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B&Q site, Bermondsey 8bank vole 101, 266-7Barking Abbey 10Barking Creek 67, 107Barking Level 67, 71Barking Reach 105Barking Tesco site 10Barrow Hills 193-4, 200beaver 75, 79, 81, 92, 143dam 74, 79-80Beckton 3D site 10, 133, 139Beckton Gasworks 8Beckton Golf Driving Range site 10, 49, 57, 121,

133, 140, 150, 297Beckton Nursery site 10, 49, 133, 139beetles see Coleopterabelt slidersjet 74, 128-9, 148, 192

jet-like 194-6, 198, 200, 202middle Neolithic 192Bermondsey 9, 54birch and pine woodland 108Bow Creek 21-2bracken (Pteridium aquilinum) 31, 54, 56, 109, 111,

206-7, 230brambles (Rubus fruticosus) 31, 55-6, 78, 92, 109-11,

245-6, 249-51, 257-8Bridge Road, Rainham 8, 10Brigg 129, 300Broadness 5Bromley 21Brookway, Rainham 8, 117-118bulrushes 30, 110, 207, 227, 232burial mounds, early Bronze Age 9burnt flint 8, 10, 32, 38, 42-3, 45-8, 54-7, 65-6, 79,

84, 86, 89-90, 113, 117-18, 123-4, 130, 149, 172-180, 187, 246, 264, 272-7

scatter 92-3deposit 178, 262burnt mound 45, 75, 90-1, 93, 122, 126, 130, 173,

176, 178, 187, 191, 265, 270-2, 274, 276-7

Caldicot 129, 300, 302Canewdon paddle 127Canning Town 1, 8, 21-2, 99, 101-2, 105, 233-4Canvey Island 5Carpenters Road 116Carshalton 9cattle 9, 122 see also animal bonecausewayed enclosures 8, 117, 119-20, 161-2, 291-9,

303cereals 117, 124-6, 177, 186, 232, 251charcoal 22-4, 32, 39, 46, 54, 56, 77-9, 88, 90, 93,

109, 111, 117, 126, 129, 153, 155-6, 205-6, 246,249-50, 254, 262-265, 272-7

particle values 226-7, 230charophyte oogonia 30-31, 235Clapham 117clayfired 89, 115, 204unfired 202-3CLM (Cultural Landscape Model) 6, 95, 97, 99-101,

104, 116, 121, 124coastal woodland 77, 109coin, Roman, 1st century 66Colchester (Camulodunum) 10, 127Coleoptera (beetles) 31, 55, 78,108, 110-11, 238,

241-4Colne Valley 8, 116, 120, 259coppiced wood 86, 259, 261, 264Cotswolds 127cremation 9-10, 93, 129, 270cemeteries, middle Bronze Age 9

307

Index

deposits, middle to late Bronze Age 75, 122, 129

redeposited pyre debris 129Crossness 5, 102, 105, 107crouched skeleton 198, 200cultivation 110-11, 118, 124-5, 270, 276-7Cultural Landscape Model see CLMCursus monuments 8

Dagenham 3, 10, 109Dagenham Breach 148brushwood 148finds of deer antlers 148hazelnuts 148yew trees 148Dagenham Idol 129, 148Darent Valley 3Dartford 5daub 38, 46, 203-4Dawley, London 10dead hedge 43, 65deer 148, 200, 244, 265antlers 148roe 200defended settlements, late Bronze Age 9dendrochronology 10, 51, 131deposition, structured 31depositional practices, middle Neolithic 83, 202deposits, votive 83, 129, 193Deverel Rimbury see potteryDevoy model 5-6, 95, 102-3, 105, 107, 110, 207-8,

223, 230, 295 diatoms 17, 27, 30, 53, 55-6, 75, 77-9, 209-13, 216-

17, 220, 223, 270, 275brackish 31, 54-6, 78, 104, 109, 217, 223freshwater 55marine 31, 56dinoflagellate cysts 54, 109, 206, 216, 223, 227, 230,

232dinoflagellates 77, 101Docklands Light Railway 21dog 107, 119, 140, 226-8, 267-8 see also animal

bonepossible ritual or medicinal use of 129Dorney 8, 126, 186, 299, 291Dover Boat 39, 145Dovers Corner junction 11duckweed (Lemna sp) 31, 78, 92, 110, 243, 245-7,

249, 255-6, 258Duggleby Howe 202dugout canoe, Royal Albert Dock 128

East Ham churchyard 10East Ham High Street 49East Ham Level 11, 49, 67East Ham Manor Way 49East London 3, 8, 10-11, 118East of Ferry Lane, Rainham (HS1) 107East Tilbury 128East Tilbury Marshes Gravel 77, 95, 97Eastbury Level 71Ebbsfleet Valley 105, 110, 117, 122, 131, 133, 208eggs, water flea (Daphnia) 30, 252

elder (Sambucus sp.) 31, 90, 110, 126, 245-6, 254,257, 264

elm (Ulmus sp.) 18, 57, 63, 65, 108, 110, 127, 141,143, 206, 226, 230, 259-60, 263

elm decline 78, 227, 231-2emmer wheat (Triticum dicoccum) 56, 117, 124-5,

250-1, 253Emperor Claudius 10enclosureditched 10early to middle Bronze Age 33Eocene 3Erith, Kent 8, 45, 139-40, 145, 185, 217, 259, 262,

292, 304Erith Marshes 127Erith Spine Road 116-7, 161, 185Essex 102, 108, 127-8, 168-9, 251estuarine conditions 56, 100-1, 104, 107estuarine environmentsmudflats 5, 98, 223saltmarsh 5, 7, 24, 31, 55-6, 68, 77-9, 101, 104,121-2, 134, 205, 208, 216-32

tidal creeks 56, 104estuarine peat, Belgium 109estuarine peat, Germany 109estuary 4-5, 79, 107-8, 127-8, 207-9, 211Eton 8-9, 125, 131, 136, 296exchange, late Bronze Age 9Eynsham, Oxon 123, 163, 166, 291

farmsteads 10fence, wattle enclosure 9fence lines 47fens 5, 31vegetation 92ferns 23, 54, 78, 109-10, 206-9, 226, 230-1field systems 8, 9-10, 25, 32, 121-2, 124, 149-50fish 30, 126, 140, 150, 173, 234, 236, 267, 269Cyprinidae 23eel 30three-spined stickleback 30, 38, 46fishing, medieval 11Flag Fen 129, 135, 268, 297, 303flint see lithicsforaminifera 17, 24, 27, 30, 51, 56, 75, 77, 104, 226-7,

232-3, 235-6Forest Gate 8Fort Street, Silvertown 8, 105, 120, 133, 208, 227fowling, medieval 11freshwater bivalves 24freshwater gastropods 24frog/toad 38, 266-8fuel ash slag 92, 113

goat (see animal bone)Goldcliff 129, 294, 304Gop Cave 193-4, 197-8, 202grasses (Poaceae) 54-7, 177,, 243, 250, 253, 257-8

see also pollengrassland or meadow 30, 78-9, 110, 207-9, 227,

231-2, 242-3, 258grave 119, 194, 198

Landscape and Prehistory of the East London Wetlands

308

gravel terraces 4, 8-11, 31-2, 54, 90, 93-5, 113, 120-1,143, 148-50

Gravesend, Kent 123, 163, 166, 291grazing 92medieval 11Great Arnold’s Field 118-21, 124, 163Great Eastern Railway 21Great Northern Outfall Sewer 150Greater London 3, 109, 119, 127, 147, 254gypsywort (Lycopus europaeus) 24, 31, 55, 78, 109-

10, 245-6, 249-52, 254-6

Hacton Lane, Upminster 10Hackney Brook 8Hambleton Moor 193, 196-7, 202Ham Creek, the Blackwall Basin 128Hammersmith 117Hampstead Heath 108, 110, 296Hayes Storage site, Dagenham 10hazel (Corylus avellana) 23-4, 30, 39, 43, 54-5, 77-8,

90, 102, 108-9, 126-7, 141, 143, 154, 200, see alsopollen, wood and charcoal

hazelnut shell fragments 125, 253-4Heathrow 9-10, 121, 124Heathrow Airport 8-9, 120Heathway, Dagenham 124High Speed 1 (Channel Tunnel Rail Link) 6, 107,

148, 151Higham, Kent 128hillforts 10holly (Ilex) 63, 127, 141, 259, 262Hornchurch Aerodrome 9, 121human bone 92-3, 128, 150, 270cremated see cremationhunting sites, Mesolithic 8Hunts Hill Farm 10hurdle fence see dead hedge

Ilford 10industrial expansion, East London 11Ingrebourne River 9-10insect faunas 27, 31, 53, 75, 78, 108, 111, 236-44, 246beetles see Coleopteracaddisfly larval cases 31, 78water beetles 55, 242-3woodworm 78Iron Age sites 129, 267-8Ironbridge 2, 15, 21, 23, 98Isle of Dogs 3, 107, 119, 140ivy (Hedera helix) 206, 240, 242, 263-4

Jet see belt slidersJoan Street sites, Jubilee line extension 107, 109,

217Jubilee Line Extension 6, 107, 148 see Joan Street

and Union Street

Kent 81, 108, 121, 123, 127-8, 135-6, 163, 276King George V Dock 49

Lafone Street 125Langford Road, Heybridge 163

Lea Valley 3, 8-9Lea Valley Arctic Beds 99Lea Valley Mapping Project 148lime (Tilia sp.) 23-4, 30, 39, 55, 108-10, 126-7, 141,

143, 205-9, 226, 230-2, 262, 264-5lime decline 78, 227, 231-2lime woodland 111, 205, 207Linch Hill 193-4, 198, 202Lincoln 127lithics 39, 46, 123, 172, 174, 181, 187axes 8barbed and tanged arrowhead 128bifacially worked flake 33blade-like flakes 33blades 33, 39, 56, 117, 145, 173-4, 176-8, 180, 182-4, 186

cores 33, 39, 46, 56, 84, 117, 166-8, 173-7, 180-1,183-6, 220reduced 174-5cortically backed knifes 33cutting flakes, edge-retouched 33debris 140discard 43, 46, 174, 186early Bronze Age types 84, 180early Neolithic 56early Neolithic industries 181-2, 184flake detachment 183-5flaked knife 83, 128, 176, 179-80, 186flakes 33, 39, 46, 56, 83, 117, 172-86, 191retouched 33, 173-4, 176, 179, 187flint 8, 26, 31-3, 46, 50, 54, 66, 74, 79, 81, 83-4, 86,90, 92-3, 113, 116-20, 123-4, 159-60, 163, 169,173, 175-6, 180-1, 185, 187, 193, 273late Bronze Age 86, 90, 92flint industries 185flint nodules 180-1flint points 115knapping 43, 46Mesolithic knapping site 8Mesolithic micro-burin 33Mesolithic axes 8micro-wear damage 33, 173piercers 124, 174, 177-8, 180, 192possible arrowhead manufacture 33, 173-4, 184preparation flakes 39, 46, 174raw materials 83, 117, 173, 175-7, 179-87residual worked flint 66retouched implements 46retouched pieces 33, 173-5, 177, 180, 186scrapers 33, 46, 56-7, 83-4, 117, 120, 124, 173-4,176-7, 179-81, 184, 186, 192side-and-end 33thumbnail 120-1, 192serrated blades 56, 83, 174, 176, 179side scraper 174, 179striking platforms 174, 183, 185struck flint 32-3, 38, 42-3, 45-8, 50, 54, 56, 65-6,74, 83, 92, 120, 123, 172-80, 185-7middle to late Bronze Age 42tools 46utilised flakes 56, 117, 191-2Little Ilford 8

Index

309

Loch Lomand Stadial 23Loch Tay, Scottish Crannog 136, 143London (Londinium) 10-11, 127London Basin 3London Bridge, modern 127London Road site 10loomweights, late Bronze Age 202-4Loughton Camp 10Lower Thames 4-5, 8, 10, 81, 95, 105-6, 121, 127,

148, 163, 258Luce Sands 193, 196-7

M16 site, near Vauxhall 124Manor Farm 10Manor Park 8Manor Road 8Manor Way 49Mar Dyke Valley 3marine incursion, middle Bronze Age 56marine inundation 100, 270, 274, 276marine transgressions 8marshes 11, 21, 49, 78-9, 107, 126, 134, 149-50, 168,

187, 227, 238-41, 246marshland 10-11, 25, 134, 148, 150, 247, 249, 25618th-century (the Plaistow) 11Mayes Brook 71, 75Mayfield Farm, nr Heathrow 9Maynard reservoir 148Mesolithic 2, 5, 8, 23, 31, 33, 54, 83, 98, 101, 113,

115-16, 148, 173, 176-7, 179-83, 185, 192Mesolithic and Neolithic 33, 81, 148-9metalworking, Late Bronze Age 9microlith 116, 177, 179, 185midden 6, 8, 124, 125, 170, 172, 176, 197molluscs 23, 99, 223, 234-5Moor Hall Farm 10mortaria see potteryMortlake see potterymosses 177, 248, 250-2myre 192-3, 196, 199

natural channels 46, 63Nene Valley colour-coated ware 66Neolithic land surface 23Neolithic sites 8Neolithic struck flint assemblage 186Neolithic trackway 131, 244Newham 3, 8, 25Newham Museum Service 8Newham recreation ground 25Newham Way 25Nine Elms, Vauxhall 122, 127, 129, 131, 136, 145No 1 Poultry, London 10North Yorkshire 193, 196, 198Northern Outfall Sewer 49Northfleet, Kent 265

oak (Quercus sp.) 18, 30, 38-9, 41, 51, 54-6, 77, 86,88, 90, 108-10, 119, 154 see also pollen, woodand charcoal objects, unfired clay 203-4

Old Ford 10, 128Old Roding Bridge 1

Olympic Park 23oogonia, charophyte 30, 235Orme 138, 143Orsett, ThurrockOSL (Optically Stimulated Luminescence) 19, 153,

157OSL age estimates 29ostracods 17, 27, 30-1, 51, 56, 75, 232-6brackish water 24, 69, 234, 291freshwater 77, 234-6Oxfordshire 125, 200

Palaeocene 3Palaeolithic 5palaeosols 220, 250, 262-4, 270-1, 276-7palynomorphs, non-pollen 207particle size 210, 219, 270, 272Passmore Edwards Museum 10peat development 55, 108, 207-8, 242peat formation 30, 43, 45, 54-5, 84, 102, 109, 125,

172-4, 202, 223, 244, 249-51, 258, 268, 273-4,276

perforated clay balls 202-3Perry, John 148Phoenix Wharfphytoliths 275pig 39, 46, 125, 129, 265-9 see animal bonepiled structure 121-2, 126, 129, 132, 136-7, 147,

205, 208, 261-4piles 10, 25-6, 36, 38, 121, 129, 131, 135-6, 138, 141,

145pine (Pinus sp.) 54Pingewood, Berks 123, 163, 166place-names 10placed deposits 63, 121, 129, 150placentula 211, 216Plain bowl 115, 166-7Plaistow 10, 11, 25planks 39, 119, 127, 135-6, 138-9, 261-2plant macrofossils 17, 23, 27, 31, 53-4, 56, 75, 78,

93, 98-9, 108, 110-11, 125, 154, 235-6, 242, 244-59

Pleistocene deposits 4-5, 22, 25, 30-1, 50, 54, 68-9,77, 99, 101

ploughsoils, Bronze Age 54pollen 17-18, 23-4, 30-1, 53-6, 68-9, 75, 77-9, 101,

104, 109-11, 129, 151, 205-10, 214-17, 223-32,242, 244

alder 23-4, 30, 55-6, 77-8, 207, 226-7ash 226barley 125, 223, 227cereal-type 31, 55, 78-9, 111, 125, 150, 206, 216,223, 226

grasses 23-4, 30, 55-6, 68, 77-8, 110, 207hazel 23-4, 55, 77-8, 226-7lime 23-4, 55, 78, 109-10, 143, 207, 227, 230-1oak 23-4, 55-6, 77-8, 227oats 223pine 226wheat 223willow 24, 54-5yew 55, 226

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310

pollen concentration 77, 209, 216, 223, 226pollen preservation 30, 75, 206, 223, 225-6Poplar, medieval village 21Poplar (Populus) 260-1pottery 159-1722nd millenium BC 30Beaker 55-6, 63, 83-4, 115-16, 120-1, 128, 162-3,167, 179, 198, 200, 250

Beaker, East Anglian style 163Bucket Urn, middle to late Bronze Age 42Carinated Bowl 117, 124charred residues 45, 56, 161, 168decorated bowl tradition 56, 117Deverel Rimbury 42-3, 45, 122-3, 159, 163early Neolithic 33, 50, 54, 56, 86, 117, 159, 161early Neolithic, Mildenhall style 33, 56, 117early Neolithic, Mildenhall ware, with grainimpression 124

early Saxon 11East Anglian style or globular shaped beaker 63Ebbsfleet ware 117black burnishd shouldered bowl, Neolithic 56flint-tempered 57Globular Urns, middle to late Bronze Age 42Grooved Ware 115, 120-1, 161-2`horseshoe`-shaped motifs 56late Bronze Age 32, 92-3, 115medieval 66medieval to post medieval, small abraded sherds66

mid to late Bronze Age 26, 32, 39, 42, 47, 92, 123plain ware 159

Neolithic 3, 8, 25-6, 39, 50, 55, 74, 83-4, 98, 105,109, 115, 117, 120, 126-7, 139, 148-50, 161-2, 179-80, 186, 191, 202, 208, 217, 232, 244, 251, 253

Mortlake Ware 117, 162Oxfordshire Red Colour-coated ware 32oxidised wares 168-9plain vessels transitional between the Deverel-Rimbury and post-Deverel-Rimbury 45

possible Mildenhall style bowl 33post Deverel-Rimbury plain ware 45prehistoric 38, 115, 159, 204probable ‘barbed wire’ decorated Beaker 33Peterborough Ware 32-3, 74, 83, 115, 117, 120,162, 194, 202

Roman 11, 50, 65-6, 168, 171bead-and-flanged dish 66, 169-70, 172bowl-jar 66, 170bowls 66, 170dishes 66, 170grey wares 168-70Gaulish ware 6jars 66miscellaneous shelly ware 169mortaria 66Much Hadham ware 66, 169, 170Nene Valley colour-coated ware 66, 169-70Oxford colour-coated ware 168-9pottery kilns, Harrold, Bedfordshire 169samian 66, 128, 169, 170South Essex shelly ware 66, 169

South Gaulish samian 66Verulamium region white ware 66, 169

Putney 117

Quaternary 3-4

Radiocarbon chronology of Bronze Age 132, 134radiocarbon dates 25, 30-3, 38, 43, 55, 57, 59-60,

63, 65, 77-9, 88-90, 93, 117-18, 121-2, 129, 131,136, 145, 148-9, 153-157, 159, 161, 168, 176,202, 205, 207-8, 210, 226-7, 254

from charred residue 56Rainham 8-11, 107, 117-19, 121, 161, 163, 259reclamation16th-century 1117th-century 11reclamation, East London 11reed growing, medieval 11reeds 31, 92reedswamp 5, 79, 98, 102, 110, 134, 208, 227, 232ring ditch 9, 117-20, 162, 193, 198ringwork, late Bronze Age 9Ripple Lane Portal, Dagenham (HS1), 105, 107Ripple Road 10ritual depositions 22, 129, 268-9ritual or monumental landscapes 8River Beam, Dagenham 116River Colne (see Colne Valley) 2, River Darent (see Darent Valley)River Ebbsfleet (see Ebbsfleet Valley)River Ingrebourne 11River Lea 3, 10, 21-2, 102, 127-8, 148as boundary 128river margins 3, 116, 118, 185-6River Roding 3, 10-13, 67, 71, 75, 107-8, 124prehistoric course 77River Thames 3, 11, 21, 49, 67, 127, 150, 276roads, Roman 10, 49, 128Roding Bridge 1, 233-4Roding Valley 3, 10Roman 10, 25, 30-2, 104, 124, 127, 150Roman Road (built 1897) 49Roman harbour 128Roman Road, East Ham 10Romford Road, Stratford, Roman road 10roof tile, Roman 128round barrows 198, 200, 202Royal Albert Dock 49Royal Docks Community School 8, 117, 120-1,

123, 126, 161, 163, 186-7Royal Victoria Dock 49ruderal species 57, 78, 79, 110, 246, 255, 258Runnymede 8, 121, 124, 203, 259, 269, carbonised cereals 124rushes 56, 78, 92, 109-10, 117, 177, 186, 240-1, 243,

245-6, 249, 251-2, 254-6, 258-9

salt-making 10saltmarshes 24, 31, 55-56, 68, 77, 79, 102, 104, 208,

216, 227, 232intertidal 5Scott and Albyns Farm, Rainham 9, 121

Index

311

Seamer axehead 193-4, 198sedge fen, species-rich 30, 110sedges (Cyperaceae) 23-4, 30-1, 54-6, 77-9, 101,

109-10, 206-7, 216-17, 223, 227, 230-2, 240-3,245-6, 249-51, 254-5, 258

settlement sites 9, 11, 149, 193Severn Estuary 129, 140sewn plank boat 127, 129Shepperton Gravels 4, 8, 23, 68, 77, 97, 99Silvertown see Fort StreetSouthwark 6, 9-10, 107, 109, 121, 124-5sponge spicule fragments 31, 54-5, 101, 107, 109,

217, 220, 223spores 206, 217, 226-7fern 78, 110-11, 231Staines causewayed enclosure 8, 117, 120, 161-2Staines Road Farm, Shepperton 162stake alignments 138Stanwell cursus 8stinging nettle (Urtica dioica) 31, 78, 110, 239, 241-

3, 245, 251-2, 254, 257-8Stratford 128Stratford Market Depot 8structures animal pens or fence lines 42, 47bridge 1, 36, 41, 98, 121-2, 127-9, 131, 135-6, 138,141, 242, 245, 249, 264, 268-9

bridge or jetty 30‘bridge’ piled oak 264‘bridge’ Structure 32 38, 264bridge walkway 40brushwood trackways 10, 55circular 42platform 109, 121, 129, 131, 133‘platform’ Structure 61 63, 65platforms 50, 55, 63, 65, 86, 127, 130, 133, 139-40,149, 155, 184-5, 208, 258, 264

possible bridge or jetty 36possible crannogs or pile dwellings 148reconstruction of bridge 135timber 2, 17, 25-6, 55, 65, 113, 121-2, 126, 131-2,148, 244

trackway or platform 50wattle fence 43wattle hurdle trackway, reconstruction 145wooden 6, 10, 138, 148, 150, 175, 180, 259wooden trackways 8, 10, 139, 149Swalecliffe, Kent 135

tanning, medieval 11Tankhill Road 116Tar and Liquor Works 49Teddington 9Temple Mills, Stratford 8Temporary campsites, Mesolithic 8Testwood Lakes, nr Solent 129Thames 8, 10, 29-30, 65, 71, 95, 102, 113, 116, 121,

124, 126-9, 147-9, 176, 178, 181, 185-6, 193-4,200, 244 see also River Thames

ferry points 127-8Thames barrier, Woolwich 106, 108

Thames Estuary 2, 4, 6, 107-8, 134, 148, 150, 205,227, 230

Thames floodplain 8, 75, 113, 139, 148-9, 244Thames Gateway 3, 243-4, 269Thames gravel terraces 2Thames-Tilbury model see Devoy modelThames Valley 4, 108, 110, 118, 124-6, 131, 136,

159, 205, 244The Stumble, Essexthin sections, soil micromorphology 53, 270-277Three Ways Wharf, Uxbridge 8, 116Tilbury 5Tollgate Road 25tool kits, Bronze Age 143tool kits, woodworking 138tool marks, middle Bronze Age 38, 144tool use 117, 173-4, 180, 186tools 8, 46, 83, 173, 179-80, 184-6Tower Bridge 5Tower Hamlets 3trackways 2, 10, 50, 57-60, 63, 78-9, 81, 84-7, 89-90,

93, 121, 127, 129, 131, 133-4, 139-40, 145, 148-50, 217, 223, 226-9, 232, 236-7, 243-4, 249-52,254, 256, 260-2, 270-4, 277

Bronze Age 49-53brushwood 60, 139construction 7, 14, 63, 78-9, 149, 264hurdle 89, 139, 145, 270marker stakes 60middle Bronze Age 45, 217muddy 273peat layer overlying 237retaining stakes 63roundwood 17, 57use of 274Structure 2/14 60, 63, 140Structure 29 58-9, 63, 65Structure 50 57, 63Trackway 2/14 60, 63trampling 92, 118, 124, 130, 177, 270, 273-7by cattle 9

Transport for London (TfL) 1-3Trinity Mills Lane 25

Union Street, Jubilee line extension 107, 109, 217Uphall Camp 10Upton Park 9Uxbridge see Three Ways Wharf

Vauxhall, Bronze Age piled structure see NineElms, Vauxhall

Vintners Place, City of London 40vivianite 22, 24

Warwick reservoir 148water mint (Mentha aquatica) 31, 245-6, 255-6, 258water-pepper (Polygonum hydropiper) 31, 110, 245-

6, 252, 258water plantain (Alisma plantago-aquatica) 31, 55,

78, 110, 245-6, 251-2, 254-6, 258waterside vegetation 78, 110, 242-4Wennington 8, 109

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312

Westrow Drive 10West and East India Docks 21West Ham 49West London 9Westminster 3Weston Wood, Surrey 123, 163Westwood Cross 251, 253Whitehall Wood 10Whitby 127, 192-3, 197, 199wild herbivores 43wildwood 138, 141William Girling reservoir 148willow (Salix sp.) 24, 54-5, 59, 63, 127, 206, 260-1,

263 see also pollen and woodWindermere Inter -stadial 23Wolsey Street 125wood 131-152, 259-265 alder 18, 57, 63, 65, 126, 141, 254, 264chip 38cleft half log 63cleft logs 65coppiced 60double pointed stick 140rods and branches 57roundwood 65, 84, 89, 217stakes 38, 59wedge pointed rods 59ash 18, 39, 57, 59, 63, 65, 90, 126-7, 136, 141, 143,226, 259, 262, 264cleft half log 63pole cleft and hewn 65rods and branches 57stakes 59bark fragments 18, 39, 75, 151beaver cut 75, 81boards or planks 39cherry-type 90, 126, 263-5chips 26, 39-40, 51, 57, 86, 138, 140, 151, 154, 262,264oak ‘sliver’ type 39cleft and hewn planks 40, 119cleft half logs 63, 65cleft poles 43cleft timber 60, 260coppiced or pollarded trees 59coppiced rods 86, 89double pointed cleft sticks 45elder 126elm 18, 63, 65, 127, 141log of slow grown elm 63rods and branches 57firewood 39gnawed 81hazel 127, 141roundwood 46, 63hewn timber of L-shaped cross section 65holly 63, 127, 141

identifying samples 140oak 18, 57, 63, 65, 126-7, 141axe cut chip 57branches 43large cleft 140log 57piles 33rods and branches 57‘sliver’ type chip 38smoothed cleft pales 63pencil pointed poplar rods 59pencil pointed willow rods 59planks 127poles 59-60, 65, 81, 84, 86, 138-9, 141, 145, 260pomaceous fruit wood 39, 126, 263-4poplar 59, 90, 126, 143, 259, 264possible dugout trough or dugout boat 65radially cleft log 63raw materials 140re-used cleft and hewn timbers 63, 65roundwood 43, 59, 63, 81, 88-90, 131, 138-9, 141,145, 260, 277

roundwood rods and branches 67, 60spread of wooden branches 45spreads 262stakes 58-9, 63, 65, 88-90, 122, 138-9, 145, 260willow 63willow/poplar 63, 126, 141wooden wedges 138woodworking debris 25, 41, 129, 138, 140worked 14, 17, 19, 26, 38, 41, 51, 63, 75, 81, 89,92, 113, 127, 131, 259

yew 18, 63, 141axe cut branch 63rotten stem fragments 59Y-shaped branch 60peg 63

wood, Bronze age double pointed sticks 140wood, Somerset Levels 127wood working, debris 140, 174woodland 30-1, 79, 108, 111, 141, 207-8, 227, 231-2,

241-4, 254, 259, 267woodmanship 140-1, 143woodworkers 143-4Woolwich Arsenal site 10Woolwich Manor 65, 159, 243

XPL 272XRF 196, 198, 200

Yabsley Street, Blackwall, Isle of Dogs 117, 119Yarnton, Oxfordshire 125Yeoveney Lodge, Stainesyew (Taxus baccata) 18, 51, 55, 109, 127, 129, 140-1,

145, 206, 217, 250-2, 254, 259, 262 see alsopollen and wood

Yorkshire 192-3, 198, 201-2

Index

313