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Bile acid abnormalities in peroxisomal disorders
Sacha Ferdinandusse
Lab. Genetic Metabolic DiseasesAcademic Medical Center
Amsterdam
Peroxisomes play an important role in bile acid biosynthesis
Bile acid biosynthesis involves:
• Modification of the ring structure of cholesterol
• Oxidation of the side chain
• Shortening of the side chain------Peroxisome
• Conjugation------Peroxisome
Cholesterol
Ring modifications
Side chain oxidation
3α,7α-dihydroxycholestanoic acid 3α,7α,12α-trihydroxycholestanoic acid(DHCA) (THCA)
Side chain shortening via peroxisomal β-oxidation
Chenodeoxycholic acid Cholic acid(CDCA) (CA)
Peroxisomal C27-bile acid intermediates
Peroxisomal functions
• Bile acid biosynthesis
• Fatty acid α- and β-oxidation
• Plasmalogen biosynthesis
• Glyoxylate metabolism
• L-pipecolic acid oxidation
• Very long-chain fatty acids (≥C24:0)
• Branched-chain fatty acids (phytanic acid, pristanic acid)
• Bile acid intermediates (DHCA, THCA); Biosynthesis bile acids
• Long-chain dicarboxylic acids
• Polyunsaturated fatty acids;Biosynthesis C22:6ω3 and C22:5ω6
Fatty acid oxidation in peroxisomes
OOH
OHOH
OH
OH
O
Fatty acid oxidation in peroxisomes
β-oxidation
Peroxisomal disorders associated with bile acid abnormalities
Peroxisomal disorders associated with bile acid abnormalities
• Peroxisome deficiency disorders (Zellweger spectrum)
• α-methylacyl-CoA racemase deficiency (AMACR)
• D-bifunctional protein deficiency (DBP)
• Sterol carrier protein X (SCPx)
Zellweger syndrome spectrum: • Zellweger syndrome • Neonatal adrenoleukodystrophy• Infantile Refsum disease
Characterized by the absence of functional peroxisomes.
Deficiency of multiple peroxisomal metabolic pathways.
Caused by mutations in one of the 12 human PEX genes involved in peroxisome assembly.
Peroxisome deficiency disorders
Clinical presentation:
• Neonatal hypotonia
• Seizures
• Impaired vision, impaired hearing
• Psycho-motor retardation
• Dysmorphic features
• Steatorrhea, fat-soluble vitamin deficiency
• Liver disease
Peroxisome deficiency disorders
Clinical presentation:• Liver disease
• Hepatomegaly
• Increased serum liver enzymes
• Cholestasis
• Proliferation of bile ducts
• Fibrosis (eventually cirrhosis)
• Steatosis
• Hemosiderosis
• Inflammation
• Lesions of cholangioles
Peroxisome deficiency disorders
Peroxisome deficiency disorders↓ Plasmalogens
↑ VLCFAs
↑ Pristanic acid and phytanic acid (diet and age dependent)
↑ DHCA , THCA, C29-dicarboxylic acid
- Sum of DHCA, THCA, C29-dicarboxylic acid as a % of total bile acids ranges from 5-90%.
- Pool size CDCA and CA is markedly reduced.
- C27-bile acid intermediates only partly conjugated, whereas C24-bile acids normally conjugated.
- C29-dicarboxylic acid poorly excreted in urine and bile.
Peroxisome deficiency disorders• Urine
Taurine conjugate of OH-THCA and di-OH-THCA (m/z 572 and 588)
5β-cholestanepentol and 27-nor- 5β-cholestanepentol glucuronide (m/z 627 and 613)
↓↓
α-methylacyl-CoA racemase (AMACR) deficiency
Two clinical presentations:
• The bile acid biosynthesis defect causes symptoms in childhood.
• The accumulation of branched-chain fatty acids caused symptoms in adulthood.
α-methylacyl-CoA racemase (AMACR) deficiency
α-methylacyl-CoA racemase (AMACR) deficiency
Clinical presentation in children:
• Fat-soluble vitamin deficiency (K, E, D)
• Cholestatic liver disease
α-methylacyl-CoA racemase (AMACR) deficiency
Clinical presentation in adult patients:
• Adult-onset sensory motor neuropathy
• Encephalopathy
• Seizures
• Postural and intention tremor
• Retinitis pigmentosa, Cataracts
α-methylacyl-CoA racemase (AMACR) deficiency
• Plasma
↑ Pristanic acid and phytanic acid (diet and age dependent)
↑ (25R)-DHCA and (25R)-THCA
S R S R
PBD
AMACR
D-bifunctional protein (DBP) deficiency
Clinical presentation:
• Neonatal hypotonia
• Seizures
• Impaired vision, impaired hearing
• Psycho-motor retardation
• Liver disease • Hepatomegaly• Cholestasis• Proliferation of bile ducts• Fibrosis• Steatosis• Hemosiderosis
D-bifunctional protein (DBP) deficiency
D-bifunctional protein (DBP) deficiency
• Plasma
↑ VLCFAs
↑ Pristanic acid and phytanic acid (diet and age dependent)
↑ DHCA and THCA (in most but not all patients)
Three subgroups of DBP deficiency:
• Type I: Combined DBP hydratase+dehydrogenase deficiency
• Type II: Isolated DBP enoyl-CoA hydratase deficiency
• Type III: Isolated DBP 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency
D-bifunctional protein (DBP) deficiency
Bile acid abnormalities and DBP deficiencyType I + II: DHCA, THCA, 24-ene-THCA, (24S,25S)-24-OH-THCA
Type III: (24R,25R)-24-OH-THCA, (24R,25S)-24-OH-THCA, (24S,25S)-24-OH-THCA, DHCA, THCA, 24-ene-THCA
D-bifunctional protein (DBP) deficiency
Patients with a longer survival tend to accumulate less DHCA and THCA, suggesting that residual DBP activity contributes to the extent of bile acid abnormalities in patients.
D-bifunctional protein (DBP) deficiency
• Urine
Taurine conjugate of OH-24-ene-THCA and di-OH-24-ene-THCA (m/z 570 and 586)
Sterol carrier protein X (SCPx) deficiency
Clinical presentation:
• Spasmodic torticollis with dystonic head tremor• Hyposmia, hypoacusis, nystagmus• No abnormalities upon ophthalmologic investigations • Sensory motor neuropathy• Slight cerebellar ataxia
Sterol carrier protein X (SCPx) deficiency
Sterol carrier protein X (SCPx) deficiency
• Plasma
↑ Pristanic acid and phytanic acid
↑ DHCA and THCA
• Urine
Excretion of abnormal bile alcohol glucuronides
Glucuronide conjugates:•m/z 611 cholestanetetrol, ofpentahydroxy-27nor-cholestan-24one•m/z 613 27-nor-cholestanepentol•m/z 627 cholestanepentol, ofhexahydroxy-27nor-cholestan-24one•m/z 629 27-nor-cholestanehexol
Sterol carrier protein X (SCPx) deficiency
Conclusion
Bile acid abnormalities in peroxisomal disorders:
• C24-bile acids are reduced → reduced bile flow →cholestasis
• Accumulation of C27-bile acid intermediates → more hydrophobic, especially toxic, poorly conjugated, poorly excreted → cholestasis + liver injury
• Bile acid therapy successful in relatively mild patients
AcknowledgmentsThanks to many people at the laboratory
Genetic Metabolic Diseases, AMC.
Ronald J.A. WandersRies Duran
Simone DenisHenk OvermarsAlbert BootsmaHenny Rusch
Emma’s Children Hospital, AMCBwee-Tien Poll The
Peter Barth