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Index

Acuerdo Nacional 16, 21, 22, 48, 53,78

Agriculture under Rodriguez 101, 133, 138,

172-3, 195 under Stroessner 10,11,21,97-9,

166 Argafia, Luis Maria 22,58,69, 178,

185, 186, 189, 199, 202 Argentina 8, 14, 17, 19, 22, 26, 51,

68, 75, 76, 77, 86, 131, 167, 174-5,176,177,179-80, 194, 202

and regional integration 178-9 and Yacyreta 166-7

Armed Forces see military Asociaci6n Nacional Republicana

(ANR) see Colorado Party Asuncion Para Todos (APT) 51,

55-6,69,80-2,90,91,156,203 Asociaci6n Rural del Paraguay

(ARP) 57, 100, 121

Bolivia 4, 20, 39, 43, 70, 73, 86 Brazil ix, 14, 17, 19,22,26,29,32,

43, 51, 57, 68, 80, 98, 105, 131, 155, 165, 167, 169, 174-5, 176, 177, 179-80, 190, 194, 196

and Itaipu dam project, 10, 14,28, 29,42, 134, 166-7, 175, 180

and regional integration 178-9

Caballero Vargas, Guillermo 51, 58, 59, 64, 185

Catholic Church opposition to Stroessner 15, 16,

19,76,77 and corruption 41, 43 post-1989 81, 82, 83, 103, 123,

201 Central Unitaria de Trabajadores

(CUT) see under Trade Unions Chaco War 4, 20, 73, 74, 114, 149,

206

Civil War 4-5, 20, 48, 51, 74, 75 Clientelism, 24, 34, 147, 201 Colorado Party

and corruption 11,28-41,50,65, 147, 155, 193

and elections since 1989 52-64, 69-70,81,90, 156, 185, 186,203, 204

internal elections of 1992 39, 50, 57-8,70,71,185,199,204,206

Militante faction 16, 18-9,22,23, 27,29,32,42,50,52,65-7,68, 155, 158, 201, 202, 204

post-1989 ix, x, 48, 55, 62-3, 82-3,90,91, 111, 117, 120, 121, 147, 178, 181, 185, 204, 210, 211

post-1993 186-99 and 1989 putsch 32, 50, 52 and relations with military see

military-Colorado alliance pre-Stroessner 4-5, 48-50, 72-4,

75 Tradicionalista faction 18-9, 22,

50, 52, 65-7, 69, 155, 199 under Stroessner x, 3-23, 30, 31,

48, 65, 75-8, 107, 150, 151, 152, 168, 177

Communism 8, 13, 15, 18, 77, 174 Confederaci6n Nacional de

Trabajadores (CNT) see under Trade Unions

Confederaci6n Paraguaya de Trabajadores (CP1) see under Trade Unions

Congress post-1989 33, 34, 35, 36, 38, 39,

40, 55, 67, 84, 90, 93, 94, 102, 110, 116, 117, 119, 122, 125, 146, 155, 164, 168, 169, 180, 186-8, 189-92, 196, 199, 203, 210

scrutiny of 34-5 under Stroessner 6, 12,20,34

Constituci6n Para Todos (CTP) 57, 81, 117

226

Index 227

Contraband 8, 11,21,26, 31,40, 43,68, 131, 138, 171, 194

military involvement in 11, 25-6, 31, 171

Constitution Amendment of 1977 16, 21 of 1967 12, 21, 25, 53, 107, 117,

155 of 1992 33, 34, 36, 38, 40, 55, 56,

57,60, 70, 87, 93, 107, 112, 117, 156-7, 159, 162, 164, 169, 186, 190, 205, 210

Corruption x, 24-44 civilian 28-31, military 25-8, 31, 38-41,43 post-1989 32-41, 50, 68, 70, 137,

146, 147, 155, 192-4, 198, 201 under Stroessner 7, 11, 14,22,

24-32, 132, 140, 151, 186 Coup of 1989 see Putsch

Decentralisation xi, 34, 80, 149-64 Deforestation 101, 105, 120, 122,

165, 166, 167, 171 Democracy ix, x, xi, 63, 70, 71, 74,

78,84,87,92, 100, 103-5, 162, 200,205,206-12

under Stroessner 11-3, 15, 175 Democratisation ix, x, xi, 17, 19,

22,24,26,40,47, 52, 59, 67, 80, 100,125,154-5,163, 176, 177, 188, 189, 190, 194, 198, 200-2, 204,206-12

Democratic consolidation xi, 59, 63, 103-5, 200, 212

Departmental governments 43, 47, 60, 90, 157, 161-2

Drug trade see Narcotics

Eastern Border Region (EBR) 8, 10, 11, 97, 98, 105, 151

Economic Policy under Rodriguez xi, 131-9, 179,

181-2 under Stroessner 10-1, 106-7,

131, 166-8, 175 under Wasmosy 194,202

Education 124, 133, 136, 140-1, 144-5, 147-50, 154, 163, 185

Elections 1989 52-4,61,67,201,203 1991 Municipal 34, 48, 51, 55-6,

61, 69-70, 81, 82, 90, 149, 156, 157, 158, 203

1991 Constituent Assembly 56-7, 61, 70, 81, 90, 100, 203

1992 internal Colorado 39, 50, 57-8, 70, 71, 185, 199, 204, 206

1993 Presidential ix, x, 33, 39, 56, 57-62,69,82,83,90, 100, 173, 185, 193, 203, 206, 211

under Stroessner 12,21,47,48, 51, 152

Electoral Lawof 1990 48, 54-5, 62, 89, 155-6, 164, 205

Electoral system under Stroessner 12,43,47-8, 53,

64 post-1989 34,47, 48, 54-9,

155-6 Encuentro Nacional 63, 80, 82-3,

90, 91, 121, 185-6 history of 51-2 in 1993 elections 58-61, 90, 185,

203 post-1993 187

Environment xi, 165-73

Filizzola, Carlos 80, 81, 203 Foreign Policy

under Stroessner 13-4, 174-6 of Rodriguez xi, 174, 176-82

Francia, Jose Gaspar Rodriguez de, 24,41, 149

Governability Pact 84, 186-8 Governors 43, 60, 162 Guerrilla movements 20, 75-7, 196

Health 124,136,140-3,145-8,172, 173,210

Human rights ix, 22, 39, 67, 79, 101,159,175,176,177,186,201

Indigenous Peoples xi, 41, 114-27 under Rodriguez 116-27 under Stroessner 115-16

228 Index

Instituto de Bienestar Rural (lBR) 8, 30, 31, 118, 136, 150, 167

Instituto Paraguayo del Indigena (lNDI) 117-20, 124, 126

Itaipu Dam 10, 11, 14, 18, 28, 29, 36,42, 77, 134, 138, 139, 166-7, 168, 175, 180, 185

Judiciary 12, 25, 33-44, 40, 138, 186, 188-9, 199,

Junta de Gobierno 6,18,20,22,49, 53

Land distribution of 30-1, 97-8, 104,

125, 133, 148, 166, 167, 172-3, 210,211

reform 75, 85, 102, 136, 195-8, 204

struggle for 79, 97-9, 100-3, 114-23, 125, 168

~o,Donringo 22,53,58,59,64, 185,203

Left xi, 8, 72-86, 102, Ligas Agrarias Cristianas 15-6,20,

76-7, 98, 104 Local government

post-1989 34,43, 135, 149-64 under Stroessner 150-2

Mendez Fleitas, Epifanio 6, 20, 75 MERCOSUR 22,36,40,85,131,

139, 176-9, 190, 192,194, 197, 211

Militante see under Colorado Party Military

and arms trafficking 27-8, 43 corruption in 25-8, 30-2, 38-41,

43, 67, 68, 171, 186 and contraband 25-6, 31, 171 involvement in politics 23, 38-40,

47, 53-62, 65-71, 185, 188, 189-92, 198-9, 205-6

and narcotics 26-7, 194-5, 198 post-1989 x, 65-71, 120, 125,

189-92,201,202,205-6 under Stroessner x, 3, 7-8, 18-9,

23,25,67-8, 115

Military-Colorado alliance ix, xi formation of 5, post-1989 39-40, 52-62,65-71,

185-7, 189-92, 198-9,201-6, 211,213

under Stroessner 4, 7-8, 14, 31, 38

Morinigo, Higinio 4, 74, 149 Movimiento Intersindical de

Trabajadores (MIT) see under Trade Unions

Movinriento Popular Colorado (MOPOCO) Under Stroessner 12, 20, 21, 48, 53, 64,76

Movinriento Democr tico Popular (MOP) 77-80, 86

Municipal Government see Local Government

Municipal elections of 1991 see under Elections

Narcotics military involvement 26-7 post-1993 68, 194-5 reform of anti-narcotics

policy 37-8 Rodriguez's involvement 27,42,

181 under Stroessner 17,21,37,26-7,

37, 41-2, 176 US Policy 27, 32, 37-8, 176,

194-6 Nationalism 5, 14-5,74, 102, 177,

178 Nationalist Period 4, 14, 149 NGOs 38, 40, 93, 103, 116, 120,

123, 159, 168, 173

Organizaci6n Primero de Marzo (OPM) 16, 20, 21, 77

Oviedo, Lino 40, 59, 65, 70, 71, 185-6, 189-92, 199, 205, 206, 210

Partido Comunista Paraguayo (PCP) post-1989 79-86 pre-Stroessner 72-4, under Stroessner 12, 13, 75-78

Index 229

Partido Dem6crata Cristiana (PDC) post-1989 53, 82, 187, 189 under Stroessner 12, 21, 48, 76

Partido Liberal (PL) 21, 48, 51, 74, 76

Partido Liberal Radical (PLR) 21, 48,51

Partido Liberal Radical Autentico (PLRA)

History of 48-51 post-1989: 53, 82, 89-90, 117,

121, 186 and elections since 1989 52~,

69, 81, 90, 185, 203 post-1993 186-99 under Stroessner 12, 21,

Partido Revolucionario Febrerista (PRF) 21, 48, 73-4, 75, 76, 77, 117, 187,

post-1989 79, 81, 82 Patronage 6, 7, 25, 34, 47, 49, 50,

63, 132,201 Peasantry xi, 10, 15-6, 74, 76-8,

83-4,97-104,123,127,133,138, 148, 168, 172, 15-6, 168

Peasant organisations 77,78, 83-5, 99-105, 136, 196-8, 203-4 (see also Ligas Agrarias Cristianas)

under Wasmosy 195-8 Pilcomayo 167, 171, 180 Political parties 47~, 81 Population 63, 72, 97, 106, 114,

131, 154, 165-6 Public sector

post-1989 50, 53, 58-9, 110, 111, 112, 132, 136-7, 139, 143, 147, 173, 185, 186, 198

Reform of 35-6 under Stroessner 7,10,25,29-31,

35-6, 50, 66, 107, 131, 132, 134, 140, 153-4

Putsch (1989) ix, 3, 4, 17-9, 22, 31-2,52,53,65-7,68,78-9,154, 189,201

Rodriguez, Andres 1, 64, 202 anti-corruption policies 32-44 and decentralisation 155~

economic policy 131-9, 179, 181 and 1989 elections 52-54 and 1991 elections 56 and environment 165, 168-73 and foreign policy xi, 174,

176-82 and indigenous peoples 116-27 and 1992 internal party

elections; 57-8 involvement in drugs trafficking

and corruption 27, 30, 31, 32, 39, 40, 42, 68, 181

and military reforms 67-71 putsch by ix,4, 19,22,65-7,78-9, regime of 50, 70, 88, 210 and social reform 143-8 and trade unions 107-13

Seccionales 6-7, 18,20,22,49, 151 Senate 34,67, 186, 187, 188, 192 Social security system 140, 142-3,

146-7 Social movements 40, 76-8, 79-81,

83-5, 98, 100, 168, 173, 203 Soviet Union 72, 75, 76, 79, 81, 83,

174 Stroessner, Alfredo ix, 76, 80

and centralism 149-51, 150, 154, 158

and corruption 24-31 1954 coup 5, 75 economic policy 10--1, 106-7,

131. 166-8,175 and the environment 166-68 exile of 32 fall of 17-9, 78, 79, 100, 155 foreign policy 174-76 ideology of 14-5 and indigenous peoples 114-16 and the Left 75-78 regime of (stronato) ix, x, 3-23,

47,58,66,68,76,95,98,99,149, 210

and military x, 3, 7-8, 18-9, 23, 25, 67-8, 115

Stroessner, Gustavo 18,23, 32,66 Supreme Court

post-1989 33-4, 186, 188-9 under Stroessner 12, 22, 202

230 Index

Tax evasion under Stroessner 36, 151,

152-3, 160 reform 34,36-7, 135, 157,

159-64, 179 Trade unions xi, 73, 75, 78, 80, 81,

84,86, 106-13, 168,203,204 Central Unitaria de

Trabajadores 69, 80, 82, 109-10, 112, 196-8

Confederaci6n Nacional de Trabajadores (CNn 109-10, 112, 196-8

Confederaci6n Paraguaya de Trabajadores 16,20, 108-10, 197

Movimiento Intersindical de Trabajadores 16, 77, 80, 109

under Rodriguez 107-13 under Stroessner 16, 77 under Wasmosy 197

Tradicionalista see under Colorado Party

Triple Alliance War (1865-70) 4, 19,24, 72, 73, 74, 114, 149, 174

Unitary Congress 84

United States anti-narcotics policy 27,32,37-8,

176, 194--6 relations with regimes

post 1989 58,121,176-7, 180-2, 187, 192

relations with Stroessner Regime 8, 13, 17, 19,20,21, 24, 27, 28, 66, 76, 174-6

support for democracy 17,21,69, 78, 176, 182, 192,207-8,211

Support for putsch 22, 78

Wasmosy, Juan Carlos ix, x, 39,64, 185-6, 210, 211

administration xi, 92, 94, 103, 186-99

and corruption 28-9, 40, 43, 193 internal Colorado

elections 1992 39, 50, 57- 58, 70, 71, 185, 199, 204, 206

and 1993 presidential elections 58--61, 185, 206

Women xi, 87-96, 141,203

Yacyret 166-7, 180