE (1967). Biosynthesis of insulin by a human islet cell

ade noma. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 57: 473–481.

Subash Babu P, Prabuseenivasan P, Ignacimuthu S (2007).

Cinnamaldehyde- A potential antidiabetic agent. Phytomedicine, 4: 15–22.

Sudhahar V, Kumar SA, Mythili Y, Varalakshmi P (2007a). Remedial

effect of lupeol and its ester derivative on hypercholesterolemia-induced oxidative and inflammatory stresses. Nutrition Research, 27: 778-787.

Sudhahar V, Kumar SA, Sudharsan PT, Varalakshmi P (2007b). Protective

effect of lupeol and its ester on cardiac abnormalities in experimental hyper cholesterolemia. Vascular Pharmacology, 46: 412-418.

Sudhahar V, Kumar SA, Varalakshmi P (2006). Role of lupeol and lupeol

linoleate on lipemic-oxidative stress in experimental hypercholesterolemia. Life Sciences, 78: 1329-1335.

Sudhahar V, Kumar SA, Varalakshmi P, Sujatha V (2008). Protective

effect of lupeol and lupeol linoleate in hypercholesterolemia associated renal damage. Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, 317: 11-20.

Sudharsan PT, Mythili Y, Selvakumar E, Varalakshmi P (2005).

Cardioprotective effect of pentacyclic triterpene, lupeol and its ester on cyclophosphamide-induced oxidative stress. Human and Experimental Toxicology, 24: 313-318.

Sugihara Y, Nojima H, Matsuda H, Murakami T, Yoshikawa M, Kimura I

(2000). Antihyperglycemic effects of gymnemic acid IV, a compound derived from Gymnema sylvestre leaves in streptozotocindiabetic mice. Journal of Asian Natural Products Research, 2: 321-7.

Sui DY, Lu ZZ, Li SH, Cai Y (1994). Hypoglycemic effect of saponin isolated

from leaves of Acanthopanax senticosus (Rupr. et Maxin.). Harms Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi, 19(11): 683-685.

Surh YJ (2003). Cancer chemoprevention with dietary phytochemicals.

Nature Reviews Cancer, 3: 768-780. Susuki K, Kono T (1980). Evidence that insulin causes translocation of

glucose transport activity to the plasma membrane from an intracellular storage site. Porc.Natl.Acad.Sci, 77:2542-2545.

Suzuki M, Ikekawa N (1966). Studies on the sterol of Bombyx mori. V.

Lupeol in silkworm blood. Chemical Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 14: 1049-1051.

Syed DN, Suh Y, Afaq F, Mukhtar H (2008). Dietary agents for

chemoprevention of prostate cancer. Cancer Letters, 265: 167-176. Szkudelski T (2001). The mechanisim of alloxan and streptozotocin action

in β-cells of the rat pancreas. Physiological Research, 50: 537-546.

Taha C, Klip A (1999). The insulin signaling pathway. Journal of Membrane

Biology, 169:1-12. Takasu N, Komiya I, Asawa T, Nagasaga Y, Yamada T (1991).

Streptozotocin and alloxan-induced H2O2

generation and DNA fragmentation in pancreatic islets. Diabetes, 40: 1141-1145.

Takeuchi H, Yamamoto H, Kawashima Y (2001). Mucoadhesive nanoparticulate systems for peptide drug delivery. Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews, 47(1): 39–54.

Tamrakar AK, Tiwari P, Ahmad Kumar R, Lakshmi VR, Srivastava AK,

Srivastava MN (2008). Antihyperglycaemic activity of Sinularia firma and Sinularia erecta in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Medicinal Chemistry Research, 17: 62–73.

Tan AW, Nuttall FQ (1976). Regulation of synthase, phosphatase and

phosphorylase in rat liver. Biochemica Biophysica Acta, 445: 118-130.

Tanaka K, NishizonO S, Makino N, Tamaru S, Terai O, Ikeda I (2008).

Hypoglycemic Activity of Eriobotrya japonica Seeds in Type 2 Diabetic Rats and Mice. Bioscience, Biotechnology , 72 (3): 686–693.

, and Biochemistry

Taskimen MR (1987). Lipoprotein lipase in diabetes. Diabetes Metabolism

Reviews, 3: 551-570. Thabrew MI, Joice PDTM, Rajatissa WA (1987). Comparative study of the

efficacy of Paetta indica and Osbeckia octandra in the treatment of liver dysfunction. Planta Medica, 53: 239–241.

Thanou M. Verhoef JC, Junginger HE (2001). Oral drug absorption

enhancement by chitosan and its derivatives. Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews, 52(2):117–126.

Thayer RE, Rice CL, Pettigrew FP, Noble EG, Taylor AW (1993). The fiber

composition of skeletal muscle. In: Principles of exercise Biochemistry. Pppotmans,J.R., (Ed) Karger medical and scientific publisher, Basel, 25-50.

The DCCT Research Group (1993). The effect of intensive treatment of

diabetes on the development and progression on long-term complications in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. New England Journal of Medicine, 329: 977-986.

Thorburn AW, Gumbiner B, Bulacan F, Brechtel G, Henry RR (1987). Multiple defects in muscle glycogen synthesis in non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. Journal of Clinical Investigation, 87: 489-495.

Thorens B, Gremilch S, Roduit R, Widmann C (1996). Molecular aspects

of control of insulin secretion. Journ Annu Diabetol Hotel Dieu, 55:55-68.

Thulesen J, Orskov C, Holst JJ, Poulsen SS (1997). Short-term insulin

treatment prevents the diabetogenic action of streptozotocin in rats. Endocrinology, 138: 62-68.

Tierney LM, McPhee SJ, Papadakis MA 2002. Current medical Diagnosis

and Treatment. International edition. New York: Lange Medical Books/McGraw-Hill. pp. 1203– 1215. ISBN 0-07-137688.

Toora BD, Rajagopal G (2002). Measurement of creatinine by Jaffe’s

reaction-determination of concentration of sodium hydroxide required for maximum colour development in standard, urine and protein free filtrate of serum. Indian Journal of Experimental Biology, 40: 352-354.

Travlos GS, Morris RW, Elwell MR, Duke, A, Rosenblum S, Thompson

MB (1996). Frequency and relationship of clinical chemistry and liver and kidney histopathology findings in 13-week toxicity studies in rats. Toxicology, 107: 17-29.

Trejo-Gonzalez A, Gabriel-Ortiz G, Puebla-Perez AM, Huizar-Contreras

MD, Munguia-Mazariegos MR, Mella-Arreguin S, Calva E (1996). A purified extract from prickly pear cactus (Opuntia fuliginosa) controls experimentally induced diabetes in rats. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 55:27–33.

Tsai CC, Lin CC (1999). Anti inflammatory effects of Taiwan folk medicine

‘Teng Khia U’ on carrageenan and adjuvant induced paw edema in rats. Jounral of Ethnopharmacology, 64: 85–89.

Tudor Ionel Oprea (2002). Virtual Screening in Lead Discovery: A

Viewpoint. Molecules, 7: 51–62. Turk J, Corbett JA, Ramanadham S, Bohrer A, Mc Daniel ML (1993).

Biochemical evidence for nitric oxide formation from streptozotocin in isolated pancreatic islets. Biochemical and Biophysical Ressearch Communications, 197: 1458-1464.

UKPDS (1998). Intensive blood glucose control with sulphonylureas or

insulin compared with conventional treatment and risk of complications in patients with type 2 diabetes: UKPDS 33, Lancet, 352: 837–851.

Ulrich KE, Cannizzro SM, Langer RS, Shakeshef KM (1999). Controlled release dosage form design. Chemical Review, 99:3181.

Unger RH (1976). Diabetes and the alpha cell. Diabetes, 25:136-152. Upadhayay VP, Pandey K (1984). Ayurvedic approach to diabetes mellitus

and its management by indigenous resources. In: Bajay, J.S., edition, Diabetes Mellitus in developing countries, New Delhi.

Valiathan MS (1998). Healing plants. Current Science, 75:1122–1126. Van de Waterbeemd H, Camenisch G, Folkers G, Raevsky O (1996). An

Estimation of Caco-2 cell permeability using calculated molecular descriptors. Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship, 15: 480-490.

Van der Lubben IM, Verhoef JC, Borchard G, Junginger HE

(2001).Chitosan for mucosal vaccination. Advanced Drug Delivery Review, 52: 139-144.

Vande Waterbeemd H, Smith DA, Beaumont K, Walker DK (2001).

Property-based design: optimization of drug absorption and pharmacokinetics. Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, 44:1313–1333, 2001.

Vasconcelos JF, Teixeira MM, Barbosa-Filho JM, Lúcio ASSC, Almeida

JRGS, Queiroz LP, Ribeiro-dos-Santos R, Soares MBP (2008). The triter penoid lupeol attenuates allergic airway inflammation in a murine model. International Immunopharmacology, 8: 1216-1221.

Vats V, Yadav SP, Grover JK (2004). Ethanolic extract of Ocimum sanctum

leaves partially attenuates streptozotocin induced alterations in glycogen content and carbohydrate metabolism in rats. Journal of Ethnopharmacology,

90: 155–160.

Vchigata Y, Yamamoto H, Kawamura A, Okamoto H (1982). Protection superoxide dismutase, catalase and poly (ADP– ribore) synthetase inhibitors against alloxan and streptozotocin-induced islet DNA strand breaks and against the inhibition of Proinsulin synthesis. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 257: 6084-6088.

Venkatachalam CM, Jiang X, Oldfield T, Waldman M (2003). LigandFit: A

Novel Method for the Shape-Directed Rapid Docking of Ligands to Protein Active Sites. Journal of Molecular Graphphics and Modeling, 21: 289-307.

Ver A, Szanto I, Banyasz T, Csermely P, Vegh E, Somogyi J (1999).

Changes in the expression of Na+/K+ ATPase isoenzymes in the left ventricle of diabetic rat heart: effect on insulin treatment. Diabetes and Metabolism, 25: 32–40.

Verdonk ML, Berdini V, Hartshorn MJ, Mooij WT. M, Murray CW, Taylor RD, Watson P (2004). Virtual screening using protein-ligand docking: avoiding artificial enrichment. Journal of Chemical Information and modeling, 44: 793-806.

Verma AK, Sachin K, Saxena A, Bohidar HB(2005). Release kinetics from

biopolymeric nanoparticles encapsulating protein synthesis inhibitorcycloheximide, for possible therapeutic applications. Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, 6: 121-130.

Vessal M, Hemmati M, Vasei M (2003). Hypoglycemic effects of quercetin

in streptozocin-induced diabetic rats. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology C Toxicology and Pharmacology,135C: 357-64.

Vestergoard H (1999). Studies of gene expression and activity of

hexokinase, phosphofructokinase and glycogen synthetase in human skeletal muscle in states of altered insulin stimulated glucose metabolism. Dan Medical Biology, 46: 13-34.

Vijayavargia R, Kumar M, Gupta S (2000). Hypoglycemic effect of

Enicostemma littorale Blume (chota chirayata) on alloxan-induced diabetes mellitus in rats. Indian Journal of Experimental Biology, 38: 781–784.

Vila A, Sanchez A, Tobbio M, Calvo P, Alonsa MJ (2002). Design of

biodegradable particles for protein delivery, Journal of Controlled release, 78:15-24.

Villar-Palasi C, Larner J (1961). Insulin treatment and increased UDPG-

glycogen transglucosylase activity in muscle. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics, 94: 436-442.

Vinagradov SV, Bronich TK, Kabanov AV (2002). Nanosized cationic

hydrogels for drug delivery: preparation, properties and interactions with cells. Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews. 54 (1): 135- 147.

Walters WM, Namchuk M (2003). A guide to drug discovery:

Designing screens: how to make your hits a hit. Nature Reviews Drug Discovery, 2: 259-266.

Waltner-Law ME, Wang XL, Law BK, et al (2002). A Constituent of Green Tea, Represses Hepatic Glucose Production. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 277(38): 34933-40.

Wang X, Richards NGJ (2005). Computer-Based Strategy for Modeling the

Interaction of AGRP and Related Peptide Ligands with the AGRP-Binding Site of Murine Melanocortin Receptors. Current Pharmaceutical Design, 11: 345-356.

Wang Z, Dohle C, Friemann J, Green BS, Gleichmann H (1993). Prevention of High and low dose STZ-induced diabetes with D-glucose and 5-thio-D-glucose. Diabetes, 42: 420-428.

Watala, C., 1993. Altered structural and dynamic properties of blood cell

membranes in diabetes mellitus. Diabetic Medicine, 10:13-20. Watson RT, Kanzaki M, Pessin JE (2004). Regulated membrane trafficking

of the insulin-responsive glucose transporter 4 in adipocytes. Endocrine Reviews, 25: 177–204.

Weinshilboum R (2003). Inheritance and drug response. The New England

Journal of Medicine, 348: 529-37. Weiss RB (1982). Streptozotocin. A review of its pharmacology, efficacy

and toxicity. Cancer Treatment Report, 66: 427-438. Welmer HE, Moshine JR, Sailcin D (1952). Distribution of glycoproteins in

normal human plasma. American Review of Tuberclosis, 68: 594. Welsh N, Sandler S (1994). Protective action by hemin against inter leukin

– 1 beta induced inhibition of rat Pancreatic islet function. Molecular Endocrinology, 103: 109-114.

White JR (1996). The pharmacologic management of patients with type II

diabetes mellitus in the era of new oral agents and insulin analogs. Diabetes Spectrum, 9: 227-234.

White MF (1998). The IRS signaling system: a network of docking proteins

that mediate insulin action. Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, 182: 3-11.

Whitton PD, Hems DA (1975). Glycogen synthesis in the perfused liver of

streptozotocin–diabetic rats. Biochemical Journal, 150: 153-165. Wilson GL, Patton NJ, McLord JM, Mullins DW, Mossman BT (1984).

Mechanisms of Streptozotocin and alloxan-induced damage in rat β cells. Diabetogia, 27: 587-591.

Witherup KM, Mc Laughlin JL, Judd RL, Ziegler MH, Medon PJ, Keller

WJ (1995). Identification of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaric acid (HMG) as a hypoglycemic principle of Spanish moss (Tillandsia usneoides). Journal of Natural Product, 58(8): 1285-1290.

Witters LA, Auruch J (1978). Insulin regulation of hepatic glycogen

synthetase and phosphorylase. Biochemistry, 17: 406-410. World Health Organization (1980). Second report of the WHO expert

committee on diabetes mellitus. Technical Report Series, 646: 66.

Xu Y, Du Y (2003).Effect of molecular structure of chitosan on protein

delivery properties of chitosan nanoparticles. International Journal of Pharmaceutics, 250: 215-226.

Yamamoto H, Uchigata Y, Okamoto H (1981). Streptozotocin and alloxan

induced DNA strand breaks and alloxan and Poly (ADP-ribore) synthetase in pancreatic islets. Nature, 294: 284-286.

Yamamoto M, Kataoka K (1988). An electron microscope study of the

development of the exocrine and endocrine pancreas with special reference to intercellular junctions. Archlives of Histology and Cytology, 51: 315-325.

Yang JM, Shen TWA (2005). Virtual screening in drug discovery. Proteins,

59: 205-220. Yang M, Xu ZP, Xu CJ, Meng J, Ding GQ, Zhang XM, Weng Y (2008).

Renal protective activity of Hsian-tsao extracts in diabetic rats. Biomedical and Environmental Sciences, 21(3):222-7.

Yanjnik CS (2001). The insulin resistance epidemic in India: fetal origins,

later lifestyle, or both? Nutrition Review, 59: 1-9. Yaryura-Tobias JA, Pinto A, Neziroglu F (2001). Anorexia nervosa,

diabetes mellitus, brain atrophy, and fatty liver. International Journal of Etiological Disorders, 30: 350–353.

Yotsumoto T, Naitoh T, Shika da K, Tanaka S (1997). Effects of specific

antagonists of angiotensin II receptors and captopril on diabetic nephropathy in mice. Japanese Journal of Pharmacology, 75: 59-64.

Youngren JF, Maddux BA, Sasson S, Sbraccia P, Tapscott EB, Swanson,

MS, Dohm GL, Goldfine ID (1996). Skeletal musle content of membrane glycoproteins PC-1 in obesity, Relationship of muscle glucose transport. Diabetes, 45: 585–587.

Yu BC, Hung CR, Chen WC, Cheng JT (2003). Antihyperglycemic effect of

andrographolide in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Planta Medica, 69: 1075-9.

Yu H

, Wang Z, Zhang L (2007). The discovery of novel vascular endothelial growth factor receptor tyrosine kinases inhibitors: pharmacophore modeling, virtual screening and docking studies. Chemical Biology and Drug Design, 69(3): 204-11.

Yu LX, Amidon GL, Polli JE, Zhao H, Mehta MU, Conner DP, Shah VP, Lesko LJ, Chen ML, Lee VHL, Hussain AS (2002). Biopharmaceutics classification system: the scientific basis for biowaiver extensions. Pharmaceutical Research, 19: 921.925.

Zhang L, Zhang Y, Zhang L, Yang X, Lv Z (2009). Lupeol, a dietary triter

pene, inhibited growth, and induced apoptosis through down-regulation of DR3 in SMMC7721 cells. Cancer Investigation, 27:163-170.

Zhang X, Burt HM, Hoff DV, Dexter D, Mangold G, Degen D, Okataba

AM, et al (1997). An investigation of the antitumour activity and biodistribution of polymeric micellar paclitaxel. Cancer Chemotherapy and Pharmacology, 40: 81–86.

Zhang X, Gregg EW, Cheng YJ, et al (2008). Diabetes mellitus and visual

impairment. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1999-2004. Archives in Ophthalmology,126:1421-1427.

Zia T, Hasnain SN, Hasan S.K (2001). Evaluation of the oral hypoglycemic

effect of Trigonella foenum graecum L. (methi) in normal mice. Jounral of Ethnopharmacology, 75: 191-195.

Zierath Juleen R, Kawano Yuichi (2003). The effect of hyperglycaemia on

glucose disposal and insulin signal transduction in skeletal muscle. Best practice & research. Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 17(3):385-98.

Zimmerman HJ (1978). Hepatotoxicity: the adverse effects of drugs and

other chemicals on the liver. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, pg.no: 353.

Zimmet P (2003). The burdenof type 2 diabetes: are we doing enough?

Diabetes and Metabolism

, 29: 6S9-18.

Zimmet P, Alberti KGMM, Shaw J (2001). Global and societal implications of the diabetes epidemic. Nature, 414: 782-787.