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3 The Netherlands

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4 Belgium

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6 Spain

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8 Austria

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9 Federal Republic of Germany

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10 Denmark

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11 Norway

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12 Sweden

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13 Finland

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LUEBBERT, G.M. (1986) Comparative Democracy: Policy-Making and Gover­ning Coalitions in Europe and Israel (New York: Columbia University Press).

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muut ryhmittymiit', Eduskunnan historiakomitea, Suomen kansanedus­tuslaitoksen historia XII (Helsinki: Valtion painatuskeskus).

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Government: the Cases of Austria and Belgium', European Journal of Political Research, 16, no. I, pp. 51-71.

BROWN, E. et al. (1984) 'An "Events" Approach to the Problem of Cabinet Stability', Comparative Political Studies, pp. 167-198.

BUTLER, D. (1972/73) 'Ministerial Responsibility in Australia and Britain', Parliamentary Affairs, vol. 26, pp. 403.

CAMPBELL, C. (1983) Governments Under Stress: Political Executives and Key Bureaucrats in Washington (London, Ottawa and Toronto: Toronto Univer­sity Press).

COBB, R.W. and ELDER, C.D. (1972) Participation in American politics: the Dynamics of Agenda-Building (Boston: Allyn & Bacon).

DAALDER, H. (1971) 'Cabinets and Party Systems in Ten Smaller European Democracies', Acta Politica, 6, pp.282-303.

DE SW AAN, A. (1973) Coalition Theories and Cabinet Formation (Amsterdam: Elsevier).

DODD, L. (1984) 'The Study of Cabinet Durability' Comparative Political Studies, pp. 155-162.

DUVERGER, M. (1986) Les regimes semi-presidentiels (Paris: Presses Univer­sitaires de France).

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LAVER, M. (1986) 'Between theoretical elegance and political reality: deductive models and cabinet coalitions in Europe', in G. Pridham (ed.) Coalition Behaviour in Theory and Practice (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).

LIJPHART, A. (1981) 'Power-sharing versus Majority Rule: Patterns of Cabinet Formation in Twenty Democracies', Government and Opposition, pp.395-413.

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LlJPHART, A. (l975e) The Politics of Accommodation: Pluralism and Democracy in the Netherlands (Berkeley: University of California Press).

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256

Comparative Bibliography 257

MACKIE, T. and HOGWOOD, B. (1985) Unlocking the Cabinet (London: Sage).

MEYER, L.c. (1980) 'Party Systems and Cabinet Stability', in P. Merkl (ed.) Western European Party Systems (New York: Free Press).

OBLER, J., STEINER, J. and DIRCKX, G. (1977) Decision-Making in Small Democracies: the Consociational Burden (London: Sage) Professional Papers, 01/064.

PAIGE, G.D. (1977) The Scientific Study of Political Leadership (New York and London: Free Press).

PALOHEIMO, H. (1984) Governments in Democratic Capitalist States: a Data Handbook (University of Turku: Department of Sociology and Political Science, Studies on Political Science) no. 8.

PAPPALARDO, A. (1978) Partiti e governi di coalizione in Europa (Milan: Angeli).

SANDERS, D. and HERMAN, V. (1977) 'The Stability and Survival of Governments in Western Democracies', Acta Politica, 12, pp. 346-377.

SARTORI, G. (1976) Parties and Party Systems: a Framework for Analysis (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).

ROSE, R. (1980) 'Government against Sub-Governments: a European Perspec­tive on Washington', in R. Rose and E.N. Suleiman (eds) Presidents and Prime Ministers (Washington: AEI).

ROSE, R. (1983) 'Still the Era of Party Government', Parliamentary Affairs, 36, pp.282-289.

TAYLOR, M. and HERMAN, V. (1977) 'Party Systems and Government Stability', American Political Science Review, pp. 28-37.

TAYLOR, M. and LAVER, M. (1973) 'Government Coalitions in Western Europe', European Journal of Political Research, 3, pp. 205 If.

WARWICK, P. (1979) 'The Durability of Coalition Governments in Parliamen­tary Democracies', Comparative Political Studies, 11, pp.465-498.

Index

Adenauer, K., 156, 158, 160, 161, 162, 164,165

Andersen, G., 190, 195 Andeweg, R., 58, 65 Aquarone, A., 120 Arends, A., 19 Arias, c., 104, 105 Armbruster, F., 235 Armingeon, K., 159 Attard, E., 114 Attlee, c., 19,21,26 Aughey, A., 24 Austria, 7, 8, II, 12, 14,80,81,108,

138-50,238

Bagehot, W., 17 Bakema, W.E., 61 Bar, A., 106, 107, 108, Il2, Il3 Barfuss, W., 147 Barre, R., 96, 97, 99 Barrington, T.J., 40 Bartolotta, F., 129 Baudouin I, 74 Belgium, 6, 7, 9,10, Il-12, 68-85 Berg, S., 168 Berggrav, D., 192, 194 Bernatzik, E., 142 Bloch, K., 187, 190 Blondel, J., 105, 160,226,235-6 Bonanni, M., 135 Borten, P., 189, 192-3, 194 Brandt, W., 154, 156, 158, 160, 161,

163-4,165 Bratbak, B., 188 Bratteli, T., 193, 195 Braunthal, G., 152 Britain, 1,5,7,8,9,10, II, 12, 14, 17-

32,35-7,47,72,75,80,108,150, 205

British model, 37,46,195,214,232 Brown, A.H., 22, 235 Bruntland, H., 190, 195 Burch, M., 25, 28, 30

Butler, D., 235

Cabinet agendas, 9, 22-3, 27, 28, 40, 45,46,54,56-7,62,65,82,83, 91,93,100,136,143,147,149, 15.8,165-6,180,188,189,190, 192,202-3,210,218,221,222, 225,229,230

Cabinet chairman, 14,28,29,31,44-5,50-3,55,91,100,210,218, 228 (see also Prime Ministers)

Cabinet committees, 10, 12, 13, 14, 19,20,21,22,23,26,27,29,31, 42-3,45,54,56,57,65,66,71, 74,79,82,98-100,101,105,109, 114,131,140,147-8,149,159, 178-9,180,186,189-90,206, 207,218,220,221-2,225-6, 227,229-30,235

Cabinet instability, 2-3, 5-6, 71, 72, 121-2,128,133-4,169,181, 234- 5 (see also Duration)

Cabinet membership, 38-9, 43, 65, 146,223 (see also Cabinet size)

Cabinet size, 3, 8-9,10,19,38-40, 52,60,75,83,90,108,129-30, 144,154-5,184,186,218

Caciagli, M., 113 Calise, M., 133 Callaghan, J., 21, 26, 28 Calvo-Sotelo, L., 105, 107, 113, 115 Campbell, e., 235 Cantelli, F., 134-44 Cassese, S., 129 Cazzola, F., 127, 137 Chaban-Delmas, J., 88, 96, 97 Chamorro, E., 113 Charles 11,18 Chirac, J., 88, 90, 96, 97, 99 Christensen, I.e., 168 Christian IX, 171 Christian X, 171 Chubb, B., 33,40

258

Index 259

Churchill, W., 19,21,26 Ciriello, P., 131 Civil servants, 10, 12, 13, 19,22,23,

25, 26, 27, 32, 34,40, 42 - 3, 45, 53,55,64,65,78,80,87,89,90, 98,99,100,143,148,149,154, 156,158-9,162,166,171,173, 174,178,179,187,189,191,192, 198 -9,203,205,206,207 -8, 211,219,220,221,226

Coakley, 1., 44 Cobb, R.W., 230 Cockerell, M., 25 Cohan, A.S., 41 Coignard, S., 89 Collective responsibility, 1,3,4,6,9,

10,15,17,18,21-2,31,33,37, 42,43,50,51,54,57,66,68,92, 93,105,107-9,121,122,128, 129,132,156,160,164,168,172, 178,181,191,194,198,201,202, 210,229,232,240 (see also Collegiality)

Collegiality, 8-9, 10, 12, 13-14, 15, 55,66,86,92-3,101,122,131, 132,135,151,162,172,173,214

Conflict in cabinet, 3, 13, 14,31,43, 49-50,55,56,57,59,63,69,71, 77,86,88,89,93,117,128,131, 134,147,166,172,178-9,180, 186,190-1,194,195,200,207, 210-11,223,225,232,235,240

Consociationa1 democracy, 6-8,12, 14,49,60,62,69,71,76

Constitutions, 4, 5-6, 8, 9, 17,21,23, 37-8,41,120-3,128,129,131, 132,138-9,151-2,161,167, 168,169,171,173,177,179,187-8,197,198,201-2,205,209,213, 214,218

Coordination, 3,12-13,26-8,29, 42-3,55,65-6,74,78,80,82-3, 106,107,108,114,117,118,122. 131,146-9,151,159.166,178, 180,186-7,190,192,198-9, 205.206,207,220,224-6,227, 231

Cortes, see Parliaments Cortes, A., 107

Cotta, M., 137 Couvede MurviJle, M., 96, 99 Craxi, B., 130, 132, 134, 136 Crossman, R.H., 22

Daalder, H., 235 DaN Eireann, see Parliaments Debre, M., 96, 100 De Gasperi, A., 135 De Gaulle, c., 88, 90, 95, 96, 100, 164 De la Morena, L., 107 De Miguel, P., 108 Denmark, 7,108,167-82,183 De Smith, S., 17 De Swaan, A., 60, 235 De Valera, E., 37-8 Di Palma, G., 123, 127, 134-5, 137 Dittrich, K., 58 Dodd, L., 235 Dogan, M., 61 Donoughue, B., 27, 28, 30 Doolan, B., 38 Drees, W., 63 Duhamel, 0., 88 Duration of cabinet meetings, 40 Duration of cabinets, 3, 5, 35,49,68,

71,90,104-5, Ill, 123, 128, 133-4,214-15,234-5

Duration of ministers, see Ministerial turnover

Duverger,M.,88,94,95,97 Dyson, K., 152, 158

Elder, C.D., 230 Erhard, L., 156, 161, 162-3, 165 Erik, King, 169 Esteban, 1. de, 13

Fabius, L., 96, 97 Fagerholm, K.-A., 220, 227 Farrell, B., 35, 37, 40, 41,42,44 Felipe V., 102 Finland, 6, 7, 8, 9, II, 13,72,213-33 Fischer, H., 146, 147 Folketing, see Parliaments Fournier, 1., 89, 90, 92, 93. 98 France, 5-6, 7, 9, 14,72,75,80,86-

101,108 Franco, F., 102, 104, 112

260 Index

Frederik III, 169, 171 Frederik VI, 171 Frederik VII, 171

Gallagher, M., 34 Gerhardsen, E., 184, 191, 193, 195 Gerlich, P., 138, 140, 148 Gicquel, J., 88, 89 Girvin, 8., 46 Giscard d'Estaing, V., 95, 96, 97,100 Gonzales, F., 104, 105, 106, 112, 114,

117 Gordon Walker, P., 17,23,30 Grande, E., 148 Greece, 72, 75, 108 Griffith, J.A.G., 17 Grove, J., 30 Guaita, A., 107

Hadas-Lebel, R., 88, 91 Hakovirta, H., 232 Haines, J., 27 Haldane, Viscount, 17 Hansen, H.e., 169 Hartley, T.e., 17 Haungs, P., 163 Heath, E., 19,21,22 Hedtoft, H., 169 Hennessey, P., 19,25,27,29 Herman, V., 128,235 Higgins, M.D., 41 Hindenburg, President, 151 Hitler, A., 151 Hoekstra, R.J., 55 Hogwood, B., 235 Home, Lord, 29 Huneeus, C., 114

Informal contacts and coordination, 13-14,14-15,43,158,163,166, 178,187,188,201,206,207,208, 209,210,220,221-2,224,229, 231,233

Inner cabinets, 9-10,43,65, 76, 130, 190,220,224

Ireland,7, 10, 12,33-46, 108, 150 Italy, 6, 7, 9, 11, 12,72,108,120-37

Jenkins, S., 31

Johnson, N., 158 Jones, G.W., 27 Junior Ministers

Austria (Secretaries of State), 139 Belgium (Secretaries of State), 68-

9,72,75,76,78,80 France (Secretaries of State), 90-1,

99 Ireland (Ministers of State), 35, 39-

40,43 Italy (Under Secretaries of State),

128-9 Netherlands (Secretaries of State),

54,58,64 Norway (Under Secretaries of

State), 184, 187, 189, 192 Spain (Secretaries of State), 102,

103,106,107-8,114,116 Sweden (Under Secretaries of

State), 205, 206, 208, 210 West Germany (Staatsekretiire),

154, 156 United Kingdom, 20

Kajanoja, J., 230 Kekkonen, U., 227 Kelly, J., 38 Kiesinger, K.G., 156, 163, 165 King,A.,28 Kohl, H., 156, 164-5 Koopmans, L., 65 Koskiaho, T., 232 Krag, J.O., 169 Kupper, J., 162 Kuyper, A., 51

Laver, M., 41, 235, 239 Leopold III, 74 Lijphart, A., 49, 215, 235 Linz, J.J., 113 Luns,J.,53

McKenzie, R.T., 24 Mackenzie, W.J.M., 30 Mackie, T.T., 235 Mackintosh, J.P., 17 Mair,P.,41 Majoritarian democracy, 6-7, 8, 12,

14, 126

Index 261

Makarian, Ch., 89 Mannheimer, M., 133 Manzella, A., 137 Marradi, A., 126, 130 Marsh, D., 25 Marshall, G., 17, 18 Martens, W., 81, 82 Martin, L., 107 Mauroy, P., 86,90,91, 96, 99 Mayntz, R., 152, 164, 166 Merusi, F., 131 Messmer, P., 96, 97 Meyer, L.C., 235 Ministerial turnover, 3, 63, 71-2,90,

115,118,154,159-61,174,226, 235,239

Ministers of Finance, 10, 12, 13, 14, 20,33,44,52,54,61,65-6,147, 180,190,206,207,210,211

Ministers of State, see Junior Ministers

Minkin, L., 24 Mitterrand, F., 95-6, 97, 99,100 Molina, C.F., 107 Moodie, G.C., 18 Morell, L., 106 Morrison, Lord, 29, 30, 31 Mortara, V., 134-44 Mosley, R.K., 19 Motta, R., 135 Moynihan, M., 42 Movia, G., 134-44 Muller, W.C., 146, 148 Muller-Rommel, F., 159, 160 Mussolini, B., 120

Nationalrat, see Parliaments Neisser, H., 138, 147, 148 Netherlands, 6, 7,9,10,11,47-67,

80,81 Nordli, 0.,190,193,195 Norton, P., 24, 25 Norway, 183-96 Nousiainen, 224, 233 Nygaardsvold, J., 192, 193.

Olsen, J., 188,190,191,193,194 0stergaard, L., 174 Overload, 19,23,45,184

Paige, G.D., 214 Pappalardo, A., 126 Parliaments, 1,4, 11, 17, 18-19,24,

25 Austria (Nationalrat, National

Council), 138, 140 Belgium, 69, 77, 80, 83, 84 Denmark (Folketing), 167, 168,

169,171,173,175,177,180 Finland, 214, 221, 222, 233 France, 88,90,95 Ireland (Dail Eireann) 33-4, 35-7,

38,41,42 Italy, 121, 129 Netherlands, 47, 49,50,51,54-5,

59,60-1,62-3 Norway (Storting), 187, 189, 191,

192,193,194-5 Spain (Cortes), 106, 109-11, 112,

116 Sweden, 197,203-4,209,210 West Germany, 151, 155-6, 165

Parliamentary committees, 24, 127, 136,159,160,179,180,194,203

Paterson, W., 164 Pelinka, A., 142 Pfeifer, H., 138, 140 Philipp, W., 146 Pillarisation, 49 Pitt, W., the Younger, 18 Plouvin, J.-y', 92 Pollitt, C., 20 Pompidou, G., 96, 97, 99, 100 Portugal, 72, 75 Pridham, G., 134 Prime Ministers, 3, 4, 6, 9-10,12-13,

14-15,234,237,239 Austria (Chancellor), 138, 139, 140,

143, 145, 147 Belgium, 68, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79,

81-2,83 Denmark, 168, 169, 172, 174, 177,

179-80,181 Finland, 213, 214, 215, 218, 219,

220,221,223,224,225,226, 227 -8,229,230,232

France, 86-7, 88, 89, 90, 91-2, 93, 96-7,98,99,100-1

Ireland (Taoiseach), 33, 34, 37, 38,

262 Index

Prime Ministers-(cont.) 39-40,41,42,43,44,45,46

Italy, 121, 122, 128, 129, 131-3, 136,137

Netherlands, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54-5, 56,57,59,61,63,66

Norway, 183, 184, 189-90, 191, 193, 194, 195

Spain (Presidente del Gobierno), 102-4,105,106,107,108,109, 111, 112-14, 115, 117, 118

Sweden, 197,200-1,202,203,210 West Germany (Chancellor), 151-

3,154,156,160,161-5,166 UK, 18,21-3,24,26,27,28,29,30,

32 Py, R., 91, 100

Quermonne, J.-L., 88, 94, 96, 98

Renner, K., 143 Reshuffles, 3, 54, 90, 105, 107, 113,

174,191,237 Ridley, F.F., 152 Rose, R., 25, 66 Rotelli, E., 120 Rudzio, W., 142 Ruggeri, A., 129 Rush, M., 18

Sanders, D., 235 Sartori, G., 126 Scharpf, F., 166 Scheffer-Van der Veen, M., 61 Schiller, K., 163 Schluter, P., 168, 177 Schmidt, H., 156, 158, 160, 161, 164,

165 Seeker, I.P., 61 Secrecy, 18,42,230,229-30 Secretaries of State, see Junior

Ministers Seymour-Ure, c., 25 Sinnot, R., 41 Solstad, D., 189, 192, 194, 195 Solvhoj, H., 174 Sorsa, K., 227-8, 233

Spadolini, G., 136 Spain, 5-6, 7, 8-9,12,14,102-19 Sprengel, T., 159 Storting, see Parliaments Suarez, A., 103, 104, 105, 107, 112,

113-14,115,116 Sweden, 1,6,7,11,13,78,108,197-

212 Switzerland, 1,2,7,81

Taoiseach, see Prime Ministers Taylor, M., 235 Tomgren, R., 227 Thatcher, M., 19,26,28 Tindemans, L., 82 Torp, 0.,193 Tricot, B., 91 Tunstall, J., 25

Under Secretaries of State, see Junior Ministers

United Kingdom, see Britain

Van derTak, Th., 58 Van der Voet, M.J.D., 55 Van Hall, Baron, 51 Van Maarseveen, H.T.J.F., 47 Van Raalte, E., 51, 55 Virolainen, J., 227 Von Beyme, K., 162,222 Von Bonsdorff, G., 224

Walker, D., 25 Walter, R., 140 Warwick, P., 235 Welan, M., 138, 139, 142, 147 West Germany, 5-6, 7, 8-9,11,14,

108, Ill, 151-66 Westminster model, see British model Whyte,J.H.,41 Wilhjelm, N., 174 Willoch, K., 187, 189, 190, 195 Wilson, H., 21, 26, 29, 30 Wright, M., 18

Zuckerman, A., 135