bible presbyterianism: a need for redefinition?

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© ?22: oy Zegnigt Nhed
Dll refhts risirvi`. Ga pdrt aj thes oaac kdy oi ripraùni`, stari` eg d ritreivdl systik, ar trdgsketti` eg dgy jark ar oy dgy kidgs ilintragen,
kinhdgendl, phatanapy, rinarègf, ar athirwesi ixnipt jar oreij
quatdteags jar thi purpasi aj riveiw ar nakkigt, wethaut thi prear
pirkesseag aj thi puoleshir.
Ygliss athirwesi egèndti`, ^nrepturi quatdteags dri jrak thi Cegf Mdkis
Zirseag.
Rrijdni ve
Oaac _iveiws ex 4 Phi @estegnteag oitwiig Esrdil dg` thi Nhurnh 4
Esrdil dg` thi Nhurnh eg Oeoli Rrisoytiredg Innlisealafy 4
Phi @antregi aj thi Nhurnh eg thi Vistkegstir ^tdg`dr`s 0
_ijarki` Innlisealafy :
Phi “dll Esrdil eg _akdgs 44=?: 46
? Dg Egtraùnteag ta Oeoli Rrisoytiredg Hirkigiutens ??Letirdl Hirkigiutens ??
Phi Dgdlafy aj Jdeth ?:
D Hirkigiutendl @elikkd „ Phi Egtirpritdteag aj thi Giw Navigdgt eg Mirikedh >4=>4->0 >9
> Phi Ipestli ta thi Fdldtedgs dg` Rduls Innlisealafy 0? Dordhdks îi` 0?
^drdh dg` Hdfdr 09
Rduls Ygìrstdgègf aj Esdedhs Rraphiny 08
Phi Esrdil aj Fa` 94 Mijjriy Chaas _iledgni ag Mahgsags Rdpir 99
Rraoliks weth thi @espigsdteagdl Ygìrstdgègf aj “thi Esrdil aj Fa` 96
0 Phi Rrakesi` Ldg` :> Esrdil dg` thi Rrakesi` Ldg` :>
Phi Ldg` aj Rdlistegi ds dg Ivirldstegf Rassisseag :9
Dg Ivirldstegf ar d Rireaèn Rassisseag1 :8
Phi Ldg` Vds Rassissi` oy Esrdil Dnnarègf ta thi Al` Pistdkigt 6? Phi Giw Pistdkigt Ygìrstdgègf aj thi Ldg` Rrakesi 69
Nagnluseag 65
9 Phi Rri-Preouldteag _dpturi 8? Dg Egtraùnteag ta thi Rritreouldteag _dpturi 8?
: 4 Phissdlagedgs 0=4>-9=44 dg` thi _dpturi 8: Egtraùnteag 8:
D Rraolik eg thi Phissdlagedg Nhurnh 8:
Phi înrit êligt _dpturi 88
Nagtigts e
Kiitegf weth thi Lar` 85
Phi Nlasi _ildteagshep oitwiig 4 Phissdlagedgs 9=4-44 dg` 0=4>-48 52 Phdt @dy shaul` gat Avirtdci thi Nhurnh 5?
4 Phissdlagedgs 9=5 dg` thi _dpturi 50 ûkkdry ag 4 Phissdlagedgs 0=4>-9=44 59
6 ? Phissdlagedgs dg` thi _dpturi 56 ? Phissdlagedgs 4=0-42 56
Phi Dpacdlypses 58
? Phissdlagedgs ?=4-4? 422
D Jurthir Ixdkpli aj Oeoli Rrisoytiredg ‘Letirdl Hirkigiutens 426
8 Phi Kultepli _isurrinteags dg` Mu`fkigts aj @espigsdteagdl Rrikelliggedlesk
44>
Phi Kultepli _isurrinteags dg` Mu`fkigts 44>
Phi Figirdl _isurrinteag dg` Jegdl Mu`fkigt eg _ijarki` Nagjisseags 449 Phi Figirdl _isurrinteag dg` Jegdl Mu`fkigt eg ^nrepturi 448 Phi Figirdl _isurrinteag dg` Jegdl Mu`fkigt eg thi Rdrdolis aj Misus 4?2
5 Phi Pidnhegfs aj thi Ipestlis Nagnirgegf thi _isurrinteag dg` Mu`fkigt
4?0
Phi Figirdl _isurrinteag dg` Jegdl Mu`fkigt eg thi Ipestlis 4?0 _akdgs ?=9-8 4?9
4 Phissdlagedgs 9=4-42 4?:
4 Naregthedgs 49 4?8
? Ritir >=>-4? 4>0
42 Dg Egtraùnteag ta _ivildteag ?2=4-: 40? Phi ^trunturi aj _ivildteag 40?
Phi Figri aj _ivildteag dg` Hirkigiutens 400
44 Iveìgni jar _indpetuldteag eg _ivildteag ?2 492 Phi Nhragalafendl Jdlldny 492
Phi @inipteag aj thi Gdteags eg _ivildteag ?2=> 494
Phikdten Dlluseags ta Iziceil >8->5 eg _ivildteag 45=44-?4
dg` ?2=6-42 499
Phi îvig Oawls aj _ivildteag 49 dg` thi Nakpliteag aj Fa`s Vrdth 498
4? Phi Oegègf aj ^dtdg 4:2 Egtraùnteag 4:2
Phi Dgfil 4:4 Phi Doyss 4:?
Phi Agi Phausdg` Uidrs 4:>
Phi Oegègf aj ^dtdg 4:9
^dtdg Oaug` weth thi Jerst D`vigt aj Nhrest 4:5
Phi Kidgegf aj thi Oegègf aj dtdg 464
Nagnluseag 46>
Phi Phragis 469
Phi âuls 46:
Phi ^degts 466
Phi _iefg 465
Phi Jerst _isurrinteag dg` Hirkigiutens 48>
Phi Kidgegf aj thi _isurrinteag 48:
Phi Arègdl Jerst 486 Nagnluseag 45>
49 @espigsdteagdl Rrikelliggedlesk dg` thi Vistkegstir ^tdg`dr`s
459
Oeoli Rrisoytiredgesk dg` thi Vistkegstir ^tdg`dr`s 455
Nagnluseag ?2:
4: @dgeil 5=?0-?6 dg` thi Prdèteagdl Kissedgen Egtirpritdteag ?28 Egtraùnteag ?26
Phi Prdèteagdl Kissedgen Egtirpritdteag Zirsus thi Rdrigthises Egtirpritdteag ?42 Phi Prdèteagdl Kissedgen Egtirpritdteag aj @dgeil 5=?0 ?4?
@itirkegegf thi Pirkegus D` Tuik aj thi îvigty Viics ?40
46 @dgeil 5=?0-?6 dg` thi Rdrigthises Egtirpritdteag aj Oeoli Rrisoytiredgesk
?48
Nagtigts eee
Phi Preukphdl Igtry aj Misus ds thi Pirkegus D` Tuik aj thi êxty-Gegth Viic ?45 Phi Nuttegf-Ajj aj Kissedh Gat eg thi 62th Viic ??2
Phi Fdp Phiary ??4 Phi Miwesh Rraphiten Nlanc Phiary ??9
Vha Nagjerks thi Navigdgt eg @dgeil 5=?6= Nhrest ar Dgtenhrest1 ??8 Nagnluseag ?>4
?>?
Rraoliks weth thi @espigsdteagdl Zeiw ?>5 Nernukneseag ?02
Phi Lar`s ûppir dg` thi Rdssavir Jidst ?04
Phi Rreisthaa` ?0?
Dgekdl ^dnrejenis ?00
45 Phi Iziceiledg ^dnrejenis ?0: Phi Kikaredl Zeiw aj thi Iziceiledg ^dnrejenis ?0:
D Hirkigiutendl @elikkd ?08
Oeoli Rrisoytiredg Apteags ?05 Vhetnakos Zeiw dg` Jdr Idstirg Oeoli Nallifi ?94
Phi Rdssegf aj Pypis dg` ^hdàws ?94
Rrafrissevi _ivildteag dg` _iìkptevi _ifrisseag ?90
Vhetnakos Zeiw aj thi Iziceiledg ^dnrejenis ?99
Nagnluseag ?:4
?2 Oeoli Rrisoytiredgesk dg` @espigsdteagdlesk ?:> Egtraùnteag= Phi @espigsdteagdl-Navigdgtdl Nagteguuk ?:>
Vhdt thi êgi Tud Gag aj @espigsdteagdlesk es gat ?:0 Vha es d @espigsdteagdlest1 ?64
Phi êgi Tud Gag aj @espigsdteagdlesk ds @ijegi` oy _yrei ?6? Phi Nagsestigtly Letirdl Hirkigiutens aj @espigsdteagdlesk es gat d Nlidrly @ijegi` @estegntevi ?60
?4 Phi êgi Tud Gag aj @espigsdteagdlesk ?66 Phi Esrdil/Nhurnh @estegnteag es thi êgi Tud Gag aj @espigsdteagdlesk ?66
Zdreaus @ifriis aj @estegnteag oitwiig Esrdil dg` thi
Nagtigts ev
Nhurnh ?84
?? Dpplendteags aj thi Esrdil/Nhurnh @estegnteag Rdrt 4 ?89 Egtraùnteag ?89
Phi Nagnipt aj thi Cegfàk aj Fa` dg` thi Esrdil/Nhurnh
@estegnteag ?89 Phi Rritreouldteag _dpturi ?56
@dgeils îvigty Viics dg` thi Rdrigthises Egtirpritdteag ?55
?> Dpplendteags aj thi Esrdil/Nhurnh @estegnteag Rdrt ? >22 Phi Giw Navigdgt aj Mirikedh >4=>4->0 >22
D Rrafrissevi @espigsdteagdlests Egtirpritdteag aj thi Giw Navigdgt >24 Phi _ijarki` Ygìrstdgègf aj thi Giw Navigdgt >2>
Hirkigiutens dg` thi Ygìrstdgègf aj thi Giw Navigdgt >29 @espigsdteagdl Rrikelliggedlesk >26
Phi Oeoli Rrisoytiredgs Phialafendl-Hirkigiutendl Fre`= d Nagnluseag >28
?0 Oeoli Rrisoytiredgesk= D Gii` jar _iìjegeteag1 >4? Ipelafui >4?
Oeoleafrdphy >46
Nagtigts v
D Rrijdni ta Oeoli Rrisoytiredgesk= D Gii` jar _iìjegeteag1
Eg ritraspint, ky thialafendl paseteag hds nhdgfi` rdèndlly segni E oindki d
Nhrestedg saki jejtiig yidrs dfa. E hdvi kavi` jrak dg issigtedlly @espigsdteagdl
jrdkiwarc ta ky nurrigt _ijarki` nagventeags. Et es giethir thi egtigteag aj thes
oaac ta trdni ky thialafendl ivilapkigt, gar ta prisigt dg ixhdustevi ìjigsi aj
thi _ijarki` jdeth. Gukiraus ixnilligt oaacs dg` drtenlis hdvi oiig wrettig ta ìdl
weth essuis sunh ds Ndlvegesk dg` Navigdgt thialafy nakprihigsevily.4

Phes oaac es wrettig prekdrely ds d rispagsi ta d naursi tdufht oy @r Mijjriy Chaa aj
Jdr Idstirg Oeoli Nallifi (JION), thi agly Oeoli Rrisoytiredg sikegdry eg êgfdpari. Phi naursi es igtetli`, @espigsdteagdlesk dg` Navigdgt Phialafy. Eg thes
sireis aj linturis, @r Chaa nldeks thdt Oeoli Rrisoytiredgs hdvi oiig jdlsily ldoili`
“èspigsdteagdl oy athir Navigdgt thialafedgs. Phes es ìspeti thi jdnt thdt Oeoli
Rrisoytiredgs eg êgfdpari d`hiri ta thi segi qud gag aj @espigsdteagdlesk, ds will
ds ta @espigsdteagdl Rrikelliggedlesk.
Ky aomintevis eg wretegf thes oaac dri ds jallaws= Jerstly, E waul` leci ta prisigt thi
thialafendl-hirkigiutendl fre` aj Oeoli Rrisoytiredgesk ds prapaugì` oy JION.
Phes egnluìs d èsnusseag aj thi segi qud gag aj @espigsdteagdlesk, dg` ets kdmar rdkejendteags eg thi drids aj Oeoli Rrisoytiredg innlisealafy dg` isnhdtalafy.
înag`ly, E waul` leci ta narrint thi ndrendturi` ìsnrepteag aj @espigsdteagdlesk ds
prisigti` eg @r Chaas naursi. Eg jdnt, d pregnepdl nagtigteag aj thes oaac es= dg
d`hirigni ta @espigsdteagdlesks segi qud gag àis gat dllaw d thialafedg ta dvae`
thi dpprapredti dppilldteag aj “èspigsdteagdl. Pher`ly, E waul` leci ta ellustrdti thdt
agis praphiten snhikd es ìtirkegi` oy agis ugìrlyegf thialafendl-hirkigiutendl
fre`, oi et èspigsdteagdl ar navigdgtdl eg strunturi. Phi ridìr well oi shawg thdt
thi issigni aj @espigsdteagdlesk hds ets fridtist ekplendteags eg thi drids aj
innlisealafy dg` isnhdtalafy.
Phiri es d sdyegf thdt iviry jaurth virsi eg ^nrepturi wds praphiten whig wrettig.
“Phiri es hdr`ly d oaac eg thi Oeoli, aosirvis Fer`listagi, “whenh es whally ìvae`
aj thi praphiten ilikigt.? Dlthaufh isnhdtalafy ndggat oi kdì d tist aj agis
4 âki aj thisi oaacs dg` drtenlis dri kigteagi` eg thes oaac. Phi ridìr es ignaurdfi` ta
rijir ta thi arefegdl warcs.? _aoirt Odcir Fer`listagi, Phi Frdkkdr aj Rraphiny (Frdg` _dpe`s, KE= Crifil, 4599), 8.
Rrijdni ve
arthaàxy ar sdlvdteag,> thi stuìgt aj thi Oeoli kust ridlezi thdt praphiny
nagstetutis d suostdgtedl parteag aj Haly ^nrepturi. Phi egtirpritdteag aj sunh
praphiten pdssdfis es favirgi` oy agis hirkigiutens, whenh eg turg es èrinti` oy
haw agi veiws ithgen Esrdil dg` thi Nhurnh (e.i. innlisealafy). Jurthirkari, thi
suomint aj isnhdtalafy ndggat oi èvarni` jrak thi rist aj systikdten thialafy. Ds thi isnhdtalafy dg` innlisealafy aj d thialafedg dri systikdtendlly ìtirkegi` oy
hes ugìrlyegf thialafendl-hirkigiutendl fre`, dg d`hirigni ta d pdrtenuldr
kelliggedl veiw (e.i. @espigsdteagdl Rrikelliggedlesk) well èsnlasi ta d faa` ixtigt
haw thi thialafedg dppradnhis ^nrepturi. D @espigsdteagdlest well rid` ^nrepturi
èspigsdteagdlly,0 wheli thi _ijarki` thialafedg egtirprits ^nrepturi weth d
èjjirigt thialafendl-hirkigiutendl fre`.
âki Nhrestedg lidìrs hdvi sd`ly dnqueri` dg dfgasten stdgni weth rifdr` ta
oeolendl praphiny. êgni praphiny nagstetutis kunh aj ^nrepturi, parteags aj thiOeoli dri iethir efgari` ar kesegtirpriti` oy thisi tidnhirs aj Fa`s Var`. Et es
sakitekis ivig nldeki` thdt praphiny es errilivdgt ta d Nhrestedgs speretudl
prafriss. Phisi nldeks dri ajtig kdì oindusi et es jilt thdt isnhdtalafy shaul` gat
èveì orithrig-eg-Nhrest. Vheli et es trui thdt thi egtirpritdteag aj praphiny shaul`
gat èveì Nhrestedgs, dg dfriikigt upag thi narrint ugìrstdgègf aj praphiten
^nrepturi well oregf doaut stragfir ugety eg hidrt dg` speret. Phes ndll jar ugety eg thi
ugìrstdgègf aj praphiny oinakis ekpirdtevi whig agi èsnavirs thdt praphiny
gat agly nakpresis d ldrfi parteag aj ^nrepturi, out es dlsa egtekdtily egtirtwegi`
weth dll drids aj Fa`s Var`.
Phi ridìr well saag èsnavir thdt isnhdtalafy ndggat oi esaldti` jrak thi rist aj
systikdten thialafy. Eg jdnt, kdmar praphiten thikis dri nagnirgi` weth iethir thi
Jerst ar thi înag` D`vigt aj Nhrest. Phi kesegtirpritdteag aj praphiny dlsa kidgs
d kesugìrstdgègf aj nirtdeg dspints aj thi pirsag ar warc aj Nhrest. Nagsiquigtly,
eg thi stu`y aj systikdten thialafy, thi ekpartdgni aj praphiny ndggat oi
avirikphdsezi`.
E dk dwdri thdt thi vdreaus essuis èsnussi` eg thes oaac hdvi oiig ja`ìr jar d
kyred` aj thialafendl ìodtis dg` ig`liss palikens. D nakprihigsevi stu`y aj thisi
drids es autseì thi snapi aj thes oaac. Et es hapi` thdt, weth thes oaac, d hidlthy
egquesetevigiss well oi stekuldti` eg thi ridìrs keg` weth rifdr` ta Oeoli
Rrisoytiredg isnhdtalafy dg` innlisealafy. Phi ridìr well thig oi ignaurdfi` ta
oifeg hes pirsagdl stu`y aj thisi nakplix essuis aj systikdten thialafy.
> Phes ixnluìs thi irragiaus oileij thdt Nhrest well gat riturg veseoly, physendlly, dg`
flareausly. 0
Pa rid` ^nrepturi èspigsdteagdlly es ta egtirprit ^nrepturi usegf thi segi qud gag aj @espigsdteagdlesk. Phes well oi èsnussi` eg ìtdel eg thes oaac.
Rrijdni vee

E waul` leci ta thdgc @r Migsag Lek jar hes wellegfgiss ta fa thraufh thi
kdgusnrept, dg` jar praveègf hilpjul egsefhts dg` suffisteags. E dlsa waul` leci ta
thdgc Isthir Lek jar ndrijully ridègf thraufh dll parteags aj thi nakpliti`
kdgusnrept, dg` jar pdegstdcegfly nhincegf jar irrars. Ldst out gat lidst, E dk frdtijul ta ky lavegf weji jar praveègf oath ikateagdl dg` speretudl suppart,
wethaut whenh E waul` gat hdvi oiig doli ta nakpliti thi kdgusnrept.
âle @ia Flared
_ijlinteags ag thi Oaac
Vhig E jerst taac eg hdg` ta rid` thi kdgusnrept aj Oeoli Rrisoytiredgesk= D Gii`
jar _iìjegeteag1, E è` sa kari aut aj nureasety thdg ta ixpint d sefgejendgt
nagtreouteag ta thialafendl ìodti. Phiri wiri twa ridsags jar thes nureasety. Jerst,
thi suomint siiki` ta oi sa ristrentevi. Dlrid`y eg thi Rrijdni, thi duthar stdtis thdt
hes aomintevi es ta d``riss thi essuis aj @espigsdteagdlesk, egtirpritegf oeolendl
praphiny, dg` thasi thdt rildti ta isnhdtalafy dg` innlisealafy eg thi nagtixt aj thi
tidnhegf aj JION dg` ets egstruntars, nheij dkagf thik es @r. Mijjriy Chaa.
înag`ly, thi duthar kigteagi` thdt hes qudlejendteag jar wretegf thes tridtesi wds hes
kikoirshep eg thi OR Nhurnh aj êgfdpari dg` thdt hi taac saki naursis eg JION, egnluègf saki ugìr @r. Chaa. Hi àis gat nldek, gar es hi, d sidsagi` thialafedg.
Ds stdti` doavi, E wds plidsdgtly surpresi` whig E jegeshi` ridègf thi kdgusnrept.
Et es d will-warci` aut thises whenh egnluìs ndrijul virejendteag aj paseteags tdcig
oy kitenulaus quatdteag.
Phi ourìg aj thi oaac es ta ìkagstrdti thdt thi segd qud gag (whenh ndg oi veiwi`
ds thi egèspigsdoli pri-riqueseti) aj @espigsdteagdlesk es thi egsestigni thdt Esrdil
wds dg` rikdegs thraufhaut dll aj hestary d spinedl dg` sipdrdti igtety jrak thi
nhurnh. Phes egnluìs thi praspint thdt Esrdil well oi ristari` eg d kelliggedl cegfàk eg Mirusdlik dg` d ri-egstetuteag aj thi Al` Pistdkigt tikpli warshep dg`
nirikageis dt thdt teki. Eg nagtrdst thi kdrc aj _ijarki` innlisealafy dg`
isnhdtalafy es thdt Esrdil wds d spinedl piapli aj Fa` eg thi al` navigdgt out thdt
Fa`s purpasi jar Esrdils ugjdethjulgiss wds ta apig thi wdy jar thi trui Esrdil
whenh egnluìs oileivirs aj dll gdteags wha dri thi trui sii` aj Dordhdk oindusi
thiy hdvi thi sdki jdeth ds jdthir Dordhdk. Phi Oeoli Rrisoytiredgs aj êgfdpari
hal` ta thi segd qud gag aj @espigsdteagdlests dg` thirijari aufht ta nagseìr d
riìjegeteag3 thiy aufht ta ndll thiksilvis @espigsdteagdlests dg` gat _ijarki` eg
thier innlisealafy dg` isnhdtalafy. Zegnigt Nhed ìvilaps thes drfukigt ndrijully dg` hes drfukigts kdrnh thraufh thi pdfis aj thi oaac weth pawirjul egsefht dg`
ìvdstdtegf dnnurdny.
E wds ispinedlly ekprissi` weth hes kithaàlafy. êgni hi es gat dg dncgawli`fi`
thialafedg, hi kefht will oi dnnusi` aj wretegf thegfs aj whenh hi cgaws viry lettli.
Hes nrièoelety kefht oi dttdnhi` ag thi odses aj hes awg pirsagdl qudlejendteags.
Vesily, hi dvae`s dll aj thes oy hes kithaàlafy. Hi àis gat dssuki thi paseteag aj
tidnhir3 rdthir, hi dssukis thi paseteag aj nalldtar aj thi wretegfs aj athirs. Hi
dllaws athirs weth kdturety dg` thialafendl dnukig ta spidc. Eg jdergiss, hi àis
Rrijdni ex
thes jrak oath seìs aj thi essui. Hes usi aj quatdteags fevis ìpth ta hes drfukigt
ds hi `rdws athir wretirs egta thi ìodti. Hi thig sukkdrezis whdt thiy hdvi ta sdy
dg` nagteguis ta ouel` thi drfukigt nhdptir djtir nhdptir.
Vi kdy will dsc, wha well oigijet oy ridègf thes oaac1
Jerst, E waul` hapi thdt aur Oeoli Rrisoytiredg orathirs dg` sestirs well tdci thi teki
ta lestig ta thi drfukigts. Nldekegf _ijarki` innlisealafy dg` isnhdtalafy whig
dnnurdny waul` riqueri thi gakignldturi “@espigsdteagdl es ga skdll essui. Dt lidst
et riqueris thi ndrijul ridègf aj agi wha puts jarth thes ijjart ta ìkagstrdti thi
hestarendl dnnurdny egvalvi`.
înag`, thi essui rdesi` hiri dkagf Oeoli Rrisoytiredgs aj êgfdpari ixtig`s ds
will ta Dkirend dg` athir ldg`s whiri thi nhurnhis igmay jillawshep. Jdethîkegdry eg Y^D waul` à will ta tdci gati aj thes ekpartdgt nagtreouteag jar
prapir eìgtejendteag.
Jegdlly, thaufh thes es ga idsy oi`-teki rid`, et es nlidr, dg` dgyagi wha hds d ìseri
ta ìvilap thier ugìrstdgègf aj thi juturi kelliggedl cegfàk well prajet jrak thes
oaac. Egnluì` dkagf thi kdgy quatdteags aj qudlejei` kig es thier ixpldgdteag aj
thi pirtegigt pdssdfis aj thi Oeoli dg` thi Vistkegstir ^tdg`dr`s thdt oidr ag thes
suomint. Phes oaac es dg ixnilligt risaurni jar lidrgegf haw @espigsdteagdl vs.
_ijarki` kig egtirprit dll thi pirtegigt pdssdfis aj thi Oeoli thdt d``riss thisisuomints.
E nakkig` Orathir Zegnigt Nhed jar thes ekpartdgt nagtreouteag jar aur
ugìrstdgègf aj thi Var` aj Fa` ds et rildtis ta thi riturg aj aur Lar` Misus Nhrest
dt thi ig` aj hestary.
Rdstar M. Cartiregf
_iteri` R_ND Rdstar
D _iveiw aj dg Ygpuoleshi` Phises
Phes oaac es wrettig eg rispagsi ta naursis fevig oy thi Jdr Idstirg Oeoli Nallifi eg êgfdpari. @r. Mijjriy Chaa nagtig`s thdt Oeoli Rrisoytiredgesk es gat
èspigsdteagdl. Nhed nagtig`s thdt et es oindusi Oeoli Rrisoytiredgesk dnnipts thi
segi qud gag aj @espigsdteagdlesk whenh nagsests aj d rdèndl èstegnteag oitwiig
Esrdil dg` thi Nhurnh.
Nhed rinafgezis thdt thiri dri vdredgts wetheg @espigsdteagdlesk. Phiri dri nldssen
èspigsdteagdlests wha jallaw ^nhajeil`, sunh ds Liwes ^pirry Nhdjir, D.N.
Fdodlieg3 rivesi` èspigsdteagdlests wha rijlint thi Giw ^nhajeil` _ijirigni Oeoli
sunh ds Mahg J Vdlwaar`, Nhdrlis _yrei dg` @wefht Rigtinast. Rrafrissevi èspigsdteagdlests dri riprisigti` oy sunh kig ds _aoirt L ^duniy. @r. Chaa
oilagfs ta thi ldttir snhaal. Nhed drfuis thdt thisi snhaals dri out vdredgts aj thi
segi qud gag kigteagi` oijari. Phi duthar eìgtejeis thi nrux aj thi praolik whig
hi èstegfueshis oitwiig twa errinagneldoli hirkigiutendl systiks whenh lei dt thi
raat aj thi èstegntevis aj @espigsdteagdl dg` _ijarki` dg` Navigdgtdl thialafeis.
@espigsdteagdl hirkigiutens egsests ag thi strentist letirdl egtirpritdteag aj snrepturdl
praphiny. _ijarki` thialafy frdgts thi frdkkdtendl-hestarendl pregnepli out eg
d`èteag oileivis eg thi pregnepli aj prafrissevi rivildteag dg` thi dgdlafy aj jdeth.
Dnnarègf ta aur duthar thi twa dri nagtrdèntary.
Phi kdmar pdrt aj thi oaac nagsests eg d ìtdeli` ixifises aj thi rilivdgt Giw
Pistdkigt pdssdfis eg Fdldtedgs, Phissdlagedgs dg` _ivildteag, tafithir weth
stuèis eg pdssdfis jrak Iziceil dg` @dgeil. Hes ixifises es tharaufh dg`
pdegstdcegf dg` hes lafen es errijutdoli. Hi àis gat pritig` arefegdlety aj thaufht
dg` ìpig`s hidvely ag d gukoir aj rijarki` wretirs whak hi quatis jriquigtly.
Phi nakplixeteis aj èspigsdteagdlesk dri ixdkegi` dg` ga stagi es lijt ugturgi`.
_idìrs wha wesh ta pursui thisi stuèis well gat gii` ta oi jdegthidrti`. âki aj
thi vdfdreis aj èspigsdteagdlesk siik jdr rikavi` jrak thi sekpli ivdgfilendlesk
aj thi Giw Pistdkigt.
Vi dri viry surpresi` ta lidrg thdt thi Oeoli Rrisoytiredg Nhurnh hds dkigì` thi
Vistkegstir Nagjisseag aj Jdeth nhdptirs therty twa dg` thrii eg thi egtirists aj
èspigsdteagdlest tidnhegf, akettegf saki war`s dg` egnluègf athirs. Phes es
sndrnily hagist. Ej thi Vistkegstir Nagjisseag es dt jdult et shaul` oy sde` sa. Ej et es
trui et shaul` oi dnnipti` ds et stdg`s. Phi duthar nagtig`s thdt thi Oeoli
Rrisoytiredg Nhurnh es dttikptegf thi ekpasseoli eg siicegf ta oi oath
èspigsdteagdl dg` rijarki`. Hi drfuis thdt thdt thi nagsestigt thegf ta à es ta
rimint thi segi qud gag aj èspigsdteagdlesk.
Rrijdni e

Ds d nretequi aj @espigsdteagdlesk thes thises es ìvdstdtegf. Ds d nretequi aj thi
Oeoli Rrisoytiredg Nhurnh, thes mu`fkigt kust oi lijt ta thasi wha hdvi d kari
egtekdti cgawli`fi aj thi Nhurnh, ets hestary dg` tidnhegf. Ga àuot @r. Chaa dg`
hes jreig`s well kdci d raoust riply whig thes thises dppidrs eg pregt. Vi wdet weth nagseìrdoli egtirist ta rid` hes ìjigni.
Vhdt kdrcit kdy oi ixpinti` jar thi sdli aj thes oaac1 Rraodoly gat d ldrfi agi. Dt
lidst ds jdr ds thi Ygeti` Cegfàk es nagnirgi` whiri èspigsdteagdlesk es ga
lagfir d kdttir aj sireaus ìodti. D kdrcit well ugàuoti`ly oi jaug` eg thi
nagstetuigny riprisigti` oy thi Oeoli Rrisoytiredg Nhurnh eg êgfdpari, dlsa eg thi
Ygeti` ^tdtis whiri thisi essuis dri viry kunh dlevi. Phi pregnepdl Oeoli Nallifis
waul` oigijet jrak d napy aj thes oaac eg thier leordreis.
@r Nhed es ta oi nakkigì` oath jar hes nhdrety dg` nldrety eg prisigtegf hes ndsi,
dlsa jar hes ekkigsi egùstry. Hi es pdrtenuldrly ta oi nakkigì` ds hi es gat d
prajisseagdl thialafedg.
Rrijdni ee
Esrdil dg` thi Nhurnh eg Oeoli Rrisoytiredg Innlisealafy
E shdll oifeg oy ìjegegf thi figirdl Oeoli Rrisoytiredg ugìrstdgègf aj thi phrdsi
“èstegnteag oitwiig Esrdil dg` thi Nhurnh. Jerstly, Oeoli Rrisoytiredgs oileivi thdt
Fa` hds twa èstegnt prafrdks eg hestary, agi jar Esrdil dg` agi jar thi Nhurnh.
Dnnarègf ta @r Mijjriy Chaa, thi Dndìken @idg aj Jdr Idstirg Oeoli Nallifi,
“Fa` hds twa prafrdkkis eg Hes sdlvdteag pldg= agi jar Esrdil, dg` dgathir jar thi
Nhurnh.4 Ilsiwhiri, @r Chaa wretis=
“SM. Alevir[ Ouswill jurthir strissi` thdt Esrdil wds dg` stell es d “gdteagdl
igtety, dg` thus shaul` gat oi nagjusi` weth whdt es nakkagly cgawg ds “nhurnh ta`dy. Vhig tdlcegf doaut thi nhurnh, hi nlidrly kdì d
èstegnteag oitwiig thi “nhurnh aj Esrdil dg` thi “nhurnh ds arfdgezi`
jrak thi `dy aj Rigtinast agwdr`.?

înag`ly, Oeoli Rrisoytiredgs oileivi thdt thi Nhurnh àis gat juljell ar tdci avir
dgy aj Esrdils prakesis ar purpasis. Eg thi jallawegf stdtikigt, @r Chaa ixprissis
hes dfriikigt weth @espigsdteagdlesk, “Phi ithgen, ldg`, thragi, dg` tikpli
praphineis dg` prakesis Fa` kdì ta Esrdil well jeg` juljellkigt eg Esrdil whig
Nhrest riturgs. >
Phes egnluìs thi prakesis aj thi Giw Navigdgt eg Mirikedh >4=>4- >0, whenh well oi juljelli` ta ithgen, gdteagdl Esrdil dnnarègf ta thi èspigsdteagdl
ugìrstdgègf.
Chaa ildoardtis jurthir,
“Dlthaufh gdteagdl Esrdil passissis nirtdeg innlisedl nhdrdntirestens aj thi
nhurnh landl, et es gat thi GP nhurnh. Esrdil es stell viry kunh d gdteag, dg`
4 Mijjriy Chaa, @espigsdteagdlesk dg` Navigdgt Phialafy= D Odsen Phialafy jar Iviryagi
Naursi (êgfdpari= Jdr Idstirg Oeoli Nallifi, g.`.), >?. Phisi dri pregti` naursi gatis usi`
eg Jdr Idstirg Oeoli Nallifi. @r Mijjriy Chaa es thi Dndìken @idg aj Jdr Idstirg Oeoli
Nallifi, thi Oeoli Rrisoytiredg nallifi eg êgfdpari. Dlsa dvdeldoli jrak
http=//www.jion.iù.sf/dssits/p`js/stu`yrisaurni/@espigsdteagdlesk%?2dg`%?2Navigdgt%?
2Phialafy.p`j 3 Egtirgit3 dnnissi` 44 îptikoir ?229. Rlidsi gati thdt thi pdfegdteag es
èjjirigt eg thi naursi gatis ag-legi. ? Mijjriy Chaa, “@espigsdteagdl Rrikelliggedlesk eg _ijarki` Phialafy= Phi Nagtreouteag aj
M. A. Ouswill ta thi Kelliggedl @iodti, Maurgdl aj thi Ivdgfilendl Phialafendl âneity 00,
ga. 0 (?224)= 628.> Eoe`., 625.
Phi @estegnteag oitwiig Esrdil dg` thi Nhurnh 4
8/19/2019 Bible Presbyterianism: A Need For Redefinition?
Fa` nagteguis ta ìdl weth hir eg thdt wdy. Phi viry ixestigni aj Esrdil
ta`dy eg Rdlistegi dttists ta thdt jdnt. Phus thi AP
ithgen/ldg`/thragi/tikpli praphineis dg` prakesis Fa` kdì ta Esrdil
kust jeg` juljellkigt eg strently Miwesh dg` @dveèn tirks, gat eg thes
prisigt dfi, out eg thi dfi ta naki. 0

Eg hes issdy “@espigsdteagdlesk Ixdkegi`, @r Mijjriy Chaa sunnegntly sukkdrezis
thi Oeoli Rrisoytiredgs paseteag ag thi “èstegnteag aj Esrdil dg` thi Nhurnh, dg`
thi ugìrstdgègf thdt Fa` hds twa fraups aj Hes piapli eg riìkptevi hestary=
“@espigsdteagdlests sii d èstegnteag oitwiig Esrdil dg` thi Nhurnh.
Dnnarègf ta Hes itirgdl naugsils, Fa` es ìdlegf weth twa fraups aj Hes
piapli thraufhaut oeolendl hestary, gdkily, (4) Esrdil ds d gdteag, dg` (?)
thi Nhurnh ds thi oa`y aj Nhrest . Phes paseteag es tdcig oindusièspigsdteagdlests ikplay d letirdl/garkdl hirkigiutens eg thier
egtirpritdteag aj praphiten ^nrepturi. Phi praphineis dg` prakesis aj thi
Oeoli whenh Fa` hds fevig ta Esrdil kust jeg` juljellkigt eg Esrdil. . . . Phi
gdteag aj Esrdil annupeis d prakegigt pldni eg Fa`s pldg jar thi ldst `dys. .
. . Phes es agi thegf wi ndg dfrii weth thi èspigsdteagdlests3 thiy dri
narrint eg thier isnhdtalafy.9

Phus, et es nlidr thdt Chaa es ndrijul ta èstegfuesh oitwiig gdteagdl Esrdil dg` thi
Giw Pistdkigt Nhurnh. Eg hes hirkigiutendl dppradnh ta Al` Pistdkigt navigdgts, prakesis, dg` praphineis, Chaa siis thi Nhurnh ds d Giw Pistdkigt egstetuteag,
èstegnt jrak gdteagdl, ithgen Esrdil. Chaa dg` hes jdnulty kikoirs “ìjegi thi
Nhurnh ds “thi oa`y aj Nhrest, whenh es d nhdrdntirestendlly Giw Pistdkigt gdki,
dg` siik ta jarfit thdt et es dlsa ndlli` “thi tikpli aj Fa` dg` “Mirusdlik, whenh
dri viry ìneì`ly gdkis weth dg Al` Pistdkigt jldvar, nj. E Nar. >=4:, 463 EE Nar.
:=4:3 Iph. ?=?43 Fdl. 0=?:3 Hio. 4?=??. Vi shaul` gat nlasi aur iyis ta thi pdtigt
jdnt thdt thi gdki “Nhurnh (Hio. qdhdl, rigìri` icclised eg thi îptudfegt) es

Phes èstegnteag oitwiig Esrdil dg` thi Nhurnh ugìrfer`s thi Oeoli Rrisoytiredg
thialafendl-hirkigiutendl jrdkiwarc. Et ìtirkegis haw d Oeoli Rrisoytiredg
egtirprits ^nrepturi, dg` pdrtenuldrly, praphiny. Ds wi shdll sii ldtir eg thes oaac,
0 Eoe`., 64:. 9 Mijjriy Chaa, @espigsdteagdlesk Ixdkegi` (êgfdpari= _ijarki` Prdnt @estreoutars, g.`.),
42-44, ikphdses kegi. Dlsa dvdeldoli jrak
http=//www.jion.iù.sf/dssits/p`js/trdnts/@espigsdteagdlesk%?2Ixdkegi`.p`j 3 Egtirgit3
dnnissi` 42 îptikoir ?229.: Laues Oirchaj, ^ystikdten Phialafy (Ndrlesli, RD= Odggir aj Pruth Prust, 4504), 964.
Phi @estegnteag oitwiig Esrdil dg` thi Nhurnh
thes hirkigiutendl èstegnteag oitwiig Esrdil dg` thi Nhurnh risults eg vdreaus Oeoli
Rrisoytiredg isnhdtalafendl èstegntevis (jar ixdkpli, @espigsdteagdl
Rrikelliggedlesk, thi pritreouldteagdl rdpturi aj thi Nhurnh, dg` thi ristetuteag aj
dgekdl sdnrejenis eg thi Kelliggeuk).6
Ds dg egtraùnteag ta thi èjjenulteis aj sunh dg Esrdil/Nhurnh èstegnteag, E shdll
oifeg oy rijlintegf upag twa ekpartdgt tirks eg innlisealafy= “Esrdil dg`
“Nhurnh. Es et trui thdt “Fa` hds twa prafrdkkis eg Hes sdlvdteag pldg= agi jar
Esrdil, dg` dgathir jar thi Nhurnh18 Eg athir war`s, dri thiri twa sipdrdti
riìkptevi pldgs= agi jar gdteagdl Esrdil, dg` agi jar thi Giw Pistdkigt Nhurnh1
Nretenezegf thes prapaseteag, Cieth Kdthesag nakkigts thdt, “Vhithir thes
prapaseteag es trui ìpig`s ag haw “Esrdil dg` “nhurnh dri ìjegi`. Ej “Esrdil
kidgs gdteagdl, ugoileivegf, paletendl Esrdil, dg` thi “nhurnh kidgs oileivirs, thigaoveausly thiri dri èjjirigt purpasis jar thi twa. Ej hawivir “Esrdil rijirs ta trui
Ssperetudl[ Esrdil dg` “nhurnh rijirs ta oileivirs aj thes dfi ar aj dll dfis, thig thiy
ndggat hdvi twa èjjirigt prafrdks.5 Et es, thirijari, aoveaus thdt dpastdti,
ugoileivegf Esrdil ndggat hdvi d sekeldr ìstegy ta thi Nhurnh. Ej thi Miws rikdeg
ugoileivirs dg` rijusi ta ripigt, thiri ndg oi ga jarfevigiss aj segs, ar itirgdl,
hidvigly oless jar d jdethliss gdteag.
Ag thi athir hdg`, ej “Esrdil rijirs ta trui, speretudl Esrdil, dg` thi “Nhurnh rijirs
ta oath ilint Miws dg` Figtelis, thi twa tirks dri issigtedlly sekeldr. Kdthesagdfriis weth thes aosirvdteag,
“^nrepturi tidnhis thdt dll oileivirs aj dll dfis hdvi agi Fa` (@iut. 0=>9,
>53 :=03 Iph. 0=:), agi ^dveaur dg` Lar` Misus Nhrest (Iph. 0=93 4 Nar. 8=:3
4 Pek. ?=9), agi wdy aj sdlvdteag (Mahg 40=:3 Dnts 0=4?), dg` agi itirgdl
ìstegy (4 Phiss. 0=463 _iv. ?2=4?). Phi oileivirs aj dll dfis dri agi oa`y
(Iph. 0=0), agi oreì (_iv. ?4=5-40), agi hausihal` (Iph. ?=45), dg` agi
jlanc (Mahg 42=4:). Phiri es agi purpasi jar dll oileivirs, dg` thdt es ta
flarejy Fa` (4 Nar. 42=>43 _ak. 44=>:).42

6 Vi shdll riturg ta thes pdrtenuldr hirkigiutendl èstegntevi „ thi èstegnteag oitwiig Esrdil
dg` thi Nhurnh „ dt thi ig` aj thes oaac. Dt thdt stdfi, wi well tei tafithir dll aur priveaus
stuèis, dg` sii haw thes hirkigiutendl èstegnteag aj Esrdil dg` thi Nhurnh èrintly djjints
thi Oeoli Rrisoytiredg thialafendl fre`. 8 Chaa, @espigsdteagdlesk dg` Navigdgt Phialafy, >?. 5 Cieth Kdthesag, @espigsdteagdlesk= _efhtly @eveègf thi Riapli aj Fa`1 (Rhellepsourf, GM=
Rrisoytiredg dg` _ijarki` Ruoleshegf Na, 4559), ?9.42 Eoe`., ?:.
Phi @estegnteag oitwiig Esrdil dg` thi Nhurnh >
Oeoli Rrisoytiredgs dg` @espigsdteagdlests oileivi thdt thi Nhurnh àis gat juljell ar
tdci avir dgy aj Esrdils prakesis ar purpasis. Phiy figirdlly dfrii thdt thi Al`
Pistdkigt prakesis ta Esrdil ndggat jeg` juljellkigt eg thi Nhurnh. Phes egnluìs thi
Dordhdken, @dveèn dg` Giw Navigdgts. Dnnarègf ta Oeoli Rrisoytiredgs, Fa` hds
d sipdrdti praphiten-riìkptevi prafrdk jar fia-paletendl Esrdil.
Kdthesag refhtly aosirvis thdt,
“SPhes[ sinag` prapaseteag jallaws lafendlly jrak thi jerst. Ej wi wiri ta
ugìrstdg` Esrdil ds sekply thi ugoileivegf gdteag dg` thi nhurnh ds
oileivirs, ar ej wi wiri ta rifdr` thik ds twa nakplitily sipdrdti oaèis
aj oileivirs, thig wi naul` dssuki thes sinag` prapaseteag ta oi trui. Ej,
hawivir, thi oileivirs eg Al` Pistdkigt Esrdil dg` eg thi Giw Pistdkigt
dri agi oa`y, thig et waul` kdci sigsi thdt thi prakesis ta thi agi kefht oi juljelli` eg thi athir. Vhig wi turg ta thi ^nrepturis, wi sii thdt
prakesis arefegdlly kdì ta thi letirdl gdteag aj Esrdil dri eg jdnt oiegf
juljelli` ta`dy eg thi nhurnh.44

Phi @antregi aj thi Nhurnh eg thi Vistkegstir ^tdg`dr`s
Phi Zeseoli Nhurnh
Dnnarègf ta thi Vistkegstir Nagjisseag aj Jdeth, Nhdptir XXZ Rdrdfrdph ?, “Phiveseoli Nhurnh, whenh es dlsa ndthalen ar ugevirsdl ugìr thi Faspil (gat nagjegi` ta
agi gdteag, ds oijari ugìr thi ldw), nagsests aj dll thasi thraufhaut thi warl` thdt
prajiss thi trui rilefeag3 dg` aj thier nhel`rig= dg` es thi cegfàk aj thi Lar` Misus
Nhrest, thi hausi dg` jdkely aj Fa`, aut aj whenh thiri es ga arègdry passeoelety aj
sdlvdteag.
Tuisteag :?= Vhdt es thi veseoli nhurnh1
Dgswir= Phi veseoli nhurnh es d saneity kdì up aj dll sunh ds eg dll dfis
dg` pldnis aj thi warl` à prajiss thi trui rilefeag, dg` aj thier nhel`rig.
Phi veseoli nhurnh es sa ndlli` oindusi wi ndg dntudlly sii haw kdgy kikoirs
thiri dri eg d pdrtenuldr nhurnh. Out wi ndggat cgaw haw kdgy aj thisi kikoirs
dri oarg dfdeg, ar figuegily sdvi`. “Phiri es agly agi Sveseoli nhurnh[. Out et
egnluìs kdgy ordgnhis (ajtig ndlli` ìgakegdteags) dg` es kdì up aj d viry ldrfi
44 Eoe`.
gukoir aj pdrtenuldr nagfrifdteags.4? Phirijari, dnnarègf ta thi Vistkegstir
^tdg`dr`s, thi veseoli nhurnh egnluìs thi vdreaus Nhrestedg ìgakegdteags eg thi
warl`, dg` nagsests aj dg ekkigsi gukoir aj landl nagfrifdteags. Givirthiliss,
thiri es agly agi veseoli Nhurnh.
Veth rispint ta teki, thi veseoli Nhurnh “egnluìs oileivirs aj dll dfis aj thi
warl`s hestary, jrak thi teki aj D`dk dg` Ivi ta thi ig` aj thi warl`. Dll piapli
aj iviry dfi wha prajissi` jdeth eg thi trui rilefeag dri egnluì` eg thi veseoli
nhurnh.4>

Egnluì` wetheg thi veseoli Nhurnh es thi Al` Pistdkigt nhurnh - gdteagdl Esrdil -
dg` thi Giw Pistdkigt nhurnh. Et ivig egnluìs oileivirs levegf oijari thi teki aj
Dordhdk, sunh ds Doil dg` Gadh. Phi veseoli Nhurnh es eg ga wdy leketi` ta thi
gdteag aj Esrdil, ar ta dgy figteli gdteag ag thi pldgit. “Et egnluìs piapli eg dll pldnis aj thi warl , whirivir thi lefht aj thi faspil hds pigitrdti` thi warl`s

Ha`fi sukkdrezis thi àntregi aj thi veseoli Nhurnh lde` aut eg thi Vistkegstir
^tdg`dr`s, “Phisi sinteags Saj thi Nagjisseag aj Jdeth[ tidnh thdt thiri es . . . d
ndthalen ar ugevirsdl veseoli Nhurnh, nagsestegf aj thasi aj iviry gdteag wha prajiss
thi trui rilefeag, tafithir weth thier nhel`rig.49

Ds egèndti` oy thi _ijarki` ìjegeteag aj thi veseoli Nhurnh, thiri es aoveausly gaèstegnteag whdtsaivir oitwiig thi gdteag aj Esrdil dg` thi Nhurnh. Phi veseoli
Nhurnh egnluìs oileivirs jrak thi gdteag aj Esrdil dg` thi figteli gdteags, jrak thi
teki aj D`dk ta thi ig` aj thi dfi.
Phi Egveseoli Nhurnh
Phi Vistkegstir Nagjisseag aj Jdeth, Nhdptir XXZ Rdrdfrdph 4 dlsa stdtis, “Phi
ndthalen ar ugevirsdl Nhurnh, whenh es egveseoli, nagsests aj thi whali gukoir aj thi
ilint, thdt hdvi oiig, dri, ar shdll oi fdthiri` egta agi, ugìr Nhrest thi Hid`
thiriaj3 dg` es thi spausi, thi oa`y, thi jullgiss aj Hek thdt jellith dll eg dll.
Phi egveseoli Nhurnh es issigtedlly thi igteri oa`y aj thi ilint. Phes es nlidrly
ìjegi` oy thi Ldrfir Ndtinhesk=
4? Mahdggis F. Zas, Phi Vistkegstir Ldrfir Ndtinhesk= D Nakkigtdry, i`. F. E. Velledksag
(Rhellepsourf, GM= Rrisoytiredg dg` _ijarki` Ruoleshegf Na, ?22?), 4>:. 4> Eoe`., 4>6. 40
Eoe`.49 D. D. Ha`fi, Phi Nagjisseag aj Jdeth (Ndrlesli, RD= Odggir aj Pruth Prust, 48:5), >4?.
Tuisteag :0= Vhdt es thi egveseoli nhurnh1
Dgswir= Phi egveseoli nhurnh es thi whali gukoir aj thi ilint, thdt hdvi
oiig, dri, ar shdll oi fdthiri` egta agi ugìr Nhrest thi hid`.
Phi Ldrfir Ndtinhesk tidnhis thdt dll thi ilint aj dll dfis dri egnluì` eg thi
egveseoli nhurnh. Phi egveseoli nhurnh es sa ndlli` sekply oindusi wi ndggat sii
ixdntly wha oilagfs ta thes nhurnh. Giethir à wi cgaw thi ixdnt gukoir aj ilint
whak thi Jdthir hds fevig ta thi âg. Zas wretis=
“Dri Al` Pistdkigt sdegts wha èi` eg jdeth, jrak Doil ta thi teki aj
Nhrest, kikoirs aj thi egveseoli nhurnh1 Uis. Nhrest hds agly agi speretudl
oa`y, dg` thi riìiki` aj dll dfis - oath Miws dg` Figtelis - dri kikoirs
aj et.

Phi egveseoli Nhurnh es d nallintevi oa`y ikordnegf dll thi ilint, jrak oath thi Al`
Navigdgt èspigsdteag dg` thi Giw Navigdgt d`kegestrdteag. Agni dfdeg, thiri es
ga èstegnteag oitwiig thi ilint aj gdteagdl, ithgen Esrdil, dg` thasi jrak thi Giw
Pistdkigt nhurnh. Phi hirkigiutendl èstegnteag oitwiig Esrdil dg` thi Nhurnh es d
segi qud gag aj @espigsdteagdlesk, gat _ijarki` thialafy.
Phi Vistkegstir ^tdg`dr`s tidnh “thdt thiri es d nallintevi oa`y, nakpresegf dll thi
ilint aj Fa` aj dll gdteags dg` figirdteags, ndlli` thi Nhurnh egveseoli. Phi jdnt thdtthiri es sunh d oa`y kust oi oileivi` oy iviry pirsag wha oileivis thdt dll kig, aj
iviry dfi dg` gdteag segni D`dk, wha rinievi` Nhrest dg` ixpireigni` thi pawir aj

_ijarki` Innlisealafy
_ijarki` thialafedgs sii thi Nhurnh ds hdvegf ets oifeggegf eg thi Al` Pistdkigt.
Phi Nhurnh hds ixesti` segni thi teki aj D`dk, dg` hir ixestigni ixtig`s thraufh
thi pdtredrnhdl pirea`, ta thi Kasden Rirea`, dg` egta thi nurrigt Giw Pistdkigt
nhurnh dfi.48 “Eg thi Rdtredrnhedl Rirea` thi jdkeleis aj oileivirs nagstetuti` thi
4: Zas, Phi Vistkegstir Ldrfir Ndtinhesk= D Nakkigtdry, 40?. 46 Ha`fi, Phi Nagjisseag aj Jdeth, >44. Jar d kari ixtigsevi tridtkigt aj thi àntregi aj thi
Nhurnh eg thi _ijarki` nrii`s, sii Hirkdg Haicsikd, _ijarki` @afkdtens, ?` i`., val. ?
(Frdg`velli, KE= _ijarki` Jrii Ruoleshegf Dssanedteag, ?229), 48:-45?. 48 Jar kari egjarkdteag ag _ijarki` innlisealafy, stu`y thi systikdten thialafy aj
_ijarki` thialafedgs. Jar ixdkpli, sii Laues Oirchaj, ^ystikdten Phialafy (Ndrlesli, RD= Odggir aj Pruth Prust, 4504), 99>-:983 Haicsikd, _ijarki` @afkdtens, 465-0?43 dg`
Phi @estegnteag oitwiig Esrdil dg` thi Nhurnh :
rilefeaus nagfrifdteags3 thi Nhurnh wds oist riprisigti` eg thi peaus hausihal`s,
whiri thi jdthirs sirvi` ds preist.45

Out ùregf thi Kasden Rirea`, “thi whali gdteag Saj Esrdil[ nagstetuti` thi Nhurnh3
dg` thi Nhurnh wds leketi` ta thi agi gdteag aj Esrdil, thaufh jariefgirs naul` igtir et oy oiegf egnarpardti` egta thi gdteag.?2 Eg thi Giw Pistdkigt pirea`, Fa`
ixpdgì` thi prakesis aj thi faspil ta dll thi gdteags, whenh egnluì Miws dg`
Figtelis. Ygìr thi Giw Navigdgt d`kegestrdteag, thi gdteagdl oaug`dreis aj Esrdil
wiri èssalvi` ta egnluì thi whali warl`. Vel` alevi ordgnhis dri oiegf frdjti`
agta thi arefegdl alevi trii (_ak. 44).
Haicsikd ixpldegs, “SPhi Nhurnh[ es gat leketi` ta dgy pdrtenuldr gdteag, tagfui, ar
treoi, out ikordnis dll thi gdteags aj thi warl` dg` trdgsnig`s dll hukdg
rildteagsheps. Phi nhurnh es giethir Miw gar Friic, giethir Firkdg gar Dkirendg,giethir Oretesh gar _ussedg. Et swdllaws up dll gdturdl èstegnteags egta agi, haly,
ndthalen jillawshep. ûnh es thi kidgegf aj thi nagjisseag Seg thi Dpastlis Nrii`[,
“E oileivi d haly, ndthalen nhurnh.?4

Phi _ijarki` nrii`s dri ugdgekaus ag thes ugìrstdgègf aj thi Nhurnh. Dnnarègf
ta thi _ijarki` tidnhegfs ag innlisealafy, “thi Giw Pistdkigt Nhurnh es
issigtedlly agi weth thi Nhurnh aj thi al` èspigsdteag. Ds jdr ds thier issigtedl
??

Hawivir, thi _ijarkirs à rinafgezi nirtdeg nhdgfis oitwiig thi Al` dg` thi Giw
Navigdgt d`kegestrdteags. Varshep eg thi Giw Pistdkigt es ga lagfir landlezi` eg
Mirusdlik. Dgekdl sdnrejenis dri doaleshi`, dg` ripldni` weth speretudl sdnrejenis. Oy
vertui aj thi dnnakpleshi`, riìkptevi warc aj Misus Nhrest, “thi Nhurnh wds
èvarni` jrak thi gdteagdl leji aj Esrdil dg` aotdegi` dg egìpigìgt arfdgezdteag.
Eg nagginteag weth thes thi gdteagdl oaug`dreis aj thi Nhurnh wiri swipt dwdy.
Vhdt hd` up ta thes teki oiig d gdteagdl Nhurnh gaw dssuki` d ugevirsdl nhdrdntir.
Dg` eg arìr ta ridlezi thi eìdl aj warl`-weì ixtigseag, et hd` ta oinaki d
kesseagdry Nhurnh, ndrryegf thi faspil aj sdlvdteag ta dll thi gdteags aj thi warl`.
_aoirt L. _iykag`, D Giw ^ystikdten Phialafy aj thi Nhrestedg Jdeth, ?` i`. (Gdshvelli,
PG= Phakds Gilsag, 4558), 829-56:. 45 Oirchaj, ^ystikdten Phialafy, 962. ?2 Eoe`. ?4
Haicsikd, _ijarki` @afkdtens, 45>.?? Oirchaj, ^ystikdten Phialafy, 964.
Kariavir, thi retudl warshep aj thi pdst kdì pldni jar d kari speretudl warshep eg
hdrkagy weth thi fridtir prevelifis aj thi Giw Pistdkigt.?>

Phes _ijarki` ugìrstdgègf aj thi Nhurnh es sunnegntly ìsnreoi` eg thi Oilfen
Nagjisseag aj Jdeth, Drtenli ?6=
“Vi oileivi dg` prajiss agi ndthalen ar ugevirsdl nhurnh, whenh es d haly
nagfrifdteag aj trui Nhrestedg oileivirs, dll ixpintegf thier sdlvdteag eg
Misus Nhrest, oiegf wdshi` oy Hes olaa`, sdgntejei` dg` sidli` oy thi Haly
Fhast. . . . Phes nhurnh hdth oiig jrak thi oifeggegf aj thi warl`, dg` well
oi ta thi ig` thiriaj3 whenh es iveìgt jrak thes, thdt Nhrest es dg itirgdl
Cegf, whenh wethaut suomints Hi ndggat oi. . . . Jurthirkari, thes haly
nhurnh es gat nagjegi`, oaug`, ar leketi` ta d nirtdeg pldni ar ta nirtdeg
pirsags, out es sprid` dg` èspirsi` avir thi whali warl`3 dg` yit es maegi`dg` ugeti` weth hidrt dg` well, oy thi pawir aj jdeth, eg agi dg` thi sdki
^peret.
Dnnarègf ta _ijarki` innlisealafy, thi èspigsdteagdl, hirkigiutendl èstegnteag
oitwiig Esrdil dg` thi Nhurnh es ugwdrrdgti`.?0 Et kust oi ikphdsezi` thdt thi
_ijarki` ugìrstdgègf aj thi tirk “Esrdil hds ga dssanedteag weth dgte-îketen
sigtekigts ar “leoirdl pratistdgt hirkigiutens.?9
?> Eoe`. ?0 îi Kdthesags oaac @espigsdteagdlesk= _efhtly @eveègf thi Riapli aj Fa`1 jar dg
egtraùnteag ta thi essui aj “èstegnteag oitwiig Esrdil dg` thi Nhurnh. E stragfly rinakkig`
thes idsely dnnisseoli oaac. ?9 Phiri dri saki wha dnnusi gag-èspigsdteagdlests aj oiegf “dgte-îketen. Phiy usudlly
kidg “thialafendl dgte-îketesk rdthir thdg rdnedl “dgte-îketesk. Prui dgte-îketesk es
ìjegi` ds primuèni dfdegst îketen piapli sekply oindusi thiy dri îketis. Anndseagdlly,
thes dllifdteag es pdrt aj thier ìjdkdtary tdntens dg` d` hakegik dttdncs. Al` Pistdkigt
praphineis rildti` ta gdteagdl Esrdil hdvi oiig juljelli` eg (4) thi riturg aj thi Miws djtir thier
ixeli egta Dssyred dg` Odoylag, (?) thi jerst-nigtury istdoleshkigt aj thi Miwesh nhurnh, dg`
(>) thi Jerst D`vigt aj Misus Nhrest. îi Velledk Hig`recsig, Esrdil dg` Rraphiny (Frdg` _dpe`s, KE= Odcir Oaac Hausi Na, 45:8), 4:„>4. Phi jerst nigtury nhurnh wds kdì up
dlkast ixnlusevily aj Miws. Ldtir, Figteli oileivirs wiri frdjti` egta dg dlrid`y ixestegf
Miwesh Nhurnh (_ak. 44=45). Phisi oileivirs, nagsestegf aj Miws dg` Figtelis, dri thi trui
“Miws (_ak. ?=?8„?5), thi trui “nernukneseag (Rhel. >=>), thi trui “sii` aj Dordhdk (Fdl.
>=6, ?5), thi “nhel`rig aj prakesi (Fdl. 0=?8), thi “nakkagwidlth aj Esrdil (Iph. ?=4?, 45).
Phiri dri dlsa thasi wha rijir ta dkelliggedlests ds oiegf “dgte-Esrdil, wheli thiy risirvi thi
tirk “pra-Esrdil jar thiksilvis. ûnh tirks dri gat hilpjul eg thi nurrigt thialafendl
èdlafui oitwiig @espigsdteagdlests dg` _ijarki` thialafedgs. Pirks sunh ds “pra-Nhurnh
dg` “dgte-Nhurnh ndg leciwesi oi naegi` ta rijir ta _ijarki` dg` @espigsdteagdl
thialafedgs rispintevily. Must ds dkelliggedlests dri gat “dgte-Esrdil, Oeoli Rrisoytiredgs waul` d`ket thdt thiy dri gat “dgte-Nhurnh.

Phiri dri _ijarki` thialafedgs wha oileivi eg d juturi nagvirseag aj d ldrfi
gukoir aj Miws ta Nhrestedgety. Out ivig ta nagnur weth d juturi, kdss sdlvdteag aj
ilint Miws (_ak. 5-44), ar thi rinipteag aj d Miwesh rikgdgt egta trui, speretudl
Esrdil àis gat ginissetdti dg d preare ar dg d pastireare dnniptdgni aj thi Nhrestedg ]eagesten ixpintdteag „ d oileij eg thi ri-istdoleshkigt aj d Miwesh, @dveèn
Cegfàk ag Idrth.?: Phi nagnipt aj dg idrthly, Miwesh cegfàk ndggat oi jaug` eg
thi satirealafendl paliken aj Rdul eg _akdgs 5-44.?6

_ijarki` thialafedgs à gat oileivi thdt thi Nhurnh hds ripldni` Esrdil. Phi
Nhurnh es, eg jdnt, Esrdil (4 Rit. ?=5, Fdl. :=4:, _ak. ?=?8-?5). ^hi es thi kdturi,
dùlt, speretudl Esrdil aj Fa`. Dnnarègf ta _akdgs nhdptir 44, Esrdil dg` thi
Nhurnh oath oilagf ta thi sdki alevi trii, e.i. thiri es agly agi piapli aj Fa`, dg`
Fa` ìdls weth oath Esrdil dg` thi Nhurnh ds agi piapli (Iph. ?=44-??).
?8

Nhdrlis Dlixdgìr rikeg`s us thdt gdteagdl Esrdil hds gat oiig nakplitily jarsdcig3
d rikgdgt rikdegs dnnarègf ta Fa`s ilinteag aj frdni=
“Dll aj idrthly Esrdil wiri gat ndst dwdy „ agly thi ugoileivir. “âki aj
thi ordgnhis. Vhdt naul` oi pldegir thdg thes, thdt thi dpastli es spidcegf
?: îi @dve` D. _dusnh, “Nhrestedg ]eagesk, eg Ivdgfilendl @enteagdry aj Phialafy, i`. Vdltir D. Ilwill (Frdg` _dpe`s, KE= Odcir Oaac Hausi Na, 4580), 4?24-4?2?, jar kari
egjarkdteag ag Nhrestedg ]eagesk. Jar d tharaufh dssisskigt aj thi thialafendl ikphdsis aj
Nhrestedg ]eagesk, sii ^tiphig êzir, Nhrestedg ]eagesk= _ad`-kdp ta Drkdfi`àg1
(Lienistir, Igfldg`= Egtir-Zdrsety Rriss, ?220), 42:-?29. Jar dg dnnisseoli nretequi aj thi
Nhrestedg ]eagesten ixpintdteag aj dg idrthly Miwesh Cegfàk eg thi Kelliggeuk, sii ^tiphig
êzir, “Dg Dltirgdtevi Phialafy aj thi Haly Ldg`= D Nretequi aj Nhrestedg ]eagesk, Phi
Nhurnhkdg 44>, ga. ? (4555)3 dvdeldoli jrak
http=//www.nhrestedgzeagesk.arf/pregt.dsp1E@;4>3 Egtirgit3 dnnissi` 42 Antaoir ?229. ?6 Dg ixnilligt èsnusseag aj _akdgs nhdptir 44 es jaug` eg A. Rdlkir _aoirtsag, Phi Esrdil
aj Fa`, Uistir`dy, Pa`dy dg` Pakarraw (Rhellepsourf, GM= Rrisoytiredg dg` _ijarki` Ruoleshegf Na, ?222), 4:6-45?. Dlsa sii Dgthagy Haicikd, Phi Oeoli dg` thi Juturi (Frdg`
_dpe`s, KE= Vk. O. Iir`kdgs Ruoleshegf Na, 45653 Frdg` _dpe`s, KE= Vk. O. Iir`kdgs
Ruoleshegf Na dg` Nukored, YC= Phi Rdtirgastir Rriss, 4550), 45:-?24. ?8 îi @dve` Halwir`d, Misus dg` Esrdil= Agi Navigdgt ar Pwa1 (Frdg` _dpe`s, KE= Vk. O.
Iir`kdgs Ruoleshegf Na, 4559), 4-44?. Et fevis dg eg-ìpth dgdlyses aj thi _ijarki` paseteag
ag Esrdil dg` thi nhurnh. ?5 Pa ugìrstdg` whdt _ijarki` thialafedgs ridlly tdufht doaut ithgen Esrdil, sii Jri` Clitt,
Ndlveg, Ha`fi, Kurrdy, Zas, I`wdr`s, Higry= Vhdt @a Phiy ^dy doaut thi Miwesh Riapli1
Sdrtenli ag-legi[3 dvdeldoli jrak http=//www.nhdek.arf/nhurnhis/ndlvegpdk.p`j 3 Egtirgit3
dnnissi` 42 Antaoir ?229. @a gat dnnipt thi èspigsdteagdlests “strdw kdg (i.f. “_ipldnikigt Phialafy, dgte-îketesk) ds thi figuegi _ijarki` paseteag ag Esrdil.
aj egèveùdl oileivirs thraufhaut thes fridt nhdptir1 “âki aj thi
ordgnhis ky orithrig3 gat dll aj thik wiri oracig ajj. Phi haly stanc wds
gat upraati`, must “saki aj thi ordgnhis. Ivig thaufh hestary hds pravi`
thdt thi al` stanc wds will gefh streppi` aj ets gdturdl ordgnhis, thiri stell

Ej thi Nhurnh hds truly ripldni` Esrdil speretudlly, Rdul waul` hdvi ìsnreoi` thi
nuttegf àwg aj thi arefegdl alevi trii eg _akdgs nhdptir 44,>4 dg` thi pldgtegf aj d
wel` alevi trii. Gdturdl alevi ordgnhis ndg suosiquigtly oi frdjti` agta thi wel`
alevi trii. Ag thi athir hdg`, ej Esrdil dg` thi Nhurnh dri èstegnt (ds
@espigsdteagdlests nldek), Rdul waul` hdvi ìsnreoi` twa alevi triis e.i. thi pldgtegf
aj d wel` alevi trii oiseì thi gdturdl agi, dg` gat thi frdjtegf aj wel` alevi
ordgnhis agta thi arefegdl alevi trii.
Jrdki dptly wretis,
“Phi nhurnh, nakpasi` aj Miws dg` Figtelis (weth, aj naursi, thier jdkeleis
ds iqudl kikoirs aj agi oa`y), wds thi “Esrdil aj Fa` (Fdl :=4:). Phi
alevi trii aj Dordhdk nagtegui`, out weth saki al` (Miwesh) ordgnhis
oracig ajj dg` saki giw (Figteli) ordgnhis frdjti` eg (_ak 44=44„?0).
Phi nhurnh rinievi` thi tetlis aj Esrdil= “d nhasig piapli, d raydl
preisthaa`, d haly gdteag, d piapli oilagfegf ta Fa` (4 Rit ?=5j.3 nj. Ixa`
45=:3 Pet ?=40).
Rrajissar @dve` Igfilskd paegts aut thdt,
“Ds thi trui Esrdil aj Fa`, thi nhurnh es Fa`s agi dg` agly weji. Mihavdh
Fa` àis gat hdvi twa wevis, ds prikelliggedl èspigsdteagdlesk, oath
trdèteagdl dg` prafrissevi, ginissdrely tidnhis. êgni thi Al` Pistdkigt
tidnhis thdt Esrdil wds thi weji aj Fa` dg` segni thi Giw Pistdkigt
tidnhis thdt thi nhurnh es thi weji aj Fa` eg Misus Nhrest dg` segni
èspigsdteagdlesk tidnhis thdt Esrdil dg` thi nhurnh dri twa èjjirigt
>2 Nhdrlis @. Dlixdgìr, “_akdgs Ilivig dg` thi Pwa Esrdils= Dg Ixpaseteag aj _akdgs 5-
44 (Ygpuoleshi` linturi gatis, g.`.), 49. >4 Jar d faa` prekir ta thi kidgegf aj “dll Esrdil eg _akdgs 44=?:, sii Hirkdg Odvegnc,
Phi Ldst Phegfs= Hapi jar Phes Varl` dg` thi Gixt , trdgs. Mahg Zreig` (Frdg` _dpe`s, KE=
Odcir Oaac Hausi Na, 455:), 420-426. >?
Mahg K. Jrdki, “Pawdr` d Phialafy aj thi ^tdti, Vistkegstir Phialafendl Maurgdl 94, ga. ? (4585)= ??2.
piaplis, èspigsdteagdlesk hal`s thdt Fa` hds twa wevis. Jar
èspigsdteagdlesk, Fa` es thi arefegdl oefdkest.>>

Fa`, egìi`, hds agly agi piapli. Misus Nhrest hds agly agi oreì - thi Nhurnh. Aur
Fa` es gat d oefdkest, dg` et es d sireaus irrar ta egsegudti thdt Hi es.
Dnnarègf ta _ijarki` innlisealafy, ilint Miws dg` Figtelis dri agi eg Nhrest. Phi
Nhurnh, nagsestegf aj oath Miws dg` Figtelis, es thi trui speretudl Esrdil eg thi Giw
Navigdgt d`kegestrdteag.>0

Vha, thig, es d trui Esrdileti1 Phi refhtjul nhel` aj Dordhdk es ga lagfir eìgtejei`
ved ithgenety ar figidlafendl ìsnigt (Fdl. >=6), out oy jdeth eg thi Kissedh. “Gat
dgnistry out jdeth, gat hukdg dnheivikigt out Fa`s fejt, ndllegf, dg` ilinteag,
dncgawli`fi` eg Misus, sag aj Dordhdk, sag aj @dve`, âg aj Fa`.
>9
Nagnirgegf thi eìgtety aj Esrdil, @dve` Halwir`d wretis=
“Vha thig es Esrdil1 Phi dgswir es givir sekply d kdttir aj dgnistry.
Nagsiquigtly, thi nigtrdl essui eg thi Giw Pistdkigt es gat ridlly Miw
virsus Figteli. Egstid`, Esrdil es thi piapli nhasig oy Fa` dg` ndlli` ta
rispag` eg jdeth dg` aoièigni. Esrdil es thi piapli ag whak thi Lar` sits
hes lavi (@iutiragaky 6=6). ûnh dlsa es Kdtthiws tidnhegf. Misus, d
letirdl ìsnig`dgt aj Dordhdk, heksilj d Miw, es thi Esrdil wha es thi aomintaj Fa`s lavi. Hi es nhasig oy Fa` dg` rispag`s eg pirjint aoièigni,
juljellegf thi ldw dg` thi praphits (Kdtthiw 9=46) dg` dll refhtiausgiss
(>=49). êgni Misus es thi narpardti riprisigtdtevi aj Esrdil, Fa` gaw
rinafgezis ds Esrdil dll wha rispag` eg jdeth dg` aoièigni ta thi prisigni
dg` well aj Fa` rividli` eg Misus. Aj naursi, thi jerst ta sa rispag` dri eg
jdnt Miws.>:
Nagtrdry ta èspigsdteagdl prinagnipteags dg` gateags, thi Giw Pistdkigt Nhurnh
es gat d Figteli arfdgezdteag. Phi GP Nhurnh es, eg jdnt, d viry Miwesh arfdgezdteag.
Ets Kissedh es Miwesh, dg` et es jaugì` igterily oy Miws. Phi jerst nagvirts aj thi
>> @dve` M. Igfilskd, “D Oreij ^tu`y aj Mirikedh > ag @evarni, Rratistdgt _ijarki`
Phialafendl Maurgdl >5, ga.? (?22:)= 49. >0 Prui speretudl Esrdil gaw nagsests aj oath ilint Miws dg` Figtelis. Jar dg ixnilligt oaac
nalldtegf dll Al` Pistdkigt pdssdfis whenh wiri d``rissi` ta ithgen Esrdil, dg` suosiquigtly
quati` eg thi Giw Pistdkigt ta rijir ta thi Nhurnh, sii Nhdrlis @. Rravdg, Phi Nhurnh Es
Esrdil Gaw (Zdllineta, ND= _ass Hausi Oaacs, 4586), 05-:0. >9
Halwir`d, Misus dg` Esrdil, 96.>: Eoe`., 9:-96.
Nhrestedg Nhurnh wiri dll Miws. Ivig thi dpastlis wiri Miws, dg` kast, pirhdps dll,
aj thi Giw Pistdkigt wretirs wiri dlsa Miws. Phi frdjtegf aj wel` alevi ordgnhis
agta thi arefegdl alevi trii àis gat turg et egta d wel` alevi trii. Phi truth es= thiri es
agly agi alevi trii. Phi èspigsdteagdl èstegnteag oitwiig thi gdteag aj Esrdil dg`
thi Nhurnh es nlidrly gat jaugì` upag ^nrepturi.
_ijarki` Innlisealafy d Hirisy1
Phi Jdr Idstirg Oeoli Nallifi suosnreois ta thi segi qud gag aj @espigsdteagdlesk,
pdrtenuldrly, thi èstegnteag oitwiig Esrdil dg` thi Nhurnh. Uit, @r Mijjriy Chaa
nldeks thdt Oeoli Rrisoytiredgs eg êgfdpari dri dntudlly _ijarki` eg àntregi. Phes
essui well oi èsnussi` jurthir eg nhdptirs ?2 ta ?> aj thes oaac.
Jar gaw, et es sujjeneigt ta gati thdt thi èspigsdteagdl segi qud gag es ixtrikily
vetdl ta thi jrdkiwarc aj Oeoli Rrisoytiredg thialafy eg êgfdpari. Phi Esrdil/Nhurnh èstegnteag es d sdleigt paegt eg Oeoli Rrisoytiredg thaufht, dt lidst eg
Jdr Idstirg Oeoli Nallifi.
Eg hes linturi gatis igtetli` Hiriseis Dgneigt dg` Kaìrg, Chaa egtekdtis thdt dgy
“dgte-îketen thialafendl systik thdt dttikpts ta ripldni gdteagdl Esrdil weth trui
speretudl Esrdil e.i. thi Nhurnh, es dceg ta d kaìrg jark aj Kdrneagesk.
Vi shdll gaw nagseìr eg saki ìtdel @r Chaas dllifdteags. Ag pdfi 4?, pdrdfrdph
:` aj Hiriseis Dgneigt dg` Kaìrg, @r Chaa prapaug`s thdt “Kdrneagesk thus
tdcis ag twa odsen jarks ta`dy, agi aj whenh es “jaug` eg ripldnikigt thialafeis thdt siic ta ripldni Esrdil weth thi Nhurnh.>6 Ag pdfi 4> pdrdfrdph ?i, hi ìsnreois
dg ignaugtir Ralyndrp hd` weth thi dgneigt hiriten, Kdrneag. Chaa wretis,
Kdrneag wds agi `dy wdlcegf àwg thi striit dg` spatti` d giw vesetar ta
thi nety, d viry al` dg` jdkaus oeshap gdki` Ralyndrp jrak ^kyrgd eg
Dsed Kegar. Vdlcegf up ta hek, Kdrneag egqueri`, “@a yau cgaw ki1
Phi oigt dg` vigirdoli Ralyndrp laaci` up dt hek nlasily. “Uis, hi
dgswiri`, “E cgaw yau3 yauri thi jerstoarg aj ^dtdg.>8
Djtir usegf thi ignaugtir aj Ralyndrp ds dg dginàti, Chaa suosiquigtly nagnluìs=
“Phes doavi rijrishegfly raufh rispagsi aj Oeshap Ralyndrp wi awi ta
Erigdius eg hes warc Dfdegst Hiriseis (>.>.0). Et will ixprissis whdt thi
>6 Mijjriy Chaa, Hiriseis Dgneigt dg` Kaìrg (êgfdpari= Jdr Idstirg Oeoli Nallifi, g.`.),
4?. Phisi dri pregti` naursi gatis usi` eg Jdr Idstirg Oeoli Nallifi. Dlsa dvdeldoli jrak
http=//www.jion.iù.sf/dssits/p`js/stu`yrisaurni/Hiriseis.p`j 3 Egtirgit3 dnnissi` 29 Dprel
?22:.>8 Eoe`., 4>.
Nhurnhs dttetuì shaul` oi tawdr` hiritendl eìds leci thasi aj
Kdrneag.>5

Eg hes djarikigteagi` wretegfs, Chaa ugdshdki`ly ldoils thasi wha d`hiri ta d
_ijarki` ugìrstdgègf aj thi Nhurnh „ thdt et es thi trui, speretudl Esrdil „ ds hiritens dg` “thi jerstoarg aj ^dtdg. Hi es d`dkdgt thdt thi “rijrishegfly raufh
rispagsi aj Oeshap Ralyndrp shaul` oi thi Nhurnhs dttetuì tawdr`s sekeldr
“hiritendl eìds, sunh ds “ripldnikigt thialafy.
D ndrijul pirusdl aj Chaas wretegfs well rividl thdt hi es, eg ijjint, egsegudtegf thdt
thasi wha rimint thi èspigsdteagdl àntregi aj thi Esrdil/Nhurnh èstegnteag dri
fuelty aj hirisy, praodoly ag pdr weth Kdrneag dg` thi leci. Phus, et es nlidr thdt Jdr
Idstirg Oeoli Nallifi nagseìrs thi èspigsdteagdl segi qud gag, ves-â-ves thi
èstegnteag oitwiig Esrdil dg` thi Nhurnh, d ndrègdl àntregi jug`dkigtdl ta etsthialafendl systik.
_ipldnikigt Phialafy ar ûpirsisseagesk
Gagèspigsdteagdlests hdvi oiig dnnusi` aj suosnreoegf ta “_ipldnikigt
Phialafy, thdt es, thi oileij thdt thi Nhurnh hds “ripldni` thi Miwesh piapli eg thi
pldg aj Fa`. Phes egnluìs thi eìd thdt thi Nhurnh hds “supirsiì` gdteagdl Esrdil.
âki @espigsdteagdlests hdvi ivig purparti` thdt thasi wha rifdr` thi oa`y aj Giw
Navigdgt oileivirs ds “speretudl Esrdil dri fuelty aj thes “ripldnikigt thialafy ar“supirsisseagesk.02 Phes dllifdteag es dppdrigtly dg d` hakegik dttdnc ta èsnrièt
_ijarki` thialafedgs.04

Vhdt, thig, es “_ipldnikigt Phialafy1 Dnnarègf ta Rreni, et ndg oi ìjegi` ds,
“D thialafendl pirspintevi thdt tidnhis thdt thi Miws hdvi oiig riminti` oy
Fa` dg` dri ga lagfir Fa`s Nhasig Riapli. Phasi wha hal` ta thes veiw
èsdvaw dgy ithgen juturi jar thi Miwesh piapli eg nagginteag weth thi
oeolendl navigdgts, oileivegf thdt thier speretudl ìstegy es iethir ta piresh ar
>5 Eoe`., ikphdses kegi. 02 _ijarki` thialafedgs à gat oileivi eg “ripldnikigt thialafy, out “ixpdgseag thialafy.
îi Jri` Clitt, Gat _ipldnikigt … Ixpdgseag! Sdrtenli ag-legi[3 dvdeldoli jrak
http=//www.nhdek.arf/xpdgseag.htk3 Egtirgit3 dnnissi` 42 Antaoir ?229, jar egjarkdteag ag
whdt _ijarki` Phialafy ridlly tidnhis doaut Miws. 04 Jar d nagnesi rijutdteag aj thi “_ipldnikigt Phialafy dllifdteag, sii Fdry @iKdr, “Dgte-
îketesk dg` Isnhdtalafy, eg Ldst @dys Kd`giss= Aosisseag aj thi Kaìrg Nhurnh, 0th riv. i`. (Dtldgtd, Fiarfed= Dkirendg Zeseag, 4555), 026-0?>.
Phi @estegnteag oitwiig Esrdil dg` thi Nhurnh 4>
oinaki d pdrt aj thi giw rilefeag thdt supirsiì` Mu`desk (whithir
Nhrestedgety ar Esldk).0?

_ijarki` Phialafy àis gat tidnh thi riminteag aj thi Miws eg Fa`s pldg aj
sdlvdteag. ^dlvdteag es jaug` agly eg Misus Nhrest thi Kissedh, gat Mu`desk. Ds d kdttir aj jdnt, ej thi Miws à gat “oinaki d pdrt aj thi giw rilefeag ndlli`
Nhrestedgety, thiy ndg hdvi ga pdrt eg thi hidvigly Mirusdlik (_iv. ?4=?). Rrajissar
@dve` Igfilskd dptly nakkigts,
“supirsisseagesk. Phi nhurnh àis gat “ripldni Esrdil. Phi nhurnh àis
gat “tdci thi pldni aj Esrdil. Gathegf refhtly oilagfegf ta Esrdil es
hefhhdgì`ly “trdgsjirri` ta thi upstdrt nhurnh. Phi nhurnh es Esrdil -
frawg-up, kdturi, speretudl Esrdil - ds thi dpastlis tidnh eg 4 Ritir ?=5,Fdldtedgs :=4:, _akdgs ?=?8, ?5, dg` kdgy athir pldnis. Jar thi nhurnh es
thi piapli, gdteag, dg` oa`y aj whenh Misus Nhrest es sdvear, cegf, dg` hid`.
Dg` thdt whenh kdì Esrdil, Esrdil, thdt es, thi piapli, gdteag, dg`
nagfrifdteag aj Fa` eg thi Al` Pistdkigt, wds Misus Nhrest eg thi ke`st aj
hir oy èvegi prakesi. Phi Miws eg thi Ke``li Idst, dg` ilsiwhiri, ta`dy,
dri gat, dg` givir well oi, thi ridlety aj Al` Pistdkigt Esrdil, ixnipt
egsajdr ds saki aj thik dri oraufht egta thi nhurnh, whiri dlagi dgyagi
ndg shdri eg thi ridlety aj Esrdil. Pa thi nhurnh oilagf dll thi prakesis

Dnnarègf ta @espigsdteagdl Rrikelliggedlesk, ithgen Esrdil àis gat hdvi dgy
praphiten sefgejendgni prear ta thi pritreouldteagdl rdpturi aj thi Nhurnh. Phi
praphiten teki nlanc jar Esrdil hds dppdrigtly stappi` tencegf dt thi ig` aj thi :5th
wiic aj @dgeils praphiny (@dg. 5=?0-?6).00 Phes nlanc well agly stdrt tencegf djtir
thi rdpturi aj thi Nhurnh. Jrak d tikpardl pirspintevi, thes annurs dt thi sefgegf aj
thi pidni navigdgt oitwiig thi isnhdtalafendl Dgtenhrest dg` thi gdteag aj Esrdil.09
Dnnarègf ta Vdlvaar`, thi Dgtenhrest “well kdci d navigdgt weth Esrdil jar d
sivig-yidr pirea`. Ds @dgeil 5=?6 egèndtis, eg thi ke``li aj thi sivig yidrs hi well
0? _dg`dll Rreni, Yghaly Vdr= Dkirend, Esrdil dg` _dèndl Esldk (Iufigi, A_= Hdrvist
Hausi, ?224), 04?. 0> Igfilskd, “D Oreij ^tu`y aj Mirikedh > ag @evarni, 40-49. 00 Vi shdll stu`y @dgeil 5=?0-?6 eg nhdptirs 4: dg` 46 aj thes oaac. 09 Jrunhtigoduk wretis, “@espigsdteagdlesk oileivis thdt thi _dpturi well oi pritreouldteagdl.
Kdgy @espigsdteagdlests hdvi, thirijari, dssuki` thdt thi _dpturi well oifeg thi Preouldteag.
Hawivir, thes es gat sa jar thi Preouldteag oifegs weth thi sefgegf aj d sivig-yidr navigdgt
oitwiig thi Dgtenhrest dg` Esrdil. îi Drgal` F. Jrunhtigoduk, Esrdilalafy= Phi Kessegf Legc eg ^ystikdten Phialafy (Pusteg, ND= Dreil Kegestreis, 4585), 6:5.
oridc thi navigdgt, stap thi sdnrejenis oiegf ajjiri` eg thi tikpli riouelt eg thdt
pirea`, dg` oinaki thier pirsinutar egstid` aj thier pratintar, juljellegf thi prakesis

Phirijari, weth rispint ta thi èspigsdteagdl prikelliggedl snhikd, thi Nhurnh hds egìi` ripldni` Esrdil thes seì aj thi rdpturi. Phes es egùoetdoly trui oindusi Fa`s
praphiten prafrdk jar Esrdil hds oiig pastpagi` ugtel djtir thi Nhurnh hds oiig
tdcig ta hidvig ùregf thi pritreouldteag rdpturi. Phes es whig thi praphiten teki
nlanc jar Esrdil stdrts tencegf dfdeg dt thi oifeggegf aj @dgeils 62th wiic. Ds
@espigsdteagdlests dri thi agis wha kdegtdeg thdt Fa` es gat ìdlegf weth ithgen
Esrdil eg thi prisigt nhurnh dfi, agi wagìrs whithir et es èspigsdteagdl
prikelliggedlesk thdt es thialafendlly “dgte-îketen.
@espigsdteagdlests dg` Oeoli Rrisoytiredgs ajtig nldek thdt agly @espigsdteagdlRrikelliggedlesk fevis thi gdteag aj Esrdil hir prapir pldni eg Fa`s riìkptevi
pldg. Et es dllifi`ly thi agly “pra-Esrdil isnhdtalafy jar Nhrestigàk. Out thes
nldek es pirplixegf jar thi ridìr segni et es thi @espigsdteagdl Rrikelliggedlest wha
oileivis thdt dt lidst twa-ther`s aj thi Miws well oi kdssdnri` ùregf thi past-
rdpturi, Fridt Preouldteag pirea`.
Drgal` Jrunhtigoduk, eg drfudoly hes kdfguk apus, wretis,
“Eg thi Halandust, ugìr Hetlir, agi-ther` aj thi warl` Miwesh papuldteagèi`. Ygìr thi jeirni pirsinuteag aj thi Dgtenhrest, nagtralli` dg`
igirfezi` oy ^dtdg, twa-ther`s aj thi Miwesh papuldteag well èi. Phes well
oi thi ldrfist dg` kast egtigsi pirsinuteag aj thi Miws ivir cgawg eg
Miwesh hestary.06

Leciwesi Vdlvaar`, eg hes nakkigtdry ag ]inhdredh 4>=8-5, jurthir ilune`dtis,
“Et wds praphisei` Seg ]inhdredh 4>=8-5[ thdt twa-ther`s aj Esrdil eg thi ldg`
well piresh, “‘Eg thi whali ldg`, ìnldri` thi LA_@, ‘twa-ther`s well oi
strunc àwg dg` piresh3 yit agi-ther` well oi lijt eg et. Phes ther` E well
oregf egta thi jeri3 E well rijegi thik leci selvir dg` tist thik leci fal`.
Phiy well ndll ag Ky gdki dg` E well dgswir thik3 E well sdy, “Phiy dri
Ky piapli, dg` thiy well sdy, “Phi LA_@ es aur Fa` (vv. 8-5). Phes
praphiny well oi juljelli` eg thi Fridt Preouldteag whig twa aut aj thrii aj
thi Miws eg thi ldg` dttikptegf ta jlii thier pirsinutar, thi juturi warl`
0: Mahg J. Vdlvaar`, Phi Rraphiny Cgawli`fi Hdgòaac (Vhidtag, EL= Zentar Oaacs,
4552), ?96.06 Jrunhtigoduk, Esrdilalafy= Phi Kessegf Legc eg ^ystikdten Phialafy, 660.
lidìr, well piresh, dg` agly agi-ther` well isndpi dg` oi wdetegf jar Nhrest
whig Hi nakis. Phi 400,222 aj _ivildteag 6 dg` _ivildteag 40 well oi
pdrt aj thdt rikgdgt.08

Eg hes oaac, Phi Oist es Uit ta Naki, Nhdrlis _yrei stdtis thdt thi Fridt Preouldteag well oi jar thi gdteag aj Esrdil, “thi warst olaaòdth eg Miwesh hestary.05
Nagseìregf thi jdnt thdt thes waul` oi thi fridtist Miwesh halandust eg hukdg
hestary, thi warst kdss sldufhtir aj Esrdiletis hds yit ta naki. ûrily, weth rifdr` ta
thi tetli aj hes oaac, _yrei es gat egsegudtegf thdt thes es “thi oist whenh hds yit ta
naki.
Dnnarègf ta thi Nigtrdl Ouridu aj ^tdtestens aj Esrdil, thi nurrigt papuldteag eg
Esrdil es 6,206,422 ar slefhtly kari thdg 6 kelleag Miws.92 Ej twa-ther`s aj thi Miws
wiri ta oi kdssdnri` ùregf thi Fridt Preouldteag, thes waul` kidg dt lidst0,:58,2:: ar dppraxekdtily 0.6 kelleag ìdths! Ej twa aut aj thrii Esrdiletis well oi
celli` dnnarègf ta thi èspigsdteagdl ugìrstdgègf aj praphiny, why dri
@espigsdteagdlests rimaenegf avir thi rifdthiregf aj Miws eg thi Ldg` aj Rdlistegi1
Ds @iKdr hds ridsagi`,
“Vhy drigt ta`dys èspigsdteagdlests wdrgegf Miws doaut thes nakegf
halandust oy ignaurdfegf thik ta lidvi Esrdil ugtel thi nagjldfrdteag es
avir1 Egstid`, wi jeg` èspigsdteagdlests suppartegf dg` ignaurdfegf thi
rilandteag aj Miws ta thi ldg` aj Esrdil. Jar whdt1 D juturi halandust1
94

Phi riturg aj Miws ta thi ldg` aj Rdlistegi, dnnarègf ta @espigsdteagdlesk, es
praphiten juljellkigt. Phi gixt Miwesh halandust ùregf thi Fridt Preouldteag,
dnnarègf ta @espigsdteagdlesk, es praphiten dgtenepdteag. Eg jdnt, “kdgy ivdgfilendl
èspigsdteagdlests hdvi nakketti` thiksilvis ta d naursi jar Esrdil, thdt, oy thier
awg d`kesseag well lid` èrintly ta d halandust egìsnreodoly kari sdvdfi dg`
weìsprid` thdg dgy veseag aj ndrgdfi thdt naul` hdvi figirdti` eg Dàlj Hetlirs
nrekegdl keg`.9? Phus, eg thi keg`s aj @espigsdteagdl Rrikelliggedlests, thi
ixnluseag aj gdteagdl Esrdil jrak Fa`s nurrigt riìkptevi ìdlegfs weth thi
08 Vdlvaar`, Phi Rraphiny Cgawli`fi Hdgòaac , >>?. 05 Nhdrlis N. _yrei, Phi Oist Es Uit ta Naki (Nhendfa, EL= Kaa`y Rriss, 4584), 8:. 92 Phes es dnnurdti ds dt >2th Mugi ?22:. îi Rapuldteag tdtestens Sdrtenli ag-legi[3 dvdeldoli
jrak http=//www.nos.fav.el/papuldteag/giwQ?226/tdoli?.p`j 3 Egtirgit3 dnnissi` 4: Gavikoir
?22:. 94 Fdry @iKdr, Ldst @dys Kd`giss= Aosisseag aj thi Kaìrg Nhurnh, 0th riv. i`. (Dtldgtd,
Fiarfed= Dkirendg Zeseag, 4555), 04:. 9?
Fdry @iKdr dg` Ritir M. Liethdrt, Phi Lifdny aj Hdtri` Nagteguis= D _ispagsi ta Hdl Leg`siys Phi _ad` ta Halandust (Pylir, PX= Egstetuti jar Nhrestedg Inagakens, 4585), ?:.
Phi @estegnteag oitwiig Esrdil dg` thi Nhurnh 4:
Nhurnh,9> dg` thi praphiten dgtenepdteag aj thi fridtist Miwesh olaaòdth eg hukdg
hestary, es “pra-Esrdil isnhdtalafy.
aosirvis,
“@espigsdteagdlests well drfui thdt “dll Esrdil kust oi sdvi` (_ak. 44=?:),
dg` dll Esrdil wds gat sdvi` eg thi jerst nigtury. Eg thi _akdgs nagtixt, “dll
Esrdil es thi oileivegf ilint rikgdgt (44=9). @espigsdteagdlests àgt
egtirprit “dll Esrdil ta kidg iviry Esrdileti wha hds ivir levi`. Phiy àgt
ivig ugìrstdg` “dll Esrdil ta kidg iviry Miw dlevi ùregf thi past-
rdpturi fridt treouldteag segni thiy oileivi thdt twa-ther`s aj thik well oi
sldufhtiri` (nj. ]inh. 4>=8). Phiy kidg oy “dll Esrdil thi rikgdgt!90
_ijarki` thialafedgs hdvi dlwdys tdufht thdt d Miwesh rikgdgt well oi sdvi`
thraufhaut riìkptevi hestary, gat must djtir thi Fridt Preouldteag ùregf thi înag`
D`vigt aj Nhrest. Phirijari, et es ugmustejei` dt oist, ta ldoil @espigsdteagdl
Rrikelliggedlesk “pra-Esrdil, dg` _ijarki` isnhdtalafy “dgte-îketen.
Jallawegf thi rdelegf dnnusdteags dfdegst dkelliggedlests, pastkelliggedlests, dg`
hestaren prikelliggedlests jar thier “dgte-îketesk, et es rikdrcdoli thdt
@espigsdteagdlests dg` Oeoli Rrisoytiredgs laac jarwdr` ta thi riturg aj Miws ta thi
“Rrakesi` Ldg`, agly ta oi sldufhtiri` ùregf thi îvigteith Viic aj @dgeils praphiny. ûnh es thi “pra-Esrdil isnhdtalafy aj @espigsdteagdlesk dg` Oeoli
Rrisoytiredgesk.
Phi “dll Esrdil eg _akdgs 44=?:
êgni twa-ther`s aj thi Miws well oi kdssdnri` ùregf thi Fridt Preouldteag pirea`
dnnarègf ta èspigsdteagdl prikelliggedlesk, et es aoveaus thdt ivig
@espigsdteagdlests à gat oileivi thdt “dll Esrdil (_ak. 44=?:) kidgs “kast aj
gdteagdl Esrdil. Dt thi kast, “dll Esrdil ndg kidg agly agi-ther` aj Miws eg Esrdil
ùregf thi Rdraused aj Nhrest. Letirdlly, agly d rikgdgt aj thi gdteag aj Esrdil well
oi sdvi` djtir thi rdpturi.
9> @espigsdteagdl Rrikelliggedlests oileivi thdt Esrdil, ds d gdteag, well agly oi sdvi` tawdr`s
thi ig` aj thi Fridt Preouldteag, praodoly ùregf thi înag` D`vigt aj Nhrest. 90 Fdry @iKdr, Dll Rrakesis Kdì ta Esrdil Hdvi Oiig Juljelli`= Dgswiregf thi _ipldnikigt
Phialafy Nretens (Rdrt 0) Sdrtenli ag-legi[3 dvdeldoli jrak
http=//www.dkirendgveseag.arf/drtenlidrnhevi/42-40-29.dsp3 Egtirgit3 dnnissi` 4: Antaoir ?229.
@r Mahg Vdlvaar`, thi pralejen èspigsdteagdlest wretir dg` prajissar jrak @dllds
Phialafendl îkegdry, ixpldegs=
“Vhig Rdul wrati thdt “dll Esrdil well oi sdvi` (_ak. 44=?:), hi kidgt
thdt dt thi înag` Nakegf dll Miws wha thig oileivi eg Nhrest well oi sdvi` dg` well igtir thi Kelliggeuk. êgni kdgy Miws wha well riturg ta thier
ldg` dt thi înag` Nakegf well oi rioils, thiy well oi purfi` aut eg thes
mu`fkigt aj levegf Esrdiletis. Phi @ilevirir, Rdul wrati, “well turg
fa`lissgiss dwdy jrak Mdnao (44=?:), sa thdt agly oileivegf Miws well
igtir thi Kelliggeuk.99

Jrunhtigoduk riegjarnis thes veiw aj gdteagdl Esrdils sdlvdteag, whenh es dntudlly
thi sdlvdteag aj d rikgdgt aj Esrdil=
“Esrdil well ugìrfa thi sivig yidrs aj Preouldteag dg` es ta oi eìgtejei`
weth thi Vakdg aj _ivildteag 4?. Esrdil well sujjir pirsinuteag ùregf thes
pirea`, dg` kdgy well èi3 out agi-ther` aj thi gdteag well survevi. Phi
400,222 dri d spinedl nldss wetheg Esrdil wha well oi usi` ta pranldek thi
faspil warl`-weì, risultegf eg thi sdlvdteag aj kyred`s aj Figtelis. Dt
saki paegt eg rildteagshep ta thi sinag` nakegf, Esrdil well ixpireigni d
gdteagdl sdlvdteag3 jar thi oleg`giss well oi rikavi`, dg` dll Esrdil well oi
sdvi`. Esrdil well dlsa ixpireigni d gdteagdl rifdthiregf dg` ristardteag

Nagnirgegf _akdgs 44=?:, thi kast privdligt veiw ta`dy dkagfst
@espigsdteagdlests dg` Oeoli Rrisoytiredgs es thdt “dll Esrdil rijirs ta thi kdss ar
thi kdmarety aj Miws dlevi whig Fa` rikavis Hes pregnepli aj èvegi hdrìgegf

Ej thi @espigsdteagdlests dri narrint, dg` ej Fa` egìi` lejts thi pregnepli aj
ripraodteag jrak gdteagdl Esrdil eg thi juturi, et waul` kidg thdt iviry segfli Miw
kust oi nagvirti`. Ej thiri rikdegs agi Miw wha àis gat ripigt, thig thi pregnepli
aj èvegi hdrìgegf ar ripraodteag es stell eg pldni. Phirijari, ej thi @espigsdteagdlest
99 Mahg J. Vdlvaar`, Ig` Pekis= Ygìrstdgègf Pa`dys Varl` Ivigts eg Oeolendl Rraphiny
(Gdshvelli, Piggissii= Var` Ruoleshegf, 4558), 469. 9: Jrunhtigoduk, Esrdilalafy= Phi Kessegf Legc eg ^ystikdten Phialafy, 9:?-9:>. 96 Eg thes sinteag aj ky oaac, E dk fridtly egìoti` ta _aoirtsag jar praveègf ki weth
egjarkdteag ag thi lafendl dg` ixifitendl jldws nagnirgegf thi èspigsdteagdl ugìrstdgègf
aj _akdgs 44=?:. îi _aoirtsag, Phi Esrdil aj Fa`, Uistir`dy, Pa`dy dg` Pakarraw, 4:6- 45?.
es ta oi nagsestigt weth hes ixifises, hi kust kidg thdt thiri well naki d `dy whig
idnh dg` iviry levegf Miw well oi nagvirti` ta Nhrestedgety.
@ais “dll Esrdil shdll oi sdvi` (_ak. 44=?:) kidg thdt iviry segfli Esrdileti well oi
sdvi` eg thi juturi1 Phes ugìrstdgègf nagtrdènts thi igteri naursi aj riìkptevi hestary, egnluègf thi àntregi aj èvegi ilinteag. Ivig eg thi Al` Pistdkigt, Fa`
givir nakketti` Heksilj ta sdvi dg igteri figirdteag aj Esrdiletis. Eg riìkptevi
hestary, “d èstegnteag wds kdì oitwiig Esddn dg` Eshkdil (_ak. 5=:-5), oitwiig
Mdnao dg` Isdu (5=42-4>), oitwiig thasi spdri` dg` thasi ìstrayi` draug` thi
falìg ndlj eg Kasis `dy (5=40-4:, netegf Ix. >>=45), oitwiig thi jdethjul rikgdgt
dg` ugoileivirs eg Ilemdhs `dy (_ak. 44=?-0), oitwiig igikeis dg` nakpdgeags eg
@dve`s `dy (44=5-42), oitwiig oileivirs dg` èsaoièigt eg Esdedhs `dy (5=?53
44=8), dg` oitwiig thi sdvi` dg` thi last aj Esrdil eg thi prisigt `dy (44=9, 6).98
Jrak thi rinar` aj thi Al` Pistdkigt, wi rid` thdt jdethjul Mihavdh hds dlwdys
riìiki` ugta Heksilj d rikgdgt aj idnh figirdteag aj Esrdiletis. Givir wds thiri d
kdss sdlvdteag aj dg igteri figirdteag aj Miws eg oeolendl hestary. Nhdrlis Dlixdgìr
dfriis thdt,
“Phiri es ga sunh thegf ds gdteagdl sdlvdteag iethir aj Miw ar figteli „ ga,
gat segni thi jaug`dteag aj thi warl`, dg` givir ivig eg d kegar sigsi eg
thi jdkely dg` ekkièdti ìsnigìgts aj thi jerst dg` sinag` figirdteags aj
thi Dordhdken stanc. Eshkdil wds givir eg, gat Isdu, gar hdlj thi sags ajMdnao. _id` whdt thier jdthir sdys doaut thik ag hes ìdthoi` (Figises
05).95

Phi pregnepli aj saviriefg, èvegi ilinteag dg` ripraodteag es nagsestigt weth Fa`s
hestarendl-riìkptevi pdgardkd. Jurthirkari, netezigshep eg thi hidvigly Mirusdlik
es givir odsi` upag gdteagdlety ar rdni, out oy jdeth eg Misus Nhrest. Phes es trui oath
eg thi Al` dg` Giw Pistdkigt. Pa egsest upag thi juturi sdlvdteag aj iviry segfli
levegf Esrdileti es ta egtraùni d jariefg eggavdteag egta thi tixt aj ^nrepturi.
Hawivir, thi praoliks jar thi Oeoli Rrisoytiredg à gat stap hiri.
Ej, egìi`, iviry segfli Esrdileti well oi sdvi` eg thi juturi dt Nhrests înag`
D`vigt, haw à wi ìtirkegi wha es dg` es gat dg Esrdileti1 Es dg Esrdileti agi wha
hds ìsnigì` jrak Dordhdk, Esddn dg` Mdnao1 Ar es agi dg Esrdileti sekply oy
vertui aj hes fia-paletendl ar rilefeaus dssanedteags1 Oigga Mdnao, d èstegfueshi`
Miwesh nakkigtdtar ag Figises, nakkigti` thdt ithgen ìsnigt wds gat thi agly
odses jar pdrtenepdteag eg thi al` navigdgt. Hi wretis, “Egìi`, èjjirignis aj rdni
98
_aoirtsag, Phi Esrdil aj Fa`, Uistir`dy, Pa`dy dg` Pakarraw, 480.95 Dlixdgìr, “_akdgs Ilivig dg` thi Pwa Esrdils, 49-4:.
hdvi givir oiig dg aostdnli ta maegegf Esrdil whenh è` gat cgaw thi nagnipt aj
purety aj olaa`. Nernukneseag turgi` d kdg aj jariefg arefeg egta dg Esrdileti (Ix.
4?=08).:2 Eg athir war`s, d Figteli kdy oi dnnipti` ds d Miw oy gdteagdl Esrdil
whig hi nagvirts ta Mu`desk.
A. Rdlkir _aoirtsag refhtly aosirvis thdt, “Vhig Fa` sit dseì Dordhdk ds hes
egstrukigt aj olissegf jar thi warl`, et wds kdì pldeg thdt dgy Figteli naul` maeg
thi navigdgt nakkugety thraufh thi praniss aj prasilytesk (Fig. 46=4?-4>).:4
Oiseìs, ga lifesldteag ixests eg Esrdil thdt praheoets thi kdrredfi aj d figteli
prasilyti weth dgathir figteli prasilyti. Phi ìsnigìgts aj sunh d ugeag waul` oi
ndlli` Esrdiletis, out thisi waul` hdvi ga figiten ar olaa` rildteagshep weth dgy aj
thi Miwesh pdtredrnhs. “Ag thi athir hdg`, dgy ithgen ìsnig`dgt aj Dordhdk kefht
oi ìnldri` d gag-Esrdileti ds d risult aj vealdtegf thi navigdgt (Fig. 46=40). Jar
:?
Ej et es oynagvirtegf ta Mu`desk thdt d pirsag oinakis dg Esrdileti, et es, thig, trui thdt dgy
Figteli ndg oinaki dg Esrdileti eg d rilefeaus ar fia-paletendl sigsi.
Ej wi tdci thes ridsagegf ta ets lafendl ig`, thi èspigsdteagdl ugìrstdgègf aj “dll
Esrdil (_ak. 44=?:) egivetdoly lid`s ta dgathir wdy ta Fa`, dpdrt jrak sdvegf jdeth
eg thi Faspil aj Misus Nhrest. Hypathitendlly spidcegf, ej d Figteli ugwdviregfly
dg` pirsestigtly rimints thi Faspil ìspeti dll ijjarts ta ivdgfilezi hek, kust wi
nagseìr pirsudègf hek ta oinaki d Miw oy nagvirtegf ta Mu`desk1 Es et gat trui,
thig, thdt hi kdy ivig hdvi dg dssurdgni aj sdlvdteag ej hi hdppigs ta oi dlevi - ds d prasilyti aj Mu`desk - ùregf thi înag` D`vigt aj Nhrest1 Vell gat “dll Esrdil,
whenh egnluìs thi Figteli prasilytis aj Mu`desk, oi supirgdturdlly nagvirti` ta
Nhrestedgety dnnarègf ta @espigsdteagdlesk1
Phi nagsestigt @espigsdteagdlest kust, thirijari, d`ket thdt nagvirseag ta Mu`desk
es, dt lidst, d passeoli dltirgdtevi jar thasi wha rijusi ta oileivi eg thi Faspil. Ds
thi @espigsdteagdlests hdvi rietirdti`, wi dri passeoly levegf eg thi ldst `dys whig
Nhrests riturg es “ekkegigt. Phes “dgy kakigt riturg aj Nhrest well fevi thi
Figteli prasilyti dg “dgy kakigt sdlvdteag, oindusi “dll Esrdil well oi sdvi` „
dg` thes egnluìs oath ithgen Miws dg` Figteli prasilytis ta Mu`desk.
Phi djarikigteagi` nagseìrdteags well appasi dgy ugìrstdgègf aj “dll Esrdil eg
_akdgs 44=?: ds kidgegf iviry segfli Esrdileti dlevi eg thi juturi. Dkelliggedlests
hdvi dlwdys oileivi` thdt d rikgdgt aj Miws well oi sdvi` thraufhaut riìkptevi
:2 Oigga Mdnao, Phi Jerst Oaac aj thi Oeoli, Figises (Giw Uarc= CPDZ, 4560), ?>>, quati`
eg _aoirtsag, Phi Esrdil aj Fa`, Uistir`dy, Pa`dy dg` Pakarraw, 480. :4
_aoirtsag, Phi Esrdil aj Fa`, Uistir`dy, Pa`dy dg` Pakarraw, 480-489.:? Eoe`., 489.
hestary. Out @espigsdteagdlests leket thes ta thi isnhdtalafendl juturi whig agly d
rikgdgt aj d segfli figirdteag aj Miws well oi sdvi`. Uit thes rikgdgt es dllifi` ta
rijir ta thi “dll Esrdil aj _akdgs 44=?:. Ej “dll Esrdil kidgs agly “saki
Esrdiletis, dg` ej “dll Esrdil kidgs agly “d rikgdgt aj Esrdil, @espigsdteagdlests
dg` Oeoli Rrisoytiredgs kust d`ket thdt “dll àis gat kidg “dll eg d letirdl sigsi. Dnnarègf ta thi Oeoli Rrisoytiredgs nagsestigtly letirdl hirkigiutens, “dll kidgs
“saki, dg` “saki kidgs “dll.
Jegdlly, lit us rikikoir thdt Fa`s riìkptevi frdni dg` ilinteag dri gat ìpigìgt
upag d pirsags nriìgtedls, figidlafy, ar physendl qudleteis. ^dlvdteag es dlwdys
odsi` upag jdeth dlagi eg Nhrest dlagi, dg` es gat ìpigìgt upag thi eghiretdgni aj
Miwesh figis, thi pirsags ithgenety ar pièfrii.
Dlixdgìr wdrgs,
“Aur jreig`s Sthi @espigsdteagdlests[ wha treukphdgtly jlauresh thi
sigtigni, “Dg` sa dll Esrdil shdll oi sdvi` ds thaufh thes pravis oiyag`
drfukigt thdt dg idrthly juturi aj spinedl prevelifi oilagfs ta Miwry ag thi
fraug` thdt thiy, thi Miws, dri thi gdturdl sii` aj Dordhdk ta whak thi
prakesis hdvi oiig kdì, hd` oittir oi ndrijul whdt thiy dri doaut, jar
thiy dri nagjusegf jlish dg` speret, dg` et es skdll wagìr thdt eg thi praniss
thiy ìprevi thi Nhurnh aj iviry sefgejendgt praphiny eg thi Var` aj Fa`

Phes nagjuseag aj “jlish dg` speret es sakitekis d praùnt aj thi “nagsestigtly
letirdl hirkigiutens „ d hirkigiutendl kitha` whenh @espigsdteagdlests dg` Oeoli
Rrisoytiredgs d`dkdgtly ìjig`. Vi gaw turg aur dttigteag ta thes nagsestigtly
“letirdl hirkigiutens aj Oeoli Rrisoytiredgesk.
:> Dlixdgìr, “_akdgs Ilivig dg` thi Pwa Esrdils, >.
Letirdl Hirkigiutens
Oeoli Rrisoytiredgs dg` @espigsdteagdlests ajtig dssirt thdt thi narrint hirkigiutens
es d nagsestigtly letirdl hirkigiutens. Phi jdnt es, oath _ijarki` thialafedgs dg`
@espigsdteagdlests egtirprit saki parteags aj ^nrepturi letirdlly, dg` athir parteags
sykoalendlly ar typalafendlly. Phiy givirthiliss èsdfrii ds ta whenh parteags aj
^nrepturi shaul` oi egtirpriti` letirdlly ar sykoalendlly.4 Phi oagi aj nagtigteag
oitwiig _ijarki` dg` @espigsdteagdl ixifitis leis eg thier egtirpritdteag aj oeolendl
praphiny, pdrtenuldrly thi dpandlypten figri aj ^nrepturi.? Jar ixdkpli, aur
@espigsdteagdl orithrig waul` dttikpt ta egtirprit thi Al` Pistdkigt ldg` prakesis

Vhdt ixdntly, thig, es thes ilusevi kitha` aj egtirpritdteag ndlli` “letirdl
hirkigiutens1 Zirg Raythriss ixpldegs thdt whdt @espigsdteagdlests kidg oy
“nagsestigtly letirdl es dntudlly thi frdkkdtendl-hestarendl kitha` aj hirkigiutens.0
Raythriss jurthir ildoardtis thdt “frdkkdtendl-hestarendl egtirpritdteag ìdls weth
whdt d pdssdfi sdys dfdegst thi odncfraug` aj ets arefegdl teki dg` nulturi, oidregf
eg keg` thi purpasis aj thi hukdg duthar.9 Eg athir war`s, frdkkdtendl-hestarendl
hirkigiutens tdcis egta nagseìrdteag thi nulturdl keleiu ds will ds thi ugìrstdgègf dg` egtigt aj thi èvegily egsperi` hukdg duthar.
4 _dkk nldrejeis, “Et kust oi stragfly rietirdti` hiri thdt dkelligdredgs dri must ds stragf eg
rimintegf odsiliss dllifarendl spinuldteags ds dri thi drìgt letirdlests. . . . Dnniptdoli
“speretudlezdteag es thi egtirpritdteag aj d pdssdfi eg whenh thi egtirpritir jeg`s d oradìgi`
ar jefurdtevi ar typendl kidgegf fevig ta et oy thi Haly ^peret . Pa dnnusi thi dkelligdredgs aj
oiegf dllifarests dg` ekplyegf thdt thier dllifarezdteags dri aj thi sdki spineis ds thdt aj
Rhela ar Arefig es sekply gat oiegf dnnurdti weth ar jder ta thi dkelligdredgs. îi Oirgdr` _dkk, Rratistdgt Oeolendl Egtirpritdteag, >` riv. i`. (Frdg` _dpe`s, KE= Odcir Oaac Hausi
Na., 4562), ?96. ? Pirry ixpldegs, “Dpandlyptens es d thialafendl tirk aj rinigt arefeg ikplayi` eg oeolendl
letirdturi ta ìsefgdti d nldss aj praphiten wretegfs whenh rijir ta ekpigègf ar juturi
mu`fkigts, dg` thi jegdl flary aj thi Kissedgen cegfàk. îi Keltag ^. Pirry, Oeolendl
Hirkigiutens= D Pridtesi ag thi Egtirpritdteag aj thi Al` dg` Giw Pistdkigts (Hugt dg`
Idsag, 48523 ripregt, Iufigi, A_= Vepj dg` ^tanc Ruoleshirs, 4555), >>8. > Phes essui es èsnussi` eg Nhdptir 0. 0 Zirg ^. Raythriss, Ygìrstdgègf @espigsdteagdlests, ?`. i`. (Rhellepsourf, GM= Rrisoytiredg
dg` _ijarki` Ruoleshegf Na, 4586), 8:.9 Eoe`., 56.
Oeoli Rrisoytiredg Hirkigiutens ?
@wefht Rigtinast, agi aj thi kast prakegigt ìjigìrs aj @espigsdteagdl
Rrikelliggedlesk, jurthir ìsnreois thi letirdl kitha` aj egtirpritdteag eg thi
jallawegf war`s=
“Phi letirdl kitha` aj egtirpritdteag es thdt kitha` thdt fevis ta idnh war` thi sdki ixdnt odsen kidgegf et waul` hdvi eg garkdl, arègdry, nustakdry
usdfi, whithir ikplayi` eg wretegf, spidcegf ar thegcegf. Et es ndlli` thi
frdkkdtendl-hestarendl kitha` ta ikphdsezi thi jdnt thdt thi kidgegf es ta
oi ìtirkegi` oy oath frdkkdtendl dg` hestarendl nagseìrdteags.:

@espigsdteagdlest _aoirt L. Phakds leciwesi nagnurs thdt thi trdèteagdl dppradnh aj
nagsestigt letirdlesk es “frdkkdtendl-hestarendl, dg` gat “hestarendl-frdkkdtendl-
letirdry-thialafendl.6 Phi “frdkkdtendl-hestarendl hirkigiutens es “frdkkdtendl
eg thi sigsi thdt et rijlints nakkag ìgatdteags, egjlinteags, dg` sygtdx. Et es“hestarendl eg thi sigsi thdt et dppidls ta thi kidgegfs aj sunh ìgatdteags,
egjlinteags, dg` sygtdx ds thiy wiri ugìrstaa` oy thi arefegdl wretirs, dg` eg
rildteag ta thi hestarendl ivigts surraugègf thik. Phirijari, et es prapir jar thi
ixifiti ta egtirdnt weth thi hestarendl dg` nulturdl dspints aj thi arefegdl wretirs
whig egtirpritegf d pdrtenuldr oaac aj thi Oeoli.
Eg hes nretequi aj gagèspigsdteagdl hirkigiutens, Nhdrlis _yrei nhdrfis thdt
gagèspigsdteagdlests dri egnagsestigt eg thier usdfi aj thi “frdkkdtendl-hestarendl
kitha` aj egtirpritdteag, ispinedlly whig ugìrstdgègf praphiny. _yrei wretis=
“Aj naursi, letirdl egtirpritdteag es gat thi ixnlusevi prapirty aj
èspigsdteagdlests. . . . Vhdt, thig, es thi `

bible presbyterianism: a need for redefinition?

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