bild 3 week 3 section handout(1)

8/3/2019 BILD 3 Week 3 Section Handout(1)

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Fall2011 Natalie Seto

Week 3 Section Review

Topics Covered in class:

Genetics - inheritance, variationSpeciationPhylogeny, systematics

Review:

Issues Darwin saw with his theory:1. ________________________

Differs due to environments and characteristics of different species2. ________________________

Sexual selection - Traits that promote reproduction trump survival3. Altruism

________________ - preservation of own genes through others.4. Inheritance

____________________ - theory Darwin believed in (opposite of the Germ Plasm Theory) What is the problem with blending inheritance?

Gregor Mendel's Findings:1.

2.

3.

4.

The Modern Synthesis by R.A. Fisher Natural selection acts on individuals but entire populations evolve Evolution - change in _____________________ in populations over time New field of population genetics

Mutations - cause of genetic variation with an average of 1 in 100,000 genes per generation.


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_______________ - single base nucleotide substitution in the mRNA sequence that can be nonsense, missenseor silent.

Additions or subtractions - when three base nucleotides are ____________ or ____________ from the mRNAsequence, which can be minor or detrimental to the protein.

List two examples of how genetic variation is maintained:

1. ______________________2. ______________________

Hardy Weinberg Principle - mathematical model of a population that's not evolving. Hardy Weinberg Equation

= 1

The Five Conditions of Hardy Weinberg Principle1. No mutations

2.

3. Extremely large populations, no genetic drift

4.

5.

Genetic Drift - change in the _______________ of alleles in a population over time through ___________________. Define Founder Effect

Biological Species Concept A __________ is a population whose members have the potential to _____________ and produce

___________ offspring.

Name 2 other species concepts of the 4 discussed in lecture

1. _______________________2. _______________________3. _______________________


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4. _______________________

For pre-mating, post-mating prezygotic, and post-mating post-zygotic, name the kinds of isolating mechanisms thatprevent crosses from being fertile.

_______________ ______________ - isolation of the same species in two different places to produce two differentspecies.

Polyploidy - errors in cell division resulting in more than two pairs of homologous chromosomes Autopolyploidy polyploids with multiple chromosome sets from a single species

_______________ ______________ - the creating of a new species that inhabit the same geographic region as theancestral species

Hybrid zone - when two interbreeding species meet and reproduce, relatively rare due to low fertility

The time it takes for speciation is variable, it can happen as quickly as ________ years or ______________ years.

How did Linnaeus classify species and animals?

Phylogenetics - the _____________ of organisms

Systematics - _________________

Phylogeny tree


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Species groupsMonophyletic

Some descendants of a common ancestor are missing

Polyphyletic

_______________ _______________ are a result of convergent evolution.

Name the two ways in which we distinguish homology from analogy.

Words you should know: ____________ - monophyletic group ____________ - trait present in a clades ancestor ____________ - trait derived with a clade


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Extra practice problems for Hardy-Weinberg Equation

Hardy Weinberg Equation:

Note:

Allele frequencies:

- frequency of the dominant allele in the population

- frequency of the recessive allele in the population

Genotype frequencies:

percentage of homozygous dominant individuals

percentage of homozygous recessive individuals

percentage of heterozygous individuals

1. A sampling of a population showed that the percentage of homozygous recessive (aa) individuals is 16%. Calculate thefollowing:

a. Allelic frequency of the ab. Genotypic frequency of AAc. Genotypic frequency of Aa

2. Randomly mating butterflies contain 45% white butterflies, which is caused by homozygous recessive trait (dd).Calculate the allelic and genotypic frequencies.

3. The blood type of 1000 individuals was taken. Blood type A and B exhibit co-dominance (AB).Blood type Genotype Number of Individuals

A AA 490

AB AB 420

B BB 90

a. Calculate the allele frequencies.b. What is the probability of each genotype resulting from every potential cross: AAxAA, AAxAB, AAxBB,

ABxAB, ABxBB, BBxBB.

bild 3 week 3 section handout(1)

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