big buildings: lessons from ny and vancouver
TRANSCRIPT
NEW YORK, NY | WASHINGTON, DC | NORWALK, CT CALL US 866.676.1972 | SWINTER.COM
© Steven W
inter Associates, Inc. 2017
Big Buildings: Lessons from NY and Vancouver
© Steven
Winter Associates, Inc. 2017
NEW YORK, NY | WASHINGTON, DC | NORWALK, CT CALL US 866.676.1972 | SWINTER.COM
© Steven W
inter Associates, Inc. 2017
New York High Rise PH Projects
Cornell Tech Tower: 26 Stories, 352 Units
NEW YORK, NY | WASHINGTON, DC | NORWALK, CT CALL US 866.676.1972 | SWINTER.COM
© Steven W
inter Associates, Inc. 2017
New York High Rise PH Projects
211 W 29th: 25 Stories, 55 Units
NEW YORK, NY | WASHINGTON, DC | NORWALK, CT CALL US 866.676.1972 | SWINTER.COM
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inter Associates, Inc. 2017
New York High Rise PH Projects
511 E 86th Street: 27 Stories, 139 units
NEW YORK, NY | WASHINGTON, DC | NORWALK, CT CALL US 866.676.1972 | SWINTER.COM
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inter Associates, Inc. 2017
New York High Rise PH Projects
425 Grand Concourse: 28 Stories, 277+ Units
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inter Associates, Inc. 2017
New York High Rise PH Projects
Sendero Verde: 3 Buildings33 Story Tower, 600 units total
NEW YORK, NY | WASHINGTON, DC | NORWALK, CT CALL US 866.676.1972 | SWINTER.COM
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inter Associates, Inc. 2017
Boston High Rise Project
Winthrop Square55 Story Tower17 Stories Office - PH33 Stories ResRetail at Base
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inter Associates, Inc. 2017
NEW YORK, NY | WASHINGTON, DC | NORWALK, CT CALL US 866.676.1972 | SWINTER.COM
VENTILATION (WITH MONTE)Big Buildings – Lessons from New York and Vancouver
NEW YORK, NY | WASHINGTON, DC | NORWALK, CT CALL US 866.676.1972 | SWINTER.COM
© Steven W
inter Associates, Inc. 2017
Central vs. Local ERV’s1 2
Individual ERV Central ERV
Penetrations
Façade‐ 2 penetrations/apartment
‐ separation exhaust/supply 10' NYC Mech Code‐ exhaust 2' from apt window, 4' neighbor
Rooftop only
Metering Resident Meter (ERV) Owner Meter (ERV)
Pros ‐ Arch ‐ No slab penetrations ‐ No horizontal ducts
Cons‐ Arch‐ 10' façade separation‐ Ceiling height issues‐ Ductwork, Aesthetics
‐ Floor space reduction‐ Large slab penetrations
‐ Rated shafts
Pros‐ MEP‐ Continuous, boost flow achievable
‐ PH certified units available‐ Continuous, boost flow achievable
Cons ‐ MEP‐ Variable flow rates achievable, complexity of controls‐ Rooftop ERV compliance with PH testing would be
beneficial, currently unknown
PH Compliance/Testing Precedent for unitized ERV to provide flow rates No precedent for central balanced system w/ HR in US
Operations‐ In‐unit maintenance, ‐ Filter change 3x/yr
‐ Rooftop maintenance
First Cost similar
NEW YORK, NY | WASHINGTON, DC | NORWALK, CT CALL US 866.676.1972 | SWINTER.COM
© Steven W
inter Associates, Inc. 2017
HRV’s & ERV’s
120 Watts
220 Watts
NEW YORK, NY | WASHINGTON, DC | NORWALK, CT CALL US 866.676.1972 | SWINTER.COM
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inter Associates, Inc. 2017
Whole-House Ventilation
NEW YORK, NY | WASHINGTON, DC | NORWALK, CT CALL US 866.676.1972 | SWINTER.COM
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inter Associates, Inc. 2017
Implications of Unitized vsCentral
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inter Associates, Inc. 2017
Static Pressure and Fan Power
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inter Associates, Inc. 2017
ERV Testing & Balancing
• Image from Eco-Village• Riser diagram for Cornell• Static pressure issues and fan power
NEW YORK, NY | WASHINGTON, DC | NORWALK, CT CALL US 866.676.1972 | SWINTER.COM
© Steven W
inter Associates, Inc. 2017
Central ERV’s
• If central in multi-family, – recommend constant volume to reduce
complexity of controls– Must balance code and PH requirements– Special consideration from both parties
may be necessary
NEW YORK, NY | WASHINGTON, DC | NORWALK, CT CALL US 866.676.1972 | SWINTER.COM
© Steven W
inter Associates, Inc. 2017
Central Exhaust SystemsRoof Fans
• Vertical shaft• Horizontal take-offs• Sidewall or ceiling
grilles at each floor
All or Nothing• Continuous
Venting• Intermittent
NEW YORK, NY | WASHINGTON, DC | NORWALK, CT CALL US 866.676.1972 | SWINTER.COM
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inter Associates, Inc. 2017
Delivery System Leakage Implications of exhaust system leakage not as well understood by contractors
Leakage at sheetrock
connections Leakage at shaft/sheet metal connections
NEW YORK, NY | WASHINGTON, DC | NORWALK, CT CALL US 866.676.1972 | SWINTER.COM
© Steven W
inter Associates, Inc. 2017
What actually happens…
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140
9
8
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Floo
r of B
uild
ing
Exhaust CFM at Each Floor of a 9-story Building
BathroomVentilationKitchenVentilation30 CFM = SWA Recommended
Ventilation Rate
Over-ventilation (energy waste)
Under-ventilation (Potential indoor air quality problems)
Balancing and IAQ
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inter Associates, Inc. 2017
NEW YORK, NY | WASHINGTON, DC | NORWALK, CT CALL US 866.676.1972 | SWINTER.COM
Ducts Engineered/Installed for Precise Flow
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inter Associates, Inc. 2017
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
Floo
r of B
uild
ing
Exhaust CFM by Floor: Before and After Retrofit
F-line Kitchen Pre-retrofitF-line Kitchen Post-retrofit
35 CFM = SWA Recommended Ventilation
pre-retrofit: register closed
pre-retrofit: register closed
pre-retrofit: register clogged
pre-retrofit: register closed
Note: Post Retrofit measurements were only made on ODD floors.
Reduce System Leakage
© Steven W
inter Associates, Inc. 2017
NEW YORK, NY | WASHINGTON, DC | NORWALK, CT CALL US 866.676.1972 | SWINTER.COM
DOMESTIC HOT WATER AND DISTRIBUTION
Big Buildings – Lessons from New York and Vancouver
NEW YORK, NY | WASHINGTON, DC | NORWALK, CT CALL US 866.676.1972 | SWINTER.COM
© Steven W
inter Associates, Inc. 2017
DHW Percent of Whole Building Energy Demand (site)
Cooling and Dehumidifcatio
n14%
Heating12%
Lighting and Appliances
37%
DHW37%
NEW YORK, NY | WASHINGTON, DC | NORWALK, CT CALL US 866.676.1972 | SWINTER.COM
© Steven W
inter Associates, Inc. 2017
DHW Generation
Cooling and Dehumidifcation
14%
Heating12%
Lighting and Appliances
37%DHW ‐ Generation
27%
DHW ‐Distribution and
Losses10%
DHW37%
NEW YORK, NY | WASHINGTON, DC | NORWALK, CT CALL US 866.676.1972 | SWINTER.COM
© Steven W
inter Associates, Inc. 2017
Multi-Family DHW OptionsEnergy Type DHW Option Pros Cons
Fossil FuelsCondensing Boiler
Conventional technology Fossil fuel use
CHP“Free” hot water heating Typically only sized
for 70% of demand
All Electric
ResistanceLow upfront cost; readily available
Very inefficient
Tankless ResistanceModest upfront cost; no standby losses; compact
Very inefficient
Solar ThermalLow operating cost Not enough roof
space in MF buildings
Unitized Heat Pump Water Heaters
Very efficient Very difficult to fit in units; Cools space
Split Heat Pump Waters Heaters
Very efficient Not readily available options in U.S.
NEW YORK, NY | WASHINGTON, DC | NORWALK, CT CALL US 866.676.1972 | SWINTER.COM
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inter Associates, Inc. 2017
Unitized Heat Pump Water Heaters
NEW YORK, NY | WASHINGTON, DC | NORWALK, CT CALL US 866.676.1972 | SWINTER.COM
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inter Associates, Inc. 2017
HPWHs inApartments
NEW YORK, NY | WASHINGTON, DC | NORWALK, CT CALL US 866.676.1972 | SWINTER.COM
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inter Associates, Inc. 2017
Other Options• Mayekawa Commercial
A/W HP– Can operate down to 14F– Back-up will be needed in
cold climates– Potential to use ERV exhaust
air to improve efficiency– Large: not good for buildings
w/ fewer than 100 units
NEW YORK, NY | WASHINGTON, DC | NORWALK, CT CALL US 866.676.1972 | SWINTER.COM
© Steven W
inter Associates, Inc. 2017
New ProductsSanden Outdoor packaged HPWH
•CO2 refrigerant•Extremely high pressure systems
•Water is pumped out to unit – freeze protection necessary
NEW YORK, NY | WASHINGTON, DC | NORWALK, CT CALL US 866.676.1972 | SWINTER.COM
© Steven W
inter Associates, Inc. 2017
Future Options• Split HPWHs available in Europe &
Asia• Condenser outside• Soon in US…?
WH
NEW YORK, NY | WASHINGTON, DC | NORWALK, CT CALL US 866.676.1972 | SWINTER.COM
© Steven W
inter Associates, Inc. 2017
DHW and PER
• Gas boilers hurt PER • Not enough roof space for sufficient
solar
NEW YORK, NY | WASHINGTON, DC | NORWALK, CT CALL US 866.676.1972 | SWINTER.COM
© Steven W
inter Associates, Inc. 2017
Central Gas DHW
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inter Associates, Inc. 2017
Central HP Electric DHW
NEW YORK, NY | WASHINGTON, DC | NORWALK, CT CALL US 866.676.1972 | SWINTER.COM
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inter Associates, Inc. 2017
DHW Distribution (Site)
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inter Associates, Inc. 2017
NEW YORK, NY | WASHINGTON, DC | NORWALK, CT CALL US 866.676.1972 | SWINTER.COM
DHW – Recirculation• Typical design in
large MF buildings– recirculation for MF– Individual Pipe runs
from recirc. lines to taps < 20 ft.
• Design– One vertical riser per
plumbing cluster
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Winter Associates, Inc. 2017
© Steven W
inter Associates, Inc. 2017
NEW YORK, NY | WASHINGTON, DC | NORWALK, CT CALL US 866.676.1972 | SWINTER.COM
Inefficient DHW Recirculation©
StevenW
inter Associates, Inc. 2017
© Steven W
inter Associates, Inc. 2017
NEW YORK, NY | WASHINGTON, DC | NORWALK, CT CALL US 866.676.1972 | SWINTER.COM
Efficient DHW Recirculation©
StevenW
inter Associates, Inc. 2017
Recirc. Pipe Length
Pipe Heat Loss
Internal Heat Gains
Cooling Demand
© Steven W
inter Associates, Inc. 2017
NEW YORK, NY | WASHINGTON, DC | NORWALK, CT CALL US 866.676.1972 | SWINTER.COM
Efficient DHW Design• Reduce # of risers
– Cluster plumbing locations when feasible
• Insulation– Code minimums
• Reduce diameter of pips
• Reduce branch lengths
© Steven
Winter Associates, Inc. 2017
© Steven W
inter Associates, Inc. 2017
NEW YORK, NY | WASHINGTON, DC | NORWALK, CT CALL US 866.676.1972 | SWINTER.COM
DHW - Recirculation©
StevenW
inter Associates, Inc. 2017Source: SWA PH Modeled Data
© Steven W
inter Associates, Inc. 2017
NEW YORK, NY | WASHINGTON, DC | NORWALK, CT CALL US 866.676.1972 | SWINTER.COM
Recirculation and PE Demand
© Steven W
inter Associates, Inc. 2017
NEW YORK, NY | WASHINGTON, DC | NORWALK, CT CALL US 866.676.1972 | SWINTER.COM
Pipe Diameter and Pipe Insulation Effect
NEW YORK, NY | WASHINGTON, DC | NORWALK, CT CALL US 866.676.1972 | SWINTER.COM
© Steven W
inter Associates, Inc. 2017
Non-storage DWHR systems• Non-storage systems usually have a copper
heat exchanger that replaces a vertical section of a main waste drain.
T =104°F
T =95°F
T =50°F
© Steven W
inter Associates, Inc. 2017
NEW YORK, NY | WASHINGTON, DC | NORWALK, CT CALL US 866.676.1972 | SWINTER.COM
DWHR on SWA PH Projects1. Project 1 (Hybrid version) / 68 units, 4 floor, TFA =71070 ft2 / DSS model T‐DW3 (55% efficiency)
Without drain recovery With drain recovery % improvementPE/PER (KBTU/ft2∙yr) 46.39 44.01 1.6
DHW generation PE/PER value (KBTU/ft2∙yr)
16.5 14.1 10
1. Project 2/ 144 units, 22 floors, TFA = 96046 / DSS model T‐DW3 (55% efficiency)PE/PER (KBTU/ft2∙yr) 37.54 35.95 2.9
DHW generation PE/PER value (KBTU/ft2∙yr)
16.5 14 14.3
1. Project 3/ 305 units, 12 floors, TFA = 85070 / DSS model T‐DW3 (55% efficiency)PE/PER (KBTU/ft2∙yr) 36.74 35.16 3.6
DHW generation PE/PER value (KBTU/ft2∙yr)
15.4 12.9 11.7
DSS model T‐DW3 (55% efficiency)
Mean improvement (KBTU/ft2∙yr)
Mean % improvement
PE/PER 1.85 2.5DHW generation PE/PER value 2.5 12
NEW YORK, NY | WASHINGTON, DC | NORWALK, CT CALL US 866.676.1972 | SWINTER.COM
© Steven W
inter Associates, Inc. 2017
Modeling IssuesDHW Drain Waste
PHPP
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inter Associates, Inc. 2017
NEW YORK, NY | WASHINGTON, DC | NORWALK, CT CALL US 866.676.1972 | SWINTER.COM
OVERHEATING, COOLING, AND ELECTRICAL LOADS
Big Buildings – Lessons from New York and Vancouver
© Steven W
inter Associates, Inc. 2017
NEW YORK, NY | WASHINGTON, DC | NORWALK, CT CALL US 866.676.1972 | SWINTER.COM
Heat Gains – Typical PH –COMBINE w/ next
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Winter Associates, Inc. 2017
Solar Heat Gains
Internal Heat Gains
Single family• Shorter cooling season• Longer heating season• Window SHGC between
0.35 - 0.55
MF & Commercial• Longer cooling season• Shorter heating season• Relatively lower window
SHGC required
~30%
~70%
Solar Heat Gains
Internal Heat Gains
~30%
~70%
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inter Associates, Inc. 2017
NEW YORK, NY | WASHINGTON, DC | NORWALK, CT CALL US 866.676.1972 | SWINTER.COM
Internal Gains• More internal gains/ft2 –
people, appliances– Magnified over larger
building area• ↑ Primary energy demand• ↑ Cooling energy demand • ↓ Heating energy demand
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Winter Associates, Inc. 2017
Internal Gains - Multi-family
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inter Associates, Inc. 2017
NEW YORK, NY | WASHINGTON, DC | NORWALK, CT CALL US 866.676.1972 | SWINTER.COM
Internal Gains - Multi-family• Corridor lighting
– Long, thin layout and jogs can yield high LPD
– Generally on 24/7• Common areas
– Laundry rooms– Fitness rooms– Mail & package rooms– Lobby– Additional loads
• Elevators– Very little actual data
• DHW– 24 hr. recirculation
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Winter Associates, Inc. 2017
© Steven W
inter Associates, Inc. 2017
NEW YORK, NY | WASHINGTON, DC | NORWALK, CT CALL US 866.676.1972 | SWINTER.COM
MF vs. SF – Modeling Data©
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inter Associates, Inc. 2017
Modeling Case Study Building Source: SWA PH Modeled Data
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inter Associates, Inc. 2017
NEW YORK, NY | WASHINGTON, DC | NORWALK, CT CALL US 866.676.1972 | SWINTER.COM
MF vs. SF – Modeling Data©
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inter Associates, Inc. 2017
Modeling Case Study Building Source: SWA PH Modeled Data
© Steven W
inter Associates, Inc. 2017
NEW YORK, NY | WASHINGTON, DC | NORWALK, CT CALL US 866.676.1972 | SWINTER.COM
Core Design Differences• Multifamily (Building A)
– Occupancy 700+ people– Location NYC– Exterior walls R-20– Foundation walls R-10– Roof R-30– Double Pane Window
• U-0.25 Btu/hr.ft2.F • SHGC-0.27
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Winter Associates, Inc. 2017
• Single Family (Building E)– Occupancy 3-4 people– Location Ithaca– Exterior walls R-50– Foundation walls R-20
(typically)– Roof R-90– Triple Pane Window
• U-0.16 Btu/hr.ft2.F• SHGC-0.60
Modeling: Internal GainsPHPP
© Steven W
inter Associates, Inc. 2017
NEW YORK, NY | WASHINGTON, DC | NORWALK, CT CALL US 866.676.1972 | SWINTER.COM
Energy Use Breakdown
NEW YORK, NY | WASHINGTON, DC | NORWALK, CT CALL US 866.676.1972 | SWINTER.COM
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inter Associates, Inc. 2017
IHG Breakdown 23 Story MFTFA:# of Apts:# of Occupants:
NEW YORK, NY | WASHINGTON, DC | NORWALK, CT CALL US 866.676.1972 | SWINTER.COM
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inter Associates, Inc. 2017
Effect of CA lighting on PE
NEW YORK, NY | WASHINGTON, DC | NORWALK, CT CALL US 866.676.1972 | SWINTER.COM
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inter Associates, Inc. 2017
Cooling Example
NEW YORK, NY | WASHINGTON, DC | NORWALK, CT CALL US 866.676.1972 | SWINTER.COM
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inter Associates, Inc. 2017
Cooling Example
© Steven W
inter Associates, Inc. 2017
NEW YORK, NY | WASHINGTON, DC | NORWALK, CT CALL US 866.676.1972 | SWINTER.COM
CASE STUDIESBig Buildings – Lessons from New York and Vancouver