1

we`¨vb›` m„Rbkxj mnvwqKv

8g †kÖYx Bs‡iRx 2q cÎ

†jLK: 1) gÄyiæj Kwei †mŠif| 2) mvewibv mvC`| 3) ewki Avn‡g` mRxe| 4) mvqiv mvC`| 5) †gvnv¤§` mvBdzj Bmjvg|

cÖKvkbvq: we`¨vb›` dvD‡Ûkb

2

we`¨vb›` m„Rbkxj mnvwqKv

8g †kÖYx

Bs‡iRx 2q cÎ

†jLK: 1) gÄyiæj Kwei †mŠif| 2) mvewibv mvC`| 3) ewki Avn‡g` mRxe| 4) mvqiv mvC`| 5) †gvnv¤§` mvBdzj Bmjvg|

cÖKvkbvq: we`¨vb›` dvD‡Ûkb

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gyLeÜ mgv‡Ri GK †kªYxi wk¶v_©x Av‡Q, hviv Avw_©K msK‡U wKsev †gavi `ye©jZvq wKsev w`Kwb‡`©kbvi

Afv‡e wQU‡K co‡Q cÖwZ‡hvMxZvg~jK wk¶ve¨e ’v †_‡K| Zv‡`i g‡a¨ A‡b‡KiB m¤¢vebv wQ‡jv my›`i fwel¨‡Zi †gavweKv‡ki c_cÖ`k©K †c‡j| mv‡_ `iKvi Avw_©K mnvqZv Avi cvV¨ mnvqK eB Ávb weÁv‡bi eB| mgv‡Ri GB Ae‡nwjZ QvÎQvÎx‡`i Avkvi Av‡jv †`Lv‡Z Òwe`¨vb›`Ó(www.bidyanondo.org) bvgK cÖwZôv‡bi R¤§ †`b cÖevmx evOvwj wK‡kvi Kzgvi `vk| wb‡RB myweavewÂZ wQj e‡jB nq‡Zv Rxe‡bi me mÂq w`‡q Aby vb QvovB Pvjv‡”Qb GB cÖwZôvb‡K| †Kvb FZzwfwËK cÖwZôvb bq we`¨vb›`| XvKv, PÆMÖvg Ges bvivqYM‡Äi wZb kvLvq eQ‡ii cÖwZwU w`b Kvh©µg P‡j †eZbfz³ PvKz‡i Ges wKQz gnrcÖvY †¯”Qv‡meK Øviv| ÒAvb‡›`i mv‡_ wk¶v jvfÓ- GB cÖwZôv‡bi g~jgš¿| wkï‡kªYx †_‡K Øv`k †kªYx ch©šÍ wk¶v_©x‡`i †gavweKv‡ki cvkvcvwk we`¨vb›` Zv‡`i ˆbwZK gyj¨‡ev‡ai DbœwZ, ¯wk¶vq wkw¶ZKiY Ges Zv‡`i ¯v ’ m‡PZbZv wb‡q KvR K‡i| eZ©gv‡b wZb kZvwaK QvÎQvÎx‡K cÖwZw`b wk¶v †`evi cvkvcvwk ïKbv Lvevi †`q GB cÖPviwegyL cÖwZôvbwU| GwK mv‡_ webvg~‡j¨ wk¶v DcKiY w`‡q _v‡K we`¨vb‡›`i cÖwZwU wkï‡K| ïaygvÎ myweavewÂZ‡`i Rb¨ bq, me© ’‡ii cvVK‡`i Rb¨ Pvjy K‡i‡Q 8,000 eB‡qi wZbwU cvVvMvi, hv webvg~‡j¨ e¨envi Kiv hvq †Kvbiƒc m`m¨ bv n‡qI| AbjvBb ¯‹z‡ji gva¨‡g we`¨vb‡›`i KvR‡K cÖZ¨šÍ A‡j †cŠu‡Q w`‡Z welqwfwËK wk¶vg~jK wfwWI wUD‡Uvwiqvj ˆZwi Ki‡Q we`¨vb›`| GB wUD‡Uvwiqvj¸‡jv‡K AviI mnR K‡i Zzj‡Z webvg~‡j¨ wk¶v mnvwqKv weZiY Ki‡Q GB cÖwZôvbwU| we`¨vb‡›`i Av‡iKwU cÖ‡R± bv ej‡jB bq, †mwU n‡jv wek¦we`¨vj‡qi fwZ© †KvwPs| MZeQ‡ii 85 Rb Mixe wk¶v_©xi GB Kvh©µ‡gi ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Ask my‡hvM cvq †`‡ki wewfbœ miKvix wek¦we`¨vj‡q| ïaygvÎ wk¶ve¨e ’v bq, mgv‡Ri mvaviY cÖwZeÜKZv `~i Ki‡ZI, we`¨vb›` nv‡Z wb‡”Q bZzb bZzb cÖ‡R±| Zvu‡`i g‡a¨ GKwU n‡jv-Ò†d«‡g evuav ˆkkeÓ| 10,000 myweavewÂZ wkïi ˆkk‡ei Qwe msi¶‡Yi Rb¨ webvg~‡j¨ wcÖ›U Ges †jwg‡bwUs K‡i weZiY K‡i we`¨vb›`| DVwZ ZiæY †jLK Ges Kwe‡K c„ô‡cvlKZv w`‡Z wb‡R‡`i A_©vq‡b Agi GKz‡k eB‡gjv-2015 †Z cÖKvk K‡iwQj `yBwU Mí Ges KweZv msKjb, hvi jf¨vsk e¨q nq wkï‡`i Lvev‡ii Kv‡R| we`¨vb‡›`i mv‡_ hy³ Av‡Qb †`‡ki †miv wk¶vcÖwZôv‡bi GKSvuK ZiæY †¯”Qv‡meK| GBme †¯”Qv‡meK‡`i †hvM¨ K‡i Zzj‡Z wewfbœ cÖwk¶Y †`qv n‡”Q ¯bvgab¨ cÖwk¶K Øviv| Avkv GKw`b GLvb †_‡KB m„wó n‡e †`‡ki †miv me †gavex Ges wkw¶Z gvbyl¸‡jv| cÖwZôvbwU bZzb, Z‡e mvgvwRK Dbœq‡b Gi AMÖMwZ Ges Ae`vb Cl©Yxq ch©v‡qi | Aí‡Z mš‘ó bq we`¨vb›`, ZvB †h‡Z n‡e Av‡iv A‡bK `~i| GKK cÖ‡Póv bq, eis mevi AvšÍwiK AskMÖnYB cv‡i mgv‡Ri Ae‡nwjZ †gavex wk¶v_©x‡`i K‡qKavc GwM‡q wb‡q †h‡Z| Avmyb we`¨vb‡›`i g‡Zv cÖwZôvb¸‡jv‡K mn‡hvwMZv K‡i evsjv‡`‡ki fvM¨ cwieZ©‡b mnvqZv Kwi|

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m~PxcÎ

SL.No Particular Page No

1 Prepositions 1-7

2 Right Form of Verbs 8-12

3 Articles 12-14

4 Tense 15-22

5 Suffix & Prefix 23-25

6 Punctuation 26-28

7 Transformation of Sentence 29-33

8 Voice 34-40

9 Narration 40-48

5

Prepositions

� Preposition Kx Ges Prepostion Kx K‡i t Pre k‡ãi A_© c~‡e© Ges Position A_© Ae ’vb A_ev Noun-equivalent Gi e¨eüZ n‡q Zvi m‡½ ev‡K¨i Ab¨ Word Gi m¤úK© eywS‡q †`q Zv‡K Preposition e‡j|

Ex: Mita is coming with Rita. � GLv‡b, with nj Preposition Ges GwU Noun Gi c~‡e© e‡m‡Q|

Preposition + Noun � I gave the book toPre

SohaN

Preposition + Pronoun � I gave toPre

himP.N

Note: Avgiv †Kvb e¨w³, e ‘i g‡a¨ m¤úK© ’vcb Kivi Rb¨ Preposition use Kwi|

� wb‡Pi Passage wU jÿ Kit Fahad lives at Sutrapur in Dhaka. He goes to school by a Toyota car. Sometime he goes on rickshaw. He starts for home at 8:30 am. I go to School by rickshaw. I start early in the morning. There was a heavy rain yesterday and the roads went under water. So, I was absent from School.

cÖ Ë Passage wU‡Z- at, in, to, by, on, from I under GB Preposition ‡jv e¨eüZ n‡q‡Q|

� mvaviY 2 ai‡Yi Preposition jÿ Kiv hvq| (1) Complement of Preposition Or Basic uses of Preposition (2) Appropriate Preposition.

� Basic uses of some Important preposition : ‡ek wKQz Preposition Av‡Q †h¸‡jv‡K wb‡¤œ cÖ Ë Diagram-Gi mvnv‡h¨ AZ¨šÍ mnRfv‡e e¨vL¨v Kiv hvq t

� At, in eo ’vb ev mg‡qi c~‡e© in Ges ‡QvU ’vb ev mg‡qi c~‡e© at e‡m| He lives at Deana in Khulna. He went there at 7 O’clock in evening.

Note: mg‡qi c~‡e© in e¨envi Ki‡j Zvici the e‡m| wKš‘ at e¨envi Ki‡j the e‡m bv| Night, noon, dusk, down BZ¨vw`i c~‡e© at e‡m| Ges Morning, evening, afternoon BZ¨vw`i c~‡e© in e‡m|

� In, Into ‡Kvb wKQzi wfZ‡i Aew ’Z ev w ’wZkxjZv eySv‡j in Ges wfZ‡i cÖ‡ek ev MwZkxjZv Ges iƒcvšÍwiZ nIqv eySv‡j into e‡j| The students are in the room. They entered into the room. Water change into vapour.

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� on, in, at w`b ev Zvwi‡Li c~‡e© on, gvm ev eQ‡ii c~‡e© in Ges wbw`©ó mg‡qi c~‡e© at e‡m| I shall meet you at 5 O’clock on Sunday in January.

� After, in AZxZKv‡ji e¨vcK mgq (period of time) eySv‡Z after Ges fwel¨r Kv‡j e¨vcK mgq (Period of time) eySv‡Z in e¨eüZ nq|

I returned to my naitve Village after six months.

� In with-in fwel¨rKv‡j e¨vcK mg‡qi †kl gyn~Z© eySv‡Z in Ges ‡mB mgq DËxY© nevi c~‡e© eySv‡Z with in e‡m| †hgb t Mr. Ahad will come in a month. (GK gv‡mi †kl gyn~‡Z©)

We, will finish the work within a month. [GK gvm DËxY© nevi c~‡e©]

� in, by, before fwel¨ZKv‡ji e¨vcK mg‡qi c~‡e© in, Ges wbw`©ó mg‡qi c~‡e© by ev before e‡m| †hgb t I shall have finished reading the book by or before 5 p.m.

He will come in a month.

� in, on, to mxgvi g‡a¨ eySv‡Z in mxgvi evwn‡i eySv‡Z to Ges mxgvi Dc‡i eySv‡Z on e¨eüZ nq| †hgb t The Sounderban is to the south of the Country. Dhaka in on the Buriganga. Dhaka city college is in the heart of the city.

� In, after Future tense G In Ges Past tense G after e¨eüZ nq| †hgb t My father will come from the states in a week.

His father died after two monthes.

� Since, from, for wbw`©ó mg‡qi c~‡e© Since ev from Ges e¨vcK mg‡qi c~‡e© for e‡m| Since Øviv ïay AZx‡Zi wbw`©ó mgq Ges from Øviv me tense Gi mgq eySvq|

It has been raining Since morning It has been raining for two hours.

� Beside besides Òcv‡kÓ A_© eySv‡Z beside Ges ÒBnv Qvov/AwaKš‘Ó eySv‡Z besides e¨eüZ nq| †hgb t He sat beside me. Besides this pen, I have two other pens. � Between among `yÕ‡qi g‡a¨ between Ges `yÕ‡qi AwaK n‡j among e¨eüZ nq| †hgb t Divide the mangoes between the two boys. Divide the mangoes among them.

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� By, with ‡h K‡i Zvi c~‡e© by Ges hvi Øviv K‡i Zvi c~‡e© with e‡j| †hgb t The tiger was killed by the hunter with a gun. � On, Over jvMvjvwM Ae ’vq Dc‡i n‡j on Ges space ‡i‡L Dc‡i n‡j over e¨eüZ nq| †hgb t The book in on the table. The clock is over the cupboard.

� Under/ below Under gv‡b eivei wb‡P Ges below gv‡b wb‡P wKš‘ eivei wb‡P bv| †hgbt Your foot is under the table [exactly] My foot is below the table. [beside]

� Down wmwo w`‡q wb‡P bvg A‡_© down kãwU e¨eüZ nq| DuPz ’vb †_‡K wb‡P bvgv eySv‡Z down e‡m| †hgb t

The store rolled down the hill.

� Across ‡Kvb we› y †K GK cÖvšÍ †_‡K Ab¨ cÖvšÍ eySv‡Z Across e¨eüZ nq| †hgb t I swim across the river. She ran across the road.

� Though Though Øviv †Kvb wKQz wb‡`©k Kiv nq, ev †Kvb e ‘i evwni n‡Z ïiæ nq, e ‘‡Z cÖek K‡i Ges Z¨vM K‡i| †hgb t

They walked home though the part the train went through the tunnel.

Note: Dc‡ii hv †`Iqv nj G¸‡jv Beside use of Preposition. Diagram wUi mvnv‡h¨ Avgiv G¸‡jv g‡b ivLvi †Póv Kie|

Meaning of Some Prepositions

Preposition Bengali meaning At w`‡K In †Z/ ‡h/ ‡fZ‡i/ g‡a¨ On Ic‡i Onto Ic‡i Over wKQz Ic‡i Above A‡bK Ic‡i Up Ic‡ii w`‡K Down wb‡Pi w`‡K To w`‡K

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From ‡_‡K/ nB‡Z Into evwni †_‡K †fZ‡i Out of ‡fZi †_‡K evwn‡i Behind ‡cQ‡b Before c~‡e© After c‡i Besider Bnv QvovI Beside cv‡k By Øviv/ cv‡k Next to wVK cv‡k Across Ic‡i/AwZµg with mv‡_ without e¨ZxZ through ga¨ †_‡K ˆ`N© AwZµg Along cvk w`‡q ˆ`N© AwZµg Below wb‡P Of Gi Inside ‡fZ‡i/ g‡a¨ for Rb¨ Towards w`‡K Between `yÕ‡qi g‡a¨ Against weiæ‡× within wbw`©ó mg‡qi g‡a¨

[Note: cieZx© As‡ki wKQz Important appropriate Preposition ‡`Iqv nj| †m¸‡jv Aek¨B gyL Í Ki‡Z n‡e|]

Appropriate Preposition

Abide by-(‡g‡b Pjv) Students should abide by their teacher’s advice. Adsorbed in-(wbqg) He is absorbed in deep studies. Absent from-(Abycw ’Z) He was absent from the meetwing. Abstain from-(weiZ _vKv) Everyone should abstain from smoking. Accuse of-(Awf‡hvM Kiv) He was accused of theft. Access to-(wbK‡U hvevi AwaKvi) We have easy access to our headmaster. Accustomed to (Af¨ Í) Jerry was accustomed to hard work. Adhere to-(‡j‡M _vKv) I must adhere to my principles. Addicted to – (Lvivc Kv‡R Avmw³) He is addicted to gambling. Adjacent to-(msjMœ) His house is adjacent to mine. Adapted from-(M„nxZ) The story is adapted from Gulliver’s Travels. Admit to-(fwZ© nIqv) I was admitted to Chittagong College. Afraid fo-(fxZ) He is afraid of anything.

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Argue with-(ZK©)-Students shouldn’t argue with their teachers. Aim at –(jÿ¨ Kiv) The police aimed at the robber. Alternative to-(cwie‡Z©) This question is alternative to that. Ambition for-(D”PKv•ÿv) I have no ambition for fame. Amenable to-(evav)-The lady is not amenable to reason. Ambitious of-(D”Pvwfjvlx) I am not ambitious of fame. Anxious for-(DwØMœ)-I am anxious for result. Apology for-(ÿgv cÖv_©bv) The student had to apology to the teacher for his misbehaviour. Aptitude for-(cÖeYZv) The girl has a great aptitude for music. Ashamed of –(jw¾Z) I am ashamed of his conduct. Astonished at-(wew¯§Z) The authoress was astonished at jerry’s integrity. Aware of –(AeMZ) He was aware of the fact. Bark at -(‡ND †ND Kiv) The dog always barks on a stranger. Belong to-(AwaKvix nIqv) This book belong to me. Beware of –(mZK© nIqv) Beware of thieves. Believe in-(wek¦vm Kiv) I dont believe in overloading my stomach. Blind to-(‡`‡LI bv †`Lv) He is blind to his sons fault. Boast of –(¤¢ Kiv) He boasts of his riches. Born in –(Rb¥) I was born in Khulna. Born of –(RvZ) I was born of a middle class family. Burst into –(Kvbœvq †f‡½ co) Suddenly he burst into tears. Busy with-(e¨ Í) He is busy with his lessons. Condemn to-(vqx nIqv) The criminal was condemned to death. Confess to-(xKvi Kiv) He confessed to his guilt. Confident of-(Avkvev`x) I am confident of my success. Consist of –(MwVZ) The comittee consists of then members. Contrary to-(wecixZfv‡e) The Students acted contrary to his teacher’s direction. Cope with-(Gu‡U DVv) I failed to cope with the new environment. Conspire with-(lohš¿ Kiv) His enemees conspired with his soldier to ruin him. Contact with-(‡hvMv‡hvM) I have no contact with him. Deal in-(e¨emv Kiv) He deals in rice. Delight in-(Avbw›`Z nIqv) I deligh in sport and games. Demand for-(Pvwn`v) Jerry had no demand for high amount. Dependent on-(wbf©ikxj) Our family is dependent on me. Deprive of-(ewÂZ nIqv) He was deprived of the property. Devoid of-(ewR©Z) He is devoid of common sense. Die of-(‡Kvb †iv‡M giv) He died of cholera. Die from-(‡Kvb Kvi‡Y giv) He died from over eating. Die by-(B”QvK…Zfv‡e giv) He died by suicide.

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Die for-(AvZ¥Z¨vM Kiv) We are ready too die for our country. Different from-(c„_K) This pen is different from that. Disappointed at-(‡Kvb wKQz‡Z nZvk) He was disappointed at your failure. Divide into-(fvM Kiv) He devided the mangoes into two equal halves. Due to-(KviY) I could not go to college due to my illness. Expert at-(ÿ) The girl is expert at drawing. Easy of-(mnR) The problem is easy of solution. Engaged n-(wbgMœ) He is engaged in writting a book. Escape from-(gyw³) Man has no escape from death. Faith in-(wek¦vm) I have faith in his honesty. Famous for-(weL¨vZ) Mohin is famous for his kindness. Fond of –(wcªq) I am fond of meet. Full of-(cwic~Y©) The glass is full of dirty water. Good at –(ÿ) Shimu is good at math. Include in-(AšÍfy©³ Kiv) My name was included in the list. Indebted to-(FYx) I am greatly indebted to my teachers. Indifferent to-(D`vmxb) Students should not be indifferent to their studies. Insist on –(wR` Kiv) He insisted on my going to chinema. Liable to-( vqx) Man is liable to error. Live in-(evm Kiv) Man live in society. Mix with-(‡gkv) He does not mix with other boys. Necessity for-(Avek¨KZv) I have no necessity for the book. Need of-(cÖ‡qvRb) I am badly in need of a seat in the hostel. Object to-(AvcwË Kiv) I objected to his proposal. Obstacle to-(euvav) Proverty was obstacle to his success in life. Open to-(Db¥y³) The national Zoo is open to all. Owe to-(FYx nIqv) I owe to my teacher. Play at-(‡Ljv Kiv) Students should not play at cards. Pretend to-(cQ›` Kiv) He Prefers reading to writing. Prefer to-(fvb Kiv) Hamlet pretended to madness. Prevent from-(weiZ _vKv) My father prevented me from going to cinema. Pride in-(Me© Kiv) He takes pride in his wealth. Rely on-(wbf©i Kiv) The authoress relied on Jerry. Remind of-(g‡b Kwi‡q †`qv) I reminded him of the accident. Satisfied with-(mš‘ó) Man should be satisfied with what he has. Sorry for-( ytwLZ) I am sorry for my rude behaviour. Suffer from-(mn¨ Kiv) The poor Suffer from many troubles. Quarrel with-(KviI mv‡_ SMov Kiv) We should not quarrel with one another. Use of-(cÖ‡qvRb) There is no use of buying the book.

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Used to-(Af¨ Í) Jerry was used to hard work. Victim to-(wkKvi) We are victim of him cruelness. Wait for-(A‡cÿv Kiv) They waited for us at the station. Want of –(Afve) I have want of money. Zealous for-(Drmvnx) A Slave is always zealous for freedom.

Exercise

1) of, in, with, for, into, about. Mr. Rahim was very popular a)___ his student. The Students had easy access b)____ his room. Whenever the student entered c)_____ his room, they found him absorbed c)_____ study. He was proficient in English. He was very conscious e)_____ his duties and responsibilities.

2) about, againgt, for, at, after, of, to.

Our school is famous a)_____ its good result. The school advertised for the appointment of and English teacher. Since Mr. Ahmed was good b)______ English, he Applied for the post. A written test was in a room Adjacent c)_____ the headmaster’s room. He appropate at the test. He stood first. He was selected for the post, But the committee had bais for answer candidate. The committee talked d)_____ the mother with the headmaster. The headmaster was sure e)_____ fair selection.

3) on, to, from, of

A good boy always attentive a)______ his studies. He thinks b)_____ his career. He is determined c)_____ carrying d)______ his studies. He doesn’t c)_______ the truth.

4) Down, by, of , with, around.

The world a)_____ us is becoming more and more polluted day by day. The cities are filled b)______ fume and smoke from motor vehicles, mills and factories. The seas are polluted c)______ industrial waste, chemicals and other poisons. Forests are being cut d)______ on a large scale. for instance, in Brazil thousands of square miles e) ______ forests are being cleared and burned.

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Right From of Verbs

Sentence Gi cwic~Y©Zvi Rb¨ verb Acwinvh© GKwU Ask| verb ‡K Sentence ev ev‡K¨i cÖvY ejv nq ? †Kvb Sentence mwVKfv‡e †jLvi Rb¨ verb m¤ú‡K© cwi®‹vi aviYv _vKv Avek¨K| Bs‡iwRi cÖwZwU cÖwZwU †ÿ‡Î wePi‡Yi Rb¨ right form of verbs Rvb‡Z n‡e| Zvn‡jB GKgvÎ mwVKfv‡e sentence make Kiv hv‡e| ev‡K¨i A_©m½wZ iÿv cv‡e Ges mwVKfv‡e I ï×fv‡e evK¨ e¨envi Kiv hv‡e| Right form of verbs Rvb‡Z n‡j wKQz rules m¤ú‡K© aviYv _vK‡Z n‡e| wb‡Pi wKQz rules m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Kiv nj t

1) Subject hw` 3rd person singular number nq Ges verb hw` present indefinite tense nq Zvn‡j verb Gi †k‡l s/es ‡hvM Ki‡Z nq|

a. The boy (Play) football. -The boy Plays football.

2) Universal truth (wPišÍb mZ¨), habitual fact (Af¨vmMZ Kg©) eySv‡j Present indefinite tense nq| †hgb-

a. The sun (rise) in the east. -The sun rises in the east. b. Too err (is) human. -Too err is human. c. He (swim) everyday. -He Swim everyday.

3) Sentence G †Kvb mg‡qi D‡jøL bv †_‡K hw` always, everyday, regularly, sometimes, often, generally, daily, occasionally, usually, normally, frequently BZ¨vw` _v‡K Zvn‡j verb Gi Present indefinite tense nq| †hgb-

a. He always (disturb) the class. -He always disturbs the class. b. Mahin (go) to school regularly. -Mahin goes to school regularly. c. Mr. Fahim (drink) tea everyday. -Mr. Fahim drinks tea every day.

4) ‡Kvb sentence G hw` Just, Just now, already, yet, ever, lately, recently BZ¨vw` _v‡K Zvn‡j verb Gi Prefect tense nq| †hgb-

a. Shahida (go) out just now. -Shahida gone out just now. b. I (see) him recently. -I have seen him recently.

5) AZxZ wb‡`©kK ‡Kvb kã ev phrase ‡hgbt (yesterday, ago, long, since, last night) _vK‡j verb Gi past form nq| †hgb-

a. He (leave) home last night. -He left home last night.

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b. I (come) home yesterday. -I came home yesterday. c. I (see) you long ago. -I saw you long ago.

6) Now, right now, at present, at this moment, day by day, step by step, gradually, continuously BZ¨vw` _vK‡j sentence Gi †ÿ‡Î verb Gi present Continuous tense nq| †hgb-

a. Now i (go) to class. -Now i am going to class. b. They (play) at this moment. -They are playing at this moment.

7) Present perfect ev Present perfect Continuous G period of time (wKQz Kvj e¨wcqv) eySv‡Z for Ges Point of time (wbw`©ó mgq) eySv‡Z since e¨eüZ nq| †hgb-

a. He has been reading since noon. -I have been reading for two hours.

8) `ywU clause, before ev after Øviv hy³ n‡j before Gi c~e©eZx© Ges after Gi cieZx© verb wU past perfect tense nq| †hgb-

a. The patient had died before the doctor come. -The doctor came after the patient had died.

9) GKwU Simple sentence Gi †ÿ‡Î ywU verb e¨eüZ n‡j wØZxq verb wUi mv‡_ ing ‡hvM nq| †hgb- a. Would you mind opening the window? -I heard the baby crying.

10) lest Øviv `ywU Dc‡`k hy³ n‡j lest Gi cieZx© verb Gi c~‡e© should e‡m| †hgb- a. Work hard lest you should fail in the exam. -Run fast lest you should miss the train.

11) `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK Singular subject and Øviv hy³ n‡j, Zv‡`i c‡i verb Ges pronoun Dfq Plural Number nq| †hgb- a. Salam and Jamal have done their works. -Karim and Rahim are always happy.

12) i) And Øviv hy³ `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK Singular subject hw` GKB e¨w³ ev e ‘‡K wb‡`©k K‡i †m †ÿ‡Î verb Gi singular number nq| †hgb-

The Headmaster and secretary of the school was present. ii) And Øviv hy³ `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK Noun hw` c„_K c„_K e¨w³‡K ‡evSvq| †m †ÿ‡Î cÖwZUv Noun Gi c~‡e© the e‡m Ges verb Gi Plural number nq| †hgb-

The Headmaster and the secretary of the school were present in the meeting.

13) And Øviv hy³ `ywU singular subject hw` GKB fve ev A_© cÖKvk K‡i, †m‡ÿ‡Î verb Gi singular number nq| †hgb-

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a. My name and address is given below pen and ink is required for me. b. Bread and butter is my favourite food.

14) And Øviv hy³ GKvwaK Singular subject Gi c~‡e© hw` each, every ev no e¨eüZ nq| †m‡ÿ‡Î-Zv‡`i cieZx© verb Gi singular number nq|

a. Each boy and each girl has got a prize. b. No teacher and no student attends the class.

15) Interrogative sentence G hw` what, when, where, who, which, whose, why, how _v‡K Zvn‡j subject Gi c~‡e© tense I person Abyhvqx to be verb ‡hvM Ki‡Z nq| to be verb bv _vK‡j tense I person Abyhvqx do/ does/ did e‡m|

a. What you (do) now? -What are you doing now? b. What you (want)? -What do you want? c. Why Mr. Fahim (look) so angry? -Why does Mr. Fahim look so angry? 16) Since Gi cÖ_g Ask Present Indefinite/ Present perfect tense n‡j c‡ii Ask past

Indefinite tense nq| a. It is many years since I (come) to Dhaka. -It is many years science I came to Dhaka.

17) to be Ges having Gi ci g~j verb Gi past participle nq| a. He ran away having (take) the money. -He ran away having taken the money.

18) As though/ as if Gi cÖ_g Ask Present Indefinite tense n‡j Gi c‡ii Ask Past Indefinite nq| Avevi cÖ_g Ask Past Indefinite Tense n‡j c‡ii Ask Past perfect Tense nq|

a. He speaks as though he (know) everything. -He speaks as though he knew every-thing. b. She proceeded as though I (not speak) -She proceeded as though I had not spoken.

19) Can, Could, may, might, Shall Should, will would BZ¨vw` auxiliary verb wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ n‡j g~j verb wU present tense nq|

a. You may (come) tomorrow. -You may come tomorrow. b. I can (do) the work. -I can do the work. c. One should (take) care of one’s health. -One should take care of One’s health.

20) While Gi ci verb _vK‡j Zvi mv‡_ ing ‡hvM nq| wKš‘ While Gi c‡i Subject _vK‡j While Gi AskwU Past continuous tense nq|

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a. While walking in the garden, a snake bite him b. While he was walking in the garden, a snake bite him.

21) ‡Kvb sentence hw` there Øviv ïiæ nq Ges Zvici hw` singular number _v‡K Zvn‡j there Gi ci singular verb e‡m| Avi Plural number _vK‡j there Gi ci Plural verb e‡m|

a. There is a school in the village b. There are two high schools in the village.

22) One third, One-fourth e ‘i †ÿ‡Î singular verb em‡e wKš‘ e¨w³ †ÿ‡Î Plural n‡e| One-third, One-fourth Gi †ÿ‡Î fMœvsk Plural n‡e bv Ab¨ mKj †ÿ‡Î fMœvsk Plural n‡e|

a. One-third of the work (have) been finished. -One-third of the work has been finished. b. One-third of the students (is) Present. -One-third of the students are present. 23) All Gi ci Plural verb e‡m wKš‘ cÖev` evK¨ ev Proverbial word Gi ci verb singular

nq| a. All men (be) mortal. -All men are mortal. b. All that (glitter) is not gold. -All that glitters is not gold.

24) ‡Kvb sentence Gi verb Zvi subject Gi Number Ges Person Abyhvqx e¨eüZ nq-A_©vr subject singular n‡j verb singular n‡e Ges subject Plural n‡j verb Plural n‡e|

-The colour of his eyes is blue.

25) ‡Kvb sentence-G wewfbœ Person GK‡Î †jLvi mgq cÖ_‡g 2nd Person Zvici 3rd

Person Ges †k‡l First person (231) em‡e| -You, Habib and I are present

wKš‘ †`vl ¯xKvi eySv‡j cÖ_‡g 1st Person, Zvici 3rd Person Ges me©‡k‡l 2nd Person (132) e‡m|

- I, Habib and you are guilty.

26) mywbw`©ó / wbw`©ó (Specific) ‰`N© , cwigvY ev ’vb eySv‡j Subject ‡`L‡Z Plural n‡jI verb singular nq|

a. Forty miles is a long way. b. Ten maunds is a heavy weight.

27) eB‡qi bvg, †`‡ki bvg †`L‡Z Plural n‡jI Zviv singular Ges Zv‡`i c‡i singular verb e‡m| a. Gulliver’s Travels is a famous book. b. The United states of America is a rich country.

28) Relative pronoun Gi verb antecedent Abyhvqx e¨eüZ nq| a. It is I who (is) responsible for this. b. It is i who am responsible for this.

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Exercise

1. The moon (shine) at night. 2. Flowers (be) gift of nature. 3. I saw him (go) to the town. 4. Science (discover) many things. 5. It is high time they (earn) their livelihood. 6. Women (contribute) much to their family income. 7. World temperatures (increase) day by day. 8. He tell the matter of as if he (know) it. 9. I am glad to learn you that you (be) well. 10. Ill news (run) fast.

Articles

���� Articles: mvaviYfv‡e Avgiv a, an, the †K Articles e‡j _vwK, A_©vr Noun Gi c~‡e© a, an, the Gi e¨envi‡K Articles e‡j| †hgb: an apple, a boy BZ¨vw`|

� wkÿv_x©‡`i eySvi myweav‡_© wek` Av‡jvPbv Kiv nj: A boy is flying a kite. The kite is nice. A man is drawing a picture. There is an owl in the tree.

� GLv‡b underline Kiv Articles ‡jv Noun Gi c~‡e© e¨eüZ n‡q‡Q| GBfv‡e Avgiv Articles Gi Fill in the gaps ‡jv c~iY Ki‡Z cvie|

� Articles ‡K yB fv‡M fvM Kiv nq| 1. Definite (wbw ©óZvevPK) 2. Indefinite (Awbw`©óZvevPK) � Indefinite Articles: Awbw`©÷Zv eySv‡bvi Rb¨ †h Articles e¨eüZ nq Zv‡K Indefinite e‡j| †hgb- a man, an egg . A Gi e¨envi t � Bs‡iwR eY©gvjv `yBfv‡e wef³ Kiv nq| i) vowel ( ieY©) ii) Consonant (e¨ÄbeY©) vowel nj- a, e, i, o, u. Avi evwK me eY©gvjv nj- Consonant. 1. consonant Gi c~‡e© a e¨eüZ nq| a cat, a bat. 2. ‘u’ Gi D”PviY hw` ÒBDÓ Gi gZ nq Zvn‡j Zvi c~‡e© a e‡m| a Uniform, a European.

� GLv‡b uniform evbv‡b cÖ_g ‘u’ eY©wU ÒBDÓ Gi gZ D”PvwiZ n‡q‡Q, ZvB Zvi c~‡e© a e‡m‡Q| 3. ‘O’ hw` ÒIqvÓ Gi gZ D”PvwiZ nq Zvi c~‡e© a e‡m| ‡hgbt a One-taka note, a one-eyed man.

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� GLv‡bv ÒIqvb-UvKvÓ kãwU‡Z ‘o’ ‡K ÒIqvÓ Gi gZ D”PviY Kiv n‡q‡Q ZvB Zvi c~‡e© a e‡m‡Q| 4. †Kvb e¨w³ ev e ‘i bvg cÖ_gevi D‡jøwLZ n‡j a/an e‡m| †hgb- a man 5. †Kvb cÖKvi mswÿß k‡ãi cÖ_g Aÿi vowel Gi gZ D”PvwiZ bv n‡j a e‡m| †hgbt a B.A, a B.Sc � GLv‡b cÖ_g Aÿi B(we) vowel Gi gZ D”PvwiZ nqwb ZvB a e‡m‡Q| 6. msL¨vevPK k‡ãi c~‡e© a e‡m| †hgb- a hundred taka. a dozen pen.

� GLv‡b hundred (100) I dozen (12) msL¨vevP kã| An Gi e¨envi t 1. k‡ãi ïiæ‡Z vowel (a, e, i, o, u) _vK‡j an e‡m| †hgbt an egg, an apple.

2. hw` k‡ãi cÖ_‡g ‘h’ _v‡K Ges hw` ‘h’ Gi g‡Zv D”PvwiZ bv nq Zvn‡j Zvi c~‡e© an e‡m| †hgbt an honest, an hour � GLv‡b honest kãwU ÒI‡b÷Ó Ges hour kãwU ÒAvIqviÓ A_©vr “O” D”PvwiZ n‡q‡Q hv

Vowel Gi b¨vq ZvB an e‡m‡Q| 3. k‡ãi cÖ_‡g U hw` ÒAvÓ Gi gZ D”PvwiZ nq, Zvn‡j Zvi c~‡e© an e‡m| †hgbt An umbrella � GLv‡b “U” kãwU ÒAvÓ Gi gZ D”PvwiZ n‡q‡Q, ZvB Zvi c~‡e© an em‡e|

4. mswÿß k‡ãi cÖ_g Aÿi vowel Gi gZ D”PvwiZ n‡j Zvi c~‡e© an e‡m| †hgbt An L.L.B, An M.A � GLv‡b “L” ( Gj) k‡ãi ïiæ‡Z G (a) Ges M (Gg) Gi †ÿ‡ÎI G (a) D”PvwiZ ZvB Zvi

c~‡e© an e‡m‡Q| [we ‡ k l ªóe¨t Article G i (a, an) e¨en v‡ ii G i † ÿ ‡Î D ”P v iY wU A‡ bK † e kx ¸ iæZ ¡c~Y ©| Z v B ï× D ”P v i‡ Y i † P óv K i‡ Z n ‡ e |]

���� Definite Articles : wbw`©ó K‡i eySv‡bvi Rb¨ †h Articles e¨eüZ nq Zv‡K Definite

Articles e‡j| †hgbt The Titanic, The English boy.

The Gi e¨envi t 1. wbw`©ó K‡i †Kvb e¨w³, e ‘, ’vb‡K eySv‡j The e‡m| †hgb t The man standing on road. The water of this pond is dirty. � GLv‡b “man” Ges water ‡K wbw`©ó K‡i eySv‡bv n‡q‡Q|

2. b`x, mvMi, ce©Zgvjv, weL¨vZ MÖš’, msev`cÎ Gi c~‡e© the e‡m| †hgb t The Padma, The Atlantic Ocean. The Himalays, The Prothom-alo.

3. mgMÖ RvwZ, m¤úª vq Gi c~‡e© the e‡m| †hgb t The Punjab, The Bangladeshi.

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� GLv‡b Punjab GKwU m¤úª vq Ges Bangladeshi GKwU RvwZ‡K eySv‡bv n‡q‡Q|

4. w`K, ag©MÖš’, cwÎKv bv‡gi c~‡e© The e‡m| †hgb t The East, The Holy Quran, The observer.

5. Superlative degree Ges wbw`©óZv eySv‡j Abstract Noun Gi c~‡e© The e‡m| †hgbt The best boy, The kindness.

6. `ywU Noun, and Øviv hy³ n‡q GKB e¨w³/ e ‘‡K wb‡`©k K‡i Zvn‡j cÖ_gwUi c~‡e© The e‡m| †hgbt The Headmaster and secretary is present.

� GLv‡b Headmaster Ges Secretary GKB e¨w³ ZvB cÖ_g Noun Gi c~‡e© The e‡m‡Q|

7. wKš‘ `ywU Noun hw` wfbœ wfbœ e¨w³ ev e ‘‡K eySvq Zvn‡j `ywU Noun Gi c~‡e©v The em‡e| †hgbt The Headmaster and The secretary are present. � GLv‡b (H) Ges (S) y‡Uv Avjv`v e¨w³ ZvB `ywU Noun Gi c~‡e© The e‡m‡Q|

[ DËi t (6) bs D`vniY G jÿ Ki (H) Ges (S) GKB e¨w³ nIqvi Kvi‡Y Singular verb is e¨eüZ n‡q‡Q| Ges (7) bs D`vni‡Y (H) I (S) Avjv`v e¨w³ nIqvi Kvi‡Y Plural verb are e‡m‡Q| GBfv‡e Avgiv verb Gi w`‡K jÿ¨ †i‡L Zv Answer Ki‡Z cvie| ]

���� Omission of Articles:

� †Kvb †Kvb ’v‡b Articles e‡m bv, Zv GLb Avgiv Rvbe| 1. Proper, Material, Abstract Noun I Uncountable Noun Gi c~‡e© Articles e‡m

bv| †hgbt × Dhaka, × Iron, × Honesty, × Milk.

2. fvlv I Allah ev God bv‡gi c~‡e© Articles e‡m bv| †hgbt × Enghlish, × Allah.

3. Plural noun, Lvev‡ii bvg, Drm‡ei bv‡gi c~‡e© Articles e‡m bv| †hgbt × Cows, × dinner, × Eid-ul-fitr.

4. w`b ev gvm, cvK©, †iv‡Mi bv‡gi c~‡e© Articles e‡m bv| †hgbt × January, × Bahadurshah park, × cholera.

5. †Ljv I possessive case Gi c~‡e© Articles e‡m bv| †hgbt × Football, It is my × book.

Practice: 1. Newspaper is a)_____ paper which carries news of b)_____ home and

abroad. It is such c)______ important thing without which, we cannot think to pass even d)_____ single day. In educated society, It is regarded as e)_____ storehouse of knowledge.

2. English is a)_____ international language. It is spoken all over b)_____

world. So the importance of c)______ English cannot be disenabled in words. All d)_____ books of higher education are written in English. Today organizations need employees who can speek and write e)_______ standard form of f)______ English.

Answer: 1. a) a, b) ×, c) an, d) a, e) the 2. a) an, b) the, c) × d) the e) the f) ×

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Tense

� Tense k‡ãi A_© Kvj/ mgq| AZxZ, eZ©gvb, fwel¨Z GB wZbwU‡K Kvj wn‡m‡e ¸Yv nq| AZx‡Z Kx K‡iwQ, eZ©gv‡b wK KiwQ, fwel¨‡Z wK Kie GB me series of verb w`‡q time relation Uv cÖgvY Kwi|

Tense wb‡ ©k K‡i Past, present and future Gi Kg©‡K| myZivs ejv hvq tense 3 cÖKvi| h_v 1. Present tense (eZ©gvbKvj) 2. Past tense (AZxZKvj) 3. Future tense (fwel¨ZKvj)

� Present tense: eZ©gv‡b †Kvb KvR nq ev n‡”Q eySvq †mwU n‡e verb Gi Present tense. †hgb- I eat rice. [Avwg fvZ LvB]

There are Playing Cricket [Zviv wµ‡KU †Lj‡Q]

� Past tense: AZx‡Z †Kvb KvR N‡UwQj ev NUwQj eySvq †mUv n‡e verb Gi Past tense. †hgb- I ate rice. [Avwg fvZ †L‡qwQjvg]

They were Playing Cricket [Zviv dzUej †LjwQj]

� Future tense: fwel¨‡Z †Kvb KvR m¤úbœ n‡e eySv‡j †mUv n‡e verb Gi Future tense. †hgb- I shall buy a car [Avwg GKwU Mvwo wKbe]

She will go to Chittagong. [wZwb PÆMÖvg hv‡eb]

DcwiD³ wZb cÖKvi tense Gi cÖ‡Z¨KwU Avevi wb‡¤œv³ Pvi fv‡M wef³ t

Present Indefinite tense Present Continuous tense

Present Perfect tense Present Perfect Continuous tense

Past Indefinite tense Past Continuous tense

Past Perfect tense Past Perfect Continuous tense

Future Indefinite tense Future Continuous tense Future Perfect tense Future Perfect Continuous tense

Present tense

Past tense

Future tense

Tense

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Present tense [eZ©gvbKvj]

A. Present Indefinite tense: � †h tense Øviv eZ©gv‡b †Kvb KvR Kiv, Af¨vm ev wPimZ¨ eySvq Zv‡K Present Indefinite

tense e‡j| Structure: Subject + g~j verb G i Present form + object

WeSub

PlayV.P.F

Cricketobject

� Present Indefinite tense G me mgq subject Gi ci g~j verb Gi Subject third Person singular Number n‡j verb Gi †k‡l s ev es nq| [†h mKj verb Gi †k‡l O, S, ss, sh, ch, x, z. _v‡K Zv‡`i †k‡l es ‡hvM Ki‡Z nq| Avi evwK verb Gi †k‡l s e‡j]

†hgbt He goes to school. � GLv‡b He third person singular Number ZvB verb Gi †k‡l es e‡m‡Q|

Uses of the present Indefinite tense

1. †Kvb Sentence G usually, always, regularly, everyday, sometime, often, daily, generally, normally BZ¨vw` _vK‡j Sentence wU Present Indefinite n‡e|

†hgbt They usually (walked) to school. They usually walk to school.

2. wPišÍb mZ¨ ev (Universal truth) ‡evSv‡Z Present Indefinite nq| †hgbt The moon shines at night. A_©vr, Puv` iv‡Z wKiY †`q| 3. It is used to Introduce quotations. †hgbt Pope says, ‘To err is human.’

Robindranath says, ‘Love is painful.’ 4. Permanent situation Gi †ÿ‡Î Present Indefinite tense nq| Permanent

situation ej‡Z eySvq-‡hUv Av‡M wQj, eZ©gv‡b Av‡Q, fwel¨‡Z _vK‡e| †hgbt Liza is a girl. We live in Bangladesh. 5. Habitual Actions: mPivPi Avgiv †hme KvR K‡i _vwK †m¸‡jv Present Indefinite tense n‡e| †hgbt I get up at 6 a.m. John smokes a lot. 6. Future reberence: fwel¨‡Z †Kvb KvR n‡e eyS‡Z A‡bK mgq Present tense e¨eüZ nq| †hgbt We leave tomorrow at 11:15 and arrive at 17:50 7. Permanent truths: Avgiv Present Indefinite tense use Kwi †mB me Stetements G

†h¸‡jv memgq mZ¨| †hgbt Summer follows spring Water boils at 100 celsius. 8. In imperative : Imperative sentence ¸‡jv memgq Present Indefinite tense nq| †hgbt Do not make friendship with the Boys. Develop an attitude of gratitude.

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B. Present Continuous tense � †h tense Øviv eZ©gvbKv‡j †Kvb KvR Pj‡Z‡Q eySvq Zv‡K Present continuous tense e‡j| Structure: Subject + Am/is/are + g~j verb G i † k ‡ l ing + Object. I am going to school. � GLv‡b Subject Gi ci am/ is/ are e‡m, g~j verb Gi †k‡l ing nq| Gici sentence

Gi evKx Ask| [ N.B: I Gi ci am e‡m| He, she, it Ges Ab¨me third person singular Gi ci is e‡m| We, you, they I Plural subject Gi ci are e‡m| ]

Use of the Present continuous tense

1. ‡Kvb sentence G now, at this moment, day by day, today, always BZ¨vw` _vK‡j Sentence wU Present continuous tense n‡e|

†hgbt She is singing a song now. They are watching T.V at this moment.

2. Temporary situations: A ’vqx Ae ’v eySv‡Z Present Continuous tense e¨eüZ nq| †hgb- †Kvb we‡`kx hw` evsjv‡`‡k G‡m wKQz mg‡qi Rb¨ Ae ’vb K‡i ZLb †m ej‡e-

I am living in Bangladesh.

� GLv‡b †m wKš‘ Permanently evsjv‡`‡k Ae ’vb Ki‡Q bv| wKQz mg‡qi (K‡qK gvm) Rb¨ Ae ’vb Ki‡Q| 3. When we are in the middle of an action of the time of speaking. †hgbt I am waiting for the train The children are sleeping. 4. When we are in the middle of an action but not at the moment of speaking.

I am reading ‘The Tempest’ by shakespear. [He may not be doing at the moment of speaking]

5. wbKU fwel¨Z †evSv‡Zz Present continuous tense e¨eüZ nq| †hgbt She is coming soon.

6. ‡Kvb KvR evievi n‡”Q †evSv‡Z Present continuous tense e¨eüZ nq| †hgbt You are always talking [Zzwg cÖvqB (evievi) K_v ejQ] It is raining continuously. (AbeiZ e„wó n‡”Q) Note: wb‡Pi verb ‡jv mvaviYZ Continuous form G e¨eüZ nq bv| � verb of perception see, smell, notice, recognize � verbs of emotion want, wish, desire, feel, like, love, hate, hope, refuse, etc. � verbs of thinking think, suppose, believe, agree, consider, trust,

remember, forget, know, imagine, mean, mind, understand etc. � The auxiliaries May, shall, will, can, must BZ¨vw`|

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C. Present Perfect tense � †Kvb KvR GB gvÎ †kl n‡q‡Q A_P Zvi dj GL‡bv eZ©gvb Av‡Q Giƒc †evSv‡j verb Gi

Present perfect tense nq| Structure: Subject + have/has + verb G i Past participle form + object. I have done the work. Subject Gi ci have/ has e‡m| verb me mgq past participle form G n‡e| Gi ci evKx Ask| [ Note: He, she, It Ges Ab¨me Singular number hy³ Third person Gi c‡i has e‡m| We, I, you I plural subject Gi ci have e‡m| ]

Use of the present perfect tense: 1. Just, Just now, already, yet, ever, never, lately, recently GB me¸‡jv †Kvb

Sentence _vK‡j sentence Present perfect tense G n‡e| †hgbt I have already written the letter. 2. An action that happend more than once in the past. †hgbt I have written six letters since morning. This is the third time I have heard mila’s song. 3. AZx‡Z msNwUZ n‡q †Kvb KvR eZ©gv‡b P‡j‡Q Giƒc eySv‡Z Present perfect tense e¨eüZ nq| †hgbt He has been in London for there years.

D. Present perfect continuous tense � †h tense Øviv †Kvb KvR c~‡e© ïay n‡q eZ©gv‡b Pj‡Z‡Q eySvq Zv‡K Present Prefect

continuous tense e‡j| Structure: Subject + have been/has been + g~j verbGi ing + object . They have been playing football for two hours. � cÖ_‡g Subject e‡m Gici have been/ has been; verb Gi mv‡_ Aek¨B ing n‡e| Gici

evwK Ask| [ Note: Present perfect continuous tense Gi †ÿ‡Î e¨vcK mgq (Period of time) Gi c~‡e© for Ges wbw`©ó mgq (Point of time) Gi c~‡e© since e‡m| ]

Use of present perfect continuous tense: 1. We usually use Since/for for longer Period/version. I have been reading for two hours. I have been living here for three years. 2. The present perfect continuous tense are often used to show that and act is

frequently repeated. Zara has been phoning jenny euery night for the past week.

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Past tense (AZxZKvj)

A. Past Indefinite tense � AZx‡Z †Kvb KvR n‡qwQj wKš‘ eZ©gv‡b Zvi †Kvb dj we`¨gvb †bB Giƒc cÖKvk Ki‡j verb

Gi past Indefinite tense nq| Structure : Subject + g~j verb G i past form + object.

Use of the past Indefinite tense: 1. Yesterday, ago, foncy, it is time/ it is high time, long since, last night, wish

BZ¨vw` hy³ sentence me mgq past Indefinite tense nq| †hgbt It is High time we decided the matter. I saw jony yesterday. 2. Awbw`©ó AZxZKvj †evSv‡Z Past Indefinite tense nq| †hgbt There lived a young man in a village. 3. AZxZKv‡ji †Kvb Af¨vZMZ Kg© eySv‡Z| †hgbt She always carried an umbrella. 4. Since Gi cÖ_g Present Indefinite ev present tense n‡j, Gi c‡ii Ask Past Indefinite n‡e| †hgbt It is many year Since I came here.

Avevi c‡ii Ask Past Perfect n‡j Av‡Mi Ask Past Indefinite n‡e| †hgbt It was long since I had seen her last.

B. Past Coutinuous tense � †Kvb KvR AZxZK‡j wKQz mgq a‡i Pj‡ZwQj eySv‡Z verb Gi Past continuous tense nq| Structure: Subject + was/were + g~j verb G i m v ‡_ ing ‡ hvM + object. � cÖ_‡g Subject n‡e| Gi ci was/were. verb Gi mv‡_ Aek¨B must ing ‡hvM Ki‡Z

n‡e| Gi ci evKx Ask|

Use of the past continuous tense

1. AZx‡Zi †Kvb KvR, Ae ’v, †hUv `xN©Kvj ’vqx wQj, Ggb NUbv eY©bv Ki‡Z past continuous tense nq|

†hgbt I was watching T.V at yesterday night. 2. AZxZKv‡j 2wU KvR GKmv‡_ Pj‡ZwQj eySv‡Z 2wU B Past Continuous tense n‡e| †hgbt I was reading a book while my sister was writing a letter.

C. Past perfect tense � AZxZKv‡ji 2wU Kv‡Ri g‡a¨ †hwU Av‡M n‡qwQj †mwUB Past perfect tense and Ab¨wU Past

Indefinite tense. Structure: Subject + had + g~j verb Gi Past participle form + object. � cÖ_‡g subject Gi ci had e‡m Ges g~j verbwU memgq past participle n‡e| Gi ci

evKx Ask|

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[ Note: sentence G Before _vK‡j before Gi Av‡Mi Ask Past perfect Ges Before Gi c‡ii Ask past Indefinite n‡e| After _vK‡j; After Gi Av‡Mi Ask Past perfect n‡e|

Ex: Before the patient had died before the doctor came. After we reached the home after the sun had set. ]

Use of the past perfect tense:

1. that Øviv AZxZKv‡ji yÕwU Kvh©hy³ n‡j that Gi c‡ii Ask verb Gi Past perfect tense nq| †hgbt Nazma said that he had done the work.

2. Hardly, scarcely w`‡q ev‡K¨ ïiæ n‡j hardly, scarcely Gi c‡ii past perfect tense n‡e|

†hgbt We had hardly started when it bgan to rain A_ev Hardly had we started when it bagan to rain

D. Past perfect continuous tens � AZxZKv‡ji `ywU Kv‡Ri g‡a¨ A‡cÿvK…Z Av‡Mi KvRwU `xN© mgq a‡i Pj‡ZwQj eySv‡j verb

Gi Past perfect continuous tense nq| Structure: Subject + had been + g~j verb Gi † k ‡ l ing + Object. We had been playing cricket.

Note: ev‡K¨ before _vK‡j before Gi Av‡Mi Ask past perfect continuous tense nq Ges c‡ii Ask past Indefinite nq|

Use of the past perfect continuous tense: 1. G tense e¨env‡ii mgq wZbwU wRwbm †Lqvj ivL‡Z n‡e: K) AZxZKv‡ji 2wU KvR n‡qwQj| L) Zv‡`i g‡a¨ GKwU Av‡M Ges Ab¨wU c‡i n‡qwQj| M) †hwU Av‡M n‡qwQj †mwU `xN© mgq a‡i ej‡ZwQj| †hgbt I had been reading when he came. 2. Past perfect tense Gi repeated action eySv‡Z gv‡b past perfect tense Gi KvRwU eve

evi NU‡j| †hgbt He had been trying to get her on the phone

Future tense (fwel¨ZKvj) A. Future Indefinite tense

� fwel¨‡Z ‡Kvb KvR n‡e eySv‡j verb Gi Future Indefinite tense nq| Structure: Subject + Shall/will + verb Gi present form + object †hgbt I shall do the work. She will buy a pen. [ Note: ïaygvÎ I Gi ci shall e‡m Avi mewKQzi ci will e‡m|

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Shall/will Gi ci g~j verbwU present form G n‡e| ]

Use of the future Indefinite tense:

1. fwel¨‡Zi cwiKíbvi Abyôvb †NvlYv Ges AvenvIqvi c~e©fvl, Le‡ii KvM‡R cÖKvk Kivi mgq Future Indefinite tense e¨envi nq|

†hgbt The president will open the bank tomorrow. You will draw a map tomorrow.

2. Conditional sentence G Subordinate clause wU if + Present Indefinite tense n‡j Principle clause wU future Indefinite tense G nq|

†hgbt If he comes, I shall go. If I drop this, it will broak.

B. Future continuous tense � fwel¨ZKv‡j †Kvb KvR msMwVZ n‡q wKQz mgq a‡i Pj‡Z _vK‡e eySv‡j verb Gi future

continuous tense nq| Structure : Subject + shall be/ will be + g~j verb G i mv ‡_ ing ‡ hvM + object.

[Note: I Gi ci shall be evKx me¸‡jvi mv‡_ will be nq Ges verb Gi mv‡_ Aek¨B ing †hvM Ki‡Z n‡e|

I shall be reading the book. we will be doing the work. ]

Use of the future continuous tense: 1. verb Gi †Kvb KvR fwel¨‡Z cyiæ mg‡qi meUv a‡i Pj‡Z _vK‡e eySv‡j future continuous

tense n‡e| †hgbt I shall be reading all morning. 2. fwel¨‡Zi †Kvb KvR wbw`©ó ev e¨vcK mg‡qi c~‡e© Avi¤¢ n‡q c‡i I Pj‡Z _vK‡e eySv‡Z| †hgbt In a few minutes the chairman of the meeting will be arriving.

3. cwiKíbv ev wba©vwiZ e¨e ’vq Askiƒ‡c fwel¨‡Z †Kvb KvR Pj‡Z _vK‡e eySv‡Z| †hgbt He will be reading date every night next month.

C. Future perfect tense � fwel¨ZKv‡ji yÕwU Kv‡Ri g‡a¨ †h KvRwU A‡cÿvK…Z c~‡e© †kl n‡q _vK‡e eySvq †mwU Future

perfect tense. Structure : Subject + shall have/ will have + g~j verb Gi past participle form + object. I shall have reading the book by 4 pm

Use of the future perfect tense: 1. fwel¨‡Zi 2wU Kv‡Ri g‡a¨ †h KvRwU Av‡M †kl n‡e †mwU future perfect tense Ges Ab¨wU

present indefinite tense G nq| †hgbt I shall have done the work befor my father comes.

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We will have reached the station before the rain leaves.

2. KL‡bv KL‡bv fwel¨Z m¤¢vebv eyS‡Z verb Gi Future Perfect tense nq| †hgbt Jony will have heard the news. 3. fwel¨Z †Kvb wbw`©ó mg‡q ev mg‡qi c~‡e© †Kvb KvR †kl n‡e Ges Zvi djvdj we`¨gvb _vK‡e

Giƒc eyS‡Z verb Gi future perfect tense nq| †hgbt Suchi will have finished the work by five O’clock. [mywP 5Uvi g‡a¨ KvRwU †kl K‡i _vK‡e]

D. Future perfect continuous tense � fwel¨ZKv‡j †Kvb KvR †Kvb wbw`©ó mgq †kl nIqvi c~e© ch©šÍ Pj‡Z _vK‡e eySv‡j A_ev yÕwU

Kv‡Ri g‡a¨ GKwU KvR fwel¨‡Z ïiæ Pj‡Z _vK‡e Giƒc eySv‡j verb Gi future perfect continuous tense nq|

Structure: Subject + shall have been / will have been + g~j verb Gi mv‡_ ing + object. †hgbt I shall have been reading for two hours.

[ Note: Future perfect continuous tense Gi e¨envi †bB ej‡jB P‡j| Gi ci wKQz Example wb‡P †`Iqv njt

4. evev Avmvi c~‡e© Avwg KvRwU Ki‡Z _vKe| I shall have been doing the work before my father comes. 5. ‡m wWwMÖ cvIqvi c~‡e© Pvi eQi XvKvq co‡Z _vK‡e He will have been studying for four years in Dhaka when he gets his degree. 6. AvMvgx wW‡m¤i ch©šÍ Avgiv GLv‡b wZb eQi evm Ki‡Z _vKe By next December, we

shall have been living here for three years. ]

Exercise 1. Re-write the following passage in the present tense:

After breakfast we went to see the famous shat Gombuj Mosque buill by ulgh Khan Jahan Ali and paid respect to the departed soul. Its designs and architecture impressed us all. we returned to our camp after an hour. After cooleing our foods we ate them with pleasure.

2. Re-write the following passage in the past tense:

Mr. Kabir, the headmaster of our school teacher us English. He has a strong, clear and pleasant voice. He can make any grammatical problem easy. He knows well how to increase the curious of the students. He speaks English will a foreign accent.

3. Read the following passage and re-write it in the future tense. An honest man is true to his world. he doesn’t deviate from thepath of honesty. He knows that towe peace consists in honesty. So, he doesnot fall victim to any gread. He has no ambition for worldly things.

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Suffix & Prefix t

Suffix & Prefix English Grammar Gi GKUy LyeB ÿz ª wKš‘ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Ask, suffix I prefix Gi e¨envi Rvb‡j Avgiv GKwU k‡ãi wewfbœ e¨envi Ki‡Z cvie| English Gi `ÿZv e„w×i Rb¨ Suffix I Prefix m¤ú‡K© aviYv _vKv ¸iæZ¡c~Y©|

Prefixt Prefix kãwU‡K hw` Avgiv †f‡½ †dwj Z‡e Avgiv cvB Pre + fix †hLv‡b Pre A_© nj ÔAv‡MÕ Avi fix A_© Ôemv‡bvÕ, myZivs Prefix A_© ÔAv‡Mi emv‡bvÕ|

English k‡ãi Av‡M Avgiv wewfbœ iKg Alphabet ev Alphabet mgwó e¨envi K‡i GKB Word Gi wewfbœ A_© ˆZix Ki‡Z cvwi|

For Example: Happy A_© nj myLx| wKš‘ ÔHappy’- Word Gi Av‡M Un- GB ywU Alphabet ‡hvM K‡i Unhappy nq hvi A_© A myL x| More Example:

Word Prefix New Word Cultural Multi Multi-cultural

work Over Over-Work Space Cyber Cyber-space Market Super Super market

Suffix: Avgiv †hgb Prefix m¤ú‡K© †R‡bwQ †Zgwbf‡e Suffix nj hLb wKQz alphabet ev alphabet mgwó‡K GKwU Word Gi c‡i †hvM K‡i bZzb kã MVb Kiv nq Zv‡K Suffix e‡j|

For Example: Child A_© nj ev”Pv| wKš‘ Gi c‡i -ish e¨envi K‡i Avgiv hw` bZzb kã cvB Zv nj Childish hvi A_© ev ”P vmyjf| More Example:

Word Suffix New Word Taste less tasteless Idol ize/ise Idolise/Idolize like able likeable

Dc‡i Avgiv †`L‡Z cvB †h, Word Gi †k‡l Suffix hy³ Ki‡j gv‡S gv‡S Word Gi aiY cwieZ©b n‡q hvq| †hgbt like nj Verb| wKš‘ -able hy³ nIqvi ci likeable nj hv nj adjective| Avevi Idol nj Noun wKš‘ Idolize nj verb.

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There are a short list of some suffix & prefix

Word Prefix New Word Word Suffix New word agree dis disagree comfort able comfortable appear dis Disappear port able portable legal Il Illegal comic al comical

logical Il Illogical Big er Bigger Possible im impossible strong er stronger Proper im improper strong est strangest hale en exhale tiny est tiniest

Plosion ex explosion beauty ful beautiful action in in action ineate ful Ineatful lisible in invisible happy ily happily lead mis mis lead act ing acting Place mis misplace show ing showing fiction non Non fiction friend less friendless sence non nonsence firele less fireless

fix pre prefix clear ly clearly appear Dis Disappear hour ly hourly active pro proactive mess y messy

Suffix Prefix Exercise

1. He was sitting __________in his seat on the train. (comfort). 2. There was a _________ light coming from the window. (green) 3. He was acting in a very _______way. (child) 4. This word is very difficult to spell, and even worse, it’s ______(pronounce) 5. He’s lost his book again. I don’t know where he has_____ it this time. (place) 6. You shouldn’t have done that! It was very_________ of you. (think) 7. He didn’t pass his exam. He was _________ for the second time. (succeed) 8. Some of the shanty towns are dreadfully___________. (crowd) 9. The team that he supported were able to win the __________. (Champion) 10. There is a very high _______ that they will be late. (likely) 11. I couldn’t find any _______ in his theory. (weak) 12. He wants to be a _________ when he grows up. (mathematics) 13. You need to be a highly trained_______ to understand this report. (economy) 14. There were only a___________ of people at the match. (hand) 15. She arrived late at work because she had _____________. (sleep) 16. The road was too narrow, so they had to___________ it. (wide) 17. He was accused of ______________ documents. (false)

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18. They had to________________ the lion before they could catch it. (tranquil) 19. He needed to ___________ he temperature. (regular) 20. There was a three-hour_________ because of the strike. (stop) 21. You need a _______of motivation, organization and revision to learn

English. (combine) 22. I try not to go to the supermarket at 5 pm because it’s__________. (practice) 23. It is very _________ to run air-conditioning with the door open. (economy) 24. His__________ has been expected for the last half an hour. (arrive) 25. She looked at her ____________ in the mirror. (reflect) 26. I told him my plan but he wasn’t very ____________. (receive) 27. She had no ____________ of going to see him. (intend) 28. He spent half an hour ____________ to herself with the building. (familiar) 29. Failing her driving test was a great ____________ to her. (appoint) 30. He decided to study____________ at university. (journal) 31. The film was ____________ good. (surprise) 32. There was the need for _____ construction when the fighting stopped . (war) 33. I don’t like him at all; He’s so ____________. (satisfy) 34. The company has over 500____________. (employ) 35. The new manager was very efficient and____________. (business) 36. It really isn’t mine. I think that you are____________. (take) 37. The rate of ____________ in Brazil has been rising steadily. (employ) 38. with the real plan, the rate of ____________ in brazil has fallen. (inflate) 39. She looked at him ____________, and started to cry. (happy) 40. The party was ____________, everything went wrong. (disaster) 41. The film was so ____________ that we left before the end. (bore) 42. The film was terrible, I felt really ____________. (bore) 43. I think that there has been a ____________, I didn’s order this. (Understand) 44. The bacteria are so small that you need a ____________ to see them. (scope) 45. Have you seen that new____________? He`s very funny. (comedy) 46. The event was totally ____________. It was terrible. (organize) 47. I arrived late for work because I had ____________. (sleep) 48. There is a small____________ explaining the new traffic code. (book) 49. He was ____________. He wouldn`t change his mind. (compromise)

Punctuation (weivgwPý)t-

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Punctuation k‡ãi A_© weivg ev wekÖg| ¯Ztm~Î fv‡e K_v ejvi mgq Avgiv GKUvbv K_v ej‡Z cvwi bv| Avgv‡`i _vg‡Z nq| †Zgwb wKQz covi mgq I Avgv‡`i mvg‡Z nq| G †_‡K hvIqv wRnŸv ev k¦vmh‡š¿i GKwU ¯vfveK cÖwµqv G weiwZ †LqvjLywk gZ bv K‡i wbqg ‡g‡b Ki‡j GKw`‡K †hgb D”Pvi‡b Kó nq bv| Aciw`‡K fvlv kÖæwZgayi nq| ZvB ev‡K¨i A_©‡K my úófv‡e †evSvi Rb¨ ev‡K¨i †Kv_vq KZUzKz _vg‡Z n‡e| Zvi GKwU wbw`©ó wbqg Av‡Q Ges KZ¸‡jv mvs‡KwZK wP‡ýi mvnv‡h¨ G wbqgv¸‡jv cÖKvk Kiv nq| Gme wP‡ý¸‡jv nj Punctuation ev weigwPý|

Punctuation Gi e¨envi h_vh_ bv Rvb‡j ev‡K¨i A_© mwVK fv‡e eySv hvq bv Ges evK¨ kÖæwZgayi nq bv| Punctuation Gi mwVK e¨envi Kiv bv n‡j A‡bK mgq ev‡K¨i A_©B cwieZ©b n‡qB hvq| ZvB Punctuation m¤ú‡©K aviYv _vKv Avek¨K| wb‡P QKKv‡i Bs‡iwR‡Z e¨eüZ Punctuation Mark ¸‡jv ‡`Lv‡bv njt

1. Full stop (.) 1 †m‡KÛ _vg‡Z nq 2. Semi-colon ; 1 (GK) ejvi wظY mgq 3. Comma , 1 (GK) ej‡Z †h mgq cÖ‡qvRb 4. Question Mark ? 1 †m‡KÛ _vg‡Z nq 5. Exclamation ! 1 †m‡KÛ _vg‡Z nq 6. Colon t 1 †m‡KÛ _vg‡Z nq 7. Dash - 1 †m‡KÛ _vg‡Z nq 8. Inverted Commas ÒÓ ÔGKÕ D”Pvi‡b †h mgq jv‡M 9. Apostrophe Õ _vgvi cÖ‡qvRb †bB 10. Hyphen Ñ _vgvi cÖ‡qvRb ‡bB

Punctuation Mark mg~‡ni e¨envit

Full stop [ uvwo (.)]t ev‡K¨i cwimgvwß †evSv‡Z Full stop e¨envi Kiv nq | †hgbt Boiled rice is our staple food. (fvZ Avgv‡`i cÖavb Lv`¨|)

Semi-colon (;)t Kg A‡cÿv †ekx weiwZi cÖ‡qvRb n‡j †mwg‡Kvjb e‡m| †hgbt Too err is human; To forgive is divine. She looks wise; She has bright eyes.

Comma (,)t (i) ev‡K¨ covi mgq my úóZv ev A_© wefvM †`Lv‡bvi Rb¨ †hLv‡b ¯í weiwZi cÖ‡qvRb nq,

†mLv‡b Kgv e¨eüZ nq| †hgbt Where there is a will, there is a way.

(ii ) Date (ZvwiL) Address (wVKvbv) Place ( ’vb) BZ¨vw`‡K Avjv`vfv‡e cÖKvk Ki‡Z Comma e¨eüZ nq| †hgbt

Liza was born on 2nd February, 1997 Shanto lives in Chittagong, Bangladesh.

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(iii ) KviI Dw³ mivmwi ev‡K¨ e¨eüZ Ki‡Z PvB‡j Dw³i c~‡e© Kgv e¨eüZ nq| †hgbt Shima said, “I can dance”

(iv) m‡¤va‡bi ci Kgv emv‡Z nq| †hgbt Farzana, Come here

Question Mark [cÖkœ‡evaK wPý (?)]t ev‡K¨ ‡Kvb wKQz wR‡Ám Kiv n‡j ev‡K¨i †k‡l Question Mark e‡m †hgbt

Where she lives? Do you know him?

Exclamation Mark [ we¯§qm~PK wPý (!)]t

†Kvb Sentence Øviv hw` Av‡`k, fq, wP¯§q, Djøvm ev g‡bi †Kvb AvKw¯§K Av‡eM cÖKvwkZ nq Zvn‡j ev‡K¨i †k‡l Exclamation mark e‡m| †hgbt

Hurrah ! we have won What a beautiful bird it is! Alas ! You have failed

Colon (:) t

†Kvb ZvwjKv cÖKvk Ki‡Z Colon e¨eüZ nq| †hgbt The job calls for skills in the following areas: proofing, editing, and

database administration. Dash ( xN© ms‡hvM wPý) t

D`vnviY ev „óvšÍ cÖ‡qv‡Mi †ÿ‡Î W¨vm e¨eüZ nq| †hgb- He is a good student.

Inverted Commas (D`aiY wPý) t

KviI K_v ûeû Zz‡j ai‡Z Inverted Comma e¨eüZ nq| †hgb- Hasan says “ I want to play football”

Apostrophe (‡jvc wPý) t (i) Noun mg~‡ni Possessive form MVb Ki‡Z apostrophe e¨eüZ nq| †hgb-

Rahima’s father is a teacher in khulna.

(ii) mgq D‡jøL Ki‡Z apostrophe e¨eüZ nq| †hgb- It is 4 O’clock

(iii) Contraction (kã ms‡ÿcb) ev `y‡Uv kã‡K ms‡ÿ‡c †jLvi †ÿ‡Î apostrophe (Õ) e¨eüZ nq| †hgb-

Don’t distrub him. [Do + Not = Don’t] I’m your uncle. [I +am= I’m]

Hyphen (ms‡hvM wPý) t

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(i) nvB‡db GKwU Word ‡K Avjv`v Ki‡Z wKsev `yB‡hi AwaK MVb Ki‡Z Word ‡K hy³ Ki‡Z e¨eüZ nq| †hgb-

I like home-made cakes. GKB fv‡e Full-time, well-known, one-eyed etc.

(ii) 21 n‡Z 99 ch©šÍ mKj Compound number (†hŠwMK msL¨v) wjL‡Z nB‡db e¨eüZ nq| †hgb-

My grandfather is sixty- five We need thirty-eight packets more.

ev‡K¨i A_© m½wZ iÿvi Rb¨ Punctuation weivg wPýi weKí †bB| ZvB weivg wPý m¤ú‡K© cwi¯‹vi aviYv _vKv Avek¨K|

Exerciset

Question: 1. Thomas Alva Edison was born in 1984 in Ohio America as a little boy he was very inquisitive very early in life he showed that he was full of curiosity a quality which is so important to inventors. Question: 2. How much do you want said the mayor A thousand guilders said the pied piper all right said the mayor we’ll pay you a thousand guilders. When will you set to work now lied the pied piper.

Answer: 1. Thomas Alva Edison was born in 184 in Ohio, America as a little boy, he was very inquisitive very early in life, he showed that he was full of curiosity. a quality which is so important to inventors. Answer: 2. “How much do you want said?” the mayor “A thousand guilders,” said the pied piper “all right” said the mayor “we’ll pay you a thousand guilders. When will you set to work?” “now”, lied the pied piper.

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Transformation of sentence Transformation of sentence ev Changing sentence nj GKwU ev‡K¨i A_©‡K wVK

†i‡L MVb‡K Ab¨ MV‡b iæcvšÍwiZ Kiv, D`vniY ¯iƒc ejv hvq ÒwfÿK‡K `vb KivÓ Gi MVb cwieZ©b Ki‡j nq Ò†h wfÿv Pvq, Zv‡K `vb KiÓ wKš‘ evK¨ `ywU jÿ¨ Ki Gi A_© wVK GKB i‡q‡Q| GLb Avgiv Bs‡iRx evK¨‡K Kxfv‡e iæcvšÍwiZ Kie Zv wkLe|

Degree cwieZ©‡bi wbqgt Degree ‡K 3 fv‡M fvM Kiv n‡q‡Q Zv nj-

1. Positive Degree -> ‡Kvb e¨w³ ev e ‘i Zzjbv eySv‡Z| 2. Superlative Degree -> `yÕGi AwaK e¨w³, e ‘i Zzjbv eySv‡Z| 3. Comparative Degree -> `yRb Gi g‡a¨ Zzjbv eySv‡Z|

Degree cwieZ©b ej‡Z GB wZb cÖKvi‡K GKwU †_‡K Avi GKwU iæcv‡šÍi eySv‡q, wZbwU Diagram Gi gva¨‡g Avgiv Degree cwieZ©b Kiv wkLe-

Rules: 1

i) Very few hy³ Positive Degree, Superlative Kivi mgq One of the Ges Comparative Kivi mgq Than most other e‡m|

ii) Positive Gi †ÿ‡Î Very few _vK‡j Plural verb e‡m|

D`vniYt Positive: Very few city in Bangladesh are as big as Dhaka. Superlative: Dhaka is one of the biggest city in Bangladesh. Comperative: Dhaka is bigger than most City in Bangladesh. GLv‡b Degree cwieZ©‡bi mv‡_ mv‡_ big-bigger-biggest Gi cwieZ©b¸‡jv jÿ¨ Ki‡Z n‡e|

Rules: 2

i) No other hy³ Positive Degree, †K Superlative Kivi mgq Adjective Gi

superlative form Ges Comparative Kivi mgq Than any/all other e‡m|

D`vniYt Positive: No other city in Bangladesh are as big as Dhaka. Superlative: Dhaka is bigger than all other city in Bangladesh Comperative: Dhaka is biggest City in Bangladesh. GBfv‡e Avgiv Degree ‡jv‡K e„ËvKv‡i cwieZ©b Ki‡Z cvie|

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Rules: 3

1) Comparative †_‡K Positive i) Sub †K Obj Ges Obj †K Sub Ki‡Z nq| ii) Verb †K Negative Ki‡Z n‡e Ges as+ Positive Degree + as em‡e| iii) Than D‡V hv‡e|

Comperative: He is taller than I Positive: I am not as tall as he

2) Positive †_‡K Comparative i) As ...........as hy³ Positive Degree hw` Affirmative Sentence nq Z‡e Verb

Gi ci not e‡m, Comparative form Gi ci than e‡m| ii) As ...........as hy³ Positive Degree hw` Negative Sentence nq Z‡e Not D‡V

hvq, Comparative form Gi ci than e‡m| Positive: He is as tall as his brother. Comperative: His brother is not taller than he. Practice:

1. Cox’s Bazar is the longest sea-beach in the Word. (Positive) 2. Winter is the best season to visit Cox’s Bazar (Comparative) 3. Rana is one of the meritorious boys in our class (Positive) 4. No Other boys in our class is as popular as Rana (Superlative)

Answer: 1. No other sea-beach in the Word is as long as Cox’s Bazar. 2. Winter is better than any other season to visit Cox’s Bazar. 3. Very few boys in our class are as meritorious as rana. 4. He is the most popular of all the boys in our class.

Sentence cwieZ©‡bi wbqg- Avgiv mveB Rvwb Sentence cuvP cÖKvi

1. Assertive Sentence wee„wZg~jK evK¨ 2. Interrogative Sentence cÖkœ‡evaK evK¨ 3. Imperative Sentence Av‡`k/Ay‡ivag~j evK¨ 4. Optative Sentence Avkx©ev`g~jK evK¨ 5. Exclamatory Sentence we¯§qm~PK evK¨

1. Assertive Sentence yB cÖKvi i) Affirmative nu v †evaK ii) Negative bv †evaK

i) Affirmative Sentence G Auxiliary verb Gi mv‡_ not †hvM K‡i Negative Ki‡Z nq| Auxiliary verb bv _vK‡j do not, does not, did not ‡hvM Ki‡Z nq| D`vt

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Affir: Farjana is a good Girl. Neg: Farjana is not a bed girl jÿbxq Aff †K Neg Kivi ciI wKš‘ GLv‡b A_© GKB i‡q‡Q|

Auxiliary verb Qvov D`vniYt i) Hafij Played Football = Hafij did not play football (Past+ ence n‡j did not) ii) Salma Cooks rice = Salma does not cook rice (Third person singular n‡j does not) iii) I eat rice = I do not eat rice (Present tense n‡j do not) wbw`©ó wKQz cwieZ©b

Negative Affirmative 1. None but (e¨w³) /not more /less

than. Ex: None but Allah can help us

1. Only/alone Ex: Only Allah can help us.

2. Con not help + ing/ can not but + base form

Ex: I can not but g there

2. Must/ have to + verb Gi g~j form Ex: I must/ have to go there

3. Could not help + ing/ could not but+ base form

Ex: I Could not but go there

3. had to + verb Gi g~j form Ex: I had to go there

4. Not only ............but also Ex: Not only popy but also Jesmin

come here

4. Both ...............and Ex: Both popy and Jesmin came here

5. So..................that Ex: He is so weak that he cannot walk.

5. too..............to Ex: He is too weak to walk.

6. No sooner had ............than Ex: no sooner had he arrived the we

welcomed him

6. As soon as Ex. As soon as he arrived we welcomed him

7. There is/was no + noun+ without Ex: There is no girl without a soft

heart

7. Fvery/ All+nous + have/ has/ had Ex: Every girl has soft heart.

8. There is no + noun + but/ who/ which

Ex: There is no mother but loves her child

8. Every/all+ noun+ other verb Ex: Every mother loves her child

Assertive Interrogative

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1. Assertive sentence †K Interrogative Kivi mgq Auxiliary Verb †K Sub Gi Av‡M ewm‡q w`‡j nq Avi Auxiliary Verb bv _vK‡j Tense Abyhvqx Subject Gi Av‡M do/does/did emv‡j nq|

D`vt 1. Farjana is a good girl. = Is Farjana a good girl? 2. Hafij played football. = Did Hafij play football? 3. Salma Cooks rice. = Does Salma cook rice? 4. I eat rice = Do I eat rice?

jÿbxq Interrogative sentence Gi ci Aek¨B cÖkœ‡evaK wPý (?) emv‡Z n‡e|

2. Assertive G Nobody _vK‡j Interrogative G who + Affirmative Ges everybody/all/every one _vK‡j who+ Negative wjL‡Z n‡e| D`vt

i. Nobody believes a liar. = who believes a liar? ii. Everybody likes flowers. = Who does not like flowers ?

Assertive Exclamatory

Assertive Exclamatory 1.Very + Adjective Ex: The boy is very beautiful

2. How + Adjective Ex: How beautiful the boy is!

2. Great + Adjective Ex: You are a great fool

2. What + Adjective Ex: What a great fool you are!

3. wish to n‡j---- Ex: I wish to go there

3. If + sub+could Ex: If I could go there

Assertive Imperative

i. You hy³ Assertive sentence ‡K Imperative Ki‡Z n‡j You †_‡K Verb ch©šÍ D‡V

hv‡e + Verb Gi base form em‡e| D`vt You Should do the work

= Do The work

ii. Sub hw` First Person I Third person nq Zvn‡j Imperative Let + Sub Gi obj form+ g~j Verb em‡e|

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D`vt He wants to play cricket. = Let him play cricket.

Imperative Assertive

1. Imperative sentence G you Dn¨ _v‡K ZvB you emv‡Z n‡e| D`vt Do The work

= You Should do the work Practice:

1. Man is the best creation of Allah (Comparative) 2. No other Country in the world is as populous as Bangladesh (Superlative) 3. Anger is one of the greatest sins (positive) 4. we should not love an angry man (affirmative) 5. Man is mortal (Negative) 6. Walking is usually taken in the morning (Interrogative)

Answer:

1. Man is better than any other creation of Allah 2. Bangladesh is the most populous country in the world. 3. Very few sins are as great as anger 4. we should hate an angry man 5. Man is not immortal 6. Isn’t Walking usually taken in the morning

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Voice (evP¨):

mvaviY A‡_© Voice A‡ãi A_© Kɯi| wKš‘ e¨vKiY G‡K ejv nq evK¨| verb Gi †h form Øviv KZ©v hLb KvRwU wb‡R K‡i ev A‡b¨i gva¨‡g m¤úv`b Kwi‡q †bq Ges KZ©vi m‡½ Kv‡Ri m¤úK© †`Lvq Ges Gfv‡e verb Gi iƒ‡ci †h cwieZ©b N‡U Zv‡K Voice e‡j| Voice is the form of the verb which shows whether the subject acts or is acted upon. †hgbt He makes a basket.

=A basket is made by him Ic‡i cÖ_g ev‡K¨ KZ©v wb‡R KvR K‡i‡Q Ges wØZxq ev‡K¨ KZ©vi Ici KvR Kiv‡bv n‡q‡Q| Voice mvaviYZ yB cÖKvi| h_vt

1. Active voice (mwµq evP¨) 2. Passive voice (wbw®Œq evP¨)

Active voice: KZv© wb‡RB KvR K‡i A_©vr KZ©v mwµqv Giƒc eySv‡j verb Gi Active voice nq| [If the thing named by the subject does the action expressed by its verb, this is Active.]

†hgb: a) He makes a basket. b) They did the work. c) We play cricket. d) Why are you doing this? e) Do the sum. f) Will you do the home work?

���� Ic‡i Avgiv †`L‡Z cvw”Q Active ev‡K¨ KZ©v A_©vr subject wb‡RB KvRwU m¤úv`b

K‡i‡Q|

Passive voice: Verb Gi †h form Øviv KZv© wb‡Ri KvR m¤úv`b K‡ibv| eis KvRwU A‡b¨i Øviv Kiv‡bv nq Giƒc ‡evSvq Zv‡K Passive voice ejv nq|

[If the thing named by the subject suffers the action expressed by its verb, this verb is passive.]

†hgb: a) A basket is made by him. b) The work was done by them. c) Cricket is played by us. d) Why is this being done by you? e) Let the sum be done. f) Will the home work be done by you?

���� Ic‡i Avgiv †`L‡Z cvw”Q Passive ev‡K¨ Object wU Av_©vr Subject wn‡m‡e e‡m

evK¨i KvRwU m¤úv`b K‡i‡Q|

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Voice change Gi †ÿ‡Î †gŠwjK †h wbqg AbymiY K‡i Zv wb‡P ‡`Iqv n‡jv t i) Avgiv Rvwb †h, g~j verb Gi c‡i object e‡m| ii) Zvn‡j Gevi object n‡e subject| iii) Zvici em‡e to be verb/auxiliary Verb+ iv) Ges gyj verb Gi past participle em‡e| v) Subject-wU Object- iƒ‡c by Gi c‡i em‡e|

Voice Change Kivi mgq GKRb wkÿv_x©‡K Aek¨B ev‡K¨i Subject I object m¤ú‡K© cwi®‹vi Ávb _vK‡Z n‡e| wb‡Pi QKwU Abyhvqx G‡`i cwieZ©b n‡q _v‡K| †hgb:

I me He/She Him/Her

We Us You You

Whom Who � Interrogative sentence

Rule: Why, when, where, whom BZ¨vw` Øviv Interrogative active evK¨ ïiæ n‡j passive voice Kii mgq IB Interrogative adverb ¸‡jvB ev‡K¨i cÖ_‡g †_‡K hvq| Voice change- Gi Ab¨vb¨ wbqg Aek¨B cvjbxq| †hgb: Active: Why does he disclose the fact? Passive: Why is the fact disclosed by him? Active: Why do they take the pen? Passive: Why is the pen taken by them? Active: when will jibon write it? Passive: When will it be written by jibon? Active: When will they make the kite? Passive: When will the kite be made by them? Active: where did Mamun find you? Passive: Where were you found by Mamun? Active: Where have you taken him? Passive: Where has be been taken by you?

� Imperative sentence

Rule: Imperative sentence: †h Sentence Øviv Av‡`k, Dc‡`k I Aby‡iva eySvq Zv‡K Imperative sentence e‡j| IB sentence Gi active voice Gi object-‡K let Gi object iƒ‡c e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡e| g~j verb Gi past participle nq Ges Zvi c~‡e© be e¨envi Ki‡Z nq| †hgb: Active: Do it. Passive: Let it be done (by you) Active: Make a kite. Passive: Let a kite be made (by you). Active: Help the poor.

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Passive: Let the poor be helped (by you). Active: Taka care of your health. Passive: Let your health be taken care of. Rule: Imperative sentence: Gi Active voice hLb let Øviv ‡`Iqv _v‡K Passive voice Kivi mgq bZzb K‡i Avi let e¨envi Kivi `iKvi nq bv | IB let †KB IB ev‡K¨i ïiæ‡Z ewm‡q indirect object wU‡K Subject K‡i passive Ki‡Z nq| Active: Let Putul read the book. Passive: Let the book be read by Putul. Active: Let me sing a song. Passive: Let a song be sung by me. Active: Let him do the sum. Passive: Let the sum be done by him. `ªóe¨t Let Gic‡i second person e‡m bv| Rule: Imperative sentence: Gi active voice Gi cÖ_‡g ev †k‡l hw` adverb_v‡K Z‡e Passive Kii mgq Zv‡K evK¨i †k‡l †i‡L w`‡Z nq| Active: Help him now. Passive: Let him be helped now. Active: Always speak the truth. Passive: Let the truth be spoken always. Active: Shut the door immediately. Passive: Let the door be shut immediately.

� Imperative Sentence

Rule; Imperative sentence hw` negative nq Z‡e passive voice Kivi mgh ev‡K¨i cÖ_‡g let not e¨envi Ki‡Z nq| Ab¨vb¨ wbqg c~‡e©i g‡ZvB †_‡K hvq| †hgb: Active: Do not break the temple. Passive: Let not the temple be broken (by you) Active: Don’t post the letter. Passive: Let not the letter be posted (by you). Active: Don’t open the door. Passive: Let not the door be opened (by you)

� Complex sentence

Rule: Complex Sentence -‡K Passive voice Ki‡Z n‡j principal clause I sub-ordinate clause Df‡qi passive Ki‡Z nq| principal clause Gi mvaviYZ object _v‡Kbv| ZvB IB As‡ki object wn‡m‡i It wb‡Z nq | †hgbt Active: I know that you helped him. Passive: It is known to me that he was helped by you. Active: I thought that Babul had sung a song. Passive: I thought by me that a song had been sung by Babul.

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Rule: Complex Sentence Gi sub-ordinate clause Gi hw` object bv _v‡K Z‡e GB As‡ki Passive voice Kivi `iKvi nq bv| Gai‡bi Sentence Gi ‡ejvq | principal clause Gi Subject wn‡m‡e it wb‡qI Passive voice Kiv hvq| ZvQvov sub-ordinate clause Gi that mn c‡ii meUzKz‡K Passive Kivi mgq ev‡K¨i Subject K‡i Passive Kiv hvq| †hgb: Active: I know that he is a good boy. Passive: It is known to me that he is a good boy. or, That he is a good boy is known to me. Rule: And Øviv ywU evK¨ hy³ n‡j hw` and Gi Dfq Ask object _v‡K Z‡e Df‡qiB wbqg Abymv‡i cwieZ©b n‡e| Avi and Gi cieZx© As‡k †Kv‡bv object bv _vK‡j cÖ_g Ask ev c~e©eZx© Ask cwieZ©Z nq| †hgb: Active: He are rice and went to school. Passive: Rice was eaten by him and (he) went to school. Active: He ate rice and gave me a pen. Passive: Rice was eaten and I was given a pen by him.

���� A‡bK mgq infinitive ØvivI voice change Kiv hvq| †hgb: I don’t like to be hated. A bank is going to be opened by the manager.

���� jÿYxq: KZ¸‡jv verb Gi c‡i by preposition bv e‡m with, at, to BZ¨vw` e‡m| ‡hgb: Gratify= gratify with, please= pleased with, satisfy= satisfied with, bless= blessed with, glad= glad at, know= known to, surprise = surprised at fill= filled with BZ¨vw`| known Verb Gi c‡i to I be DfqB e‡m| ‡hgb: He is known to me. A tree is known by its fruits.

� Complex Sentence

Rule: A‡bK mgq AvZ¥cwiPq w`‡Z n‡j ev †Kv‡bv Kv‡Ri gva¨‡g cwiPq w`‡Z n‡Z n‡j Known Gi c‡i by e‡m| G‡K A‡b¨i m‡½ cwiPq A‡_© known Gi c‡i to e‡m| †hgb: Active: The boy pleased us all. Passive: We all were pleased by the boy n‡e bv| Passive: we all were pleased with the boy Active: I Know the man. Passive: The man is known to me. Active: your work satisfied me. Passive: i was satisfied with you work. Active: His conduct annoyed me. passive: I was annoyed at his conduct.

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Rule: A‡bK mgq †`Lv hvq , Passive voice Gi doer ev agent _v‡K bv- G ai‡Yi ev‡K¨i Voice cwieZ©b Ki‡Z n‡j someone, people, we, the boy, he BZ¨vw` †K Subject wn‡m‡e e¨envi Ki‡Z nq| Z‡e †Kv‡bv KvR hLb GK e¨w³ Øviv Kiv m¤¢e ci ZLb singular subject wb‡Z nq| Avi hLb †Kv‡bv KvR GKvic‡ÿ mvaviYZ Kiv m¤¢e bq ZLb plural subject wb‡Z nq| ‡hgbt Passive: My pen was stolen. Active: Someone stole my pen Passive: He is not known here. Active: None/Nobody knows him here. Passive: He is called a liar. Active: People/Thy call him a liar. Passive: They were defeated. Rule: †Zvgv‡`i wKQz welq we‡kl fv‡e jÿ ivL‡Z n‡e voice change Kivi †ÿ‡Î& †hgb: wb‡P DwjøwLZ verb ¸‡jvi passive voice nq bv| KviY Giv intransitive verb: die, appear, seem, disappear, happen, belong, despair, allude, occur, ensure, wonder, comprise, perish, refer, issue, indulge BZ¨vw`| Active: He has to do work. Passive: The work has to be done by him. Active: We ought to love our country. Passive: Our country ought to be loved by us. Active: they used to burn the dead body. Passive: The dead body used to Burn by them.

���� Quasi-passive verb Rule: Quasi k‡ãi A_© half ev A‡a©K| A_©vr half-passive= quasi-passive. AZGe ejv hvq, †hgb verb passive Gi A_© cÖKvk K‡i Zv‡K quasi-passive verb e‡j| G‡`i passive. Ki‡Z n‡j wb‡P DwjøwLZ wbqg AbymiY Ki‡Z n‡e| 1 b¤i m~Î: Sub+ be verb+ complement + when (if)+it/they +be verb+ verb Gi past participle. 2 b¤i m~Î: Subject+ be verb+ verb Gi past participle+ complement. Active: Honey tastes sweet. Passive: Honey is sweet when it is tasted (1 b¤i m~Î) or, Honey is tasted sweet. (2 b¤i m~Î) Active: The bed feels soft. Passive: the bed is soft when it is felt Or, the bed is felt soft. Active: this story reads funny. Passive: this story is funny when it is read. or, This story is read funny

���� Reflexive Verb

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Rule: ‡h verb Gi Subject Ges object GKB e¨w³ Zv‡K reflexive verb e‡j Ges object wU‡K reflexive object e‡j| G‡K subject Kiv hvq bv| G‡K by Gi c‡iB †i‡L w`‡Z nq| †hgb: Active: he hurt himself Passive: He was hurt by himself. Active: She was killed herself. Passive: She was killed by herself. Active: He poisoned himself Passive: He was poisoned by himself.

���� Factitive object Rule: ‡hme object ÿY ’vqx gvby‡li gZvg‡Zi Ici hv‡`i ’vwqZ¡ wbf©i K‡i †mme object ‡K factitive object e‡j| G‡`i ’vwqZ¡ ¯íweavq G‡`i‡K ev‡K¨i subject Kiv hvq bv| ZvB G‡`i c~e©eZx© object-‡K subject K‡i passive voice Ki‡Z nq| †hgb: Active: we made him captain. Passive: He was made captain by (# Captain was made him by us. n‡e bv|) Active: we call him a fool. Passive: He is called a fool by us. (# A fool is called him by us n‡e bv|)

Abykxj‡bi Rb¨ bgybv cÖkœ †`Iqv n‡jv| †Zvgiv wb‡Riv Av‡M Abykxjb Ki‡e, Zvi ci Dˇii m‡½ wgwj‡q †b‡e|

1. Change the following active voice into passive voice. (a) We made him captain (b) Always speak the truth. (c) Do not open the door.

(d) Have you read the book? (e) He will teach us English. (f) Who has broken the plate? (g) The book is printing. (h) Nobody knows him here. (i) Whom do you call?

mwVK DËi: Voice change: Active voice into passive voice. (a) He was made captain by us. (b) Let the truth be Always spoken. (c) Let not the door be opened. (d) Has the book been read by you? (e) English will be taught us by him. (or) We shall be taught English by him. (f) By Whom has the plate been broken? (g) The book is being printing. (h) He is not knows here. (i) Who is called by?

2. Change the following passive voice into active voice. (a) My watch was stolen.(b) Let a letter be written by me. (c) Rice is sold in the market. (d) By whom will the bill be paid? (e) His brother was hurt by him. (f) English i spoken all over the world. (g) The book was placed on the table. (h) I am surprised at him conduct. (i) Rome was not built in a day. (j) He is well known to me. mwVK DËi: Voice Change: passive voice into active voice.

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(a) Someone stole his brother. (b) Let me write a letter. (c) Rice sells in the market. (d) Who will pay the bill? (e) He hurt his brother. (f) People speak English all over the world. (g) Someone Placed the book on the table. (h) His conduct surprises me. (i) The Romans did not build Rome in a day. (j) I know him well.

Narration ( ePb)

GB Chapter G Avgiv Narration m¤ú‡K© Rvbe, †Zvgv‡`i g‡b cÖkœ Avm‡ZB cv‡i Narration wK? GUv Avgiv Rvbe GB Chapter G| ���� Narration nj LyeB simple GKUv e¨vcvi G‡Z Direct speech ‡K Indirect speech G

A_ev Indirect speech ‡K Direct speech G convert Kiv nq| ���� Narration 9g-10g †kÖwY Ges GKv`k-Øv`k †kÖwY‡ZI cov‡bv nq| ���� Narration Rvbv _vK‡j English Language G K_v ejv, Free hand writing cÖf…wZ

wel‡qI Kv‡R jv‡M| Narration Ki‡Z n‡j Avgv‡`i †hB ‡hB welq ¸‡jv m¤ú‡K© aviYv _vK‡Z n‡e| †m¸‡jv njt i) Person ii) Tense iii) Reporting verb (R.V) iv) Reporting verb Gi Subject v) Reporting verb Gi object vi) Inverted Comma Vii) Reported speech Viii) Sentence Classification.

���� Person, Tense, sentence Classification ‡Zvgiv wbðB Av‡Mi Aa¨vq¸‡jv‡Z c‡o G‡mQ|

Avi evwK welq¸wj GB Aa¨vq G Rvb‡Z cvi‡e| GZ eo wjó †`‡L wPšÍvi †Kvb KviY †bB GB mKj welq †Zvgvi Kv‡Q KLb †h mvaviY e¨vcvi n‡q hv‡e Zzwg †Ui B cvev bv|

Avgiv hw` g‡b Kwi Aysha Avi Mily `yB Rb Friend, Aysha GKw`b Amy ’ nj Avi †m Mily ejj GB K_vwU Zv‡`i Teacher ‡K ej‡Z Zvn‡i mily Zv wKfv‡e ej‡e? †m nq‡Zv ej‡Z Teacher ! Aysha Said “I am ill” (ill - Amy ’) A_ev Aysha said that she is ill. Dc‡ii NUbv ‡_‡K Avgiv †`wL †h, “ hLb e³v (whwb e‡jb) hv e‡jb Zvi Dw³/e³e¨ ev K_v‡K Bs‡iRx‡Z Speech ev Narration e‡j|” Avgiv †Zv Narration wK Zv eySjvg wKš‘ wK Zv Rvb‡jB †Zv n‡e bv| Av‡iv wKQz Rvb‡Z n‡e †hgb Narration Gi cÖKvi, wKfv‡e MwVZ nq cÖf…wZ| hw` Avgiv Narration ‡K GwU gvby‡li gZ wPšÍv Kwi Zvn‡j †Kgb nq|

Narration

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Direct speech Indirect speech Narration hw` GKwU gvby‡li gv_v nh Z‡e cªKvi †f` ¸wj n‡e Gi `ywU nvZ KivY Narration? cÖKvi| i) Direct speech ii) Indirect Speech ���� Direct Speech: e³v ev whwb e‡j‡Qb K_vUv Zvi K_vwU AweKj Zvi fvlvq eY©bv Kiv‡K

Direct speech e‡j| †hgb: Av‡Mi example G Avgiv †`‡LwQ Mily Zv‡`i Teacher ‡K Aysha †h Amy ’ †mB K_vwU wKfv‡e e‡j‡Q? †m e‡j‡Q Teacher, Aysha said “I am ill” Under line Kiv K_vwU †K Avgiv ewj Direct speech KviY GLv‡b Aysha (e³vi) K_vwU †Kvb iKg cwieZ©b bv K‡iB ejv n‡q‡Q ev mivmwi ejv n‡q‡Q|

���� Indirect speech: e³vi K_vwU Avgiv hLb Avgv‡`i wb‡Ri fvlvq ewj ZLb Avgiv GUv‡K Indirect speech ewj| †hgb: Av‡Mi example G Avgiv †`‡LwQ| Mily Zv‡`i teacher †K Aysha K_vwU Av‡iK fv‡e e‡j wQj? †h e‡jwQj teacher Aysha said that she is ill under line Kiv AskwU‡K Avgiv eje Indirect speech KviY GLv‡b Mily Aysha K_vwU‡K Mily Zvi wb‡Ri gZ K‡i cÖKvk K‡i‡Q| ZvB Avgiv G‡K Indirect speech ev c‡ivÿ Dw³ e‡j _vwK|

GB‡Zv ‡Mj Narration wK I Zvi cÖKvi‡f` Gi Dci Av‡jvPbv, wKš‘ Avgv‡`i ‡Zv Av‡iv wKQz Rvb‡Z n‡e ZvB bv| †hgb: Reported Speech wK? Reported Verb wK cÖf…wZ| � Reported Speech: †Zvgiv jÿ¨ Ki‡j †`L‡e Direct speech y‡Uv Indirect comma-i

wfZi †hB K_v ev AskUzKz _v‡K Zv‡`i Avgiv Reported Speech e‡j _vwK| ‡hgb: Imtiaz said , “ I have done my homework”

GUvB nj Reported speech Avgiv Narration G mvaviYZ GB As‡k †ekx †Rvi †`B| � Reported Verb: ‡hB verb Gi mvnv‡h¨ e³vi K_v¸‡jv‡K eY©bv ev cÖKvk Kiv nq| Zv‡K Reported Verb e‡j| Avi GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~~Y© welq nj Direct Speech G Reported Verb Gi ci GKwU Kgv e‡m| GLb Avgiv Direct Narration Gi wewfbœ Ask Avjv`v K †i wP‡b wbe †hb cieZx©‡Z †Kvb Amyweav bv nq| †hgb:

He said to me “I am readingÓ

Reporting verb Gi subject

Reporting

Verb

Reporting

verb Gi object

Inverted comma

Reported Speech

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Av‡iKwU example G Avgiv †`L‡Z cvwi ‡hgb:

kamal said “I am readingÓ

Reporting speech Gi subject

Reporting

Verb

Inverted comma

Reported Speech

GLb wbðB GKUz AevK jvM‡Q ZvB bv Reporting Verb Gi object †Kv_vq? GKUz jÿ¨ K‡i †`L Kamal K_vwU KvD‡K bv KvD‡K ‡Zv ej‡QB bv, †hgb kamal K_vwU Avgv‡K ej‡Q ZvB GBLv‡b to me n‡Z cviZ| A‡bK mgq Reporting Verb Gi object Dn¨ ev †`qv _v‡K bv G‡Z wKš‘ Direct speech ‡_‡K Indirect G †bqvi mgq ‡Zgb †Kvb cÖfve c‡o bv gv‡b G‡Z †Kvb problem ‡bB| Rules: Direct Narration/Speech ‡_‡K Indirect Direct Narration/Speech: Direct Speech ‡_‡K Indirect Speech G cwieZ©b Gi mgq Reported Speech Gi g‡a¨ person Gi wb¤œiƒc cwieZ©b nq| i) First person cwiewZ©Z n‡q Reporting verb Gi subject Abyhvqx em‡e| †hgb:

Direct Speech: He said to me, “I am reading” Indirect Speech: He told me that he was reading.

2nd Person cwiewZ©Z n‡q Reporting verb Gi subject Abyhvqx em‡e|‡hgb: Direct Speech: He said to me “ You are a good boy” Indirect Speech: He said to me that I were a good boy.

ii) Reporting verb present tense G n‡j A_ev future tense G n‡j Reporting Speech

Gi tense Gi †Kvb cwieZ©b n‡e bv|

wKš‘!! Reporting verb past tense G n‡j Reporting Speech Gi tense Gi wb¤œiƒc cwieZ©b n‡e| Present tense Gi PviwU iƒc Past tense Gi PviwU iƒ‡c cwiewZ©Z n‡e|

Present Indifinite Past indefinite Present Continuous Past Continuous Present Perfect Past Perfect Present Prefect Continuous Past Perfect Continuous

GQvovI Past Gi wewfbœ iƒc †hgbt � Past Indefinite Past perfect tense n‡q hv‡e|

� Past Continuous Past Perfect Continuous

� Past perfect Ges past perfect continuous tense G _vK‡j G¸‡jvi †Kvb cwieZ©b

n‡e bv|

� Future Tense Gi †ÿ‡Î Shall/will D‡V wM‡q D³ ’v‡b would em‡e|

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wb‡P wKQz kã Av‡Q †h¸‡jv cwiewZ©Z n‡e| Direct Indirect

This That

These These

Here There

Ago Before

Come Go

Thus So

Higher Thither

Today That day

Tomorrow Next day

Yesterday The previous day

Last month The previous month

To night That night

Last Night The previous

Next Week The following week

Now Then

� hw` must w`‡q (wPiKvjxb eva¨ evaKZv eySvq) Z‡e Zv Had to ‡Z iƒcvšÍwiZ n‡e †hgb:

Direct : Teacher said to me “ You Must obey your parents” Indirect: Teacher said to me that I had to obey my parents.

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Sentence Gi classification Abymv‡i Narration Gi wKQy Rules Av‡Q †mB ¸wj wb‡P Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv:

Assertive Sentence Structure: Reporting verb Gi subject + say/said/told+ object (hw` _v‡K) +that + Reported speech Gi cwiewZ©Z iƒc (person I tense Abymv‡i)| � (Say Gi ci object _vK‡j Say to /said to Gi Rb¨ tell/told em‡e)| � (Say Gi ci object bv _vK‡j Say /said em‡e)|

Example: 1. He said to me “ I am walking” - He told me that he was walking

2.The teacher say’s “they are coming” -The teacher say’s that they are coming.

3. He said to me, “ I shall come tomorrow” -He told me that He would come the next day.

Sentence Gi g‡a¨ ÒSir” _vK‡j Indirect Kivi mgq Sir D‡V wM‡q with respect/ respectfully em‡e|

Interrogative Sentence

Interrogative Sentence wU mvnv‡h¨Kvix verb w`‡q ïiæ n‡j wb‡¤œv³ Rules wU cÖ‡hvR¨ n‡e| Rule-1: Structure- Reported verb Gi sub+asked + object(hw` _v‡K) + It+ reported speech Gi Affirmative form Gi cwiewZ©Z iƒc| Example: The policeman said to me, “Did you see the accident -The policeman said me if I had seen the accident. Example: He said to me, “Are you ill,” -He asked me if I was ill. Interrogative Sentence wU “WH” word like what, who, whom, when, where BZ¨vw` Øviv ïiæ n‡j wb‡P wbqgwU n‡e| Rule-2 Structure: Reporting verb Gi sub + asked + object (hw` _v‡K)+ WH word wU+ ev‡K¨i WH word wU Qvov evwK As‡ki Assertive form Gi cwiewZ©Z iƒc � what/when/which/whose BZ¨vw`i c‡ii NounwUI G¸‡jvi mv‡_ mv‡_ e‡m hv‡e|

Direct: The passenger said to the porter “when will the train arrive? Indirect: The passenger asked the porter when the train would arrive Direct: He said to me, “ which book do you want?” Indirect: He asked me which book I wanted.

Imperative Sentence g~j verb /do not /please hy³ evK¨ n‡jt Rule-1

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Structure: R. V Gi subject + ordered/advised/requested/forbade/told + object (hw` _v‡K) + to+ R.S. Gi g~j Verb Gi eZ©gvb iƒc †_‡K †kl ch©šÍ cÖ‡qvRbxq cwieZ©b mn|

� Reported Speech Øviv hw`t

Av‡`k eySvq Zvn‡j Ordered n‡e

Aby‡iva Requested n‡e

Dc‡`k advised n‡e

wb‡la forbade n‡e

Kov Av‡`k Commanded nq|

Direct: He said to his friends “ please wait for me till I nature. Indirect: He requested his friend to wait for him till he nature. Direct: Father said to his son, “ Don’t quarrel with anybody”. Indirect: Father Forbade, his son to quarrel with anybody.

� let us Øviv nIqv evK¨t

Rule-2 Structure: R.V Gi subject + proposed + object (hw` _v‡K) + that + they/we + should + R.S Gi g~j verb ‡_‡K †kl ch©šÍ (cÖ‡qvRbxq cwieZ©b mn)

Direct: The chairman said “Let us settle the dispute” Indirect: The chairman proposed that they should settle the dispute

� let Gi ci us bv _vK‡jt

Rule-3 Structure: R.V Gi subject + sub+said/told+ object (hw` _v‡K) + that + R.S Gi Subject + might + g~j verb Gi eZ©gvb iƒc ‡_‡K †kl ch©šÍ (cÖ‡qvRbxq cwieZ©b mn)

Direct: the begger said to the man “let me have a meal” Indirect: The begger told the man that he might have a meal

� Reported speech Øviv we`vqKvixj m¤¢vlY eySv‡jt Structure: R.V Gi subject + bade+ object (hw` _v‡K) + D³ m¤¢vlYwU| Good night/good Bye cÖf…wZ|

Direct: The boy said, “Good nigh, mother” Indirect: The boy bade his mother good might.

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� Reported speech Øviv mvÿv‡Zi m¤¢vlY eySv‡jt

Rule-5 Structure: R.V Gi subject + wished + object (hw` _v‡K) + D³ m¤¢vlYwU| Good morning/good afternoon/Good Evining cÖf…wZ

Direct: He said, “Good morning Mr Kamal” Indirect: He wished Mr kamal good morning

Structure: R.V Gi subject + Wished/ prayed + that + R.S + Gi subject+ night + g~j verb Gi eZ©gvb iƒc †_‡K †kl ch©šÍ| Reported speech Gi g‡a¨ God/Allah/Cratar _vK‡j Prayed em‡e| Ab¨_vq wished em‡e|

Direct: Mother said t o me, “May you live long” Indirect: Mother wished me, I might live long. Direct: “May Allah help you” Indirect: The speaker prayed that Allah might help you.

Exelamatory Sentence

Structure: R.V Gi Subject + exclaimed with joy/sorrow / wonder /satisfaction /exclaimed + that + reporting speech Gi assertive form Gi cwiewZ©Z iƒc|

Direct: i said to her, what a nice girl you are? Indirect: I exclamed with joy that she was a nice girl

Rules for passage Narration 1) cy‡iv passage wU c‡o speaker I listener mbv³ Ki‡Z n‡e| 2) R.V Gi Subject, R.V BZ¨vw` R.S Gi c‡i _vK‡jI R.S Gi c~‡e© wb‡q Avm‡Z n‡e| 3) GB eËvi R.V Gi Aax‡b GKvwaK evK¨ _vK‡j cÖ‡Z¨‡K evK¨‡K R.V w`‡q Avjv`v fv‡e mvwR‡q

w`‡Z n‡e| 4) ‡Kvb e³vi eËe¨ ci ci _vK‡j assertive Sentence Gi †ÿ‡Î cÖ_g ev‡K¨i Rb¨ Said/

told 2q ev‡K¨i Rb¨ Added Ges 3q ev‡K¨i Rb¨ Further adder emv‡Z n‡e|

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Interrogative ev‡K¨i Rb¨ 1g ev‡K¨i †ÿ‡Î asked 2q ev‡K¨i †ÿ‡Î Also added Ges 3q ev‡K¨i Rb¨ Again asked em‡e|

5) ‘yes’ _vK‡j Zv D‡V hv‡e Ges Replied in affirmative em‡e|

(or)

Said that + Subject + mvnvh¨Kvix verb (Yes Gi c~‡e©i ev‡K¨i indinect Kivi ci †h mvnvh¨Kvix verb _v‡K Dn¨)| ‡hgb:

Direct: He said “ Have you finishad? “yes’ I said” Indirect: [He asked If I had finished. I replied in the affirmative] (Or) [I said that I replied that I had]

‘No’ _vK‡j D‡V hv‡e Ges Replied in the negetive em‡e|

(or) Said that + Subject + mvnvh¨Kvix verb not

Direct: He Said “ Have you finished” “ No” I said Indirect: He asked if I had finished I replied in the nagetie.

(or)

I said that I had not wKQz~ word hv Narration G Change n‡e:

OH! - enclaimed with wonder/ Being wondered Sorry – Begged apology/ Being apology Hello!- Do attention / Drawing attention You- Being wonchened Great- Expressed happiness Surely/Centainly/ of course – assured

GKB bvg evi evi ejv n‡e (swallow swallow little swallow) Addressing very affectionately n‡e|

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Practice:

1) “Why did you not go to school yesterday?” Said the mother to the girl. “I was ill”, the girl replied. “How are you today?”, the mother asked again. “I am well”, said the girl, “ don’t worry for me”.

2) Father said to his son, “Why are you making late? Go to school now”. “No, I am not going to school today. I feel dizzy”, Said his son.

Answer: 1) Mother asked the girl why she (g) had not gone to School the previous day.

the girl replied that she (g) had been ill. Mother again asked how she (g) was that day. Then the girl replied that She (g) was well and told not to worry for her (g)

2) Father asked his son why he (son) was making late and ordered him (son) to go to school then. The son ectined and said that he was not going to school hat day becouse he (s) felt dizzy.