big data societal externalitites. results from the byte case studies
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Big&data&societal&externali5es Results&from&the&BYTE&case&studies Guillermo&Vega=Gorgojo&–&University&of&Oslo
Big data roadmap and cross-disciplinary community for addressing societal externalities
Overview THE&BYTE&CASE&STUDIES
@BYTE_EU www.byte-project.eu
Externali5es
◦ “Externali+es-refer-to-situa+ons-when-the-effect-of-produc+on-or-consump+on-of-goods-and/or-services-imposes-costs-or-benefits-on-others-which-are-not-reflected-in-the-prices-charged-for-the-goods-and-services-being-provided”-–-OECD!2003!
◦ Externali2es!in!BYTE!!◦ Our!inves2ga2on!in!BYTE!includes!a!broader!analysis!◦ Not!only!“pure”!externali2es!according!to!the!OECD!defini2on!◦ Also!economical!effects!or!impacts!
@BYTE_EU www.byte-project.eu
Overview&of&the&case&studies
◦ 7!case!studies:!environment,!crime!informa2cs,!smart!
ci2es,!culture,!health,!shipping,!oil!&!gas!!
◦ Research!on!the!challenges,!uses!and!opportuni2es!of!big!data!◦ Big!data!externali2es!on!economic,!legal,!social,!ethical!and!
poli2cal!issues!
◦ Case!studies!methodology!!
◦ SemiOstructured!interviews!with!senior!data!and!IT!experts!from!
the!case!study!organiza2ons!
◦ Disciplinary!focus!groups!with!6O12!external!experts!per!case!study!industry!
◦ Analysis!of!results!based!on!the!qualita2ve!and!case!study!research!literature!
◦ Transcripts!of!interviews,!coding!of!the!data,!obtaining!the!findings!
Healthcare THE&BYTE&CASE&STUDIES
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The&healthcare&case&study
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Key&points&of&the&healthcare&case&study
◦ Data!sources!(volume)!
◦ Blood!samples!
◦ DNA!samples!
◦ Sequenced!gene2c!data!(~15O20!GBs/pa2ent)!◦ Reference!sequences!◦ External!repositories!◦ Sequencing!gene2c!data!is!computa2onally!expensive!
◦ Complex!data!analysis!pipeline!
◦ Comparison!with!previously!iden2fied!genes!for!the!discovery!of!
gene2c!muta2ons!or!uniden2fied!genes!
◦ Many!stakeholders!involved!
◦ Huge!privacy,!data!protec2on!and!ethical!concerns!
@BYTE_EU www.byte-project.eu
Externali5es&of&the&healthcare&case&study&(I)
+!Be`er!services!–!improving!healthcare!
◦ More!accurate!and!2mely!diagnoses!and!efficient!treatments!
◦ Poten2al!for!the!development!of!future!treatments!associated!to!
data!usage!in!healthcare!
+!More!targeted!services!–!enabling!personalized!medicine!
◦ Case!study!focused!on!rare!gene2c!disorders!possible!due!to!the!advances!on!big!data!analysis!
+!CostOeffec2veness!of!services!!
◦ Cost!savings!through!more!accurate!and!2mely!diagnoses!and!
efficient!treatments!!
O!Need!of!data!skills!and!resources!
◦ Outsourcing!costs!of!genome!sequencing!
◦ Gene!detec2on!can!be!delayed!from!~1.5!weeks!with!private!
equipment!to!~4!weeks!when!sharing!computer!resources!
◦ Budget!restric2ons!of!GRI!(public!body)!
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Externali5es&of&the&healthcare&case&study&(II)
+!Innova2ve!business!models!based!on!big!data!
◦ Sequencing!laboratory!in!Hong!Kong!◦ Poten2al!development!of!marketable!treatments!and!therapies!!
+!Accelerate!scien2fic!progress!
◦ Iden2fica2on!of!rare!genes!through!big!data!+!Innova2on!through!open!data!
◦ Open!data!as!an!efficient!way!of!sharing!data!(genomic!datasets)!
O!Poten2al!for!discrimina2on!
◦ Only!the!rich!and!wealthy!may!benefit!from!these!treatments!
◦ Poten2al!discrimina2on!based!on!genotypes,!e.g.!insurance!policies!
O!Difficult!and!complex!ethical!issues!
◦ Incidental!findings!to!the!pa2ents!and!their!family!members!
@BYTE_EU www.byte-project.eu
Externali5es&of&the&healthcare&case&study&(III)
O!Enforcing!anonymity!is!very!difficult!
◦ Almost!impossible!due!to!the!rarity!of!diseases!
O!Privacy!protec2on!can!entail!nega2ve!consequences!
◦ Subsequent!uses!of!data!require!permission!
◦ Further!research!can!be!hindered!O!Issues!with!intellectual!property!rights!
◦ Gene!paten2ng!of!new!drug!therapies!
Culture THE&BYTE&CASE&STUDIES
@BYTE_EU www.byte-project.eu
Key&points&of&the&culture&case&study
◦ Data!sources!(variety)!◦ Cultural!metadata!
◦ From!>40M!of!cultural!works!(digital!images,!sound!recordings,!
manuscripts…)!
◦ Mul2tude!of!cultural!heritage!organiza2ons!
◦ Working!with!70!na2onal!aggregators!of!>60K!cultural!heritage!
ins2tu2ons!
◦ Linked!Open!Data!◦ CC0!metadata!licence!
◦ Focus!on!improving!the!visibility!of!cultural!heritage!works!
◦ PECHO!just!holds!the!metadata,!the!actual!content!is!kept!in!the!
cultural!heritage!ins2tu2ons!
@BYTE_EU www.byte-project.eu
Externali5es&of&the&culture&case&study&(I)
+!Be`er!services!
◦ Improved!visibility!of!collec2ons!(social!value)!
+!Cost!effec2veness!of!services!
◦ PECHO!provides!the!hos2ng!of!metadata!to!all!the!par2cipant!cultural!
heritage!ins2tu2ons!
◦ PECHO!is!looking!to!cloud!solu2ons!for!scalability!and!costOeffec2veness!reasons!
+!Poten2al!for!new!products!and!services!based!on!open!data!
◦ E.g.!online!guided!tour!models!for!tourism!purposes!
O!Not!clear!dataObased!business!models!
◦ Strong!focus!on!deriving!cultural!and!social!value,!but!mone2sing!
cultural!data!is!quite!unclear!
◦ “Copyright!paranoia”!can!severely!hinder!emerging!business!models!
@BYTE_EU www.byte-project.eu
Externali5es&of&the&culture&case&study&(II)
O!Open!data!puts!the!private!sector!at!a!compe22ve!advantage!
◦ PECHO!metadata!can!be!used!by!private!corpora2ons!with!no!
obliga2ons!to!share!their!own!data!
O!Mild!privacy!issues!with!open!cultural!metadata!
O!Big!issues!with!intellectual!property!rights!
◦ Significant!barrier!to!sharing!data!and!open!data!prac2ces!(diminished!
here!through!the!use!of!a!CC0!licence)!
◦ Fragmented!IPRs!legisla2on!in!Europe!is!challenging!
O!Fear!of!loss!of!data!control!
◦ Cultural!ins2tu2ons!were!at!first!reluctant!about!opening!cultural!metadata!
◦ Need!to!showcase!the!benefits!O!Tensions!with!US!big!data!players!
◦ General!trend!towards!reversing!outsourcing!prac2ces!and!keeping!infrastructure!and!technical!developments!local!
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Environment THE&BYTE&CASE&STUDIES
@BYTE_EU www.byte-project.eu
Key&points&of&the&environment&case&study
◦ Data!sources!(volume,!variety,!velocity)!
◦ Space!component!(satellite!data…)!
◦ InOsitu!component!(rain!gauges…)!
◦ Service!component!(models…)!
◦ U2li2es,!infrastructures,!maps,!social!media,!etc.!
◦ Huge!amounts!of!data!and!lots!of!applica2ons!
◦ Climate!change,!weather!forecast,!environment!monitoring,!eOscience,!
infrastructure!planning!
◦ Complex!ecosystem!
◦ Data!providers,!applica2on!developers,!research!ins2tu2ons,!IT!service!providers,!ci2zens!
◦ Case!study!conducted!in!the!context!of!the!Group!on!Earth!Observa2ons!
@BYTE_EU www.byte-project.eu
Externali5es&of&the&environment&case&study&(I)
+!New!products!and!services!based!on!open!data!
◦ Data!availability!is!taken!for!granted!in!this!domain!
◦ Myriad!of!applica2ons!and!services:!inf.!planning,!farming,!disasters…!
+!Be`er!services!
◦ E.g.!more!accurate!weather!forecas2ng!
+!Gather!public!insight!and!accelerate!scien2fic!progress!
+/O!New!market!opportuni2es,!but!threats!to!tradi2onal!
businesses!
◦ CrowdOsourced!data,!availability!of!analy2cal!tools!◦ Some!ins2tu2ons!are!threatened,!e.g.!weather!forecas2ng!centres!
O!Inefficiencies!associated!to!big!data!
◦ Energy!bill!of!IT!infrastructures!◦ Inefficiencies!caused!by!excess!of!preOcomputed!data!
@BYTE_EU www.byte-project.eu
Externali5es&of&the&environment&case&study&(II)
O!Reduced!market!compe22on!and!digital!divide!
◦ Unequal!opportuni2es!for!SMEs!to!services!and!rising!inequali2es!
caused!by!elite!skills!in!data!
◦ OverOdependency!on!external!IT!providers!and!services!like!Google!Maps!
O!Privacy!concerns!
◦ When!using!social!media!and!personal!data!
O!Issues!with!intellectual!property!rights!
◦ Shortcomings!in!legal!frameworks!and!inconsistent!na2onal!policies!!
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Crisis&informa5cs THE&BYTE&CASE&STUDIES
@BYTE_EU www.byte-project.eu
Key&points&of&the&crisis&informa5cs&case&study
◦ Data!sources!(velocity!and!variety)!◦ Social!media!data!from!Twi`er!(~100s/min)!
◦ Text!messages!to!humanitarian!agencies!
◦ News!media!
◦ Aerial!and!satellite!imagery!
◦ Crowdsourcing!and!machine!learning!
◦ Data!collec2on!is!rela2vely!straighnorward!◦ Digital!volunteers!first!classify!the!collected!tweets!and!score!their!relevance!
◦ A!data!analysis!tool!is!trained!with!the!previous!data!and!then!employed!to!analyse!live!Tweets!
◦ Obtained!insight!is!sent!to!humanitarian!and!relief!organiza2ons!
@BYTE_EU www.byte-project.eu
Externali5es&of&the&crisis&informa5cs&case&study&(I)
+!Be`er!and!more!targeted!services!
◦ Provide!relief!faster!and!be`er!alloca2on!of!resources!!◦ React!quickly!to!ci2zens’!demands!(based!on!Twi`er!data)!
+!Gather!public!insight!through!open!data!
◦ Predict!the!needs!of!ci2zens!affected!by!a!crisis!(Twi`er)!+/O!CostOeffec2ve!services?!
◦ Be`er!resource!alloca2on!for!humanitarian!organiza2ons!!
◦ Crowdsourcing!of!digital!volunteers!(cheap!and!quick!processing)!◦ Need!an!injec2on!of!resources!in!order!to!deal!with!big!data!(need!of!data!experts!and!data!infrastructures)!
O!Not!clear!dataObased!business!models!
◦ Need!to!devote!resources!to!addi2onal!competencies!outside!an!
organiza2on’s!exper2se!
@BYTE_EU www.byte-project.eu
Externali5es&of&the&crisis&informa5cs&case&study&(II)
+!Awareness!around!the!need!for!socially!responsible!and!
ethical!data!prac2ces!
◦ Development!of!tools!and!procedures!to!ensure!ethical!data!
O!Important!privacy!concerns!and!poten2al!for!
discrimina2on!
◦ Misuse!of!sensi2ve!informa2on!
◦ Invasive!use!of!informa2on!
O!Poten2al!misinterpreta2on!of!data!
O!Issues!with!intellectual!property!rights!
◦ IPRs!are!func2oning,!but!preven2ng!access!to!addi2onal!data!O!Tensions!with!US!big!data!players!
◦ Personal!data!can!be!subject!to!US!law!!◦ Unpredictable!response!of!big!players!and!vendor!lockOin!concerns!!
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Summary THE&BYTE&CASE&STUDIES
@BYTE_EU www.byte-project.eu
Case&studies&summary
CASE%STUDY% Big%data%maturity%
Poten8al%for%open%data%
Clear%business%models%
Privacy%concerns%
Culture% ★★! ★★★!
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Smart%ci8es% ★★!
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Crisis%informa8cs% ★★★!
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Health% ★★★!
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★★★★★!
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Oil%&%gas% ★★★★!
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★★★! ★★! ★!
Environment% ★★★★★!
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