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1773
P A S T
The “more compassionate” slaughter method was officially
adopted some 200 years later. Benjamin Franklin claimed the
electricity made the meat “uncommonly tender.”
Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790)
Benjamin Franklin
proposes electrical stunning
1886
In the early years of this century [the 1900s], hog cholera "often swept
through the countryside, causing devastating losses. During the fall months,
looking across the prairies of the Middle West, one could often see smoke
ascending from perhaps a half-dozen farms where pigs dead of cholera
were being burned," USDA veterinarian C.N. McBryde recalled later ...
P A S T
Cholera outbreaks in 1886, 1887 and
1896 each killed more than 13% of
the nation’s hogs
1947 -1951
In the U.S. between 1947 and 1951, the average number of
reported human cases of trichinosis each year was 393 and 57
people died from the disease.
When trichinosis was at its worst
P A S T
1950-1960s
The switch to raising livestock indoors started in earnest in the
1950s and 1960s.
Transition to indoor housing
P A S T
Hog Farming: “Modern Trends in Swine Production”
1961
P A S T
US Steel
http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=fvwp&NR=1&v=CcqxI7a6wSM
Eradicating Hog Cholera Agricultural Research Magazine
1978
On January 31, 1978, Agriculture Secretary Bob Bergland declared the
United States hog cholera free in ceremonies in Washington, D.C. This
was 99 years after USDA began hog cholera research and 17 years
after the start of a Federal-State eradication campaign.
US Department of Agriculture building
in Washington, D.C., United States
P A S T
Increasing Breeding, Weaning and Finishing
1980s
The number of large farms specializing in breeding, weaning
and/or finishing increases exponentially.
P A S T
Animal Production and Marketing Issues:
Animal Care and Food Safety
1997
P A S T
Improvements in technology have resulted in more litters per sow per year and more pigs saved
per litter (increasing from fewer than 7.5 in the early 1980s to over 8.5 in 1997)
www.aphis.usda.gov
2005
In 2005 Smithfield Foods, food service giant Compass Group
North America and Environmental Defense announce a first-of-its-
kind purchasing policy to curb antibiotic use in pork production.
The policy, which applies to Compass Group's U.S. operations,
prohibits the purchase of pork in which antibiotics that belong to
classes of compounds approved for use in human medicine have
been used for growth promotion purposes. It also requires
suppliers to report and reduce antibiotic usage over time.
Antibiotics Policy
P R E S E N T
2006
According to the USDA (2006), bacterial contamination of pork
carcasses in packing plants is consistently lowest in large packing
plants, which, due to the large volume of production, are most likely to
acquire animals from large producers.
P R E S E N T
Less Bacterial Contamination in
Large Packing Plants
Smithfield makes the decision to convert from
gestation stall housing to group housing for all sows on
company-owned farms by 2017.
P R E S E N T
2007
Group Housing
Recent studies (2008) have shown that exposure to
Salmonella, Toxoplasma and Trichinella in pigs raised
outdoors and in antibiotic-free systems was higher than in pigs
raised in indoor production systems
OUTDOOR
INDOOR
54%
39%
1%
7%
2008
P R E S E N T
OUTDOOR
INDOOR
500
400
300
200
100
A 2011 study by Peter R. Davies, a professor in the University of Minnesota College of
Veterinary Medicine, revealed an 80-fold greater risk (per pig produced) of trichina
infections resulting from eating niche market versus commercial pork products. The study
concludes that pigs raised in outdoor systems inherently confront higher risks of exposure
to foodborne parasites.
2011
P R E S E N T
1947 1952 1957 1962 1967 1972 1977 1982 1987 1992 1997 2002 2007
Number of Trichinosis Cases
Reported to CDC
2011
WASHINGTON, May 24, 2011 - The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) updates its
recommendation for safely cooking pork, steaks, roasts, and chops. www.fsis.usda.gov
USDA officially announces
lowering cooking temperature
for pork to 145°
P R E S E N T
“We don’t know what the future holds at
Smithfield Foods, but we’ll continually strive to
find new solutions.”
C. Larry Pope
President and CEO Smithfield Foods, Inc
F U T U R E
F U T U R E
Global population is expected to hit 9 billion by 2050.
How will we feed that many hungry people responsibly?
2025? Vertical farm
F U T U R E
2035?
Food project proposes Matrix-style vertical chicken farms By Olivia Solon, February 15, 2012
F U T U R E
1773
Benjamin Franklin proposed a “more compassionate”
slaughter method (electrical stunning), which was
officially adopted some 200 years later-he claimed the
electricity made the meat “uncommonly tender.”
http://www.depts.ttu.edu/meatscience/docs/2._History_of_the_Meat_Ind
ustry.ppt, Texas Tech University, pg. 7
1850 One farmer supplies 4 persons (est.). www.ag.ndsu.edu/agmag/history/history.pdf, North Dakota State
University (Ag Mag.), pg. 7
1860 One farmer supplies 5 persons (est.). http://www.ifas.ufl.edu/land_grant_history/events.html, University of
Florida (Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences)
1886 Cholera outbreaks in 1886, 1887 and 1896 each killed
more than 13 percent of the nation’s hogs.
http://www.ars.usda.gov/is/timeline/cholera.htm, USDA (Agricultural
Research Service), pg. 1
1930 13% of all farms have electricity. http://www.agclassroom.org/gan/timeline/life_farm.htm, USDA
1930 One farmer supplies, on average, 9.8 consumers in the
United States and abroad. http://www.agclassroom.org/gan/timeline/farm_tech.htm, USDA
1940 One farmer supplies 10.7 persons (est.). http://www.agclassroom.org/gan/timeline/farm_tech.htm, USDA
1947-51
In the USA between 1947 and 1951, the average
number of reported cases of Trichinosis each year was
393 and 57 people died from the disease. But from
1997-2001 the annual average was only 12 cases,
with no deaths.
http://www.foodsafetywatch.com/public/810.cfm, Food Safety Watch
1950 One farmer supplies 15.5 persons (est.). http://www.agclassroom.org/gan/timeline/farm_tech.htm, USDA
1959 Hog Farming: "Pork People Like"
1950s-
1960s
The switch to raising livestock indoors started in earnest
in the 1950s and 1960s.
http://www.ansc.purdue.edu/faen/Modern%20Facilities.html, Purdue
University Food Animal Education Network
1960 One farmer supplies 25.8 persons (est.). http://www.agclassroom.org/gan/timeline/farm_tech.htm, USDA
1961 Hog Farming: "Modern Trends in Swine Production"
1970 One farmer supplies 47.7 persons (est.). http://www.agclassroom.org/gan/timeline/farm_tech.htm, USDA
1978
Secretary Bob Bergland declared the United States
hog cholera free in ceremonies in Washington, D.C. This
was 99 years after USDA began hog cholera research
and 17 years after the start of a Federal-State
eradication campaign.
http://www.ars.usda.gov/is/timeline/cholera.htm, USDA (Agricultural
Research Service), pg. 1
1980 One farmer supplies 75.7 persons (est.). http://www.agclassroom.org/gan/timeline/farm_tech.htm, USDA
1980s
While production specialization had been increasing for
more than 60 years, the rate accelerated in the 1980s.
Farms specialize in breeding, weaning, finishing.
www.aphis.usda.gov/animal_health/emergingissues/.../1pigs.pdf, USDA
(Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service), pg. 2
1990s Compared to pigs produced 40 years ago, pigs in the
1990s have 50% less fat
www.aphis.usda.gov/animal_health/emergingissues/.../1pigs.pdf, USDA
(Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service), pg. 3
1990 One farmer supplies 100 persons (est.). http://www.agclassroom.org/gan/timeline/farm_tech.htm, USDA
1995 One farmer supplies 128 persons (est.). http://www.pbs.org/ktca/farmhouses/sustainable_future.html, PBS (A
Sustainable Future by Beth Waterhouse)
1995 United States becomes a net exporter of pork. www.aphis.usda.gov/animal_health/emergingissues/.../1pigs.pdf, USDA
(Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service), pg. 2
1997
Use of technology has produced more litters per sow
per year and more pigs saved per litter (increasing
from fewer than 7.5 in the early 1980s to over 8.5 in
1997
www.aphis.usda.gov/animal_health/emergingissues/.../1pigs.pdf, USDA
(Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service), pg. 3
2005
Smithfield Foods, food service giant Compass Group
North America and Environmental Defense announce a
first-of-its-kind purchasing policy to curb antibiotic use in
pork production. The policy, which applies to Compass
Group's U.S. operations, prohibits the purchase of pork
in which antibiotics that belong to classes of compounds
approved for use in human medicine have been used for
growth promotion purposes. It also requires suppliers to
report and reduce antibiotic usage over time.
http://www.iatp.org/news/smithfield-will-limit-antibiotics-in-pigs, Institute
for Agriculture and Trade Policy (IATP)
2006 One farmer supplies 144 persons (est.). www.ag.ndsu.edu/agmag/history/history.pdf, North Dakota State
University (Ag Mag.), pg. 7
2006
Additionally, according to the USDA (2006), bacterial
contamination of pork carcasses in packing plants is
consistently lowest in large packing plants, which, due to
the large volume of production, are most likely to
acquire animals from large producers.
www.animalagalliance.org/images/ag_insert/Pew/Public_Health.pdf,
Animal Agriculture Alliance Coalition, pg. 5
2007
Smithfield makes the decision to convert from gestation
stall housing to group housing for all company-owned
sows on company-owned farms by 2017.
SFD Press Release
2008
Recent studies (2008) have shown that exposure to
Salmonella, Toxoplasma and Trichinella in pigs raised
outdoors and in antibiotic-free systems was higher than
in pigs raised in indoor production systems.
www.foodpolitics.com/wp-content/uploads/pork_09.pdf, Foodborne
Pathogens and Disease (medical hournal), pg. 199
2011 One farmer supplies 155 persons (est.). American Farm Bureau
2011 USDA officially announces lower cooking temperature
for pork. http://www.fsis.usda.gov/news/NR_052411_01/index.asp, USDA (FSIS)