big bang to earth's formation concept map by hari vellaipandian
TRANSCRIPT
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Big Bang to Earth's Formation Concept
MapBy
Hari Vellaipandian
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Big Bang
• There was no time or space before the big bang.
• At first the universe was just energy.
• The universe expanded faster then the speed of light and was very, very hot.
• It cooled as it grew and began to form gas clouds and nebulas.
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Matter and Anti-Matter
• When matter and anti-matter collide they annihilate each other.
• If the amount of both had been equal then the universe would have been pure energy, but there was 10,000,000,001 particle of matter for every 10,000,000,000 particles of anti matter.
• Because of this inequality, there was matter to form the universe we know.
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Atomic Nucleus
• When they had cooled enough, the protons and neutrons were able to join to form atomic nuclei.
• The protons and neutrons made hydrogen and helium nuclei.
• The electrons were still too hot to join the neutrons and protons so there were still no full atoms.
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Electrons make the first Atom
• It took billions of years(4.6) for the electrons to cool down enough to join with protons and neutrons.
• They joined to form the first hydrogen and helium atoms.• When electrons joined the protons and neutrons it was
like fog lifting and light could travel easier.
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Proto-Star Formation
• First the nebulas grow with more atoms until they become unstable.
• The nebula collapses in on itself.
• The gravity of the cloud pulls in more and more gas.
• A proto-star hasn’t started nuclear fusion yet.
• Proto-stars are normally on the red spectrum
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Nuclear Fusion in Star
• Nuclear fusion is what is what changes a proto-star to a star.
• It happens when the core gets hot enough and has enough energy that when the nuclei in the core hit each other they can combine.
• An example would be how hydrogen nuclei are turned into helium atoms.
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Death of a Star - Supernova
• This happens when the nuclear fusion can no longer happen in the core.
• The heaviest element that can be formed in a star is iron. There is no enough energy for the iron atoms to combine
• Once this point is reached the core will contract and the outer parts will explode and send out a shockwave.
• That explosion is called a supernova.
• Supernovas can be a billion times as bright as the original star.
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Fusion of Heavy Atoms
• When the stars core contracts violently during a supernova there is more energy and heat.
• This extra energy allows the heavier metals to form.
• Nuclear fusion is similar to how a car line works. It moves from one place to another adding another part.
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Black Hole Structure
• The remaining contracted core of a supernova is called a neutron star.
• If the neutron star is twice the size of our sun then it will almost definitely collapse into a black hole.
• A black hole is so dense very little can escape its gravity.
• Light doesn’t illuminate black holes.
• Massive black holes are located in the center of galaxies.
• If matter is taken into a black hole it is super heated and turned into energy.
• The energy is sent out the black hole poles.
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Formation of Proto-Sun to Star
• A proto-star becomes a star when nuclear fusion begins in the core.
• Nuclear fusions is started when the core is hot enough to push the nuclei together.
• The fusion in the proto-star normally occurs when heat in the core is at least 10,000,000 Kelvin.
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Planet Tesimals to Proto-Planets
• Planet tesimals are on average a half mile across.
• Once the planet tesimals slow down enough and hit each other, static energy and friction will cause them to stick together.
• Another word for this is accretion. The gravity of the rocks would attract more matter and cause it to get bigger.
• It was a while before this could happen because at first the planet tesimals were moving to fast to stick. They would just destroy each other on contact.
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Outer Planets
• The outer planets are Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune.
• They are all made up of primarily gas and are called the Gas Giants.
• The proto-planets would circle the sun on their orbits and their gravity would take in most gases and rocks.
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Inner Planets
• The inner planets are Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars.
• The inner planets are made of mostly rock and metals.
• They formed after the outer planetes because they were in the rock line.
• In the rock line the rocks were moving to fast for the planet tesimals to move together, so they just broke each other if they collided.
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Proto-Planets Collided and Earths Moon is Formed
• The proto-planets Earth and the Mars sized Theia collided.
• Magma was ejected into the air and Earth’s axis was tilted.
• The debris of impact was scatted and some was trapped in earths orbit.
• The debris slowly collected because of gravity.
• The gravitational force got stronger as the lump of collected debris grew. This continued until all of the debris was collected and we were left with the Moon.
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Earth's Bombardment and Extinctions
• The bombardment was 700 million years ago.
• It was a period when the inner 4 planets were hit with many asteroids and meteors.
• Most of Earth's water came from the late heavy bombardment in the form of hydrogen.
• There was another bombardment later. That was when the dinosaurs went extinct.