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INDEX

Abbas, Abul, 105-6 Abbasides and Abbaside dynasty, 30, 34,

102, 106--7 Abbasi dynasty, 13 3 Abduh, ~uhammad,2, 13-5 Abi Shaiba, Yezid bin, 80 absolutism, 3 7 Abu Bakr, 11, 60-1, 63, 100-1, 104, 232,

237 Abu Dawud, 61-2 Adi bin Hatim, 230 Afghani, SayyidJamal al-Din al-, 1-2, 6, 13,

46 Ah/ar-rai, 30 Ahmad,Jalal Ali-i, 20 Ahmed, Abul Kasim, 106 Ainee, 77,80 AUsha,55-6,62,66, 176 al-'Askari, Hasan, 101-2 al-Azhar, 46--8 Ali, 39, 63, 99, 101 , 104--5 Ali, Arnir, 2, 6, 10-11 Ali garb Institute Gazette, 10 Aligarh movement, 7, 10 Ali H alabi, Nooruddeen, 79 Ali, ~umtaz, 2 Ali, Nuraddin, 72, 73 Amar-bin-Dinar, 81 Amin, Qasim, 2, 15 apostolical Imams, 11, 101 Arabs and science, 23-8 Arabs and Islamic thought, 13, 95- 98 Arab unity, 98 Aristotle, 26 Asma al-Rijal, 54--5 Ata, 81, 92n Ath-Thauri, Sof)ran, 82 az-Zallaka, battle of, 105

Badr, battle of, 61, 239 bait, 3 64--5 Bakhtiyari tribe, 352 al-Bakka'i, Ziyad, 59 al-Bana, Hasan, 2, 6 Bara'at, 224--5, 233 bis-saif, 2 31 Block,~., 137 Boumediene, Houari, 19 British admiralty, 352-4 al-Bukhari, 59-60, 66, 68

Calcutta Islamic modernism, 10 caliphate, 15-6, 100- 1,103-4,107,249 Campbell, George, 32 capitalism, 3, 5, 10, 17, 123,315-20,323 Cato, 156n Chiragh Ali, 1, 2, 6, 8-9 Christian religion and science, 2 3- 8 Christian theology, 12 civil rights, 9 civil rights, French compared with ~uslim,

189-96 colonization, 347-8 common code oflslam, see ~uhammadan

Common Law Common Law of Islam, see ~uhammadan

Common Law communism, 19,315-22 Comtean perspective, 14 conceptual pluralism, 6 concubinage,9, 146 conformity, doctrine of, 116-7 Constant, Benjamin, 135-6 Constitutional Revolution (1905- 11), 2,

4-6,350-2 contemporary Islam, 3 cultural modernization , 7

378

cultural pluralism, 6

Dabt, 64-5 dar, 364-5 Dar al-Islam, 299 Daral-Ulum, 46,91 D'Arcy, William Knox, 352-3 Dar ul-Islam, 241-2 Darul-Harb, 91 Dar-ul Khilafat, 105, 108 Dar-us-salaam, 105 decline oflslam, 13 decline ofMusalman society, 133, 134 de Sacy, Silvestre, 11 despotism, 167-8 al-Dimyati, 62 Diraya, 56 Divine code of law, see Divine Law Divine Law, 198, 206, 229-30, 244, 270 divine revelation, 199- 200 Divine Will, 35-7 divorce, 146, 151 Due d'Harcourt, 15 Durr-ul-Mukhtar, 103-4

eating, customs and habits, 183, 187- 8 Egypt

ideology of the Egyptian state, 7 and Islam, 15 Islamic modernism, 11 and religious reform, 45-50

empirical sciences of Europe, Islamic origins, 202

empiricism, 216 European scientists, 136-138, 140, 142

al-Fadl, Abu, 60 Farhan, Ishaq A., interview

background, 16 Islam and Western civilization, 312- 3 Islamic Action Front, 313 Islamic jurisprudence, 310 jihad, 312 Muslim Brothers, 310--1 religion and politics, 311 Saddam Hussein, 313 usury, 311 women and polygamy, 313

Fatima, 101 Feuerbach, 36

INDEX

FIS, see Islamic Salvation Front Fiqh,3,8,59,63-5,212 FLN regime, 19 free agency, 35-8

see also free will Freeman, Mr., 83-4 freedom of opinion

doctrine of conformity, 116-7 formulating correct opinions 113-20 opinion of the multitude, 111-2 supporting and opposing views, 110--3

free will, 37-9, 227, 231, 242 see also free agency

French Enlightenment, 11, 14 French Revolution, 192--6 French scientists, 12 fundamentalism, 2, 7

Geyser,Joseph, 137-8 al-Ghani, 'abd, 60 al-Ghazali, 18 Greek philosophy, 18,24--6 Greek wives, 156n

al-Hadi, 27-8, 102 hadith, 12,18,45,56--61,66,100,212,255,

259,274,295 al-Hafiz, 'Asakir, 60 al-Hakim, 60 Hamlin, Cyrus, 32 Hanafia (Haneefa), 31 Hanafi Code of the Common Law, 91 Haneefa, Aboo, 30--1 al-Hashemi, Mohammed Ibn Abdullah Ibn

Abdu-Muttalib, 98 Hashimides, 105 Ibn Hazm, a-Dhairi, 100 Hedaya, 72-3 historical Islam, 2, 6 historical Judaism, 11 historical roots of Muslim decadence, 2 historical writing, methodology

Asma al-Rijal, 54-5 external influences on, 66-7 Muslim historians, 53-4 narrators, 63--6 principles of, 5 5- 8 Sira literature, critique of authors,

59--63

Hughes, T. P., 89 humanism, 320 human knowledge and jahiliyyah, 200--1 Hunter, Dr., 32 Hussein (King), 4, 309

IAFP, see Islamic Action Front Party 'ibadat, 265-6 lbliz (al-Tami), 43n Ibn Abdeen, 77 lbn-Bajja, 27 Ibn Hajar, 62-3, 66, 68 lbni S'aud, 103 Ibn Ishaq, 65 Ibn Khaldun, 104 Ibn Omar ibn-al-Khattab, Abu Abd-ur­

Rahman Abdullah, 81 Ibn Taimiyya, 59-60 Ibn Tufail ad-Dubbi, AbdAllah Ibn

Shuburma, 27, 81 lbn-ul-Athir, 105 ideological groups, 3 Ihtijaj ut-Talrrasi, 3 9 ljtihad, 12, 18, 49 ilah and rabb, 264-70 Imam Abduh, 41-3 Imam a/-Kabir, 103 al-Imam Malik, 65 Imamat as-Sughra, 103 Imam lbne Qayyim, 234 Imams of the House of Mohammed, 102 Indian Muslims, 2, 8, 10 Indian nationalism, 18 Indian Succession Act, 131 intellectual pluralism, 8, 109 international law, 9 Iqbal, 322 Iran,4,6

modernism, 4 radical politics, 4 Shi'i thinkers, 4

Iranian Revolution, 18 al-'lraqi, Zain al-Oin, 59 Islam, 319 al-Islam, al-Imam Fakhr, 64-5 Islam and Arabs, 95-6 Islam and politics, 3, 11, 14 Islam and science, 139-40 Islam as a unified religion, 95 Islam defined, 138-40, 263

INDEX 379

Islamic Action Front Party (IAFP), 309 Islamic activists, 3 Islamic Common Law, 29-39

see also Muhammadan Common Law Islamic fundamentalism, 4, 6-7, 16 Islamic government, laws and social

institutions, 2 51-61 Islamic history, 9, 10 Islamic ideology, 198 Islamic jurisprudence, see Fiqh Islamic law, 2, 8, 12 Islamic modernism, 2- 3, 5-7, 13 Islamic movement, Jordan

Islamic Resistance Movement (Hamas), 303

"one man one vote" 1993, 302-7 Wadi Araba treaty, 302-7

Islamic orthodoxy, 6 Islamic political theory, 6, 10-1,270--1,

263- 271 Islamic radicalism, 3 Islamic Revealed Law, 29-39

see also Muhammadan Revealed Law Islamic Salvation Front (FIS)

Algerian Army, 299-300 creation of, 1 7 defined,273- 5 economic policy, 281-8 education policy, 289-92 foreign policy, 300 health, education, social, cultural

policies, 294-9 Jihad, 276-7, 299 legal rights, 292- 5 political program of, 275- 80 Shariah,275- 9 social policy, 288-9 women's rights, 294

Islamic sciences, 7 Islamic socialism, 1 7, 19 Islamic state, 2, 7, 247-50 Islamic structure, 98-101 Islamic theology, 2, 19 Islamic theory of sovereignty, 2 Islamic unity, 98 Al-Islami, HizbJibhih al-Amal, 310 Islamism, 3 Islamist, 3 al-Isphahani, Abu Nu'aim, 60

380

al-Isphahni, Abu Sheikh, 60

Jahiliyyah,200-l,203,225,232,243-4, 311

jalabeeb, 156n Jama'at-i Islami, 18 al-Jauzi, 56 Jewish oral law, 34 Jihad

Ainee, 77, 80 defensive, 72-3, 83, 88-9, 231-3 early Madiniti period, 238--40 European writers, 82 fight or not to fight, 234-8, 240-2 Halabi, 79-80 Hedaya, 72--4 Ibn Hajar, 78 Kifaya, 74, 75 Meccan period, 235-8 meaning of, 90, 225-7 Moslem legists, 81-2 rule of interpretation, 73 Sarakhsee, 77---8 stages of the movement, 223-5 Sura, 73-7,84,86-8,90,92

Jizya, 261n, 255 Jizyah, 224 Jordanian Islamic movement, 7 Jordanian ruling elite, 7 jurisprudence, 1, 8, 30-31, 103

Kant, 142-3 Karmat Ali, 10 Kaza and Kadar, 39 Kazee-al-Kozat, 30 Khalifa Haroon Arrasheed, 31 khalifas, 29-30, 133 Khalifat, 103 Khan, Sayyid Ahmad, 1, 2, 6-8, 10, 187 Kharaj, 261n, 255 Khilafot-ai-Kamila, 105 Khomeini, Imam Ruhullah

background, 18 on Islamic government, 251-261 on the Islamic state, 247-50 speech, 3 3 3-8

khomr, 156n Khulafai-jour, 29 Khulafai-Rashedeen, 29 Khunrr,261n, 254-5 King Hussein, 4, 309

INDEX

knowledge and Islam, 198-206 Koreish, 83, 96, 98, 104-5 kotelu, 90 Kufa, 105 kufr; 256-7 Kurds, 353

Lao Tzu, school of, 318 Larousse, 13 7-8 laws of inheritance, 128-30 life after death, 10, 212-3 life style, 183-5

MacColl, Malcolm, 8-9, 29, 31, 33--4, 91 Madani, Abbassi, 2, 17 madhahib, 181n Madrasat al-Qada'al-Shari', 46 Maghazi, 67 Mahomedans compared with Hindus, 123--4 mahram, 363 Majlis, 334, 336 Mamlukes, 13, 107 mamum, 103 a/-Manar, 51n maraji, 334 Maududi, Sayyid Abul A'la, 2, 18 al-Mazari, 62-3 Messenger of God (S.A. W), 17, 197 Mirza Bozorg Shirazi, 3 51 al-Misri, Dial-Noun, 48-9 Moavia, 29 modern Europe, 13 modern social laws, l 0 modern social theory, l mojahid, 90 moneylending, 126-8,130

see also usary Moolkan Azoozan, 29 moral conduct, 45-6 moral revolution, 16 mo'tazelahs, 13 3 Mrabet, Fadila, 341 Mu'awiyah, 104-5, 364 Mughal Empire, 5 Muhajarin, 100 Muhammadan Common Law, 8- 9, 31--4,

72--4 76, 92, 152 see also Islamic Common Law

Muhammadan Revealed Law, 8- 9,31, 34 see also Islamic Revealed Law

Muhammadan states, 29

INDEX 381

Muhammad's marriages, 157n Muir, William, 82-3, 94n Mujahid,49 ~-Muktadi, 105-6 Mumtaz Ali, 6 Muslim Brothers, see Society of Muslim

Brothers Muslim-Christian history, 9 Muslim religion and science, 23-8 Mussulman states, 29, 33 al-Mustazhir, 106 Mutahhari, Murtaza, 19 Mutakherin, 104 al-Mutanabbi, 24 Musta'sim b'lllah, 106 mutiny of 1857-58, 5

Nahnah, Shaikh, 2 al-Nasa'i, 59, 61 Nassar, 7 nationalism, 2, 6, 329 naturalism, 125 natural law, 12 natural religion, 138 natural theology, 2, 8, 12 nature of worship, 229- 30 Na'ini (Ayatollah), 2, 4 al-Nawawi, 62 Neuman, Sergei, 329 nineteenth-century Enlightenment,

compatibility with, 1 nineteenth-century soci~ theory, 3 Nuri, Shaikh Fazlullah, 6 Nu'mani, 'Allama Shibli, 2, 9- 10

oil concession, 352-4 Omar, 11, 104 Ommeyyades, 104-5 Ommiade dynasty, 29-30 Osborn, Major, 86-7 Osman, 11, 104 Othman, House of, 107- 8, 232 Ottomans, 107, 257, 348, 351

Pahlavi regime, 18 patristicism, 3 8 Plato, 119 pluralism, 6 political reorganization of society, 2 polygamy, 4, 9, 10, 12, 145-6, 151- 2, 154-5 pontifical caliphate, 11

popular jihad. See Jihad pork, forbidden in the Quran, 210, 213-4 pragmatism, 126 prophets, mission of, 263-4

Qadisiyyah, battle of, 240 Qajar dynasty, 5 al-Qari, Mulla 'Ali, 57-60 al-Qastallani, 68 al-Qattan, Yahya ibn Sa'id, 54 Qayyim, Ibn, 223 Quarish, 23 6-8 Quran, 3, 7-9, 12,14-5,18,30-4,35, 39,

42-3,45-50,71-6,80-5,88-9,91-2, 96,146,178,210-4,219-20,226, 228,230,233-5,239-40,258,265-6, 270-1, 377-8

Quranic verses, 36-9,42-3, 45, 55-6, 74-80,89-90,92,96,147-9,152-3, 155, 175, 180,204-5, 213-4,2 18, 223-4,227- 8,230,233-5,239-40, 256,258-9,264,266,269-70,274, 295,325-9,330-1,364-7

Qutb, Sayy:id, 2, 17

rabb and ilah, 264-70 rabubiyyal, 268 Radd-ul-Muhtar, 104 radical modernity, 2 Ranan, Ernest, 13 7-8 al-Rashid, Maroun, 67 rationalism, 126, 209-10, 215-21 rationalist approach toward historic~ Islam,

2 rational sciences, rise of, 2, 12- 3 al-Razi, AI-Imam, 68 al-Raziq, Ali Abd, 2, 6, 15-6 religion and science, 23-8, 135 religious reform, 45- 50 religious tolerance, 10 Renan,M., 13,23-28 Reza Shah, 4, 6

Sadat, 7 Sale, George, 85-6 Sarakhsee, 77 secular education, 7 secularism, 15 Selim, 107-8 Sell, Edward, 32 al-Shafi'i, 64

382 INDEX

Shah, Isma'il, 107 Shariati, Ali, 19, 20 Shari'ah, 16, 45, 99, 198-9, 211-1, 217,

220,232,251,276-9,282,285,288, 295-6

Shari'at, 101, 350-1 Shiahs, 102-4, 107, 132 Shiite, 249, 364 Shi'ism, 350 shura, 17 Siba'i, Mustafa as-, 2, 17 Simons,Jules, 141-2 al-Sini, Ibn, 60 Sira literature, 58-63 slavery, 9-11 Smith, Bosworth, 32, 84-5, 153 Society of the Muslim Brothers

boycotting the 1997 elections, 306-7 Farhan, Ishaq Ahmad, 16 Jordan elections, 301 a Jordanian Islamic movement, 7, 309-10

sociological laws, 41-3 sons oflsmail, 96 Stephens, 84 Sufis,9, 18,48,107 Sultani, Abd al-Latif, 18-9 Sunni, 11, 102-8, 132

al-Tabarani, 61 al-Tabari, 58-9 Tahtawi, Rafi' al-, 11-3 Tahzib al-Akhlaq, 10 Talout, 41-3 Tawhee, 264 taxes, 253-5 al-Tirmidhi, 61 Tobacco Movement (1890-92), 6 Tocquevillian view, 4 traditionalists, 12, 15 traditional sciences, 12 treaty ofHodeibia, 75

al-'Ulum, Bahr, 64-5 Umayyads, 66-7 umma, 13, 257 al-Urwa al-wuthqa, 13 usury, 311

see also money lending Utility, 114-5

veiling (hajib), 15, 169, 173-9, 361-72

vice-gerency, 101-4, 106-7, 203 Vienna Conference (1973), 16 Vienna Convention, 333, 337

Wadi Araba treaty, 304-5 Wahabis, 103 Wajdi, Farid, 2, 14-5 al-Waqidi, 58-9,62 waqfs, 288 western civilization

influences of, 18, 343 nationalism, 329 self-destruction, 323-31

Western criticism oflslam, 9 western decadence

capitalism and communism, 315-20, 322-3

humanism, 317 Marxism, 317,321-3

"westitis," 343-57 Wherry, E. M., 88 women's issues

concubinage, 146-7, 153-4 divorce, 146, 151 female infanticide, 146-7 gender relations and equality, 7, 15, 149,

160-1 Muslim law concerning, 160-1 polgamy, 4, 9-10, 12, 146-7, 151-5 treatment of, 151, 159 veiling (hajib), 15, 169, 173-9, 361-72

women in Egyptian society becoming self-sufficient, 171-2 divorce, 166 education of, 169-70 equality, 1 7 6 polygamy, 167 role in society, 170-1 shari'ah, 166, 170, 174, 179, 181 status of, 165-6 veiling, 169, 173-9

Yacine, Kateb, 342 Yali, Hafiz Abu, 204 Yoosoof, Imam Aboo, 30-1 Yoslemoon, 92, 94n

al-Zayla'i, Utbman ibn 'Ali, 175-6 Zionism, 201-2, 302-4 Zoroastrians, 11, 102 al-Zuhri, al-lmam, 61