THE BIG FIVE FACTOR

What is Personality?

• Sum of total ways in which an individual reacts and interacts with its surroundings and others.

• Stable set of striking characteristics, responsible for person’s identity.

Heredity

Environmental factors

Situations Conditions

PERSONALITY DETERMINANTS

• These were the few famous people whom may know by name but will remember them by their personalities.

• In order to study the personality traits, describing an individual’s behavior, categorization, a model was developed called , Big Five Personality Model.

What are traits?

• Traits are consistent patterns of thoughts, feelings, or actions that distinguish people from one another.

• Traits are basic tendencies that remain stable across the life span, but characteristic behaviour can change considerably through adaptive processes.

• A trait is an internal characteristic that corresponds to an extreme position on a behavioural dimension.

• Allport, Norman and Cattell were influential in formulating this taxonomy which was later refined.

• Allport compiled a list of 4500 traits. Cattell reduced this list to 35 traits.

• Others continued to analyze these factors.• Although many researchers have studied these five factors, the two

leading proponents today are Paul Costa Jr. and Robert McCrae.• Big Five model of personality asserts that there are five basic

factors of personality. • The five factors originally were developed from factor analysis of

the words people use in everyday language to describe personality, the lexical approach to personality.

The Big Five

• The big five model is based on common language descriptors of personality (lexical approach)

• Many similar habits taken together forms a trait. Again many similar traits when taken together forms a Factor or a type.

• The big five factor model describes personality in terms of five factors.

• These factors lead to an individual to act in a certain way in a given situation.

conscientiouness

Extroversion

AgreeablenessNeuroticism

Openness to experiences

OCEAN

Psychologists have conducted numerous tests to give scores and classify people under different personalities .

Such one test is given at the end of this presentation.

Extraversion

• The first factor, Extraversion, has also been called dominance-submissiveness, and “surgency”.

• Energy, surgency, and the tendency to seek stimulation and the company of others

Extroversion LOW

INTRAVERSION Reserved Timid Quite

• Extraversion has an interpersonal component and is strongly related to positive affect such as being enthusiastic, energetic, interested and friendly.

• Extraverts show less anxiety over negative feedback. • It has long been noted that Extraversion is associated with leadership.

High FACETS OF EXTRAVERSION

Gregarious Assertive Warmth Active Excitement-seeking Positive emotions

Extraversion• Ask an extravert what he or she values in life, and the

answer will often be cheerfulness and an exciting life.• They interacted with more people than did those low in

extraversion; they also reported having more control and intimacy in those interactions.

• Their peers consider extraverted people to be friendly, fun-loving, affectionate, and talkative.

• So extraverts are highly motivated to seek social situations and to be dominant in those situations. Extraverts are motivated by change, variety in their lives, challenge, and are easily bored.

Agreeableness

• A tendency to be compassionate and cooperative rather than suspicious and antagonistic towards others

Agreeableness LOW (Antagonism)

ColdDisagreeableAntagonistic

• Agreeableness, which is sometimes instead called Social Adaptability or Likability, indicates a friendly, compliant personality, one who avoids hostility and tends to go along with others.

• The agreeableness scale is linked to altruism, nurturance, caring and emotional support versus competitiveness, hostility, indifference, self-centeredness, spitefulness and jealousy.

• Agreeable people can be described as altruistic, gentle, kind, sympathetic, soft-hearted and warm.

HIGH

FACETS OF AGREEABLENESS • Trust • Straightforwardness • Altruism • Compliance • Modesty • Tender-mindedness

Agreeableness

• They value being helpful, forgiving, and loving.• They report little conflict in their interpersonal

relationships, when conflict occurs, it reduces their self-esteem.

• Agreeable individuals tend toward conformity in groups, toward modesty, toward not being demanding, and toward being sympathetic.

• These individuals might be motivated toward helping others and toward pro-social behaviour in general.

Conscientiousness

• A tendency to show self-discipline, act dutifully, and aim for achievement

ConscientiousnessLOW(Lack of Direction/ Undirectedness)

• Easily Distracted• Disorganized• Unreliable

• Conscientiousness, also called Dependability, Impulse Control, and Will to Achieve

• Conscientiousness is a measure of goal-directed behaviour and amount of control over impulses.

• Conscientious people value cleanliness and ambitiousness

HIGH

FACETS OF conscientiousness• Competence • Order• Dutifulness • Achievement striving • Self-discipline • Deliberation

Conscientiousness• It has been linked to educational achievement and particularly to the will to

achieve. • The focused person concentrates on a limited number of goals but strives

hard to reach them, while the flexible person is more impulsive and easier to persuade from one task to another.

• Described by their peers as well organized, punctual, and ambitious• The student who has a neat notebook and list of assignments and who

keeps up with reading and completes work on time would score high on Conscientiousness. Conscientious students are generally motivated to achieve; they achieve high grade point averages.

• School and many other settings reward conscientious individuals, contributing to their generally high self-esteem

• Conscientiousness also relates to family relationships and health behavior. Young married people who score high on Conscientiousness are less susceptible to sexual infidelity than those who score low

• The more conscientious a person is, the more competent, dutiful, orderly, responsible and thorough and also more satisfied with their lives.

Neuroticism

• A tendency to be compassionate and cooperative rather than suspicious and antagonistic towards others

Neuroticism LOW(EMOTINAL STABILITY)

• Self-Confident • Calm• Secure

• Neuroticism describes people who frequently are troubled by negative emotions such as worry and insecurity.

• Emotionally, they are labile (readily aroused) instead of stable, like their low-scoring peers; thus, the factor, turning attention to its opposite pole—low Neuroticism—has also been called Emotional Stability, Emotional Control, and Ego Strength

• Lower scores on neuroticism also are associated with fewer health complaints, are happier and more satisfied with life than those who score high, and they are more satisfied with their marriage.

HIGH

FACETS OF NEUROTICISM

• Anxiety• Angry hostility • Depression • Self-consciousness • Impulsiveness • Vulnerability

• In marriage, high Neurotics are unhappy and dissatisfied with life. Besides difficulties in relationships and commitment, they often suffer low self-esteem.

• It is associated with negative emotionality, such as feeling anxious, nervous, sad, and tense.

• Neuroticism tends to be viewed negatively and is associated with negative affect, being tense and nervous. Keep in mind that neuroticism is only one trait that an individual has. A person could be neurotic and conscientious which may have negative health effects but may motivate an individual toward success in school and work situations.

A neurotic person under high stress levels

Openness to experienceLOW

• Un-Imaginative• Inflexible• Literal-minded• Dull

 

• Experts have given this factor various names: Culture, Intellect, Intellectual Interests, Intelligence and Imagination

• Lay people recognize it by the terms artistic, curious, imaginative, insightful, original, and wide interests.

• Liberal values often go along with this factor• They value imaginativeness, broadmindedness, and a world of beauty.• People low in Openness, in contrast, value cleanliness, obedience, and national

security

HIGH

FACETS OF openness to experience

• Ideas• Fantasy • Aesthetics • Actions • Feelings • Values

• The factor Openness to experience is perhaps the most difficult to describe, since it doesn’t correspond to everyday language as well as the other factors

• It is a measure of depth, breadth and variability in a person's imagination and urge for experiences.

• The factor relates to intellect, openness to new ideas, cultural interests, educational aptitude and creativity as well as an interest in varied sensory and cognitive experiences.

• People with a high openness to experience have broad interests, are liberal and like novelty. The preservers with low openness to experience are conventional, conservative and prefer familiarity.

Adolf Hitler

Adolf Hitler is one of the notable person that have a very unique personality. Adolf Hitler is a politician and the leader of the Nazi Party, also chancellor of Germany. People always comment that he is a person who cruel, inhuman, and insatiable greed for power.

OPENNESS TO

EXPERIENCE

CONSCIENTIOUSNESS

EXTRAVERSION AGREEABLE NEUROTICISM

He was obsessed with anger and anti-Jew thoughts and was never able to see the other side of paradigm

Hitler was highly motivated by his beliefs and was ready to go to the extremities to achieve what he desired

Hitler was extroverted in the sense of expressing is hatred towards Jews, his leadership abilities and social and communication skills

Was cruel leader who never showed sympathy towards ailing Jews and even towards the Nazi soldiers who were killed and injured.

Hitler was the person who often experienced emotional instability, and much of them are negative emotion: anxiety, irritability and anger

Bill gatesBill Gates is an American business magnate, philanthropist, investor, computer programmer, and inventor. Gates is the former chief executive and chairman of Microsoft. In the later stages of his career, Gates has pursued a number of philanthropic endeavours, donating large amounts of money to charitable organizations and scientific research programs .

OPENNESS TO

EXPERIENCE

CONSCIENTIOUSNESS

EXTRAVERSION AGREEABLE NEUROTICISM

He was willing to try new ideas and a new more innovated way of looking at the PC world, which attributed to his success

With leadership of Bill Gates, Microsoft was able to surpass IBM which proves his achievement over the time in growing the business stronger and solid

Bill gates is quiet and bookish but apparently unfazed by others opinion of him

He understood the value of partnerships and working together with outside entities to obtain his goal

Gates is notorious for not being reachable by phone and for not returning phone calls. He also interrupts presentations of employees and made harsh comments.

Why should we study BIG FIVE MODEL

• As a recruiter, it helps to find the candidates with personalities, best matching the roles the company is offering.

• As an applicant, one can use to insight from this model to better understand him/herself and the type of role he/she is most likely to enjoy and grow with.

• When a person's personality doesn't fit the job, everyone loses.

TEST

INTRODUCTIONThis is a personality test, it will help you understand why you act the way that you do and how your personality is structured. Please follow the instructions below. Scoring and results are on the coming slides.

InstructionsIn the table on next slide, for each statement 1-50 mark how much you agree with on the scale 1-5, where1=disagree,2=slightly disagree,3=neutral, 4=slightly agree and5=agree.

SCORING

Below is a graph of how other people scored when test was offered(normal dist.)