big shame or big honor? exploring the dynamics of honor and shame in cross-cultural partnership (mac...

2. Honor & Shamein Cross-Cultural RelationshipsFree 30-page article combines honor + shame lens ve basic culture scales explained through examples fromScripture practical suggestions for cross-cultural partnerships beautyofpartnership.org/about/free

3. 2009LEBANONExploringhonor andshame inPhilippians

4. Baalbeck:a top touristattraction inLebanon

5. Templeof Jupiter

6. FORTHEGLORYOFROME!

7. Every culture has these featuresin varying proportions

8. Five basic culture scalesAccording to Brooks Peterson,3 there are five basic culture scales: 1) Equality/Hierarchy, 2) Direct/Indirect, 3) Individual/Group, 4) Task/Relationship, and 5) Risk/Caution. These may bediagrammed as follows: 0 1 23 4 5 67 8 9 10 EqualityHierarchyDirect Indirect IndividualGroup TaskRelationship RiskCautionWhat I intend to do in this article is to outline these five culture scales one at a time, and further, Knowing about honor and shame helps youto enhance our understanding of each of them by viewing them through the lens of honor andshameusing primarily biblical illustrations.understand the ve basic culture scales

12. Westerners usually readGods Word through thecultural lens of guilt/innocence. But

13. Reading Gods Wordthrough the pivotalcultural value ofhonor and shame

15. Reading Gods Wordthrough the pivotalcultural value ofhonor and shame helps Christianleaders from the West and Majority World understand each other betterto build morefruitful cross-cultural partnerships.

16. Examine key dynamics of1honor and shame from asocial-science perspectivewith examples from Scripture.

17. Explore honor and shame2as the pivotal cultural value of the Bible and of most of the Majority World /unreached peoples.

18. Examine applications3to cross-cultural ministriesand partnerships throughunderstanding the dynamics ofhonor and shame.

20. Examine key dynamics of1honor and shame from asocial-science perspectivewith examples from Scripture.

21. 1. Key dynamics of honor and shame from a social science perspective.1 Love of honor Challenge and riposte Two sources of honor: Patronageascribed and achieved Kinship Image of limited good (win-lose)

22. Denition of honorHonor: the worth or value of personsboth in their eyes and in the eyes oftheir village, neighborhood, or society.The critical item is the public natureof respect and reputation.(Neyrey, p15)

23. Love of honorAthenians excel all others not so much in singingor in stature or in strength, as in love of honourXenophon For the glory that the Romans burned to possess, be it known, is the favourable judgment of men who think well of other men. AugustineThe ancients name love of honor and praise as theirpremier value. Neyrey, p.17

24. Now the greatest external good we should assumeto be the thing which we offer as a tribute to thegods and which is most coveted by men of highstation, and is the prize awarded for the noblestAristotle deeds; and such a thing is honour,for honour is clearly the greatest ofexternal goods it is honour above all elsethat great men claim and deserve.Aristotle(Neyrey, p5)

25. Love of honor EXAMPLEThen the mother of the sons of Zebedee came up tohim with her sons, and kneeling before him she askedhim for something.And he said to her, What do you want? She said tohim, Say that these two sons of mine are to sit, one atyour right hand and one at your left, in your kingdom.(Matthew 20:2021 ESV)

26. Two sources of honor 1. Ascribed 2. Achieved

27. Two sources of honor EXAMPLEAscribed

28. Two sources of honor EXAMPLE The book of theAscribed genealogy of Jesus Christ, the son of David, the son of Abraham. (Matthew 1:1 ESV)

29. Two sources of honor EXAMPLE The book of theand behold, a voiceAscribed genealogy of Jesus from heaven said, Christ, the son of This is my beloved David, the son ofSon, with whom I am Abraham. well pleased. (Matthew 1:1 ESV)(Matthew 3:17 ESV)

30. Two sources of honor EXAMPLE The book of theand behold, a voiceAscribed genealogy of Jesus from heaven said, Christ, the son of This is my beloved David, the son ofSon, with whom I am Abraham. well pleased. (Matthew 1:1 ESV)(Matthew 3:17 ESV) encomium or eulogy

31. Two sources of honor EXAMPLEAchieved

32. Two sources of honorEXAMPLEAchieved Therefore God has highly exalted him and bestowed on him the name that is above every name, so that at the name of Jesus every knee should bow, in heaven and on earth and under the earth, and every tongue confess that Jesus Christ is Lord, to the glory of God the Father. (Philippians 2:9-12 ESV)

33. Image of limited goodThe belief that everything in social, economic, natural universe everything desired in life: land, wealth, respect and status, power and influence exists in nite quantity and is in short supply If you gain, I lose: zero-sum gameNeyrey, p18

34. Image of limited good win-loseThe belief that everything in social, economic, natural universe vs. everything desired in life: land, wealth, respect and status, power and influence win-win exists in nite quantity and is in short supply If you gain, I lose: zero-sum gameNeyrey, p18

35. Image of limited goodEXAMPLE This was why the Jews were seeking all the more to kill him,because not only was he breaking the Sabbath, but he was even calling God his own Father, making himself equal with God. (John 5:18 ESV)

36. Image of limited goodEXAMPLEas it is my eager expectation and hope that I will not be at all ashamed, but that with full couragenow as always Christ will be honored in my body, whether by life or by death. For to me to liveis Christ, and to die is gain. Philippians 1:20-21 ESV

37. Challenge and riposteFour steps to this social code of push and shove(Neyrey, p20)1. claim of worth or value2. challenge to that claim3. riposte or defense of the claim4. public verdict of success awarded to either claimant or challenger

38. EXAMPLE Jesus heals the man with the Note thewithered hand public natureMatt. 12:816 of thisencounter

39. 8 For the Son of Man is Lord of the Sabbath.9 He went on from there and entered their synagogue.10 And a man was there with a withered hand. And they asked him,Is it lawful to heal on the Sabbath?so that they might accuse him.11 He said to them, Which one of you who has a sheep, if it falls intoa pit on the Sabbath, will not take hold of it and lift it out?12 Of how much more value is a man than a sheep! So it islawful to do good on the Sabbath.13 Then he said to the man, Stretch out your hand. And the manstretched it out, and it was restored, healthy like the other.14 But the Pharisees went out and conspired against him, how to destroy him.15 Jesus, aware of this, withdrew from there. And many followed him, and hehealed them all 16 and ordered them not to make him known 23 And all the people were amazed, and said,Can this be the Son of David?

40. 8 For the Son of Man is Lord of the Sabbath. 1. Claim of worth or value9 He went on from there and entered their synagogue.10 And a man was there with a withered hand. And they asked him,Is it lawful to heal on the Sabbath?so that they might accuse him.11 He said to them, Which one of you who has a sheep, if it falls intoa pit on the Sabbath, will not take hold of it and lift it out?12 Of how much more value is a man than a sheep! So it islawful to do good on the Sabbath.13 Then he said to the man, Stretch out your hand. And the manstretched it out, and it was restored, healthy like the other.14 But the Pharisees went out and conspired against him, how to destroy him.15 Jesus, aware of this, withdrew from there. And many followed him, and hehealed them all 16 and ordered them not to make him known 23 And all the people were amazed, and said,Can this be the Son of David?

41. 8 For the Son of Man is Lord of the Sabbath. 1. Claim of worth or value9 He went on from there and entered their synagogue.10 And a man was there with a withered hand. And they asked him,Is it lawful to heal on the Sabbath?so that they might accuse him.2. Challenge to that claim11 He said to them, Which one of you who has a sheep, if it falls intoa pit on the Sabbath, will not take hold of it and lift it out?12 Of how much more value is a man than a sheep! So it islawful to do good on the Sabbath.13 Then he said to the man, Stretch out your hand. And the manstretched it out, and it was restored, healthy like the other.14 But the Pharisees went out and conspired against him, how to destroy him.15 Jesus, aware of this, withdrew from there. And many followed him, and hehealed them all 16 and ordered them not to make him known 23 And all the people were amazed, and said,Can this be the Son of David?

42. 8 For the Son of Man is Lord of the Sabbath. 1. Claim of worth or value9 He went on from there and entered their synagogue.10 And a man was there with a withered hand. And they asked him,Is it lawful to heal on the Sabbath?so that they might accuse him.2. Challenge to that claim11 He said to them, Which one of you who has a sheep, if it falls intoa pit on the Sabbath, will not take hold of it and lift it out?12 Of how much more value is a man than a sheep! So it is3. Defense (orlawful to do good on the Sabbath.riposte) of the claim13 Then he said to the man, Stretch out your hand. And the manstretched it out, and it was restored, healthy like the other.14 But the Pharisees went out and conspired against him, how to destroy him.15 Jesus, aware of this, withdrew from there. And many followed him, and hehealed them all 16 and ordered them not to make him known 23 And all the people were amazed, and said,Can this be the Son of David?

43. 8 For the Son of Man is Lord of the Sabbath. 1. Claim of worth or value9 He went on from there and entered their synagogue.10 And a man was there with a withered hand. And they asked him,Is it lawful to heal on the Sabbath?so that they might accuse him.2. Challenge to that claim11 He said to them, Which one of you who has a sheep, if it falls intoa pit on the Sabbath, will not take hold of it and lift it out?12 Of how much more value is a man than a sheep! So it is3. Defense (orlawful to do good on the Sabbath.riposte) of the claim13 Then he said to the man, Stretch out your hand. And the manstretched it out, and it was restored, healthy like the other.14 But the Pharisees went out and conspired against him, how to destroy him.15 Jesus, aware of this, withdrew from there. And many followed him, and hehealed them all 16 and ordered them not to make him known 23 And all the people were amazed, and said,Can this be the Son of David?4. Public verdict of success

44. PatronageNorth American view of patronage is negative: Its not what you know its who you know We sense someone has an unfair advantage over us Violates our conviction that everyone should have equalaccess to employment opportunities (being evaluated on thebasis of pertinent skills rather than personal connection). Under the table nepotism keep it quiet (its bad) See David deSilva: Honor, Patronage, Kinship, Purity: Unlocking New Testament Culture, p96

45. PatronageThe world of the New Testament, however, was one in whichpersonal patronage was an essential means of acquiring accessto goods, protection, or opportunities for employment andadvancement. Not only was it essentialit was expectedand publicized! The giving and receiving of favors was,according to a first-century participant, the practice thatconstitutes the chief bond of human society(Seneca, Ben. 1.4.2).deSilva: Honor, Patronage, Kinship, Purity: Unlocking New Testament Culture, p97

46. Patronage Jesus and his first disciples moved among and within patronage and friendship networks, for patronage was as much at home on Palestinian soil as in Greece, Asia Minor, Egypt, Africa, and Rome.See David deSilva: Honor, Patronage, Kinship, Purity: Unlocking New Testament Culture, p121

47. Patronage EXAMPLE And he said to them,The kings of the Gentiles exercise lordship over them, and those in authority over themare called benefactors. (Luke 22:2526 ESV).

48. Patronage EXAMPLENow a centurion had a servant who was sick and at the pointof death When the centurion heard about Jesus, he sent to himelders of the Jews, asking him to come and heal his servant. Andwhen they came to Jesus, they pleaded with him He is worthyto have you do this for him, for he loves our nation, and heis the one who built us our synagogue. (Luke 7:2-5 ESV)

49. Patronage EXAMPLE For God so loved the world,that he gave his only Son,that whoever believes in himshould not perish but have eternal life.(John 3:16 ESV)

50. PatronageGods grace (charis) would not have beenof a different kind than the grace with whichthey were already familiar; it would havebeen understood as different only in qualityand degree.David deSilva: Honor, Patronage, Kinship, Purity: Unlocking New Testament Culture, p122

51. PatronageDistinct, specic honor code abouthow to give and receive. Benefactor: wise, not self-serving, thattheir gifts were given to honorable people;examples of excellent stewardship Client: show proper gratitude and honorto the benefactor or patron.

52. PatronageDistinct,specic GRACEhonor code Benefactors gave out of graceBenefactor The gift itself is graceClient Clients response of gratitude Dance of reciprocitygrace honorably given grace as the gift grace in gratitude and honor bestowed back to the patron.

53. PatronageDistinct,specic GRACEhonor codeThis single wordBenefactor encapsulated the entire Clientethos of the relationshipDavid deSilva: Honor, Patronage, Kinship, Purity: Unlocking New Testament Culture, p105

54. PatronageDistinct, specic honor codeThe patron or giver never gives with an eye to whatcan be gained from the gift. The giver does not giveto an elderly person so as to be remembered in awill, or to an elected official with a view to gettingsome leverage in politics. Such people are investors,not benefactors or friends.David deSilva: Honor, Patronage, Kinship, Purity: Unlocking New Testament Culture, p107

55. Kinship

56. KinshipIn the ancient world, people are not just taken ontheir merits. Instead, their merits begin with themerits (or debits) of their lineage, the reputation oftheir ancestral house. Greeks and Romans receive abasic identity from their larger family: for Romansthis takes the form of including the clan name in thename of each individual.David deSilva: Honor, Patronage, Kinship, Purity: Unlocking New Testament Culture, p159

57. KinshipEveryones personal honorbegins with theirkinship.(Ascribed honor)

58. KinshipThe believers, as children of God, become whatsociologists call a ctive kinship group, that isa collection of people who are not genealogicallyrelated but who nevertheless consider one anotheras family, attempting to relate at that higher levelof intimacy, belonging and mutualcommitment. David deSilva: Honor, Patronage, Kinship, Purity: Unlocking New Testament Culture, p78

59. Kinship EXAMPLE Now the LORD said to Abram,Go from your country and your kindred and your fathers houseto the land that I will show you.(Genesis 12:1 ESV)

60. KinshipEXAMPLEAnd everyone who has left houses orbrothers or sisters or father or mother or children or lands, for my names sake, will receive a hundredfoldand will inherit eternal life.(Matthew 19:29 ESV)

61. KinshipEXAMPLESo then, as we have opportunity,let us do good to everyone,and especially to those who areof the household of faith.(Galatians 6:10 ESV)

62. Kinship EXAMPLEBut if anyone has the worlds goodsand sees his brother in need, yet closes his heart against him,how does Gods love abide in him? (1 John 3:17 ESV)

63. SummaryIt would not be an understatement to saythat honor as reputation and good namewas endemic to the ancient world; hence,we hear classicists and anthropologistscalling it a pivotal value of theMediterranean world, both ancient andmodern. (Neyrey, p5)

64. Small group reection1. Key dynamics of honor and shame from a social science perspective. Love of honor Challenge and riposte Two sources of honor: Patronageascribed and achieved Kinship Image of limited good (win-lose) Identify one of these dynamics andhow it might relate to your ministry.

65. 2Honor and shame is thepivotal cultural valueof the Bible

66. Whether we turn to Pauls letters and examine hisself-presentation, his conflict with rival teachersand preachers, his praise of certain behavior orblame of other, or his articulation of the status androle of Jesusall of this needs to be assessedin light of the pivotal value of his world,namely, honor and shame. (Neyrey, p34)

67. ExamplesAnd the man and his wife were both naked and were not ashamed. (Genesis 2:25 ESV)

68. ExamplesI will bless those who bless you,and him who dishonors you I will curse, and in you all the families of the earth shall be blessed. (Genesis 12:3 ESV)

69. ExamplesAwake, my glory!Awake, O harp and lyre! I will awake the dawn!(Psalm 57:8 ESV)

70. Examples How can you believe,when you receive glory from one another and do not seek the glorythat comes from the only God? (John 5:44 ESV)

71. ExamplesThe glory that you have given meI have given to them,that they may be one even as we are one,(John 17:22 ESV)

72. ExamplesFor I am not ashamed of the gospel,for it is the power of Godfor salvation to everyone who believes (Romans 1:16 ESV)

73. ExamplesFor all have sinned and fall shortof the glory of God. (Romans 3:23 ESV)

74. ExamplesBut we impart a secret and hidden wisdomof God, which God decreed before the agesfor our glory. None of the rulers of this ageunderstood this, for if they had, they wouldnot have crucied the Lord of glory.(1 Corinthians 2:7-8 ESV)

75. ExamplesFor even if I boast a little too much of our authority, which the Lord gave forbuilding you up and not for destroying you, I will not be ashamed. (2 Corinthians 10:8 ESV)

76. ExamplesFor by grace you have been saved through faith. And this is not your own doing;it is the gift of God, not a result of works,so that no one may boast. (Ephesians 2:89 ESV)

77. Examplesas it is my eager expectation and hope that I willnot be at all ashamed, but that with full courage now as always Christ will be honored in my body, whether by life or by death.For to me to live is Christ, and to die is gain. (Philippians 1:20-21 ESV)

78. Exampleswe exhorted each one of you and encouraged you and charged you to walk in a mannerworthy of God, who calls you into his own kingdom and glory.(1 Thessalonians 2:12 ESV)

79. ExamplesSo the honor is for you who believe, but for those who do not believe,The stone that the builders rejected has become the cornerstone, (1 Peter 2:7 ESV)

80. Examples saying with a loud voice, Worthy is the Lamb who was slain,to receive power and wealth and wisdomand might and honor and glory and blessing! (Revelation 5:12 ESV)

81. In fact, a survey of all of the leading textbooks used inteaching systematic theology across the major theologicaltraditions reveals that although the indexes are lled withreferences to guilt, the word shame appears in the indexof only one of these textbooks. This omission continues topersist despite the fact that the term guilt and its variousderivatives occur 145 times in the Old Testament and 10times in the New Testament, whereas the term shame andits derivatives occur nearly 300 times in the Old Testamentand 45 times in the New Testament. Timothy C. Tennent: Theology in the Context of World Christianity, p.93

82. References to Guilt vs. Shame in the BibleOld Testament New Testament400300200 Shame100Guilt 0 Guilt-based wordsShame-based words

83. In Scriptureconsider theuse of the wordsGLORY, GLORIFY,GLORIFIED

84. Frequency and use in Scripture of the words, glory, glorify, gloried, gloriousOther Referring to GOD30465% Referring to Humanity 13929% Referring to Other 27 6% 470 HumanityAwake, my glory! Psalm 57:7GODHow can you believe, when you receiveglory from one another and do not seekthe glory that comes from the only God?John 5:44Data compiled by Werner Mischke using English Standard Version. To request spreadsheet, write to [email protected].

85. Could it be,we have a blind spot?

86. Could it be?We in the West have a blind spot that keeps us fromseeing the pivotal cultural value of honor andshame in the Bible. This hinders our understanding of Scripture our being awakened to our own sense of honor andglory in Christ our ability to use Scriptural insights by which to buildhealthier, more fruitful cross-cultural relationshipsand partnerships

87. 2.b.

88. 2.b.Honor and shame is the pivotalcultural value of most of theMajority World /unreached peoples.

89. Comparison of Cultures by Geographical Locationa broad generalization Chart used by permission of Jason Borges

90. Comparison of Cultures by Geographical Locationa broad generalizationWest or North South (Sub-Sahara East (Asia, Middle East, Geographical Location (North America, Europe) Africa, Latin America) North Africa) Cultural Orientation Justice-GuiltPower-FearHonor-Shame Cultural CivilizationsMuslim, Indian, Sinic,Western, OrthodoxLatin American, African (Huntington)Buddhist, Japanese Christian Status Post Christian Emerging ChristianNon Christian % Christian in 191095% 16%2.7% % Christian in 201081% 62%8.5% Total population in 2010 1.08 billion1.42 billion 4.37 billion Theological OrientationAugustinian, Western Pentecostal, CharismaticUndeveloped Chart used by permission of Jason Borges

94. West or North South (Sub-Sahara Africa,East (Asia, Middle East,Geographical Location (North America, Europe) Latin America)North Africa)Cultural OrientationJustice-GuiltPower-Fear Honor-ShameCultural CivilizationsMuslim, Indian, Sinic,Western, Orthodox Latin American, African(Huntington)Buddhist, JapaneseComparisonChristian Status Post ChristianEmerging ChristianNon Christianof Cultures by% Christian in 191095%16% 2.7%% Christian in 201081%62% 8.5%GeographicalTotal population in 2010 1.08 billion 1.42 billion4.37 billionLocation: Theological OrientationAugustinian, WesternPentecostal, Charismatic Undeveloped5 POPULATION, BILLIONSA broad generalization3.75% Non-Christian% Christian 2.51.250WESTSOUTH EASTGEOGRAPHICAL REGION

95. Map from floatingsheep.org: User-Created Geographies of Religion: Allah, Buddha, Hindu, Jesus http://www.floatingsheep.org/ 2009/12/user-created- geographies-of-religion.htmlThe world ofISLAM is anhonor/shameculture

96. Map from floatingsheep.org: User-Created Geographies of Religion: Allah, Buddha, Hindu, Jesus http://www.floatingsheep.org/ 2009/12/user-created- geographies-of-religion.htmlThe world ofISLAM is anhonor/shameculture

97. The worldof BUDDHISM isan honor/shameculture

98. The worldof BUDDHISM isan honor/shameculture

99. The world ofHINDUISMis an honor/shame culture

100. The world ofHINDUISMis an honor/shame culture

101. The world of the BIBLEis an honor/shame culture

102. The world of the BIBLEis an honor/shame culture

103. Examine applications3to cross-cultural ministriesand partnerships throughunderstanding the dynamics ofhonor and shame.

104. Application: RELATIONSHIPBy understanding New Testament culturebetternamely the pivotal cultural value ofhonor and shamewould we communicate better withour partners and reduce misunder-standing and conictbecausewe understand and speak thelanguage of honor and shame?

105. Application: RELATIONSHIPBy understanding New Testament culturebetternamely the pivotal cultural value ofhonor and shamewould we communicate better withour partners and reduce misunder-standing and conictbecausewe understand and speak thelanguage of honor and shame?

106. Application: RELATIONSHIPTo those of us who support indigenous ministriesDo our ministry partners view us as: investors benefactors or friends?

107. Application: TRAININGCan we develop skills in using the biblicallanguage of honor and shame? to present the glorious gospel of Jesus Christ in a more relevant way to better equip servant leaders to improve mobilization for mission

108. Application: SPIRITUAL FORMATIONTo what degree do we recognizeBut we impart athis profound honor, this great secret and hiddenwisdom of God, whichprivilege? in and with one another? God decreed beforeThat as cross-cultural partners the ages for ourco-laboring to impart the glorious, glory.(1 Cor. 2:7 ESV)transforming grace and truth of JesusChristGod has decreed this before See also Eph. 3:68the ages for our glory.

109. Application: EVALUATIONCan we evaluate our partnerships usingAnd we all, withthe language of honor and shameunveiled face,beholding the glory of Personal Transformation: In what ways the Lord, are beingare we as leaders changing from glory totransformed into theglory?same image from one Community Transformation: In what degree of glory toways is our ministry gaining honor/glory in another. For thisthe view of the community? and ourcomes from the Lordcommunity gaining honor in the region?who is the Spirit. (2 Cor. 3:18 ESV)

110. Application: PERSECUTED CHURCHHow can we show honor to ourThen they left thepresence of thebrothers and sisters who serve inside ofcouncil, rejoicing thatthe community of the persecuted they were countedchurch? worthy to sufferShould we in the West derive honordishonor for thename.from those in our family, especially ourpartners, who suffer for the sake of his (Acts 5:41 ESV)name?

111. Application: APOSTOLIC VISIONBy ignoring the biblical language ofTo those outside thehonor and shame in building law I became as oneoutside the lawrelationships and communicatingthat I might win thosethe gospel outside the law. are we forfeiting advances for theI have become allkingdom of Christ among Muslim, things to all people,that by all meansHindu, Buddhist and other groupsI might save some.whose pivotal cultural value is honor(1 Cor. 9:21-22 ESV)and shame?

112. Application: APOSTOLIC VISION But we impart a secret and hidden wisdom of God, which God decreed before the ages for our glory. None of the rulers of this ageunderstood this, for if they had, they wouldnot have crucied the Lord of glory. (1 Corinthians 2:7-8 ESV)

115. Reading Gods Wordthrough the pivotalcultural value ofhonor and shame helps Christianleaders from the West and Majority World understand each other betterto build morefruitful cross-cultural partnerships.

116. For from him and through him and to himare all things.To him be glory forever. Amen (Romans 11:36 ESV)

117. Training servicesWERNER MISCHKE offers training services concerning honor and shameto churches, mission agencies and ministry teams of all kinds. Using adult learningtheory, Werner designs seminars and workshops in which participants Examine six main features of an honor/shame-based culture, FOR MORE INFORMATION:and how to recognize it in Scripture. Explore how the teachings of Christ incorporate the pivotalcultural value of honor and shame. Develop skills in using the language of honor and shameWerner Mischketo talk about faith and what it means to follow Jesus. Executive Vice President Recognize honor/shame-based dynamics in cross-cultural Director of Training Ministriesministry in order to avoid misunderstanding and build trust. Mission ONE Identify next steps for their missional journey or [email protected] relationships.Office: 480-951-0900

big shame or big honor? exploring the dynamics of honor and shame in cross-cultural partnership (mac...

Education