i

BIBLIOGRAPHY

PRIMARY SOURCES

Administration Reform Commission Report on Panchayat Development,

Government of Tamilnad Publication, Tamilnad Archives, Madras, 1978.

Adivasi Munetra Sangam Annual Report, 1988.

Annual Report of the Educational Department, 2001.

Biannual Report of Tribal Financial Development Corporation, 1999 – 2004.

Coimbatore Prison Records, 1978.

Commissioner of Archives and Historical Research, Madras, 1982.

District Agricultural publications, 2007.

District Education support agency publication.

G.O.NO.1542, Tribal Department, dated October 3rd

, 1911.

Fortnightly Reports, 1923 – 53, Tamilnad Archives,

Madras.

Confidential Files “Tribal Movements” (1933 – 35), Tamilnad Archives,

Madras.

Nilgiris District Police Records, 1934.

Nilgiris Jail Records, 1938.

G.O.No.215, Public (Confl.), dated October 17th, 1942.

G.O.No.2844, Public (Tribals) dated September 12nd

, 1942.

G.O.No.3325, Public (Tribals) Department dated Ocotober16th

, 1942.

G.O.No.4276, Public (Adhivasis) Department dated May 15th, 1942.

G.O.No.2146, Home Department, dated September 2nd

, 1943.

ii

Indian Annual Register Vol.I and II, 1942 and 1944.

Fortnightly Tribal Reports for the year, 1945.

Proceedings of the Public Department, Government of Madras, 1900 – 1947.

Extracts from the News Paper, The Mail, from 1900 - 1947.

Diary of information and Events, Government of Madras, 1910 – 1947.

Extracts from the News Paper, The Hindu, from 1919 to 1947.

Extracts from the News Paper, The Indian Express, from 1936 - 1947.

G.O.Ms. No. 640, Public Welfare Department, Tamilnad Archives, Madras,

dated February 28th, 1955.

G.O.Ms. No. 457, Tribal Department, Tamilnad Archives, Madras, dated

February 7th, 1956.

G.O.Ms. No. 1219, Tribal Department, Tamilnad Archives, Madras, dated

April 7th

, 1956.

G.O.Ms. No. 1144, Tribal Department, Tamilnad Archives, Madras, dated

May 2nd

, 1956.

G.O.Ms. No. 200, Tribal Department, Tamilnad Archives, Madras, dated

January 25th, 1958.

G.O.Ms. No. 48, Home Department, Tamilnad Archives, Madras, dated

September 19th, 1959.

Madras Legislative Assembly Debates, 1937 and 1954 – 63, Tamilnad

Archives, Madras.

NGO, Annual Report, 2008.

Third Five Year plan Reports, 1965.

iii

Nilgiris Prison Records, 2005.

Government Orders (Tribal Department) from 1947 – 2010.

Government Report on Tribals dated 20th April 2010.

Madras Information, Government of Madras, Tamilnad Archives, Madras.

Madras State Administrative Reports 1947 – 1962, Government of Madras,

Tamilnad Archives, Madras.

State government Tribal plan publication, 2008.

Social welfare Department Report.

Tribal Bank Scheme, 1996 – 97.

Tribal social welfare Trust, Gudalur.

TRIFED Report, 1987.

Panchayat related with Grant - in – aid programme.

Publications of the Ministry of Tribal Affairs Department, 1987.

Union Government Publication on Tribal Literacy.

PERSONAL INTERVIEWS

Parthasarathy, S., Indian Freedom Movement and our family Reminiscence,

Sri Acharya, Unpublished Manuscript, Madras, 1983.

Bashyam, K., A brief sketch of my life as Freedom Fighter, Unpublished

Manuscript, Madras, 1987.

Personal Interview with Subramaniam, C.S., dated 5th

March 2009.

Personal interview with NGO Kadar Mr. Thomas, dated 27th

April 2009.

iv

Personal interview with Mr. T. Balakrishnan, Retired Tahsildar, Gudalur,

dated 12th July2009.

Personal Interview with Mani, M.R.S., dated 4th

September 2009.

Personal interview with T. Balakrishnan, Gudalur, dated 2nd

October, 2009.

Person interview with Mr. Ganesh, The Tribal Leader dated 22nd

October

2009.

Personal interview with Mr. Peter, Gudalur, dated, 24th

October 2009.

Personal interview with Tribal Selvam, dated 27th

October 2009.

Personal interview with India Community Leader Mr. Muthu, dated 27th

October 2009.

Personal Interview with Kumar, dated 12th November 2009.

Personal Interview with Ram, dated 12th November 2009.

Personal interview with C.R. Krishnan, Padanthurai, dated 24th

November

2009.

Personal interview with Natarajan, dated, 22nd

January 2010.

Personal interview with the Tribal leader Sukumar, 18th October 2010.

Personal interview with S. Surendar, dated 22nd

October 2010.

Personal interview with S. Muthu, dated 22nd

October 2010.

Personal interview with the Tribal Leader Parameswaran, dated 25th October

2010.

Personal interview with Gopalakrishnan Iyer, dated 27th October 2010.

Personal Interview with Sekar, dated 12th

November 2010.

v

Personal Interview with Mr. Kamatchi, Kurumba Community Leader,

Gudalur, dated 17th

January2011.

NEWS PAPERS

Tamil, English Dailies

The Kudiyarasu, Madras, 1978.

Kesari, Madras, 1980.

The Maratha, Bombay, 1981.

The Sunday Tribune, Madras, 1853, 1916 and 1936.

Liberator, Madras, 1942 and 1943.

Mail, Madras 1942 and 1943.

Neve zurcher zeitung, Swiss, 1950.

The Hindu, Madras, 1942, 1943, 1944, 2004 and 2009.

The Indian Express, Madras, 1998, 2003 and 2007.

People’s Democracy, Madras 2008.

Daily Thanthi, 2009.

Dinamalar, 2009 and 2010.

Thikkadir, Madras, 2008 and 2010.

JOURNALS

The Times Literary Supplement, London December, 1943.

Harijan, Vol. IX, 1941-43, New York and London, 1973.

vi

The Indian Journal of Political Science , Vol. IV, October to December,

1989, Punjab.

Journal of Tribal studies, New Delhi, 1999.

Malayala Manorama, September 2005.

Journal of Tribal studies, Mysore, 2008.

Journal of south Indian Tribal studies Bangalore, 2009.

TAMIL WEEKLY AND FORTNIGHTLY

Ananda Vikatan, 1942 – 1944 and 2008.

Kalgi, 1942 – 1944.

AUTOBIOGRAPHIES AND SPEECHES

1. Gokhale, Gopal Krishna, Speeches of Hon’ble Mr. Gopal Krishna

Gokhale, Madras, 1916.

2. Prasad, Rajendra, India Divided, Bombay, 1946.

3. Nehru, Jawaharlal, An Autobiography, Bombay, 1962.

4. Banerjee, Surendranath, Speeches and Writings, Madras, 1963.

5. Besant Papers, Volume I, Memorandum on Articles in New India and

Madras, Besants Speeches.

vii

MAGAZINES

1. Sunil, K.P., Bitter Autumn, The illustrated Weekly of India, October

19th to 25

th, 1986.

2. The Week, 29th January to 4

th February, New Delhi, 1986.

3. Quarterly Journal, The American Review, Special on Tribals, Volume

31 No.2, U.S.A., 2nd

May 1987.

4. Jivan Annual Journal, 2011.

5. Year Book of the Society of Jesus, 2011.

Websites:

1. www.tribal.nic.in

2. www.adivasinet.com

3. www.aswini.com

4. www.accord.com

5. www.nawa.com

6. www.ctrdtrust.com

viii

SECONDARY SOURCES

BOOK REFERENCES

1. Abraham, Z. : Ethno botanical Notes on the

Todas, the Kotas and the Irulas of

Nilgiris, in S.K. Jain (ed) Glimpses of

Indian Ethnobotany, Oxford & IBH

Publishing company, New Delhi,

1983.

2. Aiyappan, A . : Report on the Socio-Economic

condition of the Aboriginal Tribes of

the Province of Madras, Govt. Press,

Madras, 1948.

3. Alland, Alexander Jr. : Adaptation in Cultural Evolution:

An Approach in Medical

Anthropology, Colombia University

press, New York, 1970.

4. Almas Ali : Health status of Tribals in India –

An Overview, seminar paper, National

Institute of Health and Family

Welfare, New Delhi, 2001.

5. Ananda Bhanu – B : A Case Study of Kappala Farm:

Gudalur Taluk, TRC, M. Palada,

Ooty.

ix

6. Babu, K.S. : Illiness and Health care in Madugula

Mandal of Andhra Pradesh in Man in

India, Hyderabad, Vol. 78. 1998.

7. Bassa, K. Kishor : Directory of Tribal Healers, Indira

Gandhi Rashtriya Manav

Sangrahalaya, Bhopal, 2007.

8. Basu, A. : Kota Kinship Terms, In Main in

India, Kolkata, Vol.42., 1962.

9. Balaratnam, L.K. : Traditional beliefs and observances

among Tribal Survivals in (ed) N.

Viswanathan Nair, Anthropology of

Tribal Health, Chennai, 1995.

10. Bannerman, R.H. : Traditional Medicine and Healthcare

Coverage, Geneva: World Health

Organization, Geneva, 1983.

11. Barnet, Homer. G : Innovation: the Basis of Cultural

Change, New York, Random House,

1953.

12. Barnouw, Victor : Culture and Personality, Homewood

111, Dorsey Press, London, 1973.

x

13. Benderly, Lieff Beryl : Discovering Culture: An

introduction to Anthropology, D.Van

Nostrand Company, New York, 1977.

14. Benedict, Routh : Pattern of Culture, New York:

Hughton Mifflin, 1934.

15. Baranidharan. J : The Ethnographic Profile and profile

of Kattunayakanin forest conservation

in Nilgiris of Tamil Nadu, Department

of Anthropology, Pondichery, 2003.

16. Benderly Lief Beryl : Discovery of culture: An

Introduction to Anthropology, D. Van

Nostrand Company, New York, 1977.

17. Bhange N.P : Tribal Commissions and Committees

in India, Himalaya Publishing House,

Nagpur.1873.

18. Breeks, James Wilkinson : Primitive Tribes & Monuments of

the Nilgiris, cultural Publishing

House, New Delhi, 1873.

19. Charlotte Seymour Smith : Macmillan Dictionary of

Anthropology, Macmillan Reference

Books, London, 1986.

20. Childe, Vere Gardon : Social Evolution, Cleve Land,

Meridian, 1963.

xi

21. Choudhuri , B (ed) :Tribal Health; Socio – cultural

Dimensions, Inter- India Publications,

New Delhi.

22. De forrest , C.Jarvis : Folk Medicine, New York,

Holt.1958.

23. Dev, Kanny Lall :The Indigenous Drugs of India,

International Book Distributors,

Dehradun.

24. Dhanapati Devi : Folklore Medicines of

Enthnobiological importance in

Manipur, Keishamthog from pukhri

Mapal, Imphal.

25. Dhanapati Devi : Folklore on the Use of Idigenous

Plants and Animals in Manipur,

Keishamthong Irom Pukhri Mapal,

Imphal, 1998.

26. Director : The Kota of Nilgiri: A Profile, Dept.

of Adi Dravidar & Trial Welfare,

Govt. of Tamil Nadu, M. Palada,

Udhagamandalam, 1998.

27. Dube S.C. : Tribal Heritage of India, Vikas

Publishing House, New Delhi, 1977.

xii

28. Durkheim, Emile : The Rules of the Sociological

Method, Glencoe, The Free Press,

New Delhi, 1958.

29. Evans-Pritghard E.E. : A History of Anthropological

Thought, London, Father and Feber,

1940.

30. Eggan, Dorothy : Social Organization of the Western

Pueblos, Chicago,1950.

31. Fejos, Paul : Man, Magic and Medicine, In

Medicine and Anthropology, (ed) By

lago Gladston, New York,1959.

32. Forde, C.Daryyll : Habitat, Economy and Society: A

Geographical Introduction to

Ethnology, New York, Dutton, 1937.

33. Foster, George M. : Traditional Cultures and the Impact

Of Technological Change, New York,

Harper & Row, 1962.

34. Francis, Walter : Madras District Gazeteer, The

Nilgiris, Madras, 1908.

35. Gamst.F Norbec E. : Ideas of Culture, New York, Holt,

Rinehart and Winston, 1976.

xiii

36. Gates R.R : “Todas and Kota of Nilgiri Hills”,

Quarterly Journal of Mankind,

Chennai, Vo.l, 1961.

37. Ghosh, A.K. : Selection Intensity in The Kotas of

Nilgiri Hills, Madras, 1970.

38. Gopalan Nair C : Malabar Series: Wayanad: Its People

and Tradition, Higginbothams & co,

Madras, 1911.

39. Guha, A. : Herbs in the Disease Treatment by

Boro Kachari – A plains tribe of

Assam, in Journal of Indian

Anthropological society, 1986.

40. Gupta, Giri Raj : The Social and Cultural Context of

Medicine in India, Vikas Publishing

House Pvt., Ltd., New Delhi, 1981.

41. Hatch, Elvin : Theories of Man and Culture,

New York, Combodia University

Press, 1973.

42. Hockings, Paul E. : Blue Mountains, Oxford University

Press, New Delhi, 1989.

xiv

43. Hota, Sankarsana : Tribal Livelihood and Knowledge,

Peoples Institute for participatory

Action Research (PIPAR), Dhenkanal,

Orissa, 2005.

44. ICSSR and ICMR : Health for All: an Alternative

Strategy, New Delhi, 1981.

45. Iyer, L.K.A : Mysore Tribes and Castes Vol IV,

Mital Publications, New Delhi, 1988.

46. Indera P.Singh : Anthropological Strategies of Tribal

Health, in Indian Anthropologist,

New Delhi, Vol.18, 1977.

47. Jayanthi.J : Noun Morphology of the

Kattunaikas, Unpublished Thesis,

Chennai, 1978.

48. JenningsJ.D. Hoebel E.A. : Readings in Anthropology,

New York, MeGraw Hill, 1966.

49. Kar R.K. : Health Behaviour Amoung the

Tribes of North – East India: A

Profile, in Journal of the

Anthropological Society, New Delhi,

Vol.28, 1993.

xv

50. Kleinman, A : Patients and Healers in Context of

Culture: An exploration Border Land

between Anthropology, in Medicine

and Psychilatry, California, University

of California Press, California, 1980.

51. Leslie, Charles : Policy Options in Regulating the

Practice of Traditional Medicine,

Genera, WHO, 1983.

52. Linton, Ralph : The Tree of Culture, New York,

Alfred A.Knopf, 1955.

53. Luiz, A.A.D. : The Tribes of Kerala, Bharathya

Adimaijathi Sevak Sangh, New Delhi,

1962.

54. Madeva Menon T. : The Encyclopedia of Dravidian

Tribes Vol.II, The International

School of Dravidian Linguistics,

Thiruvananthapuram, 1996.

55. Madhu Nagla : Culture and Health Care an Interface,

in Man in India, Bangalore, Vol. 86,

2006.

xvi

56. Mani, S.B. : From Marriage to Child Conception :

An Ethno medical Study in Rural

Tamil Nadu, in the Social and Cultural

context of Medicine in India, (ed). By

Giri Raj Gupta, Vikas publishing

house Pvt, Ltd, New Delhi.

57. Mathew, C.M.E. : Health Culture in a South Indian

Village, New Delhi, Sterlina, 1979.

58. Mishra, N. & J. Majhi : Health, Etiology and Healing : A

study Among the Tribals of

Visakhapatnam District, Andhra

Pradesh, Vanyajati, Vol.IX,

XII. 2004.

59. Mishra R.R and : Health and Health Seeking Behavior:

A Nitharranjan Mishra Study in the Tribal Religion of Orissa,

In Journal of the Indian

Anthropological Society,

Buvaneshwar, Vol. 41, 2006.

60. Monica Sharma : Health Profile of India – Problems,

Services and Issues, in Journal of the

Indian Anthropological Society,

Chennai, Vol.19, 1984.

xvii

61. Montgomery, Edward : Life Histories of Medical

Practitioners in Tamil Nadu: An

approach to the study of Variation, in

The Social and Cultural context of

Medicine on India (ed) by Giri Raj

Gupta, Vikas Publishing House Pvt.,

Ltd., New Delhi, 1981.

62. Mutharayappa, R. : Indigenous Health Care System in

Karnataka in Journal of the Indian

Anthropological Society, Hyderabad,

Vol. 35, No.1. 2000.

63. Natarajan T.S. : Tribal Habitat of Nilgiri District, A

Profile, TRC M.Palada, Ooty, 1985.

64. Nayek, T.B. : Tribe? What is a Tribe? In a Book,

Social Science and Social Concern,

(ed), By S.B. Chakrabarti, Mittal

Publication, New Delhi, 1988.

65. Parthasarathy, Jakka : Child Rearing Practices Among the

Irulas of Nilgiri District, Tamil Nadu,

TRC Unpublished report,

Udhagamandalam, 1986.

xviii

66. Parthasarathy, Jakka : The Yerukula : an Ethnographic

Study, A Book of Anthropological

Survey of India, Govt, of India,

Calcutta,1988.

67. Parthasarathy, Jakka : Tribal People and Pilgrimage

Centers: Certain Issues and Themes in

Anthropological Perspective, in

Pilgrimage: Concepts Themes Issues

and Methodology. (Ed). By Makhan

Jha, Inter India Publications, New

Delhi,1995.

68. Parthasarathy, Jakka : Plants in Tribal Culture:

Development and Problems in the

Nilgiri Hills, Tamil Nadu, Seminar

Paper, Institute of Social Research and

Applied Anthropology, Kolkata, 1985.

69. Parthasarathy, Jakka : The Kurumbas and the Lord

Ayyappa: A Pilgrimage Study of

Tribal Religion and Tourism, in

Pilgrimage Studies: The Power of

sacred Placed (ed), D.P. Dubey,

Society of Pilgrimage studies,

Allahabad.

xix

70. Parthasarathy, Jakka : Tribal Affairs and Welfare state: The

Need of Anthropology for Regional

Analysis in Tamil Nadu, in Journal of

Anthropological Survey of India,

Calcutta, 2003.

71. Parthasarathy, Jakka : Kurumbas of Nilgiri District, Tamil

Nadu, TRC/ HADP Publication,

Udhgamandalam, 2003.

72. Parthasarathy, Jakka : Education and Development Among

the Tribes: A Study of Formal

Education in Nilgiri District,

TRC/HADP Publication,

Udhagamandalam, 2007.

73. Parthasarathy, Jakka : Tribes & Inter Ethnic, Relationship

in the Nilgiri District, Tamil Nadu,

TRC/ HADP Publication,

Udhagamandalam, 2007.

74. Parthasarathy, Jakka : Socio Economic appraisal of the

Paniyans and Kurumbas of Nilgiri

District, Tamil Nadu, TRC/ HADP

Publication, Udhagamandalam, 2007.

xx

75. Pati, R.N. : Ethno – Medicinal Practices and

sustainable Development: Sensitive

Issues of Economic Transformation

in Chhattisgarh, in Journal of the

Indian Anthropological Society, ,

Chhattisgarh, Vol.40. 2005.

76. Ragunathan, K. : Tribal Pockets of Nilgirs: Recording

of the Study of Medical Flora and

Health Practices, Central Council for

Research in Indigenous Medicine and

Homeopathy, Hyderabad.

77. Rajan, S and M. Sethuraman : Plants used in Folk Medicine by the

Kotas of Nilgiri District, Tamil Nadu,

in Ancient Science of Life , Chennai,

1992.

78. Rajan, S and M. Sethuraman : Indigenous Folk – Practices Among

Nilgiri Irulas in Indigenous

Knowledge & Development Monitor,

Vol. No. 3, Netherland, 1993.

xxi

79. Rajan, S and Others : Folk Medicine among Nilgiri Irulas:

An Emerging trend in primary health

care practice, research paper, Tamil

University, Thanjavur, 2002.

80. Rajani Lamba & Salina Mehla : Priorities in Indian Medicine: A

Tribal Perspective in Indian

Anthropologist, Chennai, Vol.25,

1995.

81. Rami Reddy, V. : Tribal Health :Socio – Cultural and

Biological, in Anthropology of Tribal

Health and Medicine in forest

Environment, (ed), By N.

Viswanathan Nair, KIRTADS,

Kozhikode, 1995.

82. Roy Babul : Folk Perception of Diseases and

Curative Measures Among the Zeme

Nagas of North Cachar Hills in

Assam, in Journal of the Indian

Anthropological Society, Gauhati,

Vol. 39, 2004.

xxii

83. Roy Burman, J.J. : Traditional Medicinal Practices and

Ethnic Revival among the Bhutia-

Lepchas of Sikkim, in Journal of the

Indian Anthropological society, New

Delhi, 1999.

84. Rudolf Hoernle C.I.E. : Studies in the Medicine of Ancient

India, Concept Publishing Company,

New Delhi, 1907.

85. Sahu, S.K. : Health of the Tribes: Issues and

Perspective, in Anthropology of Tribal

Health, Calicut, 1995.

86. Sankar, R.M. : Folk Medicine in relation to Folk

Life in Indian Folk Life, Vol. 1.

Calcutta, 1976.

87. Sankar, R.M. : Dimensions of Folk Medicine

Traditions in Human Society with

Special Reference to Rural Bengal, in

Man in Indian, Calcutta, Vol. 73.

1993.

88. Shortt, John : An account of the Hill Tribes of the

Neillgherries, transactions of the

Ethnological Society of London,

London, 1967.

xxiii

89. Taylor, C.E. : The place of Indigenous Medical

Practitioners in the Modernization of

Health Service, in Asian Medical

Systems, A Comparative Study. (ed),

By C. Leslive. California Press, USA,

1976.

90. Tilak Bagchi : Health, Food habits and Nutritional

Scenario of the Tribal Communities in

the Island of India, in Man and Life,

New Delhi, Vol. 20, 1994.

91. Tripathy, Premananda : Report of the Working Group on

Development of Scheduled Tribes

During Seventh Five – Year Plan,

Ministry of Home Affairs,

Government of India, New Delhi,

1990.

92. Tussig, M. : Shamanism, Colonialism and the

Wild man: A Study in Terror and

Healing, University of Chicago Press,

Chicago, 1987.

xxiv

93. Urfat Anjam Mir and P.C. Joshi : Medical Anthropological and the

Traumatic Reactions: Emerging

concerns in the Contact of Indians

Situation, in Journal of the Indian

Anthropological Society, New Delhi,

Vol. 34, 1999.

94. Viswanathan Nair, N. : Anthropology of Tribal Health and

Medicine in Forest Environment,

Norman Printing Bureau, Calicut.

95. Viswanathan Nair, N. : Tribes, Healers, Medicinal Matter

and Environment, in Anthropology of

Tribal Health and Medicine in Forest

Environment, KIRTADS, Kozhikode,

1995.

96. Wedgwood, Camilla, H. : Sickness and its Treatment in

Manam Island, New Guinea, Oceania,

Vo. 1-2,1937.

97. Young Allan : Some implications of Medical

Beliefs and Practices for social

Anthropology, in American

Anthropologist, New York, Vo.1,

1976.