bing translator’s and google translate’s … filemy special thanks also go to my co-advisor, dr....

BING TRANSLATOR’S AND GOOGLE TRANSLATE’S

PERFORMANCE IN TRANSLATING ENGLISH LITERARY

AND ACADEMIC TEXTS INTO INDONESIAN

AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements

for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra

in English Letters

By

SANDRA ARIANY

Student Number: 134214059

ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAM

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS

FACULTY OF LETTERS

SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY

YOGYAKARTA

2017

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

ii

BING TRANSLATOR’S AND GOOGLE TRANSLATE’S

PERFORMANCE IN TRANSLATING ENGLISH LITERARY

AND ACADEMIC TEXTS INTO INDONESIAN

AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements

for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra

in English Letters

By

SANDRA ARIANY

Student Number: 134214059

ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAM

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS

FACULTY OF LETTERS

SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY

YOGYAKARTA

2017


vii

Dreams betray many,

but dreams plus hard

work betray none!


viii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Firstly, I would like to thank God for His blessings, wonderful plans and

little surprises within the years I have been living. Secondly, I would also like to

puts forward my sincere gratitute to my parents for their unconditional affection,

trust, and support. Thank you for everything, Mom and Dad, I will make the best

out of what you have provided.

I also would like to extend my biggest gratitude to my advisor Harris

Hermansyah Setiajid, M.Hum., for the guidance, patience, and time to guide me to

finish this undergraduate thesis. Thank you for all the oppportunities you gave me

that put me into a betterment. My special thanks also go to my co-advisor, Dr. Fr.

B. Alip, M.Pd., M.A., for sharing the idea, insight and knowledge as well as

providing me a lot of seggestions that make this thesis a better one. Furthermore, I

would like to mention my deepest gratitude to all my lecturers and staffs in

English Letters Department for sharing their knowledge in my 4 years of study.

Never did I meet such dedicated and passionate lecturers who are so eager to give

their best to their students.

Lastly, I would like to offer my biggest thanks for all of my friends in the

university, for all the supports, lessons and memories that we share together.

Sandra Ariany


ix

TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE .............................................................................................. ii

APPROVAL PAGE .................................................................................... iii

ACCEPTANCE PAGE ............................................................................... iv

LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN

PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH .................................................................... v

STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY .......................................................... vi

MOTTO PAGE ........................................................................................... vii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ........................................................................ viii

TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................ ix

LIST OF TABLES ...................................................................................... xii

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS .................................................................... xiii

ABSTRACT ................................................................................................. xiv

ABSTRAK ..................................................................................................... xv

CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION .............................................................. 1

A. Background of Study ................................................................... 1

B. Problem of Formulation .............................................................. 5

C. Objectives of the Study ............................................................... 5

D. Definition of Terms ..................................................................... 6

CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF LITERATURE .......................................... 9

A. Review of Related Studies .......................................................... 9

1. Kurnianto’s thesis “Google Translate Assessment with Error

Analysis: An Attempt to Reduce Errors” .............................. 9

2. Febriana’s thesis “The Translation Performance of

Sederet.com and Google Translate: A Comparative Study

with Error Analysis” .............................................................. 11

B. Review of Related Theories ........................................................ 12

1. Translation ............................................................................. 12

2. Machine Translation .............................................................. 13

3. Error Analysis in Machine Translation ................................. 14

4. Koponen’s Error Classification in Assessing Machine

Translation Quality ................................................................ 15

5. Semantics ............................................................................... 18

C. Theoretical Framework ............................................................... 20

CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY .......................................................... 21

A. Areas of Research ........................................................................ 21

B. Object of the Study ...................................................................... 22

C. Method of the Study .................................................................... 22

D. Research Procedure ..................................................................... 23

1. Types of Data ........................................................................ 23

2. Data Collection ...................................................................... 24


x

3. Population and Sample .......................................................... 25

4. Data Analysis ........................................................................ 27

CHAPTER IV: ANALYSIS RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS .............. 30

A. The Errors Found in Translation of Literary Text and Academic

Text by Bing Translator and Google Translate ........................... 30

1. The Errors Found in Translation of Literary Text

by Bing Translator and Google Translate ............................. 31

a. The Errors Based on Individual Concept ........................ 31

i. Omitted Concept ........................................................ 32

ii. Added Concept .......................................................... 36

iii. Untranslated Concept ................................................. 37

iv. Mistranslated Concept ............................................... 41

v. Substituted Concept ................................................... 45

vi. Explicitated Concept .................................................. 46

b. The Errors Based on Relation between Concepts ........... 48

i. Omitted Participant .................................................... 49

ii. Omitted Relation ........................................................ 50

iii. Added Relation .......................................................... 51

iv. Mistaken Participant .................................................. 52

v. Mistaken Relation ...................................................... 53

2. The Errors Found in Translation of Academic Text

by Bing Translator and Google Translate ............................ 55

a. The Errors Based on Individual Concept ........................ 56

i. Omitted Concept ........................................................ 56

ii. Added Concept .......................................................... 60

iii. Untranslated Concept ................................................. 62

iv. Mistranslated Concept ............................................... 64

b. The Errors Based on Relation between Concepts ........... 68

i. Omitted Relation ........................................................ 68

ii. Added Relation .......................................................... 70

iii. Mistaken Participant .................................................. 71

iv. Mistaken Relation ...................................................... 72

B. The Performance of Bing Translator and Google Translate in

Translating Literary and Academic Text ..................................... 74

1. The Performance of Bing Translator and Google Translate in

Translating Individual Concepts ............................................ 76

a. Literary Text .................................................................... 76

b. Academic Text ................................................................. 78


Translating Relation between Concepts ................................ 80

a. Literary Text .................................................................... 80

b. Academic Text ................................................................. 81

CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION .................................................................. 84

BIBLIOGRAPHY ....................................................................................... 87


xi

APPENDICES ............................................................................................. 89

Appendix 1: All Data ...................................................................... 89

Appendix 2: Description of Errors ................................................... 98


xii

LIST OF TABLES

Table 2.1. Descriptions and Examples of Thematic Roles

Table 3.1. Examples of Translated Sentences by BT and GT

Table 3.2. Description of Errors based on Individual Concept

Table 3.3. Description of Errors based on Relation between Concepts

Table 3.4. Individual Concept and Concept Relation Total

Table 4.1. Individual Concept Errors in Literary Text

Table 4.2. Omitted Concept in Literary Text

Table 4.3. Added Concept in Literary Text

Table 4.4. Untranslated Concept in Literary Text

Table 4.5. Mistranslated Concept in Literary Text

Table 4.6. Substituted Concept in Literary Text

Table 4.7. Explicitated Concept in Literary Text

Table 4.8. Relation between Concepts Errors in Literary Text

Table 4.9. Omitted Participant Error in Literary Text

Table 4.10. Omitted Relation Error in Literary Text

Table 4.11. Added Relation Error in Literary Text

Table 4.12. Mistaken Participant Error in Literary Text

Table 4.13. Mistaken Relation Error in Literary Text

Table 4.14. Individual Concept Error in Academic Text

Table 4.15. Omitted Concept in Academic Text

Table 4.16. Added Concept in Academic Text

Table 4.17. Untranslated Concept in Academic Text

Table 4.18. Mistranslated Concept in Academic Text

Table 4.19. Relation between Concepts Errors in Academic Text

Table 4.20. Omitted Relation Error in Academic Text

Table 4.21. Added Relation Error in Academic Text

Table 4.22. Mistaken Participant Error in Academic Text

Table 4.23. Mistaken Relation Error in Academic Text

Table 4.24. Total Errors on Individual Concepts

Table 4.25. Total Errors on Relation between Concepts


xiii

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

MT Machine Translation

ST Source Text

TT Target Text

BT Bing Translator

GT Google Translate

SL Source Language

TL Target Language

CR Cat in the Rain

FC Feminism and Feminist Criticism

TI Title


xiv

ABSTRACT

ARIANY, SANDRA. (2017). Bing Translator’s and Google Translate’s

Performance in Translating English Literary and Academic Texts into

Indonesian. Yogyakarta: Department of English Letters, Faculty of English

Letters, Sanata Dharma University, 2017.

Machine translation (MT), now as a large-scale computer system, provides

practicality, simplicity and efficiency due to its effortless and speedy process. Due

to its informational and communicative purpose of the usage, MT’s ability to

transfer the meaning between languages should be put as the top priority.

However, MT is yet considered as a perfect tool which always transfers the

correct meanings and its references from source text (ST) to target text (TT).

Therefore, an evaluation based on the semantic content accuracy is highly needed

to assess MT’s performances.

This research examines errors made in the translation products of Bing

Translator (BT) and Google Translate (GT) as the two MTs that Indonesian users

are most familiar with. The translation products to be analyzed are an English

literary text, Hemingway’s Cat in the Rain and an academic text, Barry’s

“Feminism and Feminist Criticism” in Beginning Theory. In the products, it is

highly possible that both MTs make errors in different aspects. Through error

analysis which emphasizes on its semantic content accuracy, this paper then tries

to find out the different performances of each machine translation which may be

reflected in each error category regarding its text type.

The researcher uses a sample study in order to collect the data. Sample-

taking is conducted purposively. Therefore, the samples consist of the data which

matches the requirement or characteristic that can represent the research purpose.

The error analysis with the theory of semantics is conducted for the analysis.

The number of errors found in GT’s translation is smaller than BT’s. It

means that generally, GT does better in transferring the semantic concepts and its

relationships between one another. Furthermore, if the different text types are

looked in more closely, BT and GT show considerable different performances in

transferring the relations between concepts of ST to TT. Due to the use of longer,

more complex sentence structures in academic text in this study, there is more

complex semantic relation in the academic text rather than the literary text used in

this study. This adds up to the fact that the literary text is mostly composed of

conversations and shorter sentences. Therefore, BT shows its different

performance when handling different text type. Meanwhile, GT demonstrates

steadier performance regardless of the text types, especially in terms of

maintaining the semantic relations between concepts.


xv

ABSTRAK

ARIANY, SANDRA. (2017). Bing Translator’s and Google Translate’s

Performance in Translating English Literary and Academic Texts into

Indonesian. Yogyakarta: Program Studi Sastra Inggris, Fakultas Sastra,

Universitas Sanata Dharma, 2017.

Sebagai sistem komputer berskala besar zaman sekarang, mesin terjemahan

(MT) menyediakan kepraktisan, kemudahan dan efisiensi dikarenakan prosesnya

yang cepat. Penggunaan utama MT untuk fungsi informatif dan komunikatif

menjadi salah satu alasan kenapa kemampuan MT dalam menyalurkan makna dari

bahasa satu ke bahasa lainnya seharusnya menjadi prioritas utama. Namun, MT

belum dianggap sebagai alat sempurna yang selalu tepat dalam menyalurkan

makna dari bahasa sumber (ST) ke bahasa target (TT). Maka dari itu, sangat

dibutuhkan sebuah bentuk evaluasi yang menitikberatkan akurasi semantiks untuk

menilai kinerja MT.

Skripsi ini mengkaji kesalahan-kesalahan yang ditemukan dalam produk

terjemahan Bing Translator (BT) dan Google Translate (GT). Keduanya dipilih

karena MT-MT tersebut merupakan yang paling dikenal baik oleh pengguna

Indonesia. Produk terjemahan yang akan dianalisis adalah teks sastra oleh

Hemingway berjudul Cat in the Rain dan teks akademik oleh Barry berjudul

“Feminism and Feminist Criticism” dalam buku Beginning Theory. Kedua MT

memiliki kemungkinan yang sama besarnya untuk membuat kesalahan

terjemahan, namun pada aspek-aspek yang berbeda. Melalui analisis eror yang

menekankan pada akurasi semantiks, skripsi ini kemudian akan mencoba untuk

menemukan kinerja yang berbeda dari kedua MT tersebut. Perbedaan tersebut

dapat tercerminkan melalui jumlah kesalahan pada masing-masing kategori eror

berdasar jenis teks yang berbeda.

Peneliti menggunakan studi sampel secara purposif untuk mengumpulkan

data. Oleh karena itu, sampel yang diambil merupakan sampel yang memenuhi

syarat ataupun karakteristik yang dapat mewakili tujuan penelitian.

Jumlah kesalahan yang ditemukan dalam terjemahan GT lebih sedikit

dibanding BT. Hal ini berarti GT lebih baik dalam menerjemahkan konsep

semantiks dan hubungannya satu sama lain. Selain itu, BT dan GT menunjukkan

perbedaan kinerja dalam menerjemahkan hubungan antar konsep semantiks jika

dilihat dari jenis teks yang diterjemahkan. Adanya penggunaan kalimat-kalimat

yang lebih panjang dan stuktur yang lebih kompleks dalam teks akademik dalam

studi ini menyebabkan semakin rumit pula hubungan semantiks dalam teks

akademik dibandingkan teks sastra yang digunakan dalam studi ini. Hal ini

didukung juga dengan fakta bahwa teks sastra tersebut sebagian besar terdiri dari

dialog dan kalimat pendek. Oleh karena itu, BT menunjukkan kinerja yang

berbeda ketika dihadapkan dengan jenis teks yang berbeda sedangkan kinerja GT

lebih stabil dalamjenis teks berbeda sekalipun, terutama dalam hal menjaga

hubungan semantiks antar konsep dalam kalimat.


1

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

A. Background of the Study

Since the first computer was invented, technology is now developing. There

has been a considerable development on the amount of research done to use

computer as a machine which can translate one language into other languages.

Although machine translation (MT) has a tentative beginning in 1950s, it

continues with various MT systems’ emergence in 1980s. Then in 2000s, it is still

developing into more various and larger systems. Hutchins states that MT has

developed into a large-scale, commercial system as a part of computers’ program

(2003: 161-174).

As it now has become a large-scale computer system, MT offers

considerable practicality, simplicity and efficiency to the extent that it becomes a

shortcut for many people to overcome their language barrier in the

communication process. MT enables the translation process in which it requires

little involvement or no involvement of human (Roberts, 2002:430), MT follows

its pattern on an automatic system and database in the process of translating one

language into another one. MT users simply need to put a text in the MT, and it

will do the rest. Therefore, MT provides an effortless process and delivers a

speedy translation product.


2

On the other hand, MT as an automatic system cannot be considered as a perfect

tool whose translation quality is always reliable. Nida and Taber mark that

translation in a reproducing process of the “closest natural equivalent of the

source language message” (1982: 12). Thus, a translator should have sufficient

understanding and knowledge of both source language (SL) and target language

(TL) in order to be able to provide the closest representation. Meanwhile, MT

produces the translated texts (product) only by following the mechanism or

pattern based on its each system and database. Therefore, if there are words or

concepts which are not present in the MT’s database system, it will not be able to

recognize the words or concepts. Hence, there is a high chance of errors found in

the product of MT which can determine the quality assessment of the MT itself.

The evaluation of MT quality has various aspects of determinants. The

determinants of MT quality proposed by Arnold, Balkan, Meijer, Humphreys and

Sadler are intelligibility, accuracy, error analysis and test suite (Arnold, Balkan,

Meijer, Humphreys and Sadler, 1994: 161-170). One of the most popular

evaluation determinants of MT quality is error analysis. Errors which are found in

the product of MT can be counted, analyzed and compiled to draw a picture of the

MT translation quality. Arnold states that error analysis of MT product can give

the potential users of MT the reflection of the errors affect the time taken for post-

editing the mistake or simply the reflection of errors’ effect on the product’s

intelligibility (Arnold et al., 1994: 166). Koponen categorizes the criteria in

assessing translation quality of MT by dividing the types of the error made by

MT. These types are based on the each mismatching of a concept’s semantic


3

component, which are omitted concept, added concept, untranslated concept,

mistranslated concept, substituted concept and explicitated concept (Koponen,

2010: 4).

In this study, the researcher is going to observe and analyze the errors made

in translation products of two different MT systems, Bing Translator and Google

Translate in order to contrast the MT’s performance. Although both MTs are

statistical machine translation, there are many considerable differences found in

the final product made by those two products. Those differences are caused by the

difference of data uploaded into each MT. Therefore, the system database of each

MT is different.

Bing Translator and Google Translate are chosen to be discussed because of

Indonesian users’ familiarity with them. Bing Translator is quite well-known in

Indonesia as MT that powers automated translation of contents posted in some

social media such as Twitter and Facebook. According to the data from

Socialbakers.com and Mediabistro.com, Indonesia sits in the 5th position among

countries with 29 million Twitter users as of March 2013 (Brand24, 2013).

Moreover, a survey carried out by Statista Market Analytics shows that as of May

2016, with 77.58 million users, Indonesia takes the fourth place of countries with

biggest number of Facebook users (Statista Digital Market Outlook, 2016). With

such big population of those social media users in Indonesia, Bing Translator –

realized or not, is a frequently-used MT in Indonesia. Similarly, the use of Google

Translate among Indonesian in their every daily life aspects is very common.

According to Google Translate Official Blog, there are more than 500 million


4

users of Google Translate. Along with Spanish, Arabic, Russian and Portuguese,

Indonesian is one of the five most common TLs translating from English as SL

(Google Official Blog, 2016).

The researcher focuses on the errors made by two MT systems in

translating literary texts and academic texts. Different types of texts are chosen in

order to see whether the MT produces various pattern or result based on the text

type. The literary text to be observed is Hemingway’s Cat in the Rain (1946). The

academic text to be discussed is Barry’s “Feminism and Feminist Criticism” in

Beginning Theory (2002).

Although technology development has given human a huge favor such as

the existence of MT which brings human efficiency, practicality, and simplicity in

overcoming language barrier, it still has its limitation. Thus, human cannot rely

completely on MT. Arnold et. al. say, “translation is necessary for communication

— for ordinary human interaction, and for gathering the information one needs to

play a full part in society” (Arnold et al., 1994: 4).

As stated by Arnold et. al., translation is a significant process so that the

messages are delivered completely. Meanwhile, most MT users are not well aware

of this fact and take the translations as it is. The rapid growth of MT’s use does

not go along with its users’ awareness of that fact that MT translation product is

not completely reliable and perfect, although it is still usable. Whereas, the

importance of the message delivered in the translation process including in MT is

an essential aspect. Therefore, the researcher is interested in evaluating or

assessing the performance by both MTs through error analysis. The researcher


5

expects that the result will show interesting contrasts in products in order to

measure the performance of both MTs. Thus, a suggestion for the MT system and

users’ consideration can be provided as a result of this study. Moreover, as this

research focuses on the performance made by two MTs, Bing Translator and

Google Translate, the researcher expects that this study can be taken as a useful

reference for other related studies of quality assessment or performance of

machine translation in the future.

B. Problem Formulation

This study focuses on the problems formulated in these two questions:

1. What errors are found in the translation of literary and academic texts using

Bing Translator and Google Translate?

2. How do Bing Translator and Google Translate perform in translating the

literary and academic texts?

C. Objectives of the Study

This study aims to find and analyze the errors made by two different MTs,

Bing Translator and Google Translate in translating literary and academic texts:

Hemingway’s Cat in the Rain, and Barry’s “Feminism and Feminist Criticism” in

Beginning Theory from English into Indonesian. The error analysis is used as the

determinant in order to measure the performance of the two different MTs and

find out the differences in translating each type of text.


6

D. Definition of Terms

To avoid misunderstanding, the terms used in this study are defined as follows:

Machine Translation, according to Roberts is the act of translation which

is performed by “computer using a specialized computer programs that support

the translator” (2002: 430). He also marks the point that in the translation process

of MT, there is little involvement or no intervention at all of humans.

Translation Performance is explained by Hutchins and Somers as the

fulfillment of all range of linguistic phenomena which the MT is supposed to cope

with in the translation process. (1992: 165). Furthermore, Hutchins and Somers

point out that the evaluation the performance of machine translation can be done

through its quality including fidelity and intelligibility, error rates, and the speed

of MT in producing the TT. In this study, researcher focuses on the error rates

found in the MT product to measure the performance of the MT.

Error Analysis is one of the methods to conduct an evaluation of MT. This

method is used in this research to find out the error rates in products of MT. This

method is conducted by counting the errors found in three English texts translated

by Bing Translator and Google Translate. Simply put, the goal of this method is

that the errors then are analyzed to identify the pattern and classification of each

error (Hutchins and Somers, 1992:164-165).

Bing Translator is an online statistical MT system developed by Microsoft

which enables its users to translate words, phrases, sentences, texts, entire

webpage, documents or speeches between more than 50 languages. Bing


7

Translator online portal allows its users to translate maximum 5000 characters in

each input. It also allows users to give feedback of the translation products and

provides users with alternative translations of every word.

Google Translate is an online MT developed by Google which enables its

user to translate a written text between more than 100 languages, including

Indonesian and English. Google Translate is also a statistical MT, meaning that it

works by collecting data from users of internet to be taken into its database

system. Google Translate allows its user to give feedback and post-edit the

products to improve the translation in the future.

Literary text is defined as written or printed writings which have a marked

artistic style to create a particular emotional effect (Oxford Advanced Learner’s

Dictionary, 2010: 869).

Academic text, as defined by Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary, is

written or printed writings which usually emphasized on reading and studying

relating to an educational or scholarly institution or environment (2010: 6).


8

CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

This chapter discusses the studies on similar topic done by other researchers

and reviews some related theories which are applied in this thesis. The related

studies to be elaborated are taken from Kurnianto and Febriana’s thesis. In order

to avoid any plagiarism and discussion on the same topic and result, each study is

discussed and reviewed to see each study’s main focus, its similarities and the

distinctive points between them and this present thesis. Some applicable theories

are also discussed and reviewed to set a well-grounded analysis in which this

thesis is focusing on.

A. Review of Related Studies

1. Kurnianto’s thesis “Google Translate Assessment with Error Analysis:

An Attempt to Reduce Errors”

Kurnianto’s undergraduate thesis discusses the errors found in the

Indonesian translation of three texts – Ownership Agreement document, National

Geographic article and an iPad user guide, which are translated from English by

Google Translate. He then categorizes each errors using Koponen’s classification

of errors which are dealing with source and target languages’ semantic concepts.

By using this classification, he categorizes the errors into added concept, omitted

concept, mistranslated concept, untranslated concept, substituted concept and

explicitated concept. His research finds out that Google Translate makes a total of


9

206 errors, with almost half of them are under the category of mistranslated

concept (136 errors).

These categories of errors lead him into the suggestion for users to reduce

the possibility of errors made by Google Translate based on Farrús’ suggestion

and trial and error method. It means that his suggestions are not able to reduce the

errors itself, but only the possibility of it to happen. Nevertheless, he demonstrates

his suggestions are efficient to reduce up until 50% the possibility of errors made.

Kurnianto’s finding is one of the pilot studies of the errors categories

proposed by Koponen. He also uses three different types of texts to show whether

different type of text results different pattern. This present thesis also uses

Koponen’s categories to analyze the data taken from different type of texts.

However, it stops only at finding the errors found in relations between source and

target language concepts. Meanwhile, Koponen proposes also the categories in

relations between concepts. In addition, the points suggested to reduce the

possibility of errors in his findings somehow are on the contrary with the essence

of MT itself, which is its practicality.

This thesis’ main focus is on the errors, then based on them, the researcher

conducts the suggestion as an attempt to reduce the errors for Google Translate’s

users. This present thesis tries a new aspect on analyzing the topic by focusing on

the MT’s output quality instead of how the users can reduce the errors. Moreover,

this present thesis also attempts further to find the error not only based on

individual concepts, but also the relations between them. In addition, the previous


10

study only discusses one type of MT, Google Translate, while the present thesis

tries to contrast two different MT, Bing Translator and Google Translate.

2. Febriana’s thesis “The Translation Performance of Sederet.com and

Google Translate: A Comparative Study with Error Analysis”

Febriana’s undergraduate thesis discusses the performance of two MT,

Sederet.com and Google Translate, in translating three short stories: Dad’s

Blessing, The Grasshopper and the Ant, and The Princess and the Pea. In line

with Kurnianto’s thesis, Febriana’s also uses Koponen’s error categories which

make the errors found in three texts translated by those two MT are classified into

added concept, omitted concept, mistranslated concept, untranslated concept,

substituted concept and explicitated concept. This research finds 387 errors in

total and nearly 70% of them are in the category of mistranslated concept. In this

thesis, the percentage of errors made in all concepts is used as the criterion of

measuring the performance of each type of MT. Generally, it shows that

Sederet.com as a machine translation performs better than Google Translate.

The only object of the study in Febriana’s thesis is the same text type: short

story. This choice can be quite tricky because it is not necessarily mentioned in

the title as the focus of the study. Therefore, the result of this study must be wisely

taken as the result of errors found in short stories. Unfortunately, along with this

restriction of text type, it also shows that this result does not demonstrate various

patterns regarding the text type being translated by MT. Besides, it only stops

with discussing the category based on relations between source and target

language concepts, not all the way up to the category based on relations between


11

the concepts. Furthermore, in every category, MT with better performance is

mentioned orderly based on its percentage. However, in the conclusion, she only

takes a general scope of the performance by counting the errors in total, without

considering the significance of each type of errors found for the performance.

This present thesis develops Febriana’s thesis by using different text type –

literary text and academic text with reference to Ernest Hemingway’s Cat in the

Rain, and a text on Section Feminism and Feminism Criticism, Chapter Feminist

Criticism in Peter Barry’s Beginning Theory. Moreover, this present thesis tries to

contrast each MT based not only on the average percentage of errors made, but

also on the percentage of each errors type made by MT. In addition, while this

thesis discusses Google Translate and Sederet.com, the present thesis tries to

contrast Bing Translator and Google Translate. In addition, this present thesis also

does not only stop at finding errors based on individual concepts, but also based

on the relations between them.

B. Review of Related Theories

1. Translation

Nida and Taber state that, “translating consists in reproducing in the

receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source language message,

first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style” (1982: 12). The

definition given suggests that Nida and Taber put the equivalence on meaning as

the priority in translating rather than the style, and also point out the style’s

significance. Similarly, Bell puts forward the idea of translation as the transfer of


12

a text in one language to another language from “the semantic sense of each word

and sentence” (1991: 7).

Likewise, Bassnett states,

What is generally understood as translation involves the rendering of a

source language (SL) text into the target language (TL) so as to ensure

that (1) the surface meaning of the two will be approximately similar and

(2) the structures of the SL will be preserved as closely as possible but

not so closely that the TL structures will be seriously distorted (Bassnett,

2002: 12).

From these definitions above, it can be concluded that translation includes

the process of reproducing, rendering or transferring the meaning in one language

into another language by the closest yet natural equivalence. Although Nida and

Taber also put style as a significance consideration in translation, it is apparent

that these definitions put the semantic or meaning equivalence as the key terms in

the definition of translation. Thus, these definitions agree that the TL readers

should have the same response or meaning with SL readers when reading the

translation.

2. Machine Translation

Roberts says that if the definition of MT is taken depending on the agent

performing the translation act, MT is simply the act of translation done by the

computer using a specialized computer program (MT system) (2010: 430). He

further elaborates in MT, “the computer program analyzes the text to be translated

(“source text”, or ST) and produces a translation (“target text,” or TT)” (2010:

430). This fact makes it seems like there is no need for human intervention in the

process. He points out that nonetheless, human intervention is needed in some

extent – even the lightest task, such as pre-editing and post-editing.


13

Moreover, Hutchins and Somers, in their book An Introduction to Machine

Translation state that MT is a term used for “computerized systems responsible

for the production of translations from one natural language into another, with or

without human assistance” (1992: 3). They further elaborates that by human

assistance it means that,

It does, however, include systems in which translators or other users

assist computers in the production of translations, including various

combinations of text preparation, on-line interactions and subsequent

revisions of output (Hutchins and Somers, 1992: 3)

Even though Hutchins and Somers do not fully exclude the human

intervention in their definition, they subsequently emphasize that the kernel point

of MT itself is the entire process of translation is being automated (Hutchins and

Somers, 1992: 3). In conclusion, MT can be defined as the specialized

computerized system which performs the process of translation automatically with

or without direct involvement of human. Despite the involvement of human in

some extent are required in the process, both theories have the same main point on

the key term in MT as the automated process of the translation act.

3. Error Analysis in Machine Translation

Hutchins and Somers assert that one of the most useful and practical way to

evaluate MT in by counting the error to find the amount of work on revision or

correction needed in the raw output. Commonly, error analysis is performed by

counting “each addition or deletion of a word, substitution of one word by

another, and instance of the transposition of words in phrases” (1992:164). The

result of the counting then will be calculated into the errors or revised words’


14

percentage in the whole text. Providing the alternative answer for the error is also

needed for the researcher to conduct the comparison in identifying the errors.

On the other hand, this kind of method can be questioned of its objectivity

because there are differences in what each reviser takes as error and their

acceptability toward the output text. Hutchins and Somers point out that to solve

this problem, error analysis needed to be done based on a “classification of errors

by type of linguistic phenomenon and by relative difficulty of correction”

(1992:164) and subsequently the way to measure the performance of the MT.

Therefore, error analysis in assessing MT cannot be done merely by counting the

errors. It also needs to be based on some operational classifications to lessen the

possibility of subjective account in determining the errors.

4. Koponen’s Errors Classification in Assessing Machine Translation

Quality

Regarding the problem of subjectivity in using error analysis in assessing

machine translation quality, Hutchins and Somers as stated above, suggest that

there has to be a classification of errors in the assessment. Some existing

classifications of errors are based mostly on the fluency of forms and accuracy of

the contents. In her journal Assessing Machine Translation Quality with Error

Analysis (2010: 1-12), Koponen proposes the idea of using error analysis to assess

the quality of machine translation output in terms of semantic content accuracy

(translation errors) rather than only the fluency of forms and accuracy of contents

(language errors). Translation errors refers to the errors which are caused by the

wrong lexical meaning of either words or relations. On the other hand, language


15

errors means that the errors in tranlation related to the form of languages such as

punctuation and capitalization.

Emphasizing the semantic accuracy, she roughly defined a translation error

as “semantic components not shared by source text (ST) and target text (TT) in

which semantic components are individual concept and the semantic relations

between two concepts” (Koponen, 2010: 3). Thus, she divides the error categories

into two big classes: 1) Errors based on the mismatches between source and target

concepts, and 2) Errors based on the mismatches in relations between concepts.

The first is the category based on the accuracy of relations between source

and target language individual concept while the second one is based on the

relations between those concepts. Individual concepts are the concepts in source

and target language which are conveyed through content words. Errors between

source and target concept are then divided into six categories: omitted, added,

untranslated, mistranslated, substituted, and explicitated concepts. The elaboration

of each error type below is provided by Koponen while the examples are provided

by the present writer.

Types of

Concept

Error

Meaning Example

Omitted

Concept

ST concept that is not

conveyed by the TT.

ST: I’m going down and get that kitty.

TT: Aku akan mendapatkan kucing itu.

Added

Concept

TT concept that is not

present in the ST.

ST: The motor cars were gone.

TT: Motor mobil pergi.

Untransla-

ted Concept

SL words that appear

in TT.

ST: I’m going down and get that kitty.

TT: Aku akan mendapatkan kitty itu.

Mistransla-

ted Concept

A TT concept has the

wrong meaning for the

context.

ST: They were big palms.

TT: Ada telapak tangan besar


16

Types of

Concept

Error

Meaning Example

Substituted

Concept

TT concept is not a

direct lexical

equivalent for ST

concept but can be

considered a valid

replacement for the

context.

ST: His wife looked out of the window.

TT: Istrinya menjenguk dari jendela.

Explicitated

Concept

TT concept explicitly

states information left

implicit in ST without

adding information.

ST: They were big palms.

TT: Ada pohon besar.

The second category is classified into eight subclasses: omitted participant,

omitted relation, added participant, added relation, mistaken participant, mistaken

relation, substituted participant and substituted relation. Relations between source

and target concepts are represented through expression such as function words,

inflection and word order. Relations error types are divided into participant

and relation. The former refers to relation errors happen caused by the head and

dependent of the sentence while the latter refers to the mismatched thematic roles

between ST and TT. The meanings below are provided by Koponen while the

examples are provided both by the present writer and Koponen.

Types of

Relations

Error

Meaning Example

Omitted

participant

ST relation not

conveyed by the TT due

to an omitted head or

dependent.

ST: His wife was looking out of the

window.

TT: Istrinya sedang keluar dari jendela.

omitted relation of location involving

the omitted concept of ‘looking’

Omitted

relation

ST relation not

conveyed by the TT due

to morpho-syntactic

errors that prevent

parsing the relation

ST: in feminism as in other approaches

TT: di feminisme dalam pendekatan

lainnya

omitted relation involving the word

seperti ‘as’, both concepts present


17

Types of

Relations

Error

Meaning Example

although both concepts

are present in TT.

Added

participant

TT relation not present

in the ST introducing an

added concept.

ST: in such a way that ...

TT: dalam sedemikian rupa sehingga

Addition of ‘dalam’ adds the locative

relation of ‘in’ and ‘such a way’

Added

relation

TT relation not present

in the ST arises due to

morpho-syntactic

errors.

ST: Norton AntiVirus from a CD

TT: dari CD-Norton AntiVirus (trans.)

Added modifier for ‘CD’

Mistaken

participant

(MP)

Head/dependent of the

relation different in ST

and TT, not same

entity.

ST: His wife was looking out of the

window.

TT: Istrinya sedang keluar dari jendela.

‘out’ as the verb of the subject ‘his

wife’

Mistaken

relation

(MR)

Relation between 2

concepts different in ST

and TT, changed role.

ST: books which had diagnosed the

problem

TT: buku yang telah didiagosis masalah

mistaken theme relation of ‘books’

and ’had been diagnosed’

Substituted

participant

(SP)

Head/dependent of the

relation different in ST

and TT, same entity.

ST: citizens who are nationals of ...

TT: warga negara dari (trans.)

warga negara ‘citizens’ replaces two

concepts, same meaning.

Substituted

relation

(SR)

Relation between 2

concepts different in ST

and TT, same semantic

roles.

ST: The Treaty of Lisbon amends...

TT: with the Treaty of Lisbon is

amended

same semantic role: instrument

Putting more emphasis on the semantic content of error analysis in assessing

machine translation as one of the determinant of evaluating its quality, Koponen’s

study and proposed theory is one of the pilot study in this area. However,

Koponen’s theory has not yet able to observe the criticalness of each and different

error type. This kind of observation can lead to the portrayal of which amiss

semantic content type in translation brings the biggest impact on the readers’

comprehension upon reading the output text in the real situation.


18

5. Semantics

Semantics as one of the linguistic branch which deals with meaning, as

defined by Fromkin, Rodman, and Hyams is “the study of the linguistic meaning

of morphemes, word, phrases, and sentences” (2014: 139). Leech, also describes

the idea of this field as a study of meaning as “a linguistic phenomenon in its own

right, not as something outside language” (1981: 8). It means that the meaning

which is being discussed in semantics is within the language itself. Therefore,

knowing semantics should be regarded as knowing the organization or system of

words and sentences which show their relations from one to another, as well as

“recognizing sentences are meaningful and which are not” (1981: 8).

As the brief explanation above shows what semantics is in general sense, it

also points out that the theory of semantics can be applied as the basis of analysis

in examining the errors of the data collected in this research. The error analysis

proposed by Koponen puts more emphasis on the semantic content accuracy in

assessing the machine translation quality. It is because the theory includes the

process of interpreting the meaning of a word by its semantic content. Therefore,

the theory of semantics is very useful in helping the researcher to determine the

error types on first category or individual concept error by comparing the

semantics components of a source language’s concept to target language’s. Not

only that, to determine the accuracy of the translation made by machine

translation the analysis also puts forward the idea of how those words relate one

another in sentences as represented by its semantic roles.


19

Semantic roles or often called thematic roles “express the kind of relation

that holds between the arguments of the verb and the type of situation that the

verb describes” (Fromkin et al., 2014: 163). It means that the concept of semantic

roles is in line with one of the assessment instrument in Koponen’s error analysis,

which is the error based on the relation between concepts. In general, the main

thematic roles as summed up by Fromkin et al. (2003: 192-193), are illustrated in

the table below.

Table 2.1. Descriptions and Examples of Thematic Roles

Thematic Role Description Example

Agent the one who performs an action Joyce ran.

Theme the one or thing that undergoes

an action Mary found the puppy.

Location the place where an action

happens It rains in Spain.

Goal the place to which an action is

directed Put the cat on the porch.

Source the place from which an action

originates

He flew from Iowa to

Idaho.

Instrument the means by which an action is

performed Jo cuts hair with a razor.

Experiencer one who perceives something Helen heard Robert

playing the piano

Causative a natural force that causes a

change

The wind damaged the

roof.

Possessor one who has something The tail of the dog

wagged furiously.

Thematic roles are useful in order to determine the error in the category of

error based on relation between concepts. It is because thematic role is one of the

instruments which express the relations between words in a sentence. Therefore,

the analysis on the erorr on this category can be conducted by looking at whether


20

the thematic role of a concept or relation in TT expresses the same relation

intended in ST. Thus, the relations which are changed in TT can be considered as

error on the second category.

C. Theoretical Framework

The definitions of translation according to Nida and Taber, Bell, and

Bassnett, the definitions of machine translation according to Roberts as well as

Hutchins and Somers, and the definitions of error analysis in machine translation

proposed by Hutchins and Somers which are explained previously are

implemented as the basic understanding to the topic being discussed in this thesis.

After recognizing those definitions, specifically, the theory of error analysis

proposed by Koponen is used so that the researcher can identify the errors in the

translation by MTs in order to answer the first problem. In determining the errors

as well as how the errors are classified in Koponen’s error categories, the theory

of semantic is used within the process of analysis. The first error category of

Koponen’s classification is individual concept error while the second is relation

between concepts error. The former category, for instance, can be recognized by

comparing the semantic component of a concept represented through content

words in ST to TT. Meanwhile, the error which falls into the latter category can

be determined by comparing the relations in the ST’s sentence to the TT’s. The

result of the first problem then can be further elaborated to answer the second

problem – to determine the different performance between both MTs. As the

difference will be based on the errors rate made in each error type in Koponen’s

theory.


21

CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

This chapter discusses briefly the areas of research, object and method of

the study as well as the procedure of the research to be conducted. The elaboration

of these aspects will be done as clearly as possible in order to avoid confusion. In

this chapter, researcher not only explains the area, object, method and procedure,

but also gives examples on how the data analysis will be conducted in order to

enable the readers to understand the framework of the research.

A. Areas of Research

The areas of translation research conducted in this study are translation and

information technology. One of the topics which Williams and Chesterman

classify as the range of translation and technology areas is evaluating software

(2002:15). The research can be about finding the strengths and weaknesses of an

MT as well as the suggestions for its improvement (Williams and Chesterman,

2002: 15). As an alternative, Williams and Chesterman point out that the

researcher can “compare two or more products which are designed to do the same

thing” (2002:15-16). This research observes the products of two different MTs,

Bing Translator and Google Translate. Both MTs are given the same task of

translating Hemingway’s Cat in the Rain, and a text on Section “Feminism and

Feminist Criticism” in Barry’s Beginning Theory.


22

B. Object of the Study

The object of the study is the sentences in literary text and academic text

translated by two different MTs, Bing Translator and Google Translate. The

English literary text is Hemingway’s Cat in the Rain, and the academic text is a

section in Barry’s “Feminism and Feminist Criticism” in Beginning Theory. Both

Bing Translator and Google Translator are the MTs which enable their users to

translate words, phrases, sentences or texts from one language into another

language, one of the language pairs is from English to Indonesian. Bing Translator

is the MT developed by Microsoft while Google Translate is developed by

Google. By combining the definitions from Oxford Advanced Learner’s

Dictionary, a literary text can be defined as a piece of writing such as novel, short

story, poem or play which is valued as art work while an academic text is a text

which involves a lot of reading and studying specifically about particular subject

for the use of education as in schools or universities.

C. Method of the Study

This study applies library research method in writing the chapter on

literatures and theories review. It requires the researcher to collect all the

definitions, theories and previous study on related topic in order to provide help in

the analysis. In analyzing the data, the researcher uses error analysis and

comparative study to identify, classify the errors as well as find out even the

source of the error which eventually leads to the different performances of Bing

Translator and Google Translate.


23

The data used in this research are primary data which means to say that they

are not taken from other previous studies or research. Instead, the researcher

directly collects all the data from the English short story by Hemingway entitled

Cat in the Rain and English academic text about feminism in Barry’s Beginning

Theory which are translated by Bing Translator and Google Translate.

D. Research Procedure

1. Types of Data

The data collected in this research are objective data which means they are

taken from the ST and TT. The ST are two English texts: one is a literary text by

Hemingway entitled Cat in the Rain and the other is an academic text entitled

“Feminism and Feminist Criticism” in Barry’s Beginning Theory. The TT is the

Indonesian translations of those texts done by Bing Translator and Google

Translate.

As the source text, Hemingway’s Cat in the Rain consists of 120 sentences

and a title of which the word count is 1163 words. “Feminism and Feminism

Criticism” in Barry’s Beginning Theory has 31 sentences, a title and 953 words.

The former has fairly medium-length of simple descriptive sentences and

conversation while most of the sentences in the latter are rather long and complex

sentences. After being translated by Bing Translator and Google Translate, in

detail, researcher obtains 240 Indonesian sentences and 2 Indonesian titles

Translate. For the latter text, the researcher has 62 Indonesian sentences with 2

Indonesian titles.


24

2. Data Collection

There are some steps that the researcher went through in order to collect

sufficient and complete data. Firstly, the researcher chose two texts, a literary text

and an academic text. Different text types were chosen in order to see whether the

MTs, Bing Translator and Google Translate produced various pattern or result

based on the text type. The literary text chosen was Hemingway’s Cat in the Rain

while the academic text chosen is “Feminism and Feminist Criticism” in Barry’s

Beginning Theory.

Then, the number of sentences and words of each text were counted and

each sentence was put into a table. After the texts were translated by Bing

Translator and Google Translate, the number and sentences and words in the

translations of both texts were also counted. Subsequently, the sentences of

translated texts were also put side to side to the sentences of ST in the table and

coded as follows:

Table 3.1. Examples of Translated Sentences by BT and GT

No. ST No. BT No. GT

2/ST/CR/

1

There were

only two

Americans

stopping at the

hotel.

2/TT/C

R/BT/1

Ada hanya dua

warga Amerika

yang berhenti di

hotel.

2/TT/C

R/GT/1

Hanya ada dua

orang Amerika

berhenti di

hotel.

3/ST/CR

/2

They did not

know any of

the people

they passed

on the stairs

on their way

to and from

their room.

3/TT/C

R/BT/2

Mereka tidak

tahu apapun

dari orang

yang mereka

lewat di atas

tangga dalam

perjalanan

mereka ke dan

dari kamar

mereka.

3/TT/C

R/GT/2

Mereka tidak

tahu salah satu

orang yang

mereka

diteruskan

tangga dalam

perjalanan

mereka ke dan

dari kamar

mereka.


25

In which,

1, 2 : order of the data

ST : Source Text

TT : Target Text

CR : Cat in the Rain (the title of the literary text)

FC : Feminism and Feminist Criticism (the title of the academic text)

BT : Bing Translator

GT : Google Translate

TI : Title

1 : order of the sentence within the text

3. Population and Sample

The population of source text in this research are 120 sentences from

Hemingway’s Cat in the Rain and 31 sentences from “Feminism and Feminist

Criticism” in Barry’s Beginning Theory. After they were translated by BT and


1/ST/F

C/TI

Feminism

and feminist

criticism

1/TT/FC

/BT/1

Feminisme

dan feminis

kritik

1/TT/FC

/GT/1

Feminisme

dan kritik

feminis

2/ST/F

C/1

The 'women's

movement' of

the 1960s

was not, of

course, the

start of

feminism.

2/TT/FC

/BT/2

‘Gerakan

perempuan’

tahun 1960-

an adalah

tidak, tentu

saja, awal

feminisme.

2/TT/FC

/GT/1

The

'perempuan

gerakan' dari

tahun 1960-an

tidak, tentu

saja, awal

feminisme.

... ... ... ... ... ...


26

GT, in total, 302 Indonesian sentences and 4 Indonesian titles of both texts were

obtained as the data population.

Due to the large number of the population and in which the data were not in

line with the purpose of this research, sample-taking was necessary. As one of the

questions the research aims to answer is the different performances of the two

MTs, the samples were taken purposively. Purposive sampling is sample

collection which is conducted “based on certain characteristics in the population”

(Widodo, 2012: 58, translated). This kind of sampling enables writer to select a

sub-collection of population of which matches the requirement or characteristic

that can represent the research purpose. In line with Widodo, Teddlie and Yu also

state,

Purposive sampling techniques are primarily used in qualitative (QUAL)

studies and may be defined as selecting units (e.g., individuals, groups of

individuals, institutions) based on specific purposes associated with

answering a research study’s questions (Teddlie and Yu, 2007: 77).

As mentioned by Widodo as well as Teddlie and Yu above, the writer had to

set certain or specific characteristics of data which were considered relevant in

answering the research questions. In this case, the characteristics of data needed

were the same sentences translated by both MTs which contained one or more

different type of errors from each other. The different types of errors made by

each MT were supposed to illustrate the pattern which showed any difference in

both BT and GT’s performances in translating each text type. As the result, 72

Indonesian sentences for each MT’s translation were taken as sample of 50

sentences taken from the literary text and 22 sentences taken from the academic


27

text. These 72 sentences then were put into a new table containing all samples to

be examined closely in the analysis.

4. Data Analysis

There were two steps taken in order to analyze the data when conducting

this research. Firstly, to answer the first problem in this research, the researcher

applied Koponen’s error categories: 1) Errors related to individual concepts, and

2) Errors related to relations between concepts. As a starter, the collected data

were analyzed and examined based on the MT produced. After an error was

found, it was being classified using Koponen’s error analysis theory. In order to

identfy, classify and find out the source of error, the process of error analysis

requires the existence of alternative answer for the error for it to be compared.

Several tables are used for each table will provide the errors based on its

categories and subcategories. For the individual concept errors, the error types

made by each MT and the alternative translation were also needed to be provided

for a systematical analysis of each sentence. As for the relation between concepts

errors, a brief description of relation errors was considered necessary to point out

the errors made by each MT. A more clear illustration is reflected on the tables

below.

Table 3.2. Description of Errors based on Individual Concept

No. ST No. TT Type of

Errors

Alternative

Translation

Bing Translator

20/S

T/C

R/19

‘I’m going

down and get

...

20/TT

/CR/B

T/19

‘Aku akan

mendapatkan

...

Omitted

Concept-

verb

‘Aku akan

turun dan ...


28


Errors

Alternative

Translation

Bing Translator

4/ST

/FC/

3

... male writers

like Milton,

Pope, and ...

4/TT/

FC/B

T/3

... laki-laki

penulis seperti

Milton, Paus

dan ...

Added

Concept-

name

... penulis laki-

laki seperti

Milton, Pope

dan ...

.... .... .... .... .... ....

Google Translate Translator

20/S

T/C

R/19

... get that

kitty,’ ...

20/TT

/CR/G

T/19

... dan

mendapatkan

kitty itu," ...

Untranslated

Concept-

noun

... dan

mengambil

kucing itu,’ ...

15/S

T/F

C/14

Instead, the

focus of

interest ...

15/TT

/FC/G

T/14

Sebaliknya,

fokus menarik

...

Mistransla-

ted

Concept-

noun

Sebaliknya,

fokus bunga

...

... ... ... .... .... ....

Table 3.3. Description of Errors based on Relation between Concepts

No. ST No. TT Relation Errors Alternative

Translation

Bing Translator

105/

ST/

CR/

104

His wife

was looking

out of the

window.

105/T

T/CR/

BT/10

4

Istrinya

sedang

keluar dari

jendela.

The goal/ direction

‘out’ is omitted due

to the omission of

the verb ‘looking’

Istrinya se-

dang meman-

dang ke luar

jendela.

39/S

T/C

R/38

... and big

hands.

39/TT

/CR/B

T/38

... dan

besar

tangan.

Besar ‘big’becomes

the head of the

phrase instead of

tangan ‘hands’.

... dan tangan-

tangan

besarnya.

....

Google Translate

2/ST

/FC/

1

The

'women's

movement'

of the 1960s

...

2/TT/

FC/G

T/1

The 'pe-

rempuan

gerakan'

dari tahun

1960-an ...

Perempuan ‘women’

becomes the head of

the phrase.

'Gerakan

perempuan'

tahun 1960-an

...

4/ST

/FC/

3

... and

Simone de

Beauvoir's

The Second

Sex

(1949),...

4/TT/

FC/G

T/3

dan

Simone de

Beauvoir

The Se-

cond Sex

(1949), ...

The contraction ‘s

which shows

possesor relation

between the book

and its author is not

conveyed.

dan The

Second Sex

(1949) oleh

Simone de

Beauvoir, ...

....


29

Secondly, in order to answer the second problem of this thesis, the data

would be summed up based on each error category and the MT. Every error

subcategory would be calculated according to each text type. After all errors in

every subcategory were obtained, the number would be totalized to be the number

of Concept Error Total and Concept Relation Total. Then, the researcher would

use these numbers to find out the total of errors made by each MT, the most

frequent errors made by each MT, and also the pattern of errors made by each MT

in different text type. However, these total errors would not only be the sole

determinants of which MT had the better performance. Instead, the researcher

would consider the criticalness of each type of error to draw the conclusion.

Table 3.4. Individual Concept and Concept Relations Total

Omitted

concept

Added

concept

Untrans-

lated

concept

...

Concept

Error

Total

Bing Literary 15 2 12 82

Academic 8 8 5 59

Total 23 10 17 ... 141

Google Literary 9 1 8 56

Academic 5 5 5 41

Total 14 6 13 ... 97

Omitted

part.

Omitted

rel.

Added

part. ...

Concept

Relation

Total

Bing Literary 3 4 0 41

Academic 0 12 0 76

Total 3 16 0 ... 117

Google Literary 0 0 0 32

Academic 0 9 0 42

Total 0 9 0 ... 74


30

CHAPTER IV

ANALYSIS RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

This chapter discusses the analysis of data which provides answers for the

research’s problem formulation. The discussion of first problem concerning the

errors is arranged into two main subchapters which are based on each text type.

Each subchapter covers the discussion on each error categories found within the

texts. Elaboration on each error type comes with a table or diagram containing

total of error found based on each MT. As for the second problem, the discussion

draws upon the results of first problem to look at the error pattern of each MT.

Thus, the analysis brings to the different performances of both MTs reflected by

the error analysis.

A. The Errors Found in Translation of Literary Text and Academic Text by

Bing Translator and Google Translate

To answer the first problem, the errors made by Bing Translator (BT) and

Google Translate (GT) in Indonesian translation of the literary text, Hemingway’s

Cat in the Rain and the academic text, “Feminism and Feminist Criticism” in

Barry’s Beginning Theory are analyzed. They are analyzed using the theory of

semantics with the reference to Koponen’s theory on error analysis. As explained

in previous chapter, the errors are divided into two big categories with each

category consists of some subcategories as well. All errors found in the

Indonesian translation are organized into two main subchapter based on the text


31

type. The two subchapters cover the analysis and discussion of each error

category and subcategory. To begin with, a table or diagram is provided to show

the comparison of the total error made by both MTs. The discussion does not

cover every single error found. Instead, examples are given in order to give a

clearer illustration of the errors.

1. The Errors Found in the Translation of Literary Text by Bing

Translator and Google Translate

The errors found the translation of the literary text, Hemingway’s Cat in the

Rain are put into two categories based on Koponen’s theory on error analysis. The

first category is individual concept errors and the second is relation between

concept errors.

a. The Errors based on Individual Concept

The errors on individual concept refer to the errors made by MTs on a single

concept represented by content words such as words that function as noun, verb

and adjective. However, one concept does not necessarily mean that it consists of

one word. Concepts may be reflected by “units larger than individual words, for

example in the case of compound noun, names and idioms” (Koponen, 2010: 3).

Individual concept errors are divided into six subcategories: omitted, added,

untranslated, mistranslated, substituted and explicitated concepts.


32

Table 4.1. Individual Concept Errors in Literary Text

The most frequent individual concept error type made by both MTs is

mistranslated concept followed by omitted and untranslated concept with

significant gap. With total of 82 individual concept errors in literary text, BT

makes 59% of the errors. GT, with 56 errors shows that it makes about 20% fewer

this error type compared to BT. The diagram shows that there is respectively one

error on substituted and explicitated concept done by BT while GT does not make

any. A more specific elaboration on each type of errors is discussed below.

i. Omitted Concept

An error is categorized as omitted concept if the ST concept is not conveyed

by the TT. It means that a concept that exists in ST is not translated or does not

appear in TT. Thus the meanings in ST concept are not conveyed at all in TT. The

errors are divided into some subcategories based on which part of speech the

omitted concept belongs to. The subcategories are the omission of the concept of

noun, pronoun, adverb, and verb. BT makes 6 omission of verb out of the 15

errors it makes while Google does the most omission of plural noun.

1

1

51

12

2

15

0

0

38

8

1

9

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

Explicitated

Substituted

Mistranslated

Untranslated

Added

Omitted

GT

BT


33

Table 4.2. Omitted Concept in Literary Text

a) Omitted Noun


Errors

Alternative

Translation

6/ST

/CR/

5

There were big

palms and green

benches ...

6/TT/

CR/B

T/5

Ada pohon

besar dan

bangku-

bangku yang

hijau ...

Mistransla-

ted

Concept-

noun

Ada palem-

palem besar

dan bangku-

bangku yang

hijau ...

Unlike the typical omitted concept error in which the concepts do not appear

at all in the translation, this error shows that there is a translation of the concept.

Thus, this error does seem to be a mistranslated concept at first glance rather than

an omitted concept. However, the translated concept, pohon ‘tree’ by BT is not

classified into the the category of mistranslated concept because it can be

considered as the superordinate of palem-palem ‘palms’. Despite being the

superordinate, it does not change the fact that at the same time there is an

omission of the ‘core’ concept of palem-palem ‘palms’ in ST itself. Therefore, the

direct ST concept of palem-palem ‘palms’ which is left unconveyed in BT’s

translation cause an error in the category of omitted concept.

0

5

10

15

BT GT

15

9


34

b) Omitted Pronoun


Errors

Alternative

Translation

60/S

T/C

R/59

... I wanted it so

much.

60/TT

/CR/

GT/5

9

... aku ingin

begitu banyak.

Omitted

Concept-

pronoun

... aku begitu

menginginkan

nya.

In datum 60/TT/CR/GT/59, the pronoun of nya (itu) ‘it’ is not conveyed.

The function of this pronoun ‘it’ is as an object for the verb ‘wanted’. As the verb

menginginkan ‘wanted’ is a transitive verb, the omission of the pronoun that acts

as the object of the sentence results in an ill-formed sentence. This omission error

may causes confusion and incomplete interpretation by TT reader for the object is

unknown in TT. Therefore, the translation should be completed with the

translation of the pronoun -nya right after the verb.

c) Omitted Adverb


Errors

Alternative

Translation

83/S

T/C

R/82

... a poor kitty

out in the rain.’

83/TT

/CR/

GT/8

2

... kitty miskin

dalam hujan. "

Omitted

Concept-

adverb

... kucing

malang di

luar, dalam

hujan.

The concept of an adverb di luar ‘out’ in the TT is omitted. This adverb

modifies the verb and gives information of a location in the sentence. Due to the

omission of adverb ‘out’ in the TT, the TT does not cover an equal translation

from ST. Furthermore, the translation is followed by a preposition that may cause

TT reader misinterprets dalam hujan ‘in the rain’ as the only position/location in


35

the sentence. Thus, the alternative translation is to position the adverb di luar

‘out’ after the noun ‘a poor kitty’.

d) Omitted Verb


Errors

Alternative

Translation

20/S

T/C

R/19

‘I’m going down

and get ...

20/TT

/CR/B

T/19

‘Aku akan

mendapatkan

...

Omitted

Concept-

verb

‘Aku akan

turun/pergi ke

bawah dan ...

27/S

T/C

R/26

His desk was at

the far end of the

office.

27/TT

/CR/B

T/26

Mejanya pada

ujung kantor.

Omitted

Concept-

linking

verb

Mejanya

berada di

ujung kantor.

73/S

T/C

R/72

She went on up

the stairs.

73/TT

/CR/

GT/7

2

Dia naik ke

atas tangga.

Omitted

Concept-

phrasal

verb

Dia

terus/melanjut

kan menaiki

tangga.

In datum 20/TT/CR/BT/19, the verb ‘going’ is not conveyed. The ST

contains two parallel verb connected by the word ‘and’. However, the translation

omits the first verb and the relation between them. It jumps out straight to the

second verb mendapatkan ‘get’ in the TT. The omission of the verb, of course,

causes effect in the equivalency between ST and TT for the TT does not include

the process shown by the two verbs in ST.

As for the datum 27/TT/CR/BT/26, the linking verb ‘was’ is omitted.

Linking verbs may not be complete active verbs, therefore, sometimes in the

translation they not included. Nevertheless, it does not change the fact that the

omission of this kind of verb also results an ill-formed sentence for a subject and a

predicate are the core requirement a sentence is called a sentence. Therefore, in

the TT, the linking verb should not be omitted, but translated into berada.


36

The concept of a phrasal verb as seen in the datum 73/TT/CR/GT/72 is also

the example of an error of verb omission done by GT. Terus/melanjutkan ‘went

on’ is a phrasal verb that is supposed to show that the action naik/menaiki tangga

‘(going) up the stairs’ continues to happen. However the omission causes TT

reader misunderstands the activity as a newly performed action. Thus,

terus/melanjutkan is supposed to be included in the translation.

ii. Added Concept

Added concept is an error that happens when there is a TT concept that is

originally not present in ST. Thus there are meanings in TT concept which are not

intended by ST. There are only 3 errors of this category found in total. Compared

to omitted concept error, both BT and GT make fewer error on added concept. BT

has 2 errors on added adjective while Google 1 error on added noun.

Table 4.3. Added Concept in Literary Text

Two errors made by BT is the addition of adjective while the one and only

error GT makes is addition of noun.

a) Added Adjective


Errors

Alternative

Translation

30/S

T/C

R/29

She liked the

hotel-keeper.

30/TT

/CR/B

T/29

Dia menyukai

penjaga hotel

Prusia.

Added

Concept-

noun

Dia menyukai

penjaga hotel

itu.

BT GT

2

1


37

The word Prusia ‘Prussian (citizen of a state/nationality)’ in the ST does not

exist but appears in the TT above. The addition of the word Prusia ‘Prussian’ in

TT mistakenly suggests to the TT reader that the concept of Prusia ‘Prussian’ as

the modifier of the noun penjaga hotel ‘hotel-keeper’ in the sentence. It adds the

concept that the penjaga hotel ‘hotel-keeper’ is a citizen of a state called Prussia

or his nationality while in fact, the concept of is not present at all in ST.

Therefore, the concept should not exist in TT.

b) Added Noun


Errors

Alternative

Translation

15/S

T/C

R/14

The motor cars

were gone ...

15/TT

/CR/

GT/1

4

The motor

mobil pergi ...

Added

Concept-

noun

Mobil-mobil

itu pergi ...

The word motor ‘motorcycle’ in the ST does not exist but appears in the TT

above. The addition of the word motor ‘motorcycle’ in TT gives false information

to the TT reader that there are two types of vehicle mentioned as a noun in ST

while the intended meaning is only mobil ‘car’. The addition possibly happen

because GT fails to interpret that the compound noun, ‘motor cars’ is a single

concept. Thus, it is translated as two different concepts.

iii. Untranslated Concept

As represented by its name, an error is categorized as untranslated concept if

there are SL words that exist in TT. It means that a word in ST is left as it in TT.

Thus the meanings in ST concept are not conveyed at all in TT. The errors of this

category are classified into some subcategories based on which part of speech the

untranslated concept error item belongs to. The subcategories found within the


38

text are the untranslated concept of noun, verb, adjective, adverb, and determiner.

The number of error in this category appears quite similar to the omitted concept

error with BT as the MT that makes more errors. BT makes half of the errors on

the untranslated noun while Google makes 3 errors on the same type out of the 8

errors it makes.

Table 4.4. Untranslated Concept in Literary Text

a) Untranslated Noun


Errors

Alternative

Translation

82/S

T/C

R/81

I wanted that

poor kitty.

82/TT

/CR/B

T/81

Aku ingin

kitty yang

miskin.

Untranslat

ed

Concept-

noun

Aku ingin

kucing

malang itu.

In datum 82/TT/CR/BT/81, the noun kucing ‘kitty’ appears as it is in the ST.

The function of this noun is as an object for the verb ‘wanted’. As the noun that

acts as the object of the sentence is left untranslated in the TT, there is no way that

the TT conveys the meaning of the object that is being wanted by the subject in

the context of this sentence. This phenomenon of the untranslated word ‘kitty’

possibly happens because ‘kitty’ is an “informal way of referring to a cat” (Oxford

Advance Learner’s Dictionary, 2010: 823). By informal, it means that the word

0

5

10

15

BT GT

12

8


39

‘kitty’ is used in a casual situation as it is mostly uttered in daily conversation.

Therefore, MT cannot grasp the meaning of such informal word that refers to

something.

b) Untranslated Verb


Errors

Alternative

Translation

99/S

T/C

R/98

... when I stroke

her.

99/TT

/CR/

GT/9

8

... ketika saya

dia stroke."

Untransla-

ted

Concept-

verb

... ketika saya

mengelusnya.

’

The SL word ‘stroke’ appears in the TT. The word is supposed to be

translated as mengelus in TT. As the word mengelus ‘stroke’ acts as a verb in the

sentence, the error disables TT reader to convey the core meaning of the clause.

TT loses the information of the action being performed to ‘her’ by ‘I’ in the

clause.

c) Untranslated Adjective


Errors

Alternative

Translation

69/S

T/C

R/68

As the American

girl passed...

69/TT

/CR/B

T/68

Seperti

American girl

berlalu...

Untransla-

ted

Concept-

adjective

Ketika

perempuan

Amerika itu

melewati...

In datum 69/TT/CR/BT/68, the adjective ‘American’ is not translated. The

function of this concept is to modify the noun following the adjective perempuan

‘girl’. The untranslated adjective Amerika ‘American’ causes the loss of

information that the noun, perempuan ‘girl’ is a citizen of America.


40

d) Untranslated Adverb


Errors

Alternative

Translation

95/S

T/C

R/94

‘You look pretty

darn nice,’...

95/TT

/CR/

GT/9

4

"Kau tampak

pretty darn

baik,"...

Untransla-

ted

Concept-

adverb

‘Anda terlihat

sangat cukup

bagus,’...

The words ‘pretty’ as well as ‘darn’ in the ST are left untranslated in datum

95/TT/CR/GT/94. The functions of these two words in the sentence are as

adverbs. The concept of ‘pretty’ is supposed to suggest the TT reader how the

verb ‘look’ is explained into some extent. The word should be translated as cukup

‘pretty/fairly’. The error causes TT reader is not provided with the information on

to what extent the verb ‘look’ means. The cause of this error made by GT is

possibly the similar reason on why the noun ‘kitty’ in previous discussion is not

translated as well. It is because such expression as ‘pretty’ and ‘darn’ are

considered as a rather informal use. Therefore, MT is not able to translate the

meaning into TT.

e) Untranslated Determiner


Errors

Alternative

Translation

15/S

T/C

R/14

The motor cars

were gone ...

15/TT

/CR/

GT/1

4

The motor

mobil pergi ...

Untransla-

ted

Concept-

definite

article

Mobil-mobil

itu pergi ...

In datum 15/TT/CR/GT/14, the definite article itu ‘the’ is left as it is. The

definite article functions as the determiner of the noun mobil-mobil ‘motor cars’.

Itu ‘the’ specifically points or refers the noun ‘motor cars’ to the object located in

a certain position or place as mentioned in the context of the sentence and story.


41

As the determiner is untranslated, the meaning in the translation can be interpreted

wrongly by TT reader. The error indicates that the noun mobil-mobil ‘motor cars’

does not refer to a specific object, but a general one.

iv. Mistranslated Concept

Mistranslated concept error happens if there is a TT concept “has the wrong

meaning for the context” (Koponen, 2010: 4). It means that it is an error when an

ST concept is translated into a concept which is completely out of context from

what the ST intends to convey. Therefore, the meanings in ST concept are not

equivalent to the meanings intended in ST. The errors of this category are divided

into some subcategories based on which part of speech the mistranslation error

item belongs to. The subcategories are the mistranslated concept of noun,

pronoun, verb, adjective, adverb, and relative adverb. This error category is the

most frequent error made by both BT and GT. Both MTs also make about the half

of the number of its error in this category error on mistranslated verb.

Table 4.5. Mistranslated Concept in Literary Text

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

BT GT

51

38


42

a) Mistranslated Noun


Errors

Alternative

Translation

6/ST

/CR/

5

There were big

palms and green

benches ...

6/TT/

CR/G

T/5

Ada telapak

tangan besar

dan bangku-

bangku yang

hijau ...

Mistransla-

ted

Concept-

noun

Ada palem-

palem besar

dan bangku-

bangku yang

hijau ...

The concept palem-palem ‘palms (of tree)’ is mistranslated into telapak

tangan ‘palms (of hands, body part)’. Thus, based on the Koponen’s theory on

error analysis, this concept has the wrong meaning for the context intended in ST,

‘of tree’ and is mistaken as ‘of hands, body part’. Most of the errors on

mistranslated noun are due to the fact that MT picks the wrong meaning of a

concept that has more than one meaning (polysemous). As nouns mostly are

positioned as an object of a sentence, this type of error may cause TT reader to

have different understanding of the context intended by the ST.

b) Mistranslated Pronoun


Errors

Alternative

Translation

99/S

T/C

R/98

... when I stroke

her.’

99/TT

/CR/B

T/98

... ketika saya

stroke

kepadanya.’

Mistransla-

ted

Concept-

pronoun

... ketika saya

mengelusnya.

’

In datum 99/TT/CR/BT/98, the pronoun nya (dia) ‘her’ is mistranslated into

kepadanya ‘toward/to her’. The function of the pronoun ‘her’ is the object of the

verb ‘stroke’. The mistranslation indicates a different meaning in which the

pronoun is mistaken as a preposition that shows a goal or direction in the

sentence. Therefore, it causes the loss of semantic component that shows the

object ‘her’ as a theme.


43

c) Mistranslated Verb


Errors

Alternative

Translation

14/

ST/

CR/

13

... to come up

and break again

...

14/TT

/CR/

GT/1

3

... untuk

datang dan

istirahat lagi ...

Mistransla-

ted

Concept-

verb

... untuk naik

dan pecah

lagi ...

112/

ST/

CR/

111

... the light had

come on in the

square.

112/T

T/CR/

BT/11

1

... cahaya telah

datang pada di

alun-alun.

Mistransla-

ted

Concept-

phrasal

verb

... lampu telah

mulai

menyala di

alun-alun.

In datum 14/TT/CR/GT/13, the verb ‘break’ is mistranslated. The context

intended by ST is supposed to be translated into pecah ‘break (of waves)’.

However, GT mistranslates the concept into istirahat ‘break (of having a rest for a

short time)’ which is not suitable for the context of the sentence. Similar to the

cause of mistranslated noun, mistranslation verb happens also because there are

verbs which is polysemous. Thus, GT is not able to provide the right meaning of a

polysemous verb for the context.

The concept of a phrasal verb as seen in the datum 112/TT/CR/BT/111 is

also the example of an error of mistranslated verb. Mulai menyala ‘come on’ is a

phrasal verb that is supposed to show that a situation starts to happen or

something ‘begins to operate’ (Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary, 2010:

284). However the error suggests that there is a direction implied in the sentence.

This error in translating a phrasal verb is due to the fact phrasal verb consists of

more than one word. Therefore, MT mistaken the unit as two different word or

concept.


44

d) Mistranslated Adjective


Errors

Alternative

Translation

83/S

T/C

R/82

... a poor kitty

out in the rain.’

83/TT

/CR/B

T/82

... miskin kitty

luar dalam

hujan.

Mistransla-

ted

Concept-

adjective

... seekor

kucing

malang di

luar, dalam

hujan.

Datum 83/TT/CR/BT/82 shows that the adjective ‘poor’ is mistranslated.

The context which is supposed to be present in TT is malang ‘poor (unfortunate)’

whereas TT provides the wrong meaning of the concept, miskin ‘poor (having

little money)’. Even though the mistranslation still belongs to the same part of

speech, adjective, miskin ‘poor (having little money)’ is a wrong translation. It is

because semantically, miskin ‘poor (having little money)’ is a concept that cannot

be associated with concept unless human.

e) Mistranslated Adverb


Errors

Alternative

Translation

60/S

T/C

R/59

... ‘Oh, I wanted

it so much.

60/TT

/CR/

GT/5

9

...' Oh, aku

ingin begitu

banyak.

Mistransla-

ted

Concept-

adverb

... ‘Oh, aku

begitu

menginginkan

nya.

GT mistranslates the adverb begitu/sangat ‘so much’ into begitu banyak ‘so

many (things)’. The concept of begitu banyak ‘so much’ is supposed to be an

adverb that modifies the verb, explaining to what extent the subject ‘wanted’ the

object. However, the mistranslation changes the adverb into the object for the verb

ingin ‘want’ that it indicates the subject ‘wanted so many things’.


45

f) Mistranslated Relative Adverb


Errors

Alternative

Translation

78/S

T/C

R/77

‘Wonder where

it went to,’...

78/TT

/CR/B

T/77

‘Wonder mana

ia pergi,’...

Mistransla-

ted

Concept-

relative

pronoun

‘Saya

bertanya-

tanya ke

mana ia

pergi,’...

‘Where’ is a relative adverb that is supposed to indicate the direction in the

sentence. BT mistranslates it as mana which, according to KBBI Online, is used

to state position or location, mostly to form a question. On the other hand, the ST

intends to show a direction. Therefore, the translation should be ke mana.

v. Substituted Concept

An error is categorized as substituted concept error if the TT concept is not

a “direct lexical equivalent for ST concept but cab be a valid replacement for the

context” (Koponen, 2010: 4). It means that the TT concept may have a slight

difference in meaning as a whole. However, the TT concept is still valid if it

delivers the meaning for the context correctly. There is only one error of this

category found within the entire translation by BT and GT. BT makes the one and

only error on this category in translating literary text.

Table 4.6. Substituted Concept in Literary Text

BT GT

1

0


46


Errors

Alternative

Translation

112/

ST/

CR/

111

His wife looked

out of the

window ...

112/T

T/CR/

BT/11

1

Istrinya

menjenguk

dari jendela ...

Substituted

Concept-

verb

Istrinya

melihat/

memandang

ke luar

jendela.

In the datum 112/TT/CR/BT/111, there is a concept of verb which is

substituted. The verb ‘looked’ + preposition ‘out’ in ST is translated as menjenguk

in TT. According to one of the entry of menjenguk in KBBI Online, menjenguk

means to look at something by sticking out the head forward or outside, or by

crouching/bend down the body. Even though the concept of menjenguk is not a

direct equivalent for the concept of ‘looked’, it is still regarded as a valid

replacement. It is because the concept mejenguk is a more specific concept of

‘looked’. Despite being a valid replacement, it is categorized as a substituted error

because the ST concept ‘looked’ does not necessarily means that the action of

‘seeing something’ is performed while sticking out the head or crouching the

body.

vi. Explicitated Concept

Explicitated concept error happens if the TT concept “explicitly stated the

information left implicit in ST without adding information” (Koponen, 2010: 5). It

means that the TT concept may makes addition of concept without actually adding

new information. For example is when the added concept is still associated to the

meaning of the concept intended in ST. Despite being associated to each other, the

concept is still considered an error because ST does intend to convey or leave the

message implicit. There is only one error of this category which is made by BT.


47

Table 4.7. Explicitated Concept in Literary Text


Errors

Alternative

Translation

6/ST

/CR/

5

There were big

palms and green

benches ...

6/TT/

CR/B

T/5

Ada pohon

besar dan

bangku-

bangku yang

hijau ...

Mistransla-

ted

Concept-

noun

Ada palem-

palem besar

dan bangku-

bangku yang

hijau ...

The concept of ‘palms’ in the datum above is explicitated because it is

translated into pohon ‘tree’ by BT. Although it seems to be a clear mistranslation

error at first glance, if analyzed deeper, the TT concept does not suggest that it is

completely out of context or has the wrong meaning for the context intended by

ST. Moreover, the concept of pohon ‘tree’ does not add new information in the

translation. Instead, it can be regarded as the superordinate of palem-palem

‘palms’ hence it is not a mistranslated concept error. Despite being associated as

superordinate and hyponym, the way BT changes the concept of the palem-palem

‘palms’ as the hyponym to its superordinate, pohon ‘tree’, in the translation makes

the error of explicitated concept happens. It is because ST possibly intends to

leave the superornidate implicit. Therefore, if the intentionally-left-implicit

concept is translated in a way that it is stated more explicitly compared to what is

intended in ST, it causes the explicitated concept error to happen.

BT GT

1

0


48

b. The Errors based on Relation between Concepts

The errors on relation between concepts refer to the errors made by MTs on

translating the relations represented by function words such as words that belong

to the group of conjunction and preposition as well as word order, and inflection

(Koponen, 2010: 3). Relations suggest the association of one single concept to

another to form the meaning of the sentence. Relation concept errors are divided

into eight subcategories: omitted participant, omitted relation, added participant,

added relation, mistaken participant, mistaken relation, substituted participant, and

substituted relation.

Table 4.8. Relation between Concepts Errors in Literary Text

The most frequent relation between concepts error type made by both MTs

is mistaken participant followed by mistaken relation. With total of 41 relation

between concepts errors in literary text, BT makes 58% of the errors. Similar to

the individual concepts GT with 32 errors shows that it makes around 20% fewer

this error type compared to BT. The diagram illustrates that GT only makes errors

0

0

12

20

2

0

4

3

0

0

15

15

2

0

0

0

0 5 10 15 20 25

Substituted Rel.

Subtituted Part.

Mistaken Rel.

MistakenPart.

Added Rel.

Added Part.

Omitted Rel.

Omitted Part.

GT

BT


49

on three categories while BT has errors on five categories out of eight categories.

However, GT makes more error on mistaken relation compared to BT. The

complete elaboration on each type of errors is provided below.

i. Omitted Participant

Omitted participant error happens if the ST relation is not conveyed because

there is an omitted head or dependent (Koponen, 2010: 6). For instance, when the

goal relation in a sentence is not conveyed due to the omission the concept of verb

‘places’, it is called an omitted participant. The three errors of this category found

within the entire TT are all made by BT.

Table 4.9. Omitted Participant Error in Literary Text


Translation

20/ST

/CR/1

9

‘I’m going

down and

get that

kitty,’...

20/TT/

CR/BT/

19

‘Aku akan

mendapat-

kan kucing

itu,’...

The goal/direction

‘down’ is omitted

due to the

omission of

‘going’

‘Aku akan

turun/pergi ke

bawah dan

mengambil

kucing itu,’ ...

The preposition ke bawah ‘down’ in the datum above is omitted due to the

omission of the verb ‘going’. The preposition in ST represents the relation of

goal/direction within the concepts in the sentence. Therefore, the TT loses the

relation that shows to which the action of ‘going’ is directed. ST.

BT GT

3

0


50

ii. Omitted Relation

Different from omitted participant, in this type of error, both concepts are

present in TT. However, there is morpho-syntatic error that prevents the relation

and concepts to be parted. Thus, such error is classified as omitted relation error

(Koponen, 2010: 6). The three errors of this category found within the entire TT

are all made by BT.

Table 4.10. Omitted Relation Error in Literary Text


Translation

24/S

T/C

R/23

... lying

propped

up with

the two

pillows at

the foot of

the bed.

24/TT

/CR/B

T/23

... berbaring

didukung

dengan

bantal dua

kaki tempat

tidur.

The relation of

location of the

pillow is not

conveyed because

the error prevents

parsing the

relation.

... berbaring

disangga

dengan dua

bantal di

kaki/ujung

tempat tidur ...

In datum 24/TT/CR/BT/23, the preposition di ‘at’ is omitted. The

preposition functions as a relation that declares kaki/ujung tempat tidur ‘the foot

of the bed’ as the location of the object dua bantal ‘two pillows’. Instead, dua

bantal ‘two pillows’ and kaki/ujung tempat tidur ‘the foot of the bed’ is translated

as a unit (noun phrase) in TT. Therefore, the error prevents parsing the noun

phrase in TT. As the result, the relation that shows the location is omitted.

BT GT

4

0


51

iii. Added Relation

Added relation error happens if the TT concept which is not supposed to be

present in TT appears due to morpho-syntatic error (Koponen, 2010: 6). For

instance, when there is a goal relation of a concept being the modifier of another

concept added in TT because there is an added conjunction or preposition that

shows that relation. BT and GT make 2 errors of this category respectively.

However, both MTs’ errors are on different sentences.

Table 4.11. Added Relation Error in Literary Text


Translation

71/ST

/CR/7

0

The

padrone

made her

feel very

small ...

71/TT/

CR/GT/

70

padrone

yang

membuatn

ya merasa

sangat

kecil ...

The addition of

yang ‘that/which’

after ‘the padrone’

makes the

following phrase

becomes the

modifier of ‘the

padrone’.

Padrone

membuatnya

merasa sangat

kecil ...

GT added a conjunction, yang ‘that/who’ in the TT. If in omitted relation

error the error prevents parsing, the addition relation adds a relation that enables

the relation to be put apart into units. The conjunction causes the sentence is taken

as a relative clause that needs another verb to be a complete sentence. It suggests

that there is a relation of the clause following the conjunction, membuatnya

BT GT

2 2


52

merasa ... ‘made her feel ...’ as the modifier of the subject Padrone/pemilik hotel

‘The padrone’. In fact, in ST, the relation is simply among a subject and a

predicate as well as an object.

iv. Mistaken Participant

An error is categorized as mistaken participant error if the head or

dependent in ST different from those provided in TT resulting them as different

entity (Koponen, 2010: 6). For instance is when the head of a phrase in ST is

mistaken as the modifier in TT. Therefore, most of the errors that belong to this

category are those caused by wrong word order in TT, resulting the head and

modifier being mixed up to each other. Moreover, the errors also happens in

which a relation is present, but mistakenly translated that the relation changes its

meaning. For example is when a relation is supposed to be put as an adverb of the

verb, but the relation changes it into the relation of an object of the verb. BT and

GT make the most error in this category, half of the total error they make.

Table 4.12. Mistaken Participant Error in Literary Text

0

5

10

15

20

BT GT

20

15


53


Translation

28/ST

/CR/2

7

He was an

old man ...

28/TT/

CR/BT/

27

Dia adalah

tua

manusia ...

Due to the

phrase’s wrong

order, the word tua

‘old’ becomes the

head of the phrase.

Dia adalah

seorang pria

tua ...

82/ST

/CR/8

1

I wanted

that poor

kitty.

82/TT/

CR/GT/

81

Saya ingin

bahwa

kitty

miskin.

Bahwa ‘that’ is

mistakenly taken

as a conjunction

instead of the

determiner for

‘poor kitty’.

Saya ingin

kucing

malang itu.

In datum 28/TT/CR/BT/27, the head of the noun phrase ‘an old man’ is

different from what is intended in ST. In ST, the head of the phrase is pria ‘man’

with the adjective old ‘tua’ as the modifier. On the contrary to the structure of

noun phrase in English, the head of the phrase in Indonesian usually comes first,

then followed by the modifier. Therefore, the error in 28/TT/CR/BT/27 shows that

old ‘tua’ becomes the head of the phrase instead of pria ‘man’.

GT also makes an error of mistaken participant in datum 82/TT/CR/GT/81.

The word ‘that’ in ST is supposed to be positioned as the determiner for the noun

kucing malang ‘poor kitty’. However, in TT, the relation between a determiner

and the head of a noun phrase is mistakenly translated into bahwa ‘that (as a

conjunction)’ that is used to explain the preceding concepts.

v. Mistaken Relation

An error on mistaken relation happens if the relation between two concepts

in TT different from what is intended in ST, resulting changes of its role

semantically (Koponen, 2010: 6). As an example is when in ST, there is supposed

to be a temporal relation, but mistakenly translated that the relation changes into


54

the one that indicates location. On other categories, GT steadily makes fewer

error. On the contrary, in this category of error BT makes fewer error than GT.

Table 4.13. Mistaken Relation Error in Literary Text


Translation

94/ST

/CR/9

3

He hadn’t

looked

away from

her since

she started

to speak.

94/TT/

CR/GT/

93

Dia tidak

melihat

darinya

karena dia

mulai

berbicara.

The word is

supposed to shows

temporal relation.

Instead, karena

‘because/ since’

declares that there

is a causal relation

between the

preceding and the

following clause.

Dia belum

memalingkan

pandangan

darinya sejak

ia mulai

berbicara.

In datum the example above, GT mistranslates the relation ‘since’ into

karena ‘since (because)’. In fact, the relation intended by the ST is the relation to

convey a temporal relation represented by sejak ‘since (from a period of time in

the past until present)’. The word ‘since’ in English has multiple meanings

depending on the context of the sentence on which it is used. Due to the

mistranslation of sejak ‘since’ into karena ‘since (because)’, the relation between

the concepts in the translation changes. The error indicates that there is a causal

0

5

10

15

BT GT

12

15


55

relation between the preceding and following clauses instead of the temporal

relation. The error declares to the TT reader that the clause ‘since she started to

speak’ is the cause of what happens in first clause.


Translation

89/ST

/CR/8

8

..., clipped

close like

a boy’s.

89/TT/

CR/BT/

88

...

terpotong

dekat

seperti

seorang

laki-laki.

Due to the word

dekat ‘close/near,

appears a

spatial/location

relation between

the preceding and

following concept.

... dipotong

mirip seperti

(gaya) rambut

seorang anak

laki-laki.

In the datum above, the relation of mirip ‘close (similar)’ in ST is supposed

to suggest that there is a similarity or resemblance of one concept to another

concept. Instead, the relation is mistaken as dekat ‘close (near to something, not

far in position or time)’. Therefore, the mistranslation of ‘close’ as a relation in

the sentence changes into the one that shows spatial or location relation instead of

expressing the resemblance between concepts in the sentence.

2. The Errors Found in the Translation of Academic Text by Bing

Translator and Google Translate

The errors found the translation of the academic text, “Feminism and

Feminist Criticism in Barry’s Beginning Theory are classified into two main

categories. The categories are based on Koponen’s theory on error analysis. The

first category is individual concept errors and the second is relation between

concept errors.


56

a. The Errors based on Individual Concept

Table 4.14. Individual Concept Error in Academic Text

In line with the literary text, the most frequent individual concepts error type

made by both MTs is mistranslated concept while omitted, added and untranslated

concept errors are on the same range of number. With total of 59 individual

concepts errors in academic text, BT makes 59% of the errors out of the total of

100 errors both MT make. The diagram gives the information that none of the

MTs makes error on substituted and explicitated concept categories in the

academic text. A clearer elaboration is on the discussion as follows.

i. Omitted Concept

There are five subcategories of omitted concept error category. They consist

of omission of noun, pronoun, adverb, verb, and adjective. The most omitted

concept subtype made by both MT is on omission of the plurality in noun being 3

errors out of the total of 8 errors of BT and 5 errors of GT.

0

0

38

5

8

8

0

0

26

5

5

5

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

Explicitated

Substituted

Mistranslated

Untranslated

Added

Omitted

GT

BT


57

Table 4.15. Omitted Concept in Academic Text

a) Omitted Noun (Plurality)


Errors

Alternative

Translation

17/S

T/F

C/16

Critical attention

was given to

books by male

writers ...

17/TT

/FC/G

T/16

Perhatian

kritis

diberikan

kepada buku

oleh penulis

laki-laki ...

Omitted

Concept-

noun

(plurality)

Perhatian

serius

diberikan

kepada buku-

buku oleh

penulis laki-

laki ...

The property of plurality in the concept of buku-buku ‘books’ in the datum

above is omitted. Instead, it is translated into buku ‘book’ by GT. At first glance,

this error seems to belong to mistranslated concept rather than an omitted concept.

However, it is not categorized as mistranslated noun because the concept does not

suggest that it is completely out of context nor has the wrong meaning for the

context intended by ST. The error is caused by the non-existent semantic property

of plurality in TT. Then, it can be inferred that the error happens because the

concept of plurality in the noun is not conveyed by TT. As the result of this type

of error is that the noun mentioned in TT becomes a specific book rather than a

generic one. Therefore, this kind of phenomenon is categorized in omitted

concept.

0

2

4

6

8

BT GT

8

5


58

b) Omitted Pronoun


Errors

Alternative

Translation

32/S

T/F

C/31

... will look at

each of these in

turn.

32/TT

/FC/G

T/31

... akan

melihat

masing-

masing pada

gilirannya.

Omitted

Concept-

pronoun

... akan

membahas

lebih dalam

masing-

masing hal

tersebut

secara

bergiliran.

In datum 32/TT/FC/GT/31, the pronoun of hal tersebut ‘these’ is not

conveyed. The function of the pronoun is as an object for the verb ‘look at’. Due

to the fact that the verb membahas lebih dalam ‘look at’ is a transitive verb, the

omission of the pronoun functioning as the object of the sentence results an ill-

formed sentence. Therefore, the translation should be completed with the

translation of the pronoun hal tersebut.

c) Omitted Adverb


Errors

Alternative

Translation

19/S

T/C

R/18

... in feminism as

in other critical

approaches, ...

19/TT

/CR/B

T/18

... di

feminisme

dalam

pendekatan-

pendekatan

lain kritis, ...

Omitted

Concept-

adverb

... dalam

feminisme

seperti dalam

pendekatan-

pendekatan

kritik sastra

lainnya, ...

The concept of an adverb seperti ‘as/like’ in the TT is omitted. ‘As’

regarded as an adverb is used in a condition of “comparing two people or things,

or two situations” (Oxford Advance Learner’s Dictionary, 2010: 70). Due to the

omission of adverb ‘as’ in the TT, the TT does not convey an equivalent


59

translation with ST. It is because the omission of adverb ‘as’ also omits the

concept of ‘comparing’ in the sentence. Thus, the alternative translation is to add

the concept of seperti ‘as/like’.

d) Omitted Verb


Errors

Alternative

Translation

15/S

T/F

C/14

Instead, the

focus of interest

is on the

heroine's choice

...

15/TT

/FC/G

T/14

Sebaliknya,

fokus bunga

pada pilihan

pahlawan ...

Omitted

Concept-

linking

verb

Sebaliknya,

fokus

perhatian

ada/terletak

pada pilihan

karakter

utama wanita

...

In datum 15/TT/FC/GT/14, the linking verb ‘is’ is not conveyed. The ST

uses the linking verb to shows the preceding phrase is located or present in

something. However, the translation omits the linking verb and goes straight to

the preposition. The omission of the linking verb, of course, forms an ill-formed

sentence for a predicate is one of the requirements in forming a sentence. Thus,

the TT should put the concept of ada/terletak before the preposition.

e) Omitted Adjective


Errors

Alternative

Translation

32/S

T/F

C/31

The next three

sections will...

32/TT

/FC/B

T/31

Bagian tiga

akan ...

Omitted

Concept-

adjective

Tiga bagian

berikutnya

akan ...

The concept of an adjective as seen in the datum 32/TT/FC/BT/31 is also

the example of an error of concept omission. Berikutnya ‘next’ is an adjective that

is supposed to show the existence of order in the sentence, that “something

coming straight after somebody/someone in time or order” (Oxford Advance


60

Learner’s Dictionary, 2010: 994). However the omission causes the loss of this

information concerning the noun ‘three sections’. Consequently, berikutnya is

supposed to be included in the translation to modify the noun.

ii. Added Concept

There are only two subcategories of added concept error category. They

consist of the added concept of proper name and title. The error subcategories

found in academic text are different from the one in literary text. This type of

error appears due to the fact that in academic text, books, essays, journals’ titles as

well as names of authors, theorists or any influential people related to the subject

are frequently mentioned. The most added concept type made by both MT is on

the added concept of title with 6 errors belongs to BT and 4 errors belongs to GT.

Table 4.16. Added Concept in Academic Text

a) Added Proper Name


Errors

Alternative

Translation

4/ST

/FC/

3

... Olive

Schreiner's

Women and

Labour (1911);

...

4/TT/

FC/B

T/3

... Zaitun

Schreiner

perempuan

dan buruh

(1911); ...

Added

Concept-

name

... Women

and Labour

(1911) karya

Olive

Schreiner; ...

0

2

4

6

8

BT GT

8

5


61

The concept of a proper name ‘Olive’ is translated into Zaitun ‘Olive (of

fruit)’ in the TT. The translation if a proper name is not supposed to be present in

ST. Then, it is categorized as an added concept because the concept of translation

of the proper name does not exist in ST, but appears in the TT. This kind of error

possibly appears because BT is not able to detect that ‘Olive’ in this context is a

proper name.

b) Added Title


Errors

Alternative

Translation

4/ST

/FC/

3

These books

include Mary

Woll-stonecraft's

A Vindication of

the Rights of

Women

(1792),...

4/TT/

FC/G

T/3

Buku-buku ini

mencakup

Mary Woll-

stonecraft

adalah A

Pemulihan

nama Hak

Perempuan

(1792),...

Added

Concept-

title

Buku-buku

ini mencakup

A Vindication

of the Rights

of Women

(1792) karya

Mary Woll-

stonecraft,...

The concept of a book title ‘A Vindication of the Rights of Women’ is

translated into A Pemulihan nama Hak Perempuan in the TT. The translation of

the book title is not supposed to be present in ST because in Indonesian, a foreign

book title should be left as it is and italicized. Thus, it is grouped as an added

concept error because the concept of translation of the book title does not exist in

ST, but appears in the TT. This kind of error possibly appears because GT is not

able to detect that it is a title of a book and or not aware of the way it should be

written in Indonesian structure and context.


62

iii. Untranslated Concept

While in the literary text the subcategories of untranslated concept are

divided into five, in the academic text the subcategories fall into only three

categories. They are untranslated concept of noun, adjective, and determiner. Both

MTs make the same amount of errors in total, 5 errors. BT has 4 errors on

untranslated noun and 1 error on untranslated adjective while Google makes 4

errors on untranslated noun and 1 error on untranslated determiner.

Table 4.17. Untranslated Concept in Academic Text

a) Untranslated Noun


Errors

Alternative

Translation

16/S

T/F

C/15

... the cultural

'mind-set' in men

and women...

16/TT

/FC/G

T/15

... budaya

'mind-set' pada

pria dan

wanita...

Untranslat

ed

Concept-

noun

... ‘pola pikir’

budaya pada

pria dan

wanita...

In datum above, the noun ‘mind-set’ in ST appears as the way it is in the

TT. The concept should be translated into pola pikir in TT. The concept of pola

pikir ‘mind-set’ is the head of the phrase. As the concept that acts as the head of

the phrase left untranslated in the TT, TT reader cannot convey the core meaning

of the phrase. TT reader is only left with the modifier and an untranslated head.

0

1

2

3

4

5

BT GT

5 5


63

Consequently, the TT reader may interpret the meaning differently as what is

intended in ST. This phenomenon of the untranslated noun ‘mind-set’ possibly

happens because ‘mind-set’ is a compound noun which uses hyphen (-) in the

formation. This kind of nouns connected by punctuation perhaps appears as an

unknown concept for the MT. Therefore, MT leaves it untranslated.

b) Untranslated Adjective


Errors

Alternative

Translation

29/S

T/F

C/28

... enabling early

and cruder

examples of (in

this case)

feminist

criticism ...

29/TT

/FC/B

T/28

...

memungkinka

n contoh-

contoh awal

dan cruder

(dalam kasus

ini) feminis

kritik ...

Untranslat

ed

Concept-

adjective

...

memungkinka

n contoh-

contoh awal

dan yang

lebih kasar

dari (dalam

kasus ini)

kritik

feminis...

The SL word ‘cruder’ is left untranslated in the TT. The word is supposed to

be translated as yang lebih kasar in TT. The function of this concept is to modify

the noun following the adjective contoh-contoh ‘examples’. The untranslated

adjective yang lebih kasar ‘cruder’ causes the loss of information of the noun’s

quality. This error on may appears due to the fact that the concept ‘cruder’ is an

inflected adjective to show degree. The added suffix –r/er on the root adjective

‘crude’ may cause the MT not able to recognize the meaning of the adjective

‘cruder’. Thus, it appears as it is in TT.

.


64

c) Untranslated Determiner


Errors

Alternative

Translation

2/ST

/FC/

1

The 'women's

movement' of

the 1960s ...

2/TT/

FC/G

T/1

The

'perempuan

gerakan' dari

tahun 1960-an

...

Untranslat

ed

Concept-

determiner

'Gerakan

perempuan'

tahun 1960-

an ...

In datum 2/TT/FC/GT/1, the determiner ‘the’ is not translated. The concept

of the determiner in this context does not have to translated into an equivalent

word in Indonesian, because the determiner does not cause a specific difference of

meaning if it is not translated. However, GT leaves the SL word appears in TT.

Therefore, the error is considered an untranslated concept. GT makes all the errors

on untranslated determiner both in literary text and academic text. All three of

them follow a pattern that provides the reason why GT makes this kind of error.

The untranslated concept of determiner is caused by the existence of quotation

mark ‘/” near the determiner. As seen in datum above, the quotation mark that is

put between the words ‘women’s movement’ may have caused the error the MT

makes.

iv. Mistranslated Concept

The errors of this category are divided into some subcategories based on

which part of speech the mistranslation error item belongs to. The subcategories

are falls into four subcategories. They include the mistranslated concept of noun,

verb, adjective, and adverb. Mistranslated concept is the most frequent errors

made by both BT and GT out of the entire individual concept error category. Both

BT and Google make more than half the number of its total error in academic text


65

on mistranslated concept. However, while the highest number for BT is 17 errors

on the subcategory of mistranslated verb, GT’s highest number, 11 errors falls

into the subcategory of mistranslated noun.

Table 4.18. Mistranslated Concept in Academic Text

a) Mistranslated Noun


Errors

Alternative

Translation

21/S

T/F

C/20

... exploring the

nature of the

female world

and outlook, ...

21/TT

/FC/G

T/20

... menjelajahi

alam dunia

dan prospek

perempuan, ...

Mistransla-

ted

Concept-

noun

... ...

menjelajahi

sifat dasar

dunia dan

pandangan

perempuan, ...

The concept of ‘nature’ is mistranslated into alam ‘nature (all living and

non-living things exist in universe)’. Thus, it can be inferred that this concept has

the wrong meaning for the context intended in ST which is sifat dasar ‘nature

(basic quality of something)’. Most of the errors on mistranslated noun are due to

the fact that MT picks the wrong meaning of a polysemous concept. As nouns

mostly the object of a sentence, this type of error may cause non-equivalent

understanding of the context intended by the ST.

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

BT GT

38

26


66

b) Mistranslated Verb


Errors

Alternative

Translation

13/S

T/F

C/12

... since it

provided the

role models ...

13/TT

/FC/B

T/12

... karena itu

diberikan

model peran ...

Mistransla-

ted

Concept-

verb

... karena hal

itu

memberikan/

menyediakan

teladan...

14/S

T/F

C/13

Feminists

pointed out, for

example, ...

14/TT

/FC/B

T/13

Feminis

menunjuk

keluar,

misalnya, ...

Mistransla-

ted

Concept-

phrasal

verb

Feminis

menunjukkan,

misalnya, ...

In datum 13/TT/FC/BT/12, the verb ‘provided’ is mistranslated. The context

intended by ST is supposed to be memberikan/menyediakan ‘provided’. However,

BT mistranslates the concept into a passive verb in TT, diberikan ‘was provided’

which is not suitable for the context of the sentence. Different from a literary text,

academic text often uses passive sentences to show objectivity of the writer.

Therefore, there are more of this kind of mistranslated concept errors found in the

TT compared to literary text whose errors mainly caused by the polysemous

words.

The concept of a phrasal verb as seen in the datum 14/TT/FC/BT/13 is also

the example of an error of mistranslated verb. Menunjukkan ‘pointed out’ is a

phrasal verb which means “to mention something in order to give somebody

information about it or make them notice it” (Oxford Advanced Learner’s

Dictionary, 2010: 1129). Instead, the concept is translated into menunjuk keluar

which are all verbs. As the meaning of the phrasal verb is not recognized by MT,

it leaves the translation as two different concepts.


67

c) Mistranslated Adjective


Errors

Alternative

Translation

13/S

T/F

C/12

... what

constituted

acceptable

versions of the

'feminine' ...

13/TT

/FC/G

T/12

... apa yang

merupakan

versi diterima

dari 'feminin'

...

Mistranslat

ed

Concept-

adjective

... apa yang

merupakan

versi yang

dapat

diterima dari

'feminin' ...

The TT ini datum 13/TT/FC/GT/12 shows that the adjective ‘acceptable’ is

mistranslated. The context which is intended is yang dapat diterima ‘acceptable’

which means “agreed or approved by most people in a society, good enough,

allowed” (Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary, 2010: 7). Whereas TT provides

the wrong meaning of the concept, diterima ‘accepted’.

d) Mistranslated Adverb


Errors

Alternative

Translation

15/S

T/F

C/14

.. and

exclusively

determine her

happiness and ...

15/TT

/FC/B

T/14

... dan

eksklusif

menentukan

kebahagiaan

dan ...

Mistransla-

ted

Concept-

adverb

... dan secara

eksklusif

menentukan

kebahagiaan

dan ...

GT mistranslates the adverb secara ekslusif ‘exclusively’ into ekslusif

‘exclusive’. The concept of secara ekslusif ‘exclusively’ is supposed to be an

adverb that modifies the verb, explaining in what way the action ‘determine’ is

performed. However, the mistranslation causes the loss of meaning of how the

action is performed. It is because the translation does not include the concept of

secara ‘in the way” which is used in Indonesian context to provide the

information as “-ly” does in English context. Moreover, the adverb in TT changes

the part of speech, from an adverb in ST to an adjective.


68

b. The Errors based on Relation between Concepts

Table 4.19. Relation between Concept Errors in Academic Text

The most frequent relation between concepts error type made by both MTs

is mistaken participant followed by mistaken relation. With total of 76 relation

between concepts errors in literary text, BT makes 64% of the errors. On the other

hand, Google only makes 36% of the error on this type with 42 errors in total.

Compared to other error types, this type shows a rather far gap between the two

MTs’ performances in translating the relations of the academic text. The diagram

gives us insight that GT gives off a steadier performance, especially in the error

type of mistaken participant, in which BT makes almost 3 times more errors

compared to GT. The complete elaboration on each error type is discussed below.

i. Omitted Relation

Most of the errors on omitted relation in the academic text are caused by the

sentences containing the book titles with the name of the authors. In the individual

concepts, the errors on translating the name and book titles in TT fall into the

category of added concept. On the contrary, the relations between concept errors

0

0

23

41

0

0

12

0

0

0

16

16

1

0

9

0

0 10 20 30 40 50

Substituted Rel.

Subtituted Part.

Mistaken Rel.

MistakenPart.

Added Rel.

Added Part.

Omitted Rel.

Omitted Part.

GT

BT


69

are on the omitted relation which is caused by morpho-syntatic error preventing

the relations and concepts to be apart.

Table 4.20. Omitted Relation Error in Academic Text

Such sentences are categorized on omitted relation error due to the use of

contraction in the sentence structure. All of the concepts of book titles and proper

names of the authors are connected by the contraction. The contraction in this

context itself mostly shows a relation of possessor between the title and the name.


Translation

4/ST

/FC/

3

... and

Simone de

Beauvoir's

The

Second

Sex

(1949),...

4/TT/F

C/GT/3

dan

Simone de

Beauvoir

The

Second

Sex

(1949), ...

The contraction ‘s

which shows

possessor relation

between ‘Simone

de Beauvoir’ and

‘The Second Sex’

is not conveyed.

dan The

Second Sex

(1949)

oleh/karya

Simone de

Beauvoir, ...

In datum 4/TT/FC/GT/3, the relation of possessor between the author

‘Simone de Beauvoir’ and the book called ‘The Second Sex’ is omitted. In ST, the

relation is signified by the use of contraction. However, in TT, there is no word

that relates the two concepts together for Indonesian sentence structure does not

use contraction. Therefore, an equivalent relation such as oleh/karya ‘by’ should

be present in TT.

0

5

10

15

BT GT

12

9


70

ii. Added Relation

There is only one error of this category found within the entire translation of

the academic text. The one and only error of this category is made by GT.

Table 4.21. Added Relation Error in Academic Text


Translation

14/ST

/FC/1

3

... that in

nineteenth-

century

fiction very

few women

work for a

living, ...

14/T

T/F

C/G

T/13

... bahwa

dalam fiksi

abad

kesembilan

belas yang

sangat sedikit

wanita

bekerja untuk

hidup,...

The addition of

yang ‘that/which’

after ‘nineteenth-

century fiction’

makes the

following phrase

becomes the

modifier of it.

... bahwa

dalam fiksi

abad

kesembilan

belas sangat

sedikit wanita

bekerja untuk

hidup,...

GT adds a conjunction, yang ‘that/in which’ in the TT. The addition of the

conjunction adds a relation that enables the relation to be put apart into different

units and also changes its function. The conjunction is “used after some verbs,

adjectives and nouns to introduce a new part of the sentence. The addition

conjunction yang ‘that/ in which’ causes ‘very few women work for a living’ is

misunderstood as a clause that modifies ‘nineteenth-century fiction’.

Consequently, the meaning shifts into ‘that in nineteenth-century fiction that/in

which very women work for a living’. Thus, the translation does not convey the

equivalent relation between the concepts in the sentence.

0

0.5

1

BT GT

0

1


71

iii. Mistaken Participant

Table 4.22. Mistaken Participant Error in Academic Text

Mistaken participant has the highest number of errors made by two MTs out

of other categories on relation concept errors category. However, the diagram

illustrates a very significant difference between BT and GT. With the total of 41

errors, BT makes almost three times more error on this category compared to GT.

This difference shows that BT does it worse than GT, especially in keeping up the

head and dependent of ST and TT same in academic text. As discussed before,

mistaken participant errors are mostly caused by word order. It correlates to the

fact that academic text contains lots of long and complex sentences, clause and

phrase. Therefore, BT faces quite many difficulties in translating the text.


Translation

16/S

T/F

C/15

... the

cultural

'mind-set'

in men

and

women ...

16/TT/

FC/GT/

15

... budaya

‘mind-set’

pada pria

dan wanita

...

Due to the

phrase’s wrong

order, the word

budaya ‘cultural’

becomes the head

of the phrase.

... ‘pola pikir’

budaya pada

pria dan

wanita ...

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

BT GT

41

16


72

The head of the noun phrase ‘the cultural ‘mind-set’ in 16/TT/FC/GT/15 is

different from ST. In ST, the head is pola pikir ‘mind-set’ with the adjective

budaya ‘cultural’ as the modifier. As the head of the phrase in Indonesian is

usually put before the adjective, the word order in TT declares that cultural

‘budaya’ is the head of the phrase with pola pikir ‘mind-set’ as the modifier. As

the result, it suggests a different head of the phrase between ST and TT.


Translation

29/S

T/F

C/28

... feminist

criticism

to be

given ...

29/TT

/FC/B

T/28

... feminis

kritik harus

diberikan ...

Feminis ‘feminist’

is put as the head

of the phrase.

... kritik

feminis untuk

diberikan ...

In 29/TT/FC/BT/28, BT also makes an error of mistaken participant. The

word feminis ‘feminist’ in ST is supposed to be positioned as the adjective that

modifies the noun kritik ‘criticism’. However, in TT, the word order of it is mixed

up in Indonesian. TT puts the adjective feminis ‘feminist’ in front of the noun

kritik ‘criticism’, which is wrong in Indonesian context. Consequently, the word

that functions as the head of the phrase changes into feminis ‘feminist’.

iv. Mistaken Relation

Mistaken relation errors in the academic text come up mainly due to the

mistranslation of active and passive verbs, preposition and wrong word order.

Those mistranslations result in the changed roles of relation in the sentences. In

mistaken relation error of academic text, mistaken relation of active and passive

verbs can be spotted easier than those in literary writing. It is because the

academic text often uses passive sentences to show objectivity.


73

Table 4.23. Mistaken Relation Error in Academic Text


Translation

4/ST

/FC/

3

... women

seeking

education

and alter-

natives to

marriage

and

mother-

hood;...

4/TT/

FC/B

T/3

... perempuan

yang mencari

pendidikan

dan alternatif

untuk

perkawinan

dari ibu;...

There is a

source relation

between

‘marriage ‘and

‘motherhood’

due to the word

dari ‘from’.

The intended

relation is dan

‘and’ which

shows parallel

relation

between them.

... perempuan

yang

mencari/menge

jar pendidikan

dan alternatif

untuk

perkawinan

dan menjadi

ibu;...

In datum 4/TT/FC/BT/3, BT mistranslated the relation into dari ‘from’. In

fact, what the ST intends to tell the reader is a relation which conveys a parallel

relation between the noun ‘marriage’ and ‘motherhood’ represented by dan ‘and’.

Due to the mistranslation of the concept dan ‘and’ into dari ‘from’, the relation

between the concepts in the sentence changes. The error indicates that there is a

relation which shows a source/origin of an action. The use of dari ‘from’ declares

0

5

10

15

20

25

BT GT

23

16


74

that the noun ‘motherhood’ is the source of which the action of ‘seeking’ is

originated.


Translation

27/S

T/F

C/26

... in which

women

writers

imitated

dominant

male artistic

norms and

aesthetic

standards; ...

27/TT

/FC/G

T/26

... di mana

penulis

wanita ditiru

norma artistik

dominan laki-

laki dan

standar

estetika; ...

Penulis wanita

‘women writers’

is no longer the

agent that

performs the

action in the

clause.

... di mana

penulis

perempuan

meniru norma

artistik dan

standar

estetika laki-

laki yang

dominan; ...

There is an active verb in ST that is mistranslated as a passive verb. Such

mistranslation of the active verb results in mistaken relation within the sentence.

Penulis wanita ‘woman writers’ in ST is supposed to be positioned as an agent

that performs the action of meniru ‘imitated’. However, the error suggests that

penulis wanita ‘woman writers’ is no longer the one who performs the action, but

regarded as a theme, which means that penulis wanita ‘woman writers’ is the one

who undergoes the action of ditiru ‘was imitated’.

B. The Performance of Bing Translator and Google Translate in

Translating Literary Text and Academic Text

To answer the second problem, the following analysis will focus on

discussing the different performances of BT and GT in translating two different

text types, literary text and academic text. From all the errors found in the TT and

its description in the previous discussion, the total number of each error category

made by two MTs will be totalized based on different text type in order to look at


75

the pattern of typical errors made by each MT. The two main categories are

individual concept errors and relation between concepts errors. Furthermore, the

writer will try to look for the possible explanation on the cause of emergence of

the typical errors.

This subchapter will cover the analysis of the different performance of both

MTs based on the error category and the text type. As a starter, all the errors

found in the translated text will be provided in the tables below.

4.24. Total Errors on Individual Concepts

ST MT Omitted

concept

Added

concept

Untrans

lated

concept

Mistran

slated

Concept

Substitu

ted

Concept

Explici

tated

Concept

Total

Lit

era

ry BT 15 2 12 51 1 1 82

GT 9 1 8 38 0 0 56

Total 24 3 20 89 1 1 138

Aca

dem

ic BT 8 8 5 38 0 0 59

GT 5 5 5 26 0 0 41

Total 13 13 10 64 0 0 100

4.25. Total Errors on Relation between Concepts

MT ST

Omitt

ed

Part.

Omitt

ed

Rel.

Added

Part.

Added

Rel.

Mista

ken

Part.

Mista

ken

Rel.

Substi

tuted

Part.

Substi

tuted

Rel.

Total

Lit

era

ry BT 3 4 0 2 20 12 0 0 41

GT 0 0 0 2 15 15 0 0 32

Total 3 4 0 2 35 27 0 0 73

Aca

dem

ic BT 0 12 0 0 41 23 0 0 76

GT 0 9 0 1 16 16 0 0 42

BT 0 21 0 1 57 39 0 0 118


76

Both tables illustrate that BT makes considerably more errors on both

categories of errors compared to GT. Text-type wise, BT makes more

subcategories of error as well as higher number of errors almost on every

subcategory of errors. The only error type in which GT has slightly more number

of errors than BT is mistaken relation error in the literary text. In literary text, BT

makes 58% of the errors out of the total of 211 errors on individual and relation

errors found within the text. Moreover, in the academic text, GT only makes 38%

of the total of 218 errors found within the text. It demonstrates that BT in general

has a weaker performance that GT, especially in the academic text.


Translating Individual Concepts

a. Literary Text

In literary text, BT and GT make the total of 138 errors on individual

concepts. Respectively, the former makes 59% and the latter makes 41% out of

the total of 138 errors on this subcategory. The most frequent made error type is

mistranslated concepts with the total of 89 errors. GT makes fewer mistranslated

concept error with the total of 38 errors while BT makes 51 errors. In the cases of

both MTs, most of the time, the MTs’ inability to choose the right concept of the

word suitable for the context is caused by polysemous words.


Errors

Alternative

Translation

41/S

T/C

R/40

It was raining

harder.

41/TT

/CR/B

T/40

Hujan keras.

Mistranslated

Concept-

adjective

Hujan

semakin

deras/lebat.


77

The datum provided in the table below are the example of the mistranslated

concept that is caused by polysemous words. In datum 41/TT/CR/BT/40, the

concept of ‘harder’ translated into keras has the wrong meaning for the context

(as in for describing a severe weather). It is because the concept keras means

‘hard’ as in for the context of solid, firm or stiff.

On the other hand, BT’s mistranslated concept error is also considerably

caused by the mistake on using affixes in the translated words which change the

meaning intended by the concept. Even though this type of error has the right

meaning of the concept for the root of the word, the wrong affixes in the

translation cause the translation has the wrong meaning for the context, even

changes the relations between words in the sentence. The instances of these errors

are illustrated below.


Errors

Alternative

Translation

69/S

T/C

R/68

As the

American girl

passed the

office ...

69/TT

/CR/B

T/68

Seperti

American

girl berlalu

kantor ...

Mistranslated

Concept-verb

Ketika perempuan

Amerika melalui

kantor ...

86/S

T/C

R/85

She studied

her profile,...

86/TT

/CR/G

T/85

Ia belajar

profilnya,

...

Mistranslated

Concept-verb

Ia mempelajari

profilnya, ...

Out of the total mistranslated errors made by GT, there are only 4 errors

caused by the wrong affixes made by GT. However, BT makes twice as many the

errors of this type. It suggests that GT’s errors tends to have the completely out-

of-context concepts whereas BT’s errors have the right meaning of a root of

concept but wrong affixes that also changes the meaning for the context. Due to

the right meaning of root, it shows that BT’s errors are easier to be tolerated by


78

TT reader as they can make sense out of the errors by altering only the affixes. On

the other hand, the errors caused by completely out-of-context errors are more

difficult for the TT reader to tolerate.

Furthermore, out of all the errors found within both text types, only in

literary text the error of substituted and explicitated concepts are found. Both

errors are made by BT, making BT the less steady MT that makes all types of

errors in individual concepts compared to GT which only makes 4 types of errors.

b. Academic Text

As for the academic text, BT and GT make the total of 100 errors on

individual concepts. BT makes 59% and GT makes 41% of errors out of the total

errors on this subcategory. The most frequent made error type is mistranslated

concepts with the total of 64 errors, 26 errors by GT and 38 errors by BT. Unlike

in the literary text, there are no substituted or explicitated concept errors found

within this text type.

The number of added concept errors in the academic text is relatively high

compared to the number found in literary text. There are 3 errors found in literary

text while there are 13 errors found in the academic text. This difference appears

because there are some parts of the academic text which mention book titles and

the writers. Due to the unnecessary translation of the titles and even names of the

writer in TT made by both BT and GT, there are some added concepts in TT.

Therefore, added concept error type perhaps more likely to happen in this kind of

text, in which titles and proper names are also more likely to be mentioned (in the


79

case of academic text, such mentions are necessary for references and examples of

existing literatures). Moreover, BT makes almost twice as many the error of added

concept which suggests that GT has a better performance in this case.

Unlike in the literary text, mistranslated concepts made by both MTs in

academic text are caused by more various reasons. Besides the polysemous words

and wrong affixes, the use of passive forms of sentences and phrasal verbs also

contribute as the cause of the error happens. Passive forms are often found in

academic writing to avoid the use of first person point of view in order to indicate

writer’s objectivity. MTs’ inability to distinguish whether a past form of verb is

simply an active verb written in past tense or a passive verb resulting in the

mistranslated concept. Moreover, academic text has a more complex writing

structure. Thus, phrasal verbs are more likely to be found in this text type.


Errors

Alternative

Translation

13/

ST/

FC

/12

The

representation

of women in

literature, then,

was felt to be

one of the

most important

forms ...

13/

TT

/F

C/

BT

/12

Representasi

perempuan

dalam sastra,

kemudian,

adalah merasa

menjadi salah

satu bentuk

paling penting ...

Mistransla

ted

Concept-

verb

Representasi

perempuan dalam

sastra, kemudian,

dirasakan menjadi

salah satu bentuk

paling penting ...

For instance is the use of passive verb dirasakan ‘was felt’ in datum above

which is mistakenly translated by BT as an active verb merasa ‘felt’. There are 6

errors of this kind found in the BT translation. However, GT only makes 2 of this

kind of error out of all the mistranslation it makes. This portrays that GT has a

better performance in recognizing the use of passive verbs in the text and

distinguishing it from the active verbs.


80


Errors

Alternative

Translation

20/S

T/F

C/19

... it began

to draw

upon the

findings

and ...

20/T

T/F

C/B

T/19

... itu mulai

untuk

menggambar

di atas

temuan dan

...

Mistranslated

Concept-

phrasal verb

... itu mulai untuk

memanfaatkan

temuan dan ...

The datum 20/TT/FC/BT/19 also shows that BT takes the phrasal verb

memanfaatkan ‘draw upon’ as two separate words: verb ‘draw’ + preposition

‘upon’. Therefore, the meaning of the phrasal verb is not conveyed. GT makes

only 3 errors of this kind of error the entire text, while BT makes twice the

number. This, once again, indicates that GT is able to recognize the use of phrasal

verbs in the text better than BT.


Translating Relation between Concepts

a. Literary Text

BT and GT make the total of 73 errors on relation between concepts,

respectively 56% by the former and 44% by the latter. BT makes the total of 41

errors in 5 error subcategories whereas GT makes the total of 32 errors only in 3

error subcategories. GT does not any error on omitted participant and omitted

relation while BT makes respectively 3 and 4 of them. However, the number of

error on mistaken relation in literary text is the only number that shows BT has a

slightly lower error rate compared to GT. Although most errors on mistaken

relation are caused by mistranslation of preposition or conjunction, GT has a few


81

more errors caused by the mistranslation of verb or adjective and wrong sentence

structure. The instance of the error GT make can be seen in the datum

50/TT/CR/GT/49 below, in which ‘washed bright green’ has the wrong sentence

structure in the translation. Hijau terang ‘bright green’ which is put after dicuci

‘washed’ indicates that hijau terang ‘bright green’ is possibly mistaken as the

action performer instead of an modifier.


Translation

50/S

T/C

R/49

The table

was there,

washed

bright

green in

the rain,

but the cat

was gone.

50/TT

/CR/G

T/49

Meja itu

ada, dicuci

hijau terang

di tengah

hujan, tapi

kucing itu

pergi.

Hijau terang ‘bright

green’ which is put

after the passive verb

dicuci ‘washed’

suggests that there the

former is the causer.

Meja itu ada,

hijau terang

dicuci di

tengah hujan,

tapi kucing

itu telah

hilang.

b. Academic Text

BT and GT make the total of 118 errors on relation between concepts in academic

text, respectively 64% by the former and 36% by the latter. The number of error in

academic text shows quite considerable difference compared to the error of

relation between concepts made in literary text. The difference in number between

them is caused by the different typical sentence structure between the two texts.

The literary text has more conversational sentence structure in relatively shorter

sentences and more simple structure. However, the academic text uses longer and

more complex sentences structure. The mistranslation of passive verbs, phrasal

verbs, more complex noun phrases often found in the academic text causes the

MTs have harder time in translating the relations in academic text.


82

The uses of passive forms in academic text, for example, contributes in

increasing the number of errors of mistaken relation compared to literary text.

Due to the mistranslation of a passive verb into an active verb and vice versa, the

role of agent/causer and theme in the sentence are most likely to change. Thus, the

changed roles cause the relation between two concepts is different from what is

initially intended by ST.


Translation

3/ST

/FC/

2

... classic

books

which had

diagnosed

the

problem ...

3/TT/

FC/G

T/2

... buku

klasik yang

telah

didiagnosis

masalah ...

The relation between

2 concepts buku-buku

klasik ‘classic books’

and masalah... ‘the

problem...’ changed.

Didiagnosis ‘had been

diagnosed’ indicates

that ‘classic books’ is

the theme.

... buku-buku

klasik yang

telah

mendiagnosi

s masalah ...

In the datum 3/TT/FC/GT/2, ‘diagnosed’ is mistranslated as a passive form,

didiagnosis ‘been diagnosed’ instead of an active verb. Therefore, there is relation

that suggest that ‘classic books’ is the concept that undergoes an action. This kind

of error caused by passive forms can be rarely found in the literary text.

Moreover, more or less half of the errors in academic text falls into the

category of mistaken participant. GT makes 16 errors of mistaken participant

while BT makes more than twice as many the errors, 41 errors. Most of the errors

on mistaken participant are caused by the wrong word order. In academic text,

there are a lot of complex noun phrases. However, the structure of noun phrases in

English as ST and Indonesian as TT is totally different. Wrong word order in the

translation causes the head of the phrase in TT is different from ST.


83


Translation

21/S

T/F

C/20

...

attacking

male

versions

of the

world ...

21/TT

/FC/B

T/20

...

menyerang

laki-laki

versi dunia

...

Laki-laki ‘male’

becomes the head of

the phrase instead of

dunia ‘world’.

... menyerang

dunia versi

laki-laki...

27/S

T/F

C/26

... in

which

women

writers

imitated ...

27/TT

/FC/B

T/26

... di mana

perempuan

penulis

ditiru ...

Penulis ‘writers’

which is the head

becomes the modifier

of perempuan

‘women’.

... di mana

penulis

perempuan

meniru ...

In datum 21/TT/FC/BT/20, the noun phrase dunia versi laki-laki ‘male

versions of the world’ is translated into laki-laki versi dunia ‘world version of

male’. The head of the phrase changes from ‘world’ into ‘male’. As for datum

27/TT/FC/BT/26, the head of the phrase also changes into ‘women’.

Consequently, the significant difference of number between BT and GT suggests

that GT is way better in comprehending the complex structures of the sentence in

academic text as well as recognizing the right sentence structure in TT.


84

CHAPTER V

CONCLUSION

Based on the data collection, discussion and analysis as discusses

previously, there are two main categories of errors made by Bing Translator (BT)

and Google Translate (GT) found within the literary text and academic text. Both

main categories proposed by Koponen are individual concept errors and the

second the relation between concepts errors. The error categories are classified

based on the semantic components between source text (ST) and target text (TT).

In the literary text, Hemingway’s Cat in the Rain, all the error types based

on individual concepts from omitted until explicitated concept are found within

the TT translated by BT. On the other hand, in the TT translated by GT, there are

only 4 individual concept error types found. They are omitted, added, untranslated

and mistranslated concept. Moreover, for the error based on relation between

concepts, 5 error types are found in the BT‘s translation. Five of them are omitted

participant, omitted relation, added relation, mistaken participant and mistaken

relation. In GT’s translation, the error types found only consist of added relation,

mistaken participant and mistaken relation.

As for the academic text, “Feminism and Feminist Criticism” in Barry’s

Beginning Theory, the errors on individual concepts made by both BT and GT fall

into only 4 categories: omitted, added untranslated, and mistranslated concept.

Based on the relation between concept errors, BT makes omitted relation,


85

mistaken participant and mistaken relation error while GT also puts added relation

into its list.

The most frequently made error types by both BT and GT are mistranslated

concept for individual concept error and mistaken participant for relation between

concepts error. Mistranslated concept errors found in the literary text can be

classified into mistranslated noun, verb adjective, adverb, determiner and

pronoun. As for the academic text, mistranslated concept errors are categorized

into 4: mistranslated noun, verb, adjective and adverb. For the second category,

added participant, substituted participant and subtituted relation error types are not

found in both texts’ translation.

The following analysis focuses on the different performances of GT and BT

based on each text type and error categories. Based on the data collected, previous

discussion and analysis, generally it can be inferred that GT has lower rate of

error hence shows a better performance compared to BT. The analysis also shows

that different text types result in different pattern of MTs’ performances.

In the translation of the literary text, GT makes fewer errors showing a

better performance than BT. However, the difference between both MTs is a very

slight one. On the other hand, in the case of academic text, BT and GT have

considerable different performances. Due to the use of longer, more complex

sentence structures in academic text, the result of this study illustrates that BT

makes way more errors than GT. Unlike BT, GT demonstrates a steadier

performance regardless the text type and despite the limitation of the MT, it also

pictures its ability to recognize Indonesian (TT) complex sentence structure better


86

than BT. Nevertheless, this result does not mean that MT has become a trusted

tool in terms of translating a complex text. However, it also does not change the

fact that MT is a useful and convenient tool for human if it is used for

informational and communicative purposes in daily communication, both written

and spoken. Therefore, MT can serve as a tool to facilitate or aid for human in the

process of translation, not a tool to change the role of human translations.

Future researches on the related topic may apply this research as one of the

aiding references. It is highly encouraged that future researches will make an

attempt to reveal the different level of criticalness of each type of error affecting

some respondents. The attempt can be conducted by giving a test to the

respondents to find out their comprehension of the machine-translated-texts

regardless the errors made. Thus, the attempt will serve as a step to discover the

performance or quality of machine translation more objectively.


87

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Barry, Peter. “Feminism and Feminist Criticism” in Beginning Theory.

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Bassnett, Susan. Translation Studies. 3rd ed. New York: Routlegde, 2002.

Bell, Roger T. Translation and Translating: Theory and Practice. New York:

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Brand24. “Jakarta: The Social Media Capital of the World”. Socialmemos. n.p.

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Febriana. “The Translation Performance of Sederet.com and Google Translate: A

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Universitas Sanata Dharma, 2014.

Fromkin, Victoria, Robert Rodman, and Nina Hyams. An Introduction to

Language. 10th ed. Boston: Wadsworth, 2014.

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89

APPENDICES

Appendix 1: All Data


Literary Text: Cat in the Rain

2/ST/CR/1 There were only two Americans

stopping at the hotel.

2/TT/CR/B

T/1

Ada hanya dua warga Amerika

yang berhenti di hotel.

2/TT/CR/

GT/1

Hanya ada dua orang Amerika

berhenti di hotel.

3/ST/CR/2

They did not know any of the

people they passed on the stairs on

their way to and from their room.

3/TT/CR/B

T/2

Mereka tidak tahu apapun dari

orang yang mereka lewat di atas

tangga dalam perjalanan merka ke

dan dari kamar mereka.

3/TT/CR/

GT/2

Mereka tidak tahu salah satu orang

yang mereka diteruskan tangga

dalam perjalanan mereka ke dan

dari kamar mereka.

5/ST/CR/4 It also faced the public garden and

the war monument.

5/TT/CR/B

T/4

Juga menghadapi Taman Umum

dan monumen perang.

5/TT/CR/

GT/4

Hal ini juga menghadapi taman

publik dan monumen perang.

6/ST/CR/5 There were big palms and green

benches in the public garden.

6/TT/CR/B

T/5

Ada pohon besar dan bangku-

bangku yang hijau di taman umum.

6/TT/CR/

GT/5

Ada telapak tangan besar dan

bangku-bangku hijau di taman

umum.

8/ST/CR/7

Artists liked the way the palms

grew and the bright colors of the

hotels facing the gardens and the

sea.

8/TT/CR/B

T/7

Seniman menyukai cara palms

tumbuh dan warna-warna cerah dari

hotel menghadap ke Taman dan

laut.

8/TT/CR/

GT/7

Artis menyukai cara telapak tangan

tumbuh dan warna-warna cerah dari

hotel yang menghadap taman dan

laut.

10/ST/CR/

9

It was made of bronze and glistened

in the rain.

10/TT/CR/

BT/9

Itu terbuat dari perunggu dan

glistened dalam hujan.

10/TT/CR/

GT/9

Itu terbuat dari perunggu dan

berkilau di tengah hujan.

14/ST/CR/

13

The sea broke in a long line in the

rain and slipped back down the

beach to come up and break again

in a long line in the rain.

14/TT/CR/

BT/13

Laut pecah di garis panjang dalaM

hujan dan menyelinap kembali ke

pantai naik dan pecah lagi di garis

panjang dalam hujan.

14/TT/CR/

GT/13

laut pecah di garis panjang dalam

hujan dan menyelinap kembali ke

pantai untuk datang dan istirahat

lagi di garis panjang dalam hujan.

15/ST/CR/

14

The motor cars were gone from the

square by the war monument.

15/TT/CR/

BT/14

Mobil itu pergi dari alun-alun oleh

monumen perang.

15/TT/CR/

GT/14

The motor mobil pergi dari alun

dengan monumen perang.

16/ST/CR/ Across the square in the doorway of 16/TT/CR/ Di seberang alun-alun di pintu kafe 16/TT/CR/ Di alun-alun di depan pintu kafe


90


15 the café a waiter stood looking out

at the empty square.

BT/15 pelayan berdiri memandang ke

alun-alun kosong.

GT/15 pelayan berdiri melihat keluar di

alun-alun kosong.

18/ST/CR/

17

Outside right under their window a

cat was crouched under one of the

dripping green tables.

18/TT/CR/

BT/17

Di luar tepat di bawah jendela

mereka kucing ini berjongkok di

bawah salah satu meja menetes

hijau.

18/TT/CR/

GT/17

Di luar tepat di bawah jendela

mereka kucing meringkuk di bawah

salah satu meja hijau menetes.

20/ST/CR/

19

‘I’m going down and get that kitty,’

the American wife said.

20/TT/R/B

T/19

‘Aku akan mendapatkan kucing

itu,’ kata sang istri Amerika

20/TT/R/G

T/19

"Aku akan turun dan mendapatkan

kitty itu," kata istri Amerika.

23/ST/CR/

22

The poor kitty out trying to keep

dry under a table.’

23/TT/CR/

BT/22

Kucing miskin keluar berusaha

menjaga kering di bawah meja.’

23/TT/CR/

GT/22

Kucing miskin keluar mencoba

untuk tetap kering di bawah meja. "

24/ST/CR/

23

The husband went on reading, lying

propped up with the two pillows at

the foot of the bed.

24/TT/CR/

BT/23

Suami pergi membaca, berbaring

diduking dengan bantal dua kaki

tempat tidur.

24/TT/CR/

GT/23

Suami melanjutkan membaca,

berbaring disangga dengan dua

bantal di kaki tempat tidur.

25/ST/CR/

24 ‘Don’t get wet,’ he said.

25/TT/CR/

BT/24 ‘Tidak basah,’ katanya.

25/TT/CR/

GT/24 'Jangan basah, "katanya.

26/ST/CR/

25

The wife went downstairs and the

hotel owner stood up and bowed to

her as she passed the office.

26/TT/CR/

BT/25

Istri turun dan pemilik hotel berdiri

dan sujud kepadanya saat dia lewat

kantor.

26/TT/CR/

GT/25

Istri turun dan pemilik hotel berdiri

dan membungkuk padanya saat ia

melewati kantor.

27/ST/CR/

26

His desk was at the far end of the

office.

27/TT/CR/

BT/26 Mejanya pada ujung kantor.

27/TT/CR/

GT/26 mejanya berada di ujung kantor.

28/ST/CR/

27 He was an old man and very tall.

28/TT/CR/

BT/27

Dia adalah tua manusia dan sangat

tinggi.

28/TT/CR/

GT/27

Dia adalah seorang pria tua dan

sangat tinggi.

29/ST/CR/

28 ‘Il piove,1’the wife said.

29/TT/CR/

BT/28 ‘Il piove, 1’ kata sang istri.

29/TT/CR/

GT/28 'Il piove, kata istri 1'the.

30/ST/CR/

29 She liked the hotel-keeper.

30/TT/CR/

BT/29 Dia menyukai penjaga hotel Prusia.

30/TT/CR/

GT/29 Dia menyukai hotel-penjaga.

39/ST/CR/

38

She liked his old, heavy face and

big hands.

39/TT/CR/

BT/38

Dia menyukai lamanya, wajah berat

dan besar tangan.

39/TT/CR/

GT/38

Dia menyukai tua, wajah yang berat

dan tangan besar.

40/ST/CR/

39

Liking him she opened the door and

looked out.

40/TT/CR/

BT/39

Menyukainya dia membuka pintu

dan melihat keluar.

40/TT/CR/

GT/39

Menyukai bahwa dia membuka

pintu dan melihat keluar.

41/ST/CR/ It was raining harder. 41/TT/CR/ Hujan keras. 41/TT/CR/ Saat itu hujan keras.


91


40 BT/40 GT/40

47/ST/CR/

46

‘You must not get wet,’ she smiled,

speaking Italian.

47/TT/CR/

BT/46

‘Anda harus tidak basah,’ Dia

tersenyum, berbicara bahasa Italia.

47/TT/CR/

GT/46

'Anda tidak harus mendapatkan

basah, "dia tersenyum, berbicara

Italia.

48/ST/CR/

47

Of course, the hotel-keeper had sent

her.

48/TT/CR/

BT/47

Tentu saja, penjaga hotel Prusia

telah mengutus dia.

48/TT/CR/

GT/47

Tentu saja, hotel-kiper telah

mengirimnya.

50/ST/CR/

49

The table was there, washed bright

green in the rain, but the cat was

gone.

50/TT/CR/

BT/49

Tabel yang ada, hijau terang dicuci

dalam hujan, tapi kucing hilang.

50/TT/CR/

GT/49

Meja itu ada, dicuci hijau terang di

tengah hujan, tapi kucing itu pergi.

60/ST/CR/

59 Then, ‘Oh, I wanted it so much.

60/TT/CR/

BT/59

Kemudian, ‘Oh, saya ingin itu

begitu banyak.

60/TT/CR/

GT/59

Kemudian,' Oh, aku ingin begitu

banyak.

62/ST/CR/

61

When she talked English the maid’s

face tightened.

62/TT/CR/

BT/61

Ketika dia berbicara bahasa Inggris

pelayan wajah diperketat.

62/TT/CR/

GT/61

Ketika dia berbicara bahasa Inggris

wajah pembantu diperketat.

63/ST/CR/

62 ‘Come, Signora,’ she said.

63/TT/CR/

BT/62 ‘Datang, Signora,’ katanya.

63/TT/CR/

GT/62 "Ayo, Signora," katanya.

69/ST/CR/

68

As the American girl passed the

office, the padrone bowed from his

desk.

69/TT/CR/

BT/68

Seperti American girl berlalu

kantor, padrone membungkuk dari

mejanya.

69/TT/CR/

GT/68

Sebagai gadis Amerika melewati

kantor, padrone membungkuk dari

mejanya.

71/ST/CR/

70

The padrone made her feel very

small and at the same time really

important.

71/TT/CR/

BT/70

Padrone membuatnya merasa

sangat kecil dan pada saat yang

sama benar-benar penting.

71/TT/CR/

GT/70

padrone yang membuatnya merasa

sangat kecil dan pada saat yang

sama sangat penting.

72/ST/CR/

71

She had a momentary feeling of

being of supreme importance.

72/TT/CR/

BT/71

Dia punya perasaan sesaat

pentingnya tertinggi.

72/TT/CR/

GT/71

Dia memiliki perasaan sesaat

menjadi yang sangat penting.

73/ST/CR/

72 She went on up the stairs.

73/TT/CR/

BT/72 Dia melanjutkan menaiki tangga.

73/TT/CR/

GT/72 Dia naik ke atas tangga.

78/ST/CR/

77

‘Wonder where it went to,’ he said,

resting his eyes from reading.

78/TT/CR/

BT/77

‘Wonder mana ia pergi,’ katanya,

beristirahat mata dari membaca.

78/TT/CR/

GT/77

'' Keajaiban di mana ia pergi ke,"

katanya, beristirahat matanya dari

membaca.

81/ST/CR/

80

‘I don’t know why I wanted it so

much.

81/TT/CR/

BT/80

‘Aku tidak tahu mengapa aku ingin

begitu banyak.

81/TT/CR/

GT/80

"Aku tidak tahu mengapa aku

begitu menginginkannya.


92


82/ST/CR/

81 I wanted that poor kitty.

80/TT/CR/

BT/81 Aku ingin kitty yang miskin.

80/TT/CR/

GT/81 Saya ingin bahwa kitty miskin.

83/ST/CR/

82

It isn’t any fun to be a poor kitty

out in the rain.’

83/TT/CR/

BT/82

Itu tidak menyenangkan untuk

menjadi miskin kitty luar dalam

hujan.

83/TT/CR/

GT/82

Hal ini tidak menyenangkan

menjadi kitty miskin dalam hujan. "

85/ST/CR/

84

She went over and sat in front of

the mirror of the dressing table

looking at herself with the hand

glass.

85/TT/CR/

BT/84

Dia pergi dan duduk di depan

cermin meja rias yang memandang

dirinya dengan kaca tangan.

85/TT/CR/

GT/84

Dia pergi dan duduk di depan

cermin meja rias melihat dirinya

dengan kaca tangan.

86/ST/CR/

85

She studied her profile, first one

side and then the other.

86/TT/CR/

BT/85

Dia belajar profilnya, pertama satu

sisi dan kemudian yang lain.

86/TT/CR/

GT/85

Ia belajar profilnya, satu sisi

pertama dan kemudian yang lain.

88/ST/CR/

87

‘Don’t you think it would be a good

idea if I let my hair grow out?’ she

asked, looking at her profile again.

88/TT/CR/

BT/87

‘Jangan Anda pikir akan ide yang

baik jika aku membiarkan rambut

saya tumbuh keluar?’ dia bertanya,

melihat profilnya lagi.

88/TT/CR/

GT/87

"Apakah Anda tidak berpikir itu

akan menjadi ide yang baik jika

saya membiarkan rambut saya

tumbuh?" Tanyanya, melihat

profilnya lagi.

89/ST/CR/

88

George looked up and saw the back

of her neck, clipped close like a

boy’s.

89/TT/CR/

BT/88

George mendongak dan melihat

bagian belakang lehernya terpotong

dekat seperti seorang laki-laki.

89/TT/CR/

GT/88

George mendongak dan melihat

bagian belakang lehernya, dipotong

dekat seperti anak laki-laki.

94/ST/CR/

93

He hadn’t looked away from her

since she started to speak.

94/TT/CR/

BT/93

Dia tidak tampak dari dirinya sejak

dia mulai berbicara.

94/TT/CR/

GT/93

Dia tidak melihat darinya karena

dia mulai berbicara.

95/ST/CR/

94 ‘You look pretty darn nice,’ he said.

95/TT/CR/

BT/94

‘Anda terlihat cukup darn bagus,’

katanya

95/TT/CR/

GT/94

"Kau tampak pretty darn baik,"

katanya.

96/ST/CR/

95

She laid the mirror down on the

dresser and went over to the

window and looked out.

96/TT/CR/

BT/95

Dia meletakkan cermin pada rias

dan pergi ke jendela dan melilhat

keluar.

96/TT/CR/

GT/95

Dia meletakkan cermin di atas

lemari dan pergi ke jendela dan

melihat keluar.

98/ST/CR/

97

‘I want to pull my hair back tight

and smooth and make a big knot at

the back that I can feel,’ she said.

98/TT/CR/

BT/97

‘Saya ingin menarik rambut saya

kembali ketat dan halus dan

membuat simpul besar di belakang

bahwa aku bisa merasakan,’

katanya.

98/TT/CR/

GT/97

"Saya ingin menarik rambut saya

kembali kencang dan halus dan

membuat simpul besar di bagian

belakang yang saya bisa

merasakan," katanya.


93


99/ST/CR/

98

‘I want to have a kitty to sit on my

lap and purr when I stroke her.’

99/TT/CR/

BT/98

‘Saya ingin memiliki kucing untuk

duduk di pangkuan dan purr saya

ketika saya stroke kepadanya.’

99/TT/CR/

GT/98

"Saya ingin memiliki kucing untuk

duduk di pangkuan saya dan

mendengkur ketika saya dia

stroke."

105/ST/CR

/104

His wife was looking out of the

window.

105/TT/C

R/BT/104 Istrinya sedang keluar dari jendela.

105/TT/C

R/GT/104 Istrinya melihat keluar dari jendela.

109/ST/CR

/108

If I can’t have long hair or any fun,

I can have a cat.’

109/TT/C

R/BT/108

Jika saya tidak memiliki rambut

panjang atau menyenangkan, aku

bisa memiliki kucing.’

109/TT/C

R/GT/108

Jika saya tidak dapat memiliki

rambut panjang atau

menyenangkan, saya dapat

memiliki kucing. "

112/ST/CR

/111

His wife looked out of the window

where the light had come on in the

square.

112/TT/C

R/BT/111

Istrinya menjenguk dari jendela

mana cahaya telah datang pada di

alun-alun.

112/TT/C

R/GT/111

Istrinya melihat keluar dari jendela

di mana cahaya datang pada di

alun-alun.

120/ST/CR

/119

2 ‘Yes, yes Madam. Awful

weather.’

120/TT/C

R/BT/119

2 ‘Ya, ya Madam. Cuaca

mengerikan.’

120/TT/C

R/GT/119 2 'Ya, ya Ibu. cuaca mengerikan. '

121/ST/CR

/120

3 ‘Have you lost something,

Madam?’

121/TT/C

R/BT/120

3 ‘Apakah Anda kehilangan

sesuatu, Madam?’

121/TT/C

R/GT/120

3 'Apakah Anda kehilangan

sesuatu, Nyonya? "

Academic Text: Feminism and Feminist Criticism

1/ST/FC/T

I Feminism and feminist criticism

1/TT/FC/B

T/TI Feminisme dan feminis kritik

1/TT/FC/G

T/1 Feminisme dan kritik feminis

2/ST/FC/1

The 'women's movement' of the

1960s was not, of course, the start

of feminism.

2/TT/FC/B

T/1

‘Gerakan perempuan’ tahun 1960-

an adalah tidak, tentu saja, awal

feminisme.

2/TT/FC/G

T/2

The 'perempuan gerakan' dari tahun

1960-an tidak, tentu saja, awal

feminisme.

3/ST/FC/2

Rather, it was a renewal of an old

tradition of thought and action

already possessing its classic books

which had diagnosed the problem

of women's inequality in society,

and (in some cases) proposed

solutions.

3/TT/FC/B

T/2

Sebaliknya, itu adalah pembaruan

dari tradisi lama pemikiran dan

tindakan yang sudah memiliki buku

klasik yang telah didiagnosis

masalah wanita ketidaksetaraan

dalam masyarakat, dan (dalam

beberapa kasus) diusulkan solusi.

3/TT/FC/G

T/3

Sebaliknya, itu adalah pembaharuan

dari tradisi lama pemikiran dan

tindakan yang telah memiliki buku

klasik yang telah didiagnosis

masalah ketidaksetaraan perempuan

dalam masyarakat, dan (dalam

beberapa kasus) mengusulkan

solusi.


94


4/ST/FC/3

These books include Mary Woll-

stonecraft's A Vindication of the

Rights of Women (1792), which

discusses male writers like Milton,

Pope, and Rousseau; Olive

Schreiner's Women and Labour

(1911); Virginia Woolf’s A Room

of One's Own (1929), which vividly

portrays the unequal treatment

given to women seeking education

and alternatives to marriage and

motherhood; and Simone de

Beauvoir's The Second Sex (1949),

which has an important section on

the portrayal of women in the

novels of D. H. Lawrence.

4/TT/FC/B

T/3

Buku-buku ini termasuk Mary

Woll-stonecraft pembenaran hak

perempuan (1792), yang membahas

laki-laki penulis seperti Milton,

Paus dan Rousseau; Zaitun

Schreiner perempuan dan buruh

(1911); Virginia Woolf A Room of

One’s Own (1929), yang dengan

jelas menggambarkan timpangnya

perlakuan yang diberikan kepada

perempuan yang mencari

pendidikan dan alternatif untuk

perkawinan dari ibu; dan Simone de

Beauvoir The kedua Sex (1949),

yang memiliki bagian penting pada

penggambaran perempuan

dalamnovel terhadap D. H.

Lawrence.

4/TT/FC/G

T/3

Buku-buku ini mencakup Mary

Woll-stonecraft adalah A

Pemulihan nama Hak Perempuan

(1792), yang membahas penulis

laki-laki seperti Milton, Paus, dan

Rousseau; Olive Schreiner ini

Perempuan dan Buruh (1911);

Virginia Woolf A Room of Sendiri

(1929), yang jelas menggambarkan

perlakuan yang tidak sama

diberikan kepada perempuan yang

mencari pendidikan dan alternatif

untuk menikah dan menjadi ibu;

dan Simone de Beauvoir The

Second Sex (1949), yang memiliki

bagian penting pada penggambaran

perempuan dalam novel-novel D.

H. Lawrence.

5/ST/FC/4

Male contributions to this tradition

of feminist writing include John

Stuart Mill's The Subjection of

Woman (1869) and The Origin of

the Family (1884) by Friedrich

Engels.

5/TT/FC/B

T/4

Laki-laki kontribusi tradisi ini

menulis feminis termasuk ketaatan

wanita (1869) dan asal-usul

keluarga John Stuart Mill (1884)

oleh Friedrich Engels.

5/TT/FC/G

T/4

kontribusi laki-laki tradisi penulisan

feminis termasuk John Stuart Mill

adalah The Penaklukan Perempuan

(1869) dan The Origin of the

Family (1884) oleh Friedrich

Engels.

8/ST/FC/7

In this sense the women's

movement has always been

crucially concerned with books and

literature, so that feminist criticism

should not be seen as an off-shoot

or a spin-off from feminism which

is remote from the ultimate aims of

the movement, but as one of its

8/TT/FC/B

T/7

Dalam pengertian ini gerakan

perempuan memiliki selalu telah

krusial berkaitan dengan buku-buku

dan sastra, sehingga feminis kritik

tidak boleh dilihat sebagai off-

menembak atau spin-off dari

feminisme yang jauh dari tujuan

utama dari gerakan, tetapi sebagai

8/TT/FC/G

T/7

Dalam hal ini gerakan perempuan

selalu krusial peduli dengan buku-

buku dan literatur, sehingga kritik

feminis tidak harus dilihat sebagai

off-shoot atau spin-off dari

feminisme yang jauh dari tujuan

utama dari gerakan, tapi sebagai

salah satu dari cara yang paling


95


most practical ways of influencing

everyday conduct and attitudes.

salah satu cara yang paling praktis

mempengaruhi sikap dan perilaku

sehari-hari.

praktis mempengaruhi perilaku dan

sikap sehari-hari.

9/ST/FC/8

The concern with 'conditioning' and

'socialisation' underpins a crucial

set of distinctions, that between the

terms 'feminist', 'female', and

'feminine'.

9/TT/FC/B

T/8

Keprihatinan dengan pengkondisian

dan sosialiasai mendukung

seperangkat penting perbedaan,

yang antara istilah ‘feminis’,

‘female’, dan ‘feminin’.

9/TT/FC/G

T/8

Perhatian dengan 'penyejuk' dan

'sosialisasi' mendasari satu set

penting dari perbedaan, bahwa

antara istilah 'feminis', 'perempuan',

dan 'feminin'.

10/ST/FC/

9

As Toril Moi explains, the first is 'a

political position', the second 'a

matter of biology', and the third 'a

set of culturally defined

characteristics'.

10/TT/FC/

BT/9

Sebagai Toril Moi menjelaskan,

yang pertama adalah ‘posisi

politik’, kedua ‘sebuah masalah

biologi dan yang ketiga ‘adalah

serangkaian karakteristik budaya

didefinisikan’.

10/TT/FC/

GT/9

Sebagai Toril Moi menjelaskan,

yang pertama adalah 'posisi politik',

kedua 'soal biologi', dan yang

ketiga 'seperangkat karakteristik

yang didefinisikan secara kultural'.

11/ST/FC/

10

Particularly in the distinction

between the second and third of

these lies much of the force of

feminism (see Moi's essay in The

Feminist Reader, ed. Catherine

Belsey and Jane Moore).

11/TT/FC/

BT/10

Khususnya di perbedaan antara

kedua dan ketiga kebohongan ini

banyak kekuatan feminisme (Lihat

Moi esai di feminis pembaca, ed.

Catherine Belsey dan Jane Moore.

11/TT/FC/

GT/10

Terutama dalam perbedaan antara

kedua dan ketiga dari kebohongan

ini jauh dari gaya feminisme (lihat

esai Moi di The Feminist Reader,

ed. Catherine Belsey dan Jane

Moore).

13/ST/FC/

12

The representation of women in

literature, then, was felt to be one of

the most important forms of

'socialisation', since it provided the

role models which indicated to

women, and men, what constituted

acceptable versions of the

'feminine' and legitimate feminine

goals and aspirations.

13/TT/FC/

BT/12

Representasi perempuan dalam

sastra, kemudian, adalah merasa

menjadi salah satu bentuk paling

penting dari ‘sosialisasi’, karena itu

diberikan model peran yang

ditunjukkan kepada wanita, dan

laki-laki, apa yang merupakan versi

yang dapat diterima ‘feminin’ dan

sah feminin tujuan dan aspirasi.

13/TT/FC/

GT/12

Keterwakilan perempuan dalam

literatur, kemudian, dirasakan

menjadi salah satu bentuk yang

paling penting dari 'sosialisasi',

karena itu memberikan teladan

yang ditunjukkan untuk perempuan,

dan laki-laki, apa yang merupakan

versi diterima dari 'feminin' dan sah

feminin tujuan dan aspirasi.

14/ST/FC/

13

Feminists pointed out, for example,

that in nineteenth-century fiction

very few women work for a living,

14/TT/FC/

BT/13

Feminis menunjuk keluar,

misalnya, bahwa dalam abad

kesembilan belas fiksi sangat

14/TT/FC/

GT/13

Feminis menunjukkan, misalnya,

bahwa dalam fiksi abad kesembilan

belas yang sangat sedikit wanita


96


unless they are driven to it by dire

necessity.

sedikit wanita bekerja untuk hidup,

kecuali mereka didorong untuk itu

oleh keharusan yang mengandung

bahaya.

bekerja untuk hidup, kecuali

mereka didorong untuk itu oleh

kebutuhan mengerikan.

15/ST/FC/

14

Instead, the focus of interest is on

the heroine's choice of marriage

partner, which will decide her

ultimate social position and

exclusively determine her

happiness and fulfilment in life, or

her lack of these.

15/TT/FC/

BT/14

Sebaliknya, fokus menarik adalah

pahlawan pilihan pasangan

perkawinan, yang akan

memutuskan posisinya sosial utama

dan eksklusif menentukan

kebahagiaan danpemenuhan dalam

hidup, atau kurangnya ini.

15/TT/FC/

GT/14

Sebaliknya, fokus bunga pada

pilihan pahlawan untuk pasangan

hidup, yang akan memutuskan

posisi sosial utama dan eksklusif

menentukan kebahagiaan dan

kepuasan dalam hidup, atau dia

kurang tersebut.

16/ST/FC/

15

Thus, in feminist criticism in the

1970s the major effort went into

exposing what might be called the

mechanisms of patriarchy, that is,

the cultural 'mind-set' in men and

women which perpetuated sexual

inequality.

16/TT/FC/

BT/15

Dengan demikian, dalam feminis

kritik pada tahun 1970 usaha utama

pergi mengekspos apa yang bisa

disebut mekanisme patriarki, yaitu

budaya ‘pola pikir’ pada pria dan

wanita yang diabadikan seksual

ketidaksetaraan.

16/TT/FC/

GT/15

Dengan demikian, dalam kritik

feminis pada 1970-an upaya besar

masuk ke mengekspos apa yang

mungkin disebut mekanisme

patriarki, yaitu, budaya 'mind-set'

pada pria dan wanita yang

diabadikan ketidaksetaraan seksual.

17/ST/FC/

16

Critical attention was given to

books by male writers in which

influential or typical images of

women were constructed.

17/TT/FC/

BT/16

Kritis perhatian diberikan kepada

buku oleh penulis laki-laki yang

berpengaruh atau khas gambar

perempuan dibangun.

17/TT/FC/

GT/16

perhatian kritis diberikan kepada

buku oleh penulis laki-laki di mana

gambar berpengaruh atau khas

perempuan dibangun.

19/ST/FC/

18

Then, in the 1980s, in feminism as

in other critical approaches, the

mood changed.

19/TT/FC/

BT/18

Kemudian, pada tahun 1980-an, di

feminisme dalam pendekatan-

pendekatan lain kritis, suasana

berubah.

19/TT/FC/

GT/18

Kemudian, pada 1980-an, di

feminisme seperti dalam

pendekatan penting lainnya, mood

berubah.

20/ST/FC/

19

Firstly, feminist criticism became

much more eclectic, meaning that it

began to draw upon the findings

and approaches of other kinds of

criticism - Marxism, structuralism,

linguistics, and so on.

20/TT/FC/

BT/19

Pertama, kritik feminis menjadi

jauh lebih elektik, berarti bahwa itu

mulai untuk menggambar di atas

temuan dan pendekatan jenis lain

dari kritik – Marxisme, struktural-

isme, linguistik, dan sebagainya.

20/TT/FC/

GT/19

Pertama, kritik feminis menjadi

lebih eklektik, artinya mulai

memanfaatkan temuan dan

pendekatan dari jenis lain dari kritik

- Marxisme, strukturalisme,

linguistik, dan sebagainya.


97


21/ST/FC/

20

Secondly, it switched its focus from

attacking male versions of the

world to exploring the nature of the

female world and outlook, and

reconstructing the lost or

suppressed records of female

experience.

21/TT/FC/

BT/20

Kedua, mengalihkan fokus dari

menyerang laki-laki versi dunia

untuk menjelajahi sifat perempuan

dunia dan outlook, dan

merekonstruksi catatan hilang atau

ditekan pengalaman perempuan.

21/TT/FC/

GT/20

Kedua, beralih fokus dari

menyerang versi laki-laki dari dunia

untuk menjelajahi alam dunia dan

prospek perempuan, dan

merekonstruksi catatan hilang atau

ditekan pengalaman perempuan.

22/ST/FC/

21

Thirdly, attention was switched to

the need to construct a new canon

of women's writing by rewriting the

history of the novel and of poetry in

such a way that neglected women

writers were given new

prominence.

22/TT/FC/

BT/21

Ketiga, perhatian adalah beralih ke

kebutuhan untuk membangun baru

canon wanita menulis dengan

menulis ulang sejarah novel dan

puisi dengan cara yang diabaikan

perempuan penulis yang

ketenarannya baru.

22/TT/FC/

GT/21

Ketiga, perhatian beralih ke

kebutuhan untuk membangun

sebuah kanon baru tulisan

perempuan dengan menulis kembali

sejarah novel dan puisi dalam

sedemikian rupa sehingga

diabaikan penulis perempuan diberi

keunggulan baru.

23/ST/FC/

22

Such distinct phases of interest and

activity seem characteristic of

feminist criticism.

23/TT/FC/

BT/22

Tahapan tersebut berbeda

kepentingan dan aktivitas tampak

karakteristik feminis kritik.

23/TT/FC/

GT/22

tahap yang berbeda seperti bunga

dan aktivitas tampaknya

karakteristik kritik feminis.

27/ST/FC/

26

Showalter also detects in the history

of women's writing a feminine

phase (1840-80), in which women

writers imitated dominant male

artistic norms and aesthetic

standards; then a feminist phase

(1880-1920), in which radical and

often separatist positions are

maintained; and finally a female

phase (1920 onwards) which looked

particularly at female writing and

female experience.

27/TT/FC/

BT/26

Showalter juga mendeteksi dalam

sejarah perempuan menulis sebuah

fase feminin (1840-80), di mana

perempuan penulis ditiru dominan

laki-laki artistik norma dan estetika

standar; kemudian sebuah fase

feminis (1880-1920), di mana

posisi radikal dan sering separitis

yang dipelihara; dan akhirnya

sebuah fase perempuan (1920 dan

seterusnya) yang tampak terutama

pada menulis perempuan dan laki-

laki pengalaman.

27/TT/FC/

GT/26

Showalter juga mendeteksi dalam

sejarah perempuan menulis fase

feminin (1840-1880), di mana

penulis wanita ditiru norma artistik

dominan laki-laki dan standar

estetika; kemudian fase feminis

(1880-1920), di mana radikal dan

sering posisi separatis

dipertahankan; dan akhirnya fase

perempuan (1920 dan seterusnya)

yang tampak terutama pada tulisan

perempuan dan pengalaman

perempuan.


98


29/ST/FC/

28

More importantly, there is a great

need, in all intellectual disciplines,

to establish a sense of progress,

enabling early and cruder examples

of (in this case) feminist criticism to

be given their rightful credit and

acknowledgement while at the same

time making it clear that the

approach they represent is no

longer generally regarded as a

model for practice.

29/TT/FC/

BT/28

Lebih penting lagi, ada kebutuhan

besar, di semua disiplin ilmu

intelektual, untuk membangun rasa

kemajuan, memungkinkan contoh-

contoh awal dan cruder (dalam

kasus ini) feminis kritik harus

diberikan kredit yang sah dan

pengakuan mereka sementara pada

saat yang sama membuat jelas

bahwa pendekatan mereka

mewakili tidak lagi umumnya

dianggap sebagai sebuah model

untuk praktek.

29/TT/FC/

GT/28

Lebih penting lagi, ada kebutuhan

besar, di semua disiplin ilmu

intelektual, untuk membangun rasa

kemajuan, memungkinkan awal dan

contoh yang lebih kasar dari (dalam

hal ini) kritik feminis untuk

diberikan kredit yang sah dan

pengakuan sementara pada saat

yang sama sehingga jelas bahwa

pendekatan mereka mewakili tidak

lagi umumnya dianggap sebagai

model untuk praktek.

32/ST/FC/

31

The next three sections will look at

each of these in turn.

32/TT/FC/

BT/31

Bagian tiga akan memandang

masing-masing pada gilirannya.

32/TT/FC/

GT/31

Tiga bagian berikutnya akan

melihat masing-masing pada

gilirannya.

Appendix 2: Description of Errors

A. Literary Text: Hemingway’s Cat in the Rain

1. Individual Concept Errors

a. Omitted Concept

No. ST No. TT Type of Errors Alternative Translation

Bing Translator

1. 3/ST/CR/2 They did not know any of the

people ...

3/TT/CR/B

T/2

Mereka tidak tahu apapun dari

orang ...

Omitted Concept -

plural noun

Mereka tidak tahu siapa-pun

dari orang-orang ...

2. 5/ST/CR/4 It also faced the public garden... 5/TT/CR/B

T/4

Juga menghadapi Taman

Umum...

Omitted Concept-

pronoun

Kamar itu juga menghadap

taman umum...


99


3. 6/ST/CR/5 There were big palms and ... 6/TT/CR/B

T/5 Ada pohon besar dan ...

Omitted Concept-

noun Ada palem-palem besar dan ...

4. 8/ST/CR/7 Artists liked the way the palms

grew...

8/TT/CR/B

T/7


tumbuh...

Omitted Concept-

plural noun

Para seniman menyukai cara

palem-palem itu tumbuh...

5. 8/ST/CR/7

... and the bright colors of the

hotels facing the gardens and

the sea.

8/TT/CR/B

T/7

... dan warna-warna cerah dari

hotel menghadap ke Taman dan

laut.

Omitted Concept-

plural noun


hotel-hotel yang menghadap ke

Taman dan laut.

6. 15/ST/CR/

14 The motor cars were gone ...

15/TT/CR/

BT/14 Mobil itu pergi ...

Omitted Concept-

plural noun Mobil-mobil itu pergi ...

7. 16/ST/CR/

15

... stood looking out at the

empty square.

16/TT/CR/

BT/15

... berdiri memandang ke alun-

alun kosong.

Omitted Concept-

adverb

... berdiri memandang ke luar,

ke alun-alun kosong.

8. 20/ST/CR/

19 ‘I’m going down and get ...

20/TT/CR/

BT/19 ‘Aku akan mendapatkan ...

Omitted Concept-

verb

‘Aku akan turun/pergi ke bawah

dan ...

9. 25/ST/CR/


25/TT/CR/


Omitted Concept-

verb ‘Jangan sampai basah,’ katanya.

10. 27/ST/CR/

26

His desk was at the far end of

the office.

27/TT/CR/

BT/26 Mejanya pada ujung kantor.

Omitted Concept-

linking verb

Mejanya berada di ujung

kantor.

11. 47/ST/CR/

46 ‘You must not get wet,’...

47/TT/CR/

BT/46 ‘Anda harus tidak basah,’...

Omitted Concept-

verb

‘Anda tidak boleh sampai

basah,’...

12. 81/ST/CR/

80 ... why I wanted it so much.

81/TT/CR/

BT/80

... mengapa aku ingin begitu

banyak.

Omitted Concept-

pronoun

... mengapa aku begitu

menginginkannya.

13. 88/ST/CR/

87

‘Don’t you think it would be a

good idea if ...

88/TT/CR/

BT/87

‘Jangan Anda pikir akan ide

yang baik jika ...

Omitted Concept-

linking verb

‘Tidakkan Anda pikir akan

menjadi ide yang baik jika ...

14. 105/ST/CR

/104

His wife was looking out of the

window.

105/TT/C

R/BT/104

Istrinya sedang keluar dari

jendela.

Omitted Concept-

verb

Istrinya sedang memandang ke

luar jendela.

15. 109/ST/CR

/108

If I can’t have long hair or any

fun,...

109/TT/C

R/BT/108


panjang atau menyenangkan,...

Omitted Concept-

adverb


rambut panjang atau

kesenangan sama sekali,...

Google Translate

1. 3/ST/CR/2 They did not know any of the

people ...

3/TT/CR/

GT/2

Mereka tidak tahu salah satu

orang ...

Omitted Concept-

plural noun

Mereka tidak tahu siapapun dari

orang-orang ...


100



grew...

8/TT/CR/

GT/7

Artis menyukai cara telapak

tangan tumbuh...

Omitted Concept-

plural noun

Para artis/seniman menyukai

cara palem-palem itu tumbuh...

3. 8/ST/CR/7

... and the bright colors of the

hotels facing the gardens and

the sea.

8/TT/CR/

GT/7


hotel yang menghadap taman

dan laut.

Omitted Concept-

plural noun


hotel-hotel yang menghadap ke

Taman dan laut.

4. 15/ST/CR/


15/TT/CR/

GT/14 The motor mobil pergi ...

Omitted Concept-

plural noun Mobil-mobil itu pergi ...

5. 25/ST/CR/


25/TT/CR/

GT/24 ‘Jangan basah,’ katanya.

Omitted Concept-

verb ‘Jangan sampai basah,’ katanya.

6. 60/ST/CR/

59 ... I wanted it so much.

60/TT/CR/

GT/59 ... aku ingin begitu banyak.

Omitted Concept-

pronoun ... aku begitu menginginkannya.

7. 73/ST/CR/


73/TT/CR/


Omitted Concept-

phrasal verb

Dia terus/melanjutkan menaiki

tangga.

8. 83/ST/CR/

82 ... a poor kitty out in the rain.’

83/TT/CR/

GT/82 ... kitty miskin dalam hujan. "

Omitted Concept-

adverb

... kucing malang di luar, dalam

hujan.

9. 109/ST/CR

/108


fun,...

109/TT/C

R/BT/108



Omitted Concept-

adverb


rambut panjang atau

kesenangan sama sekali,...

b. Added Concept


Bing Translator

1. 30/ST/CR/

29 She liked the hotel-keeper.

30/TT/CR/

BT/29

Dia menyukai penjaga hotel

Prusia.

Added Concept-

adjective Dia menyukai penjaga hotel itu.

2. 48/ST/CR/

47

Of course, the hotel-keeper had

sent her.

48/TT/CR/

BT/47

Tentu saja, penjaga hotel Prusia

telah mengutus dia.

Added Concept-

adjective

Tentu saja, si penjaga hotel

telah mengutus dia.

Google Translate

1. 15/ST/CR/


15/TT/CR/


Added Concept-

noun Mobil-mobil itu pergi ...


101

c. Untranslated Concept


Bing Translator


grew...

8/TT/CR/B

T/7


tumbuh...

Untranslated

Concept-noun

Para seniman menyukai cara

palem-palem itu tumbuh...

2. 10/ST/CR/

9 ... and glistened in the rain.

10/TT/CR/

BT/9 ... dan glistened dalam hujan.

Untranslated

Concept-verb ... dan berkilau dalam hujan.

3. 69/ST/CR/

68 As the American girl passed...

69/TT/CR/

BT/68 Seperti American girl berlalu...

Untranslated

Concept- adjective

Ketika perempuan Amerika itu

melewati...

4. 69/ST/CR/

68 As the American girl passed...

69/TT/CR/

BT/68 Seperti American girl berlalu...

Untranslated

Concept-noun

Ketika perempuan Amerika itu

melewati...

5. 78/ST/CR/

77 ‘Wonder where it went to,’...

78/TT/CR/

BT/77 ‘Wonder mana ia pergi,’

Untranslated

Concept-verb

‘Aku bertanya-tanya ke mana ia

pergi,’...

6. 82/ST/CR/


82/TT/CR/


Untranslated

Concept-noun Aku ingin kucing malang itu.

7. 83/ST/CR/


83/TT/CR/

BT/82

... miskin kitty luar dalam

hujan."

Untranslated

Concept-noun

... seekor kucing malang di luar,

dalam hujan.

8. 95/ST/CR/

94 ‘You look pretty darn nice,’...

95/TT/CR/

BT/94

‘Anda terlihat cukup darn

bagus,’...

Untranslated

Concept-adverb

‘Anda terlihat sangat cukup

bagus,’...

9. 99/ST/CR/

98

... a kitty to sit on my lap and

purr when ...

99/TT/CR/

BT/98

... kucing untuk duduk di

pangkuan dan purr saya

ketika...

Untranslated

Concept-verb

...seekor kucing untuk duduk di

pangkuan saya dan mendengkur

ketika ...

10. 99/ST/CR/

98 ... when I stroke her.

99/TT/CR/

BT/98

... ketika saya stroke

kepadanya.’

Untranslated

Concept-verb ... ketika saya mengelusnya.’

11. 120/ST/CR

/119 2 ‘Yes, yes Madam ...

120/TT/CR

/BT/119 2 ‘Ya, ya Madam ...

Untranslated

Concept-noun 2 ‘Ya, ya Nyonya ...

12. 121/ST/CR

/120 ... lost something, Madam?’

121/TT/CR

/BT/120

... kehilangan sesuatu,

Madam?’

Untranslated

Concept-noun ... kehilangan sesuatu, Nyonya?’

Google Translate

1. 15/ST/CR/


15/TT/CR/


Untranslated

Concept-

determiner

Mobil-mobil itu pergi ...


102


2. 20/ST/CR/

19

... get that kitty,’ the American

wife said.

20/TT/CR/

GT/19

... dan mendapatkan kitty itu,"

kata istri Amerika.

Untranslated

Concept-noun

... dan mengambil kucing itu,’

kata istri Amerika.

3. 29/ST/CR/

28 ‘Il piove,1’the wife said.

29/TT/CR/

GT/28 'Il piove, kata istri 1'the.

Untranslated

Concept-

determiner

'Il piove,1' kata sang istri.

4. 82/ST/CR/


82/TT/CR/


Untranslated

Concept-noun Saya ingin kucing malang itu.

5. 83/ST/CR/


83/TT/CR/


Untranslated

Concept-noun


dalam hujan.

6. 95/ST/CR/


95/TT/CR/

GT/94

"Kau tampak pretty darn

baik,"...

Untranslated

Concept- adverb


bagus,’...

7. 95/ST/CR/


95/TT/CR/

GT/94

"Kau tampak pretty darn

baik,"...

Untranslated

Concept-adverb


bagus,’...

8. 99/ST/CR/

98 ... when I stroke her.

99/TT/CR/

GT/98 ... ketika saya dia stroke."

Untranslated

Concept-verb ... ketika saya mengelusnya.’

d. Mistranslated Concept


Bing Translator

1. 3/ST/CR/2 ... the people they passed on the

stairs ...

3/TT/CR/B

T/2 ... orang yang mereka lewat...

Mistranslated

Concept-verb

... orang-orang yang mereka

lewati...

2. 5/ST/CR/4 It also faced the public garden ... 5/TT/CR/B

T/4

Juga menghadapi Taman Umum

...

Mistranslated

Concept-verb


taman umum ...

3. 16/ST/CR/

15

Across the square in the

doorway of the café

16/TT/CR/

BT/15

Di seberang alun-alun di pintu

kafe ...

Mistranslated

Concept-noun

Di seberang alun-alun, di pintu

masuk kafe ...

4. 18/ST/CR/

17 ... a cat was crouched under ...

18/TT/CR/

BT/17

... kucing ini berjongkok di

bawah ...

Mistranslated

Concept-verb

... seekor kucing meringkuk di

bawah ...


103


5. 18/ST/CR/

17

... under one of the dripping

green tables.

18/TT/CR/

BT/17

... di bawah salah satu meja

menetes hijau.

Mistranslated

Concept-adjective

... di bawah salah satu meja

hijau yang meneteskan (air

hujan).

6. 20/ST/CR/

19 ... get that kitty,’...

20/TT/CR/

BT/19 ... mendapatkan kucing itu,’...

Mistranslated

Concept-verb ... mengambil kucing itu,’...

7. 23/ST/CR/

22 The poor kitty out ...

23/TT/CR/

BT/22 Kucing miskin keluar ...

Mistranslated

Concept-adjective Kucing malang itu di luar ...

8. 23/ST/CR/

22

... out trying to keep dry under a

table.’

23/TT/CR/

BT/22

... keluar berusaha menjaga

kering di bawah meja.’

Mistranslated

Concept-adverb

... di luar berusaha tetap kering

di bawah meja.’

9. 23/ST/CR/

22

... out trying to keep dry under a

table.’

23/TT/CR/

BT/22

... keluar berusaha menjaga


Mistranslated

Concept-verb

... di luar berusaha tetap kering

di bawah meja.’

10. 24/ST/CR/

23 The husband went on reading ...

24/TT/CR/

BT/23 Suami pergi membaca ...

Mistranslated

Concept-phrasal

verb

Sang suami melanjutkan

membaca ...

11. 24/ST/CR/

23

... lying propped up with the two

pillows ...

24/TT/CR/

BT/23

... berbaring didukung dengan

bantal dua ...

Mistranslated

Concept-phrasal

verb

... berbaring disangga dengan

dua bantal ...

12. 25/ST/CR/


25/TT/CR/


Mistranslated

Concept-auxiliary

verb

‘Jangan sampai basah,’ katanya.

13. 26/ST/CR/

25

... and bowed to her as she

passed the office.

26/TT/CR/

BT/25

... dan sujud kepadanya saat dia

lewat kantor.

Mistranslated

Concept-verb

... dan menundukkan kepala

kepadanya saat dia melewati

kantor.

14. 28/ST/CR/

27 He was an old man ...

28/TT/CR/

BT/27 Dia adalah tua manusia ...

Mistranslated

Concept-noun Dia adalah pria tua ...

15. 39/ST/CR/

38 She liked his old, heavy face ...

39/TT/CR/

BT/38

Dia menyukai lamanya, wajah

berat

Mistranslated

Concept-adjective

Dia menyukai, wajah tua dan

beratnya.

16. 40/ST/CR/

39 ... and looked out.

40/TT/CR/

BT/39 ... dan melihat keluar.

Mistranslated

Concept-adverb ... dan melihat ke luar.

17. 41/ST/CR/

40 It was raining harder.

41/TT/CR/

BT/40 Hujan keras.

Mistranslated

Concept-adjective Hujan semakin deras/lebat.


104


18. 47/ST/CR/

46 ‘You must not get wet,’...

47/TT/CR/

BT/46 ‘Anda harus tidak basah,’...

Mistranslated

Concept-modal

verb

‘Anda tidak boleh sampai

basah,’...

19. 50/ST/CR/

49 The table was there ...

50/TT/CR/

BT/49 Tabel yang ada ...

Mistranslated

Concept-noun Meja itu ada di sana ...

20. 60/ST/CR/

59 ... I wanted it so much.

60/TT/CR/

BT/59 ... saya ingin itu begitu banyak.

Mistranslated

Concept-adverb

... saya begitu

menginginkannya.

21. 62/ST/CR/

61 ... the maid’s face tightened.

62/TT/CR/

BT/61 ... pelayan wajah diperketat.

Mistranslated

Concept-verb ... wajah pelayan menegang.

22. 63/ST/CR/

62 ‘Come, Signora,’ she said.

63/TT/CR/

BT/62 ‘Datang, Signora,’ katanya.

Mistranslated

Concept-verb ‘Ayo, Signora,’ katanya.

23. 69/ST/CR/

68

As the American girl passed the

office ...

69/TT/CR/

BT/68

Seperti American girl berlalu

kantor ...

Mistranslated

Concept-verb

Ketika perempuan Amerika

melalui kantor ...

24. 72/ST/CR/

71

... of being of supreme

importance.

72/TT/CR/

GT/71 ... pentingnya tertinggi.

Mistranslated

Concept-adjective ... yang sangat/paling penting.

25. 78/ST/CR/


78/TT/CR/

BT/77 ‘Wonder mana ia pergi,’...

Mistranslated

Concept-relative

pronoun

‘Saya bertanya-tanya ke mana ia

pergi,’...

26. 78/ST/CR/

77 ... resting his eyes from reading.

78/TT/CR/

BT/77

... beristirahat mata dari

membaca.

Mistranslated

Concept-verb

... mengistirahatkan matanya

dari membaca.

27. 81/ST/CR/

80 ... why I wanted it so much.

81/TT/CR/

BT/80

... mengapa aku ingin begitu

banyak.

Mistranslated

Concept-adverb


menginginkannya.

28. 82/ST/CR/


82/TT/CR/


Mistranslated

Concept-adjective Aku ingin kucing malang itu.

29. 83/ST/CR/


83/TT/CR/

BT/82 ... miskin kitty luar dalam hujan.

Mistranslated

Concept-adjective


dalam hujan.

30. 83/ST/CR/


83/TT/CR/

BT/82 ... miskin kitty luar dalam hujan.

Mistranslated

Concept-adverb


dalam hujan.

31. 85/ST/CR/

84 She went over and sat ...

85/TT/CR/

BT/84 Dia pergi dan duduk ...

Mistranslated

Concept-phrasal

verb

Dia melintasi ruangan dan

duduk ...


105


32. 86/ST/CR/

85 She studied her profile ...

86/TT/CR/

BT/85 Dia belajar profilnya ...

Mistranslated

Concept-verb Dia mempelajari profilnya ...

33. 88/ST/CR/

87 ‘Don’t you think ...

88/TT/CR/

BT/87 ‘Jangan Anda pikir ...

Mistranslated

Concept-auxiliary

verb

‘Tidakkah Anda pikir ...

34. 88/ST/CR/

87 ... if I let my hair grow out?’...

88/TT/CR/

BT/87

... jika aku membiarkan rambut

saya tumbuh keluar?’...

Mistranslated

Concept-phrasal

verb

... jika aku membiarkan

rambutku tumbuh

memanjang?’...

35. 89/ST/CR/

88 ... clipped close like a boy’s.

89/TT/CR/

BT/88

... terpotong dekat seperti

seorang laki-laki.

Mistranslated

Concept-verb

... dipotong mirip seperti gaya

rambut seorang anak laki-laki.

36. 89/ST/CR/


89/TT/CR/

BT/88


seorang laki-laki.

Mistranslated

Concept-adjective



37. 89/ST/CR/


89/TT/CR/

BT/88


seorang laki-laki.

Mistranslated

Concept-noun



38. 94/ST/CR/

93


...

94/TT/CR/

BT/93 Dia tidak tampak dari dirinya ...

Mistranslated

Concept-auxiliary

verb

Dia belum memalingkan

pandangan darinya ...

39. 94/ST/CR/

93


...

94/TT/CR/

BT/93 Dia tidak tampak dari dirinya ...

Mistranslated

Concept-phrasal

verb



40. 96/ST/CR/

95


dresser ...

96/TT/CR/

BT/95

Dia meletakkan cermin pada

rias ...

Mistranslated

Concept-noun


meja rias ...

41. 96/ST/CR/


96/TT/CR/

BT/95 ... dan melilhat keluar.

Mistranslated

Concept-adverb ... dan melilhat ke luar.

42. 98/ST/CR/

97

I want to pull my hair back tight

...

98/TT/CR/

BT/97

‘Saya ingin menarik rambut

saya kembali ketat ...

Mistranslated

Concept-phrasal

verb

‘Saya ingin mengikat kencang

rambut saya ke belakang ...

43. 98/ST/CR/

97

I want to pull my hair back tight

...

98/TT/CR/

BT/97

‘Saya ingin menarik rambut

saya kembali ketat ...

Mistranslated

Concept-adjective



44. 98/ST/CR/

97 ... that I can feel,’ she said.

98/TT/CR/

BT/97

... bahwa aku bisa merasakan,’

katanya.

Mistranslated

Concept- verb

... yang bisa aku rasakan,’

katanya.


106


45. 99/ST/CR/

98 ... when I stroke her.’

99/TT/CR/

BT/98


kepadanya.’

Mistranslated

Concept- pronoun ... ketika saya mengelusnya.’

46. 109/ST/CR

/108


fun,...

109/TT/C

R/BT/108



Mistranslated

Concept-modal

verb


rambut panjang atau

menyenangkan,...

47. 109/ST/CR

/108


fun,...

109/TT/C

R/BT/108



Mistranslated

Concept- noun


panjang atau kesenangan sama

sekali,...

48. 112/ST/CR

/111

... the window where the light

had come on in the square.

112/TT/C

R/BT/111

... jendela mana cahaya telah

datang pada di alun-alun.

Mistranslated

Concept-relative

pronoun

... jendela di mana lampu telah

mulai menyala di alun-alun.

49. 112/ST/CR

/111

... the light had come on in the

square.

112/TT/C

R/BT/111

... cahaya telah datang pada di

alun-alun.

Mistranslated

Concept- noun

... lampu telah mulai menyala di

alun-alun.

50. 112/ST/CR

/111


square.

112/TT/C

R/BT/111

... cahaya telah datang pada di

alun-alun.

Mistranslated

Concept- phrasal

verb


alun-alun.

51. 120/ST/CR

/119 ... Awful weather.’

120/TT/C

R/BT/119 ... Cuaca mengerikan.’

Mistranslated

Concept- adjective ... Cuaca yang buruk.

Google Translate

1. 3/ST/CR/2 ... the people they passed on the

stairs ...

3/TT/CR/

GT/2

... orang yang mereka diteruskan

...

Mistranslated

Concept-verb

... orang-orang yang mereka

lewati ...

2. 5/ST/CR/4 It also faced the public garden ... 5/TT/CR/

GT/4


publik...

Mistranslated

Concept-pronoun


taman publik/umum ...

3. 5/ST/CR/4 It also faced the public garden ... 5/TT/CR/

GT/4


publik ...

Mistranslated

Concept-verb


taman publik/umum ...

4. 6/ST/CR/5 There were big palms ... 6/TT/CR/

GT/5 Ada telapak tangan besar ...

Mistranslated

Concept-noun Ada palem-palem besar ...


grew...

8/TT/CR/

GT/7

Artis menyukai cara telapak

tangan tumbuh...

Mistranslated

Concept-noun

Para artis/seniman menyukai

cara palem-palem itu tumbuh ...

6. 14/ST/CR/

13 ... to come up and break again ...

14/TT/CR/

GT/13

... untuk datang dan istirahat

lagi ...

Mistranslated

Concept-phrasal

verb

... untuk naik dan istirahat lagi

...


107


7. 14/ST/CR/

13 ... to come up and break again ...

14/TT/CR/

GT/13

... untuk datang dan istirahat

lagi ...

Mistranslated

Concept-verb ... untuk naik dan pecah lagi ...

8. 15/ST/CR/

14

... from the square by the war

monument.

15/TT/CR/

GT/14

... dari alun dengan monumen

perang.

Mistranslated

Concept-noun

... dari alun-alun di samping

monumen perang.

9. 16/ST/CR/

15 Across the square ...

16/TT/CR/

GT/15 Di alun-alun ...

Mistranslated

Concept-adverb Di seberang alun-alun ...

10. 18/ST/CR/

17

... one of the dripping green

tables.

18/TT/CR/

GT/17

... salah satu meja hijau

menetes.

Mistranslated

Concept-adjective

... salah satu meja hijau yang

meneteskan (air hujan).

11. 20/ST/CR/

19

‘I’m going down and get that

kitty,’...

20/TT/CR/

GT/19

"Aku akan turun dan

mendapatkan kitty itu,"...

Mistranslated

Concept-verb

‘Aku akan turun dan mengambil

kucing itu,’...

12. 23/ST/CR/

22 The poor kitty out trying to ...

23/TT/CR/

GT/22


untuk ...

Mistranslated

Concept-adjective

Kucing malang itu di luar,

mencoba untuk ...

13. 23/ST/CR/

22 The poor kitty out trying to ...

23/TT/CR/

GT/22


untuk ...

Mistranslated

Concept-adverb

Kucing malang itu di luar,

mencoba untuk ...

14. 40/ST/CR/


40/TT/CR/

GT/39 ... dan melihat keluar.

Mistranslated

Concept-adverb ... dan melihat ke luar.

15. 41/ST/CR/

40 It was raining harder.

41/TT/CR/

GT/40 Saat itu hujan keras.

Mistranslated

Concept-adjective

Saat itu hujan semakin

deras/lebat.

16. 48/ST/CR/

47 ... the hotel-keeper had sent her.

48/TT/CR/

GT/47

... hotel-kiper telah

mengirimnya.

Mistranslated

Concept-noun

... penjaga hotel telah

mengirimnya.

17. 50/ST/CR/

49 ... but the cat was gone.

50/TT/CR/

GT/49 ... tapi kucing itu pergi.

Mistranslated

Concept-adjective ... tapi kucing itu hilang.

18. 60/ST/CR/

59 ... ‘Oh, I wanted it so much.

60/TT/CR/

GT/59 ...' Oh, aku ingin begitu banyak.

Mistranslated

Concept-adverb

... ‘Oh, aku begitu

menginginkannya.

19. 62/ST/CR/

61 ... the maid’s face tightened.

62/TT/CR/

GT/61 ... wajah pembantu diperketat.

Mistranslated

Concept-verb ... wajah pelayan itu menegang.

20. 73/ST/CR/


73/TT/CR/


Mistranslated

Concept- phrasal

verb

Dia terus/melanjutkan menaiki

tangga.

21. 78/ST/CR/


78/TT/CR/

GT/77

'' Keajaiban di mana ia pergi

ke," ...

Mistranslated

Concept-verb


pergi,’...


108


22. 78/ST/CR/


78/TT/CR/

GT/77

'' Keajaiban di mana ia pergi

ke,"...

Mistranslated

Concept-relative

adverb


pergi,’...

23. 78/ST/CR/

77 ... resting his eyes from reading.

78/TT/CR/

GT/77

... beristirahat matanya dari

membaca.

Mistranslated

Concept-verb

... mengistirahatkan matanya

dari membaca.

24. 82/ST/CR/


82/TT/CR/


Mistranslated

Concept-adjective Saya ingin bahwa kitty miskin.

25. 83/ST/CR/


83/TT/CR/


Mistranslated

Concept-adjective


dalam hujan.’

26. 85/ST/CR/

84 She went over and sat ...

85/TT/CR/

GT/84 Dia pergi dan duduk ...

Mistranslated

Concept- phrasal

verb


duduk ...

27. 86/ST/CR/

85 She studied her profile, ...

86/TT/CR/

GT/85 Ia belajar profilnya, ...

Mistranslated

Concept-verb Ia mempelajari profilnya, ...

28. 89/ST/CR/

88 ..., clipped close like a boy’s.

89/TT/CR/

GT/88

..., dipotong dekat seperti anak

laki-laki.

Mistranslated

Concept-adjective

..., dipotong mirip seperti anak

laki-laki.

29. 94/ST/CR/

93


...

94/TT/CR/

GT/93 Dia tidak melihat darinya

Mistranslated

Concept-auxiliary

verb



30. 94/ST/CR/

93


...

94/TT/CR/

GT/93 Dia tidak melihat darinya

Mistranslated

Concept- phrasal

verb



31. 95/ST/CR/

94 ... pretty darn nice,’ he said.

95/TT/CR/

GT/94 ... pretty darn baik," katanya.

Mistranslated

Concept-adjective ... sangat cukup bagus,’...

32. 96/ST/CR/

95


dresser ...

96/TT/CR/

GT/95


lemari ...

Mistranslated

Concept-noun


meja rias ...

33. 96/ST/CR/


96/TT/CR/

GT/95 ... dan melilhat keluar.

Mistranslated

Concept-adverb ... dan melilhat ke luar.

34. 98/ST/CR/

97 ‘I want to pull my hair back ...

98/TT/CR/

GT/97

"Saya ingin menarik rambut

saya kembali ...

Mistranslated

Concept-phrasal

verb




109


35. 98/ST/CR/

97 ... that I can feel,’ she said.

98/TT/CR/

GT/97

... yang saya bisa merasakan,"

katanya.

Mistranslated

Concept-verb

... yang bisa aku rasakan,’

katanya.

36. 109/ST/CR

/108


fun,... 109/TT/C

R/GT/108


rambut panjang atau

menyenangkan,...

Mistranslated

Concept-noun


panjang atau kesenangan sama

sekali,...

37. 112/ST/CR

/111


square.

112/TT/C

R/GT/111

... cahaya datang pada di alun-

alun.

Mistranslated

Concept-phrasal

verb


alun-alun.

38. 120/ST/CR

/119 ... Awful weather.’

120/TT/C

R/GT/119 ... cuaca mengerikan.’

Mistranslated

Concept- adjective ... Cuaca yang buruk.

e. Substituted Concept


Bing Translator

1. 112/ST/CR

/111

His wife looked out of the

window ...

112/TT/C

R/BT/111

Istrinya menjenguk dari jendela

...

Substituted

Concept-verb

Istrinya melihat/ memandang ke

luar jendela.

f. Explicitated Concept


Bing Translator

1. 6/ST/CR/5 There were big palms ... 6/TT/CR/B

T/5 Ada pohon besar ...

Explicitated

Concept-noun Ada palem-palem besar ...


110

2. Relations between Concepts Errors

a. Omitted Participant

No. ST No. TT Relation Errors Alternative Translation

Bing Translator

1. 20/ST/CR/

19

‘I’m going down and

get that kitty,’...

20/TT/CR/

BT/19

‘Aku akan

mendapatkan kucing

itu,’...

The goal/direction ‘down’ is omitted due

to the omission of ‘going’.

‘Aku akan turun/pergi ke

bawah dan mengambil kucing

itu,’ ...

2. 20/ST/CR/

19

‘I’m going down and

get that kitty,’...

20/TT/CR/

BT/19

‘Aku akan

mendapatkan kucing

itu,’...

The omission of ‘and’ omits the parallel

relation between ‘going down’ and ‘get

that kitty’.

‘Aku akan turun/pergi ke

bawah dan mengambil kucing

itu,’ ...

3. 105/ST/CR

/104

His wife was looking

out of the window.

105/TT/C

R/BT/104

Istrinya sedang keluar

dari jendela.

The goal/direction ‘out’ is omitted due to

the omission of the verb ‘looking’.

Istrinya sedang memandang

ke luar jendela.

b. Omitted Relation


Bing Translator

1. 14/ST/CR/

13

The sea... slipped

back down the beach

to come up and break

again ...

14/TT/CR/

BT/13

Laut ... menyelinap

kembali ke pantai

naik dan pecah lagi’...

Both concepts ‘the sea’ and ‘come up’ are

present, but relation of ‘to’ between them

not conveyed since the concept of ‘the

beach’ and ‘come up’ cannot be parsed in

the translation.

Laut... menyelinap kembali ke

pantai untuk naik dan pecah

lagi’...

2. 24/ST/CR/

23

... lying propped up

with the two pillows

at the foot of the bed.

24/TT/CR/

BT/23

... berbaring

didukung dengan

bantal dua kaki

tempat tidur.

The relation of location of the pillow is not

conveyed because the error prevents

parsing the relation between ‘two pillows’

and ‘the foot of the bed’.

... berbaring disangga dengan

dua bantal di kaki/ujung

tempat tidur ...

3. 50/ST/CR/

49

..., but the cat was

gone.

50/TT/CR/

BT/49 ..., tapi kucing hilang.

The relation that is used to refer/point to

and also modifies kucing ‘cat’ is not

conveyed. Thus, the meaning of kucing

‘cat’ becomes broader.

..., tapi kucing itu hilang.


111


4. 72/ST/CR/

71

... momentary feeling

of being of supreme

importance.

72/TT/CR/

BT/71

... perasaan sesaat

pentingnya tertinggi.

The relation ‘of being’ as the modifier of

‘momentary feeling’ is not conveyed

because the error prevents parsing the

relation between ‘momentary feeling’ and

‘supreme importance’.

... perasaan sesaat menjadi

yang sangat/paling penting.

c. Added Participant

NA

d. Added Relation


Bing Translator

1. 50/ST/CR/

49

The table was there,

...

50/TT/CR/

BT/49 Tabel yang ada, ...

The addition of yang ‘that/which’ before

‘was there’ becomes the modifier of

‘table’.

Meja itu ada di sana, ...

2. 85/ST/CR/

84

She went over and sat

in front of the mirror

of the dressing table

looking at herself

with the hand glass.

85/TT/CR/

BT/84

Dia pergi dan duduk

di depan cermin meja

rias yang memandang

dirinya dengan kaca

tangan.

The addition of yang ‘that/which’ before

‘looking at ...’ shows that the phrase ‘that/

which looking ...’ modifies of the

preceding phrase ‘the mirror of the

dressing table’.


duduk di depan cermin meja

rias, memandang dirinya

dengan kaca tangan.

Google Translate

1. 40/ST/CR/

39

Liking him she

opened the door and

looked out.

40/TT/CR/

GT/39

Menyukai bahwa dia

membuka pintu dan

melihat keluar.

Due to the addition of bahwa ‘that/which’,

there is an added relation between ‘she

opened...’ as the modifier of ‘liking him’.

Menyukainya (padrone), dia

membuka pintu dan melihat

ke luar.

2. 71/ST/CR/

70

The padrone made

her feel very small ...

71/TT/CR/

GT/70

padrone yang

membuatnya merasa

sangat kecil ...

The addition of yang ‘that/who’ after ‘the

padrone’ makes the following phrase

becomes the modifier of ‘the padrone’.

Padrone (Si pemilik hotel)

membuatnya merasa sangat

kecil ...


112

e. Mistaken Participant


Bing Translator

1. 2/ST/CR/1 There were only two

Americans ...

2/TT/CR/B

T/1

Ada hanya

dua warga Amerika

...

Ada ‘There were’, is also supposed to be

put after hanya ‘only’ in order to be

modified by it.

Hanya ada

dua warga Amerika ...

2. 8/ST/CR/7

... the bright colors of

the hotels facing the

gardens and the sea.

8/TT/CR/B

T/7

... warna-warna cerah

dari hotel menghadap

ke Taman dan laut.

Menghadap ... ‘facing ...’ is put as the

modifier of warna-warna cerah dari hotel

‘the bright colors of the hotels’ instead of

modifier of only hotel ‘hotel’.

... warna-warna cerah hotel

yang menghadap ke Taman

dan laut.

3. 18/ST/CR/

17

... one of the dripping

green tables.

18/TT/CR/

BT/17

... salah satu meja

menetes hijau.

Hijau ‘green’ becomes the object of

menetes ‘dripping’ and menetes

‘dripping’is positioned as a verb.


menetes-neteskan air hujan.

4. 23/ST/CR/

22

... out trying to keep


23/TT/CR/

BT/22

... keluar berusaha

menjaga kering di

bawah meja.’

Keluar ‘(go) out’ is supposed to be an

adverb. It is put as a verb along with

‘trying’, instead.

... di luar berusaha tetap


5. 24/ST/CR/

23

... propped up with

the two pillows at the

foot of the bed.

24/TT/CR/

BT/23

... didukung dengan

bantal dua kaki

tempat tidur.

Bantal ‘pillows’ is supposed to be

positioned after dua ‘two’ for it shows the

amount of bantal ‘pillows’.

... disangga dengan dua bantal

di kaki/ujung tempat tidur.

6. 28/ST/CR/

27 He was an old man ...

28/TT/CR/

BT/27

Dia adalah tua

manusia ...

Due to the phrase’s wrong order, the word

tua ‘old’ becomes the head of the phrase. Dia adalah seorang pria tua ...

7. 39/ST/CR/

38

She liked his old,

heavy face and ...

39/TT/CR/

BT/38

Dia menyukai

lamanya, wajah berat

dan ...

Lamanya ‘his old’ becomes the object of

the verb menyukai ‘liked’ and becomes the

head of the noun phrase, insteas of wajah

‘face’.

Dia menyukai wajahnya yang

tua, berat dan ...

8. 39/ST/CR/

38 ... and big hands.

39/TT/CR/

BT/38 ... dan besar tangan.

Besar ‘big’becomes the head of the phrase

instead of tangan ‘hands’.

... dan tangan-tangan

besarnya.

9. 40/ST/CR/


40/TT/CR/

BT/39 ... dan melihat keluar.

Keluar ‘(go) out’ is put as a verb along

with ‘looked’ instead of the adverb for the

verb ‘looked’.

... dan melihat ke luar.


113


10. 60/ST/CR/

59

... I wanted it so

much.

60/TT/CR/

BT/59

... saya ingin itu

begitu banyak.

Begitu banyak ‘so much’ is no longer an

adverb for the verb ingin ‘want’, but

becomes the modifier for itu ‘it’.

... saya begitu menginginkan-

nya.

11. 62/ST/CR/

61

... the maid’s face

tightened.

62/TT/CR/

BT/61

... pelayan wajah

diperketat.

The word wajah ‘face’ becomes the

modifier of ‘maid’s’ isntead of the phrase.

... wajah pelayan itu

menegang.

12. 72/ST/CR/

71

... of being of

supreme importance.

72/TT/CR/

BT/72

... pentingnya

tertinggi.

Tertinggi ‘supreme’ becomes the head of

the phrase.

... menjadi yang paling/sangat

penting.

13. 81/ST/CR/

80

... why I wanted it so

much.

81/TT/CR/

BT/80

... mengapa aku ingin

begitu banyak.

Begitu banyak ‘so much’ becomes the

object for the verb ingin ‘want’ instead of

‘it’.


menginginkan-nya.

14. 83/ST/CR/

82

... a poor kitty out in

the rain.’

83/TT/CR/

BT/82

... miskin kitty luar

dalam hujan.

Miskin ‘poor’ is translated as the head of

the phrase.

...seekor kucing malang di

luar, dalam hujan.’

15. 88/ST/CR/

87

... if I let my hair

grow out?’...

88/TT/CR/

BT/87

... jika aku

membiarkan rambut

saya tumbuh

keluar?’...

Keluar ‘(go) out’ is put as another

different verb from the phrasal verb ‘grow

out’.

... jika aku membiarkan

rambutku tumbuh

memanjang?’...

16. 89/ST/CR/

88

..., clipped close like

a boy’s.

89/TT/CR/

BT/88

... terpotong dekat

seperti seorang laki-

laki.

Laki-laki ‘man’ becomes the head. With

the existence of the contraction, the head is

supposed to be (gaya) rambut ‘hair

(style)’.

... dipotong mirip seperti

(gaya) rambut seorang anak

laki-laki.

17. 96/ST/CR/


96/TT/CR/

BT/95

... dan melilhat

keluar.



verb ‘looked’.

... dan melilhat ke luar.

18. 98/ST/CR/

97

... a big knot at the

back that I can feel,’

she said.

98/TT/CR/

BT/97

... simpul besar di

belakang bahwa aku

bisa merasakan,’

katanya.

Bahwa ‘that’ becomes a conjunction that

explains the preceeding clause, instead of

only serves as a modifier of the noun

phrase ‘a big knot’.

... sebuah simpul besar di

belakang yang bisa aku

rasakan,’ katanya.

19. 99/ST/CR/

98

... a kitty to sit on my

lap and purr when I

stroke her.’

99/TT/CR/

BT/98

... kucing untuk

duduk di pangkuan

dan purr saya ketika

saya stroke

kepadanya.’

Saya ‘my’ becomes the modifier of both

‘lap’ and ‘purr’. ‘Purr’ is mistaken as the

parallel to ‘lap’ instead of ‘to sit’.

... seekor kucing untuk duduk

di pangkuan saya dan

mendengkur ketika saya

mengelusnya.’


114


20. 105/ST/CR

/104


out of the window.

105/TT/C

R/BT/104

Istrinya sedang keluar

dari jendela.

Keluar ‘(go) out’ becomes a verb of the

subject ‘his wife’ instead of the preposition

following the verb ‘looking’.


ke luar jendela.

Google Translate

1. 16/ST/CR/

15

... looking out at the

empty square.

16/TT/CR/

GT/15

... melihat keluar di

alun-alun kosong.

Keluar ‘(go) out’ which is supposed to be

a preposition in the translation becomes a

verb along with the verb melihat ‘looking’

... melihat ke luar, ke alun-

alun kosong.

2. 18/ST/CR/

17

... one of the dripping

green tables.

18/TT/CR/

GT/17

... salah satu meja

hijau menetes.

Meja hijau ‘green tables’ becomes the

subject of menetes ‘dripping’ and menetes

‘dripping’is positioned as a verb.


menetes-neteskan air hujan.

3. 23/ST/CR/

22

... out trying to keep


23/TT/CR/

GT/22

... keluar mencoba

untuk tetap kering di

bawah meja.’

Keluar ‘(go) out’ is supposed to be an

adverb. Instead, it is put as a verb along

with ‘trying’.

... di luar mencoba untuk

tetap kering di bawah meja.’

4. 30/ST/CR/

29

She liked the hotel-

keeper.

30/TT/CR/

BT/29

Dia menyukai hotel-

penjaga

Hotel ‘hotel’becomes the head of the

phrase with penjaga ‘keeper’ as its

modifier.

Dia menyukai penjaga hotel

itu.

5. 39/ST/CR/

38

She liked his old,

heavy face and ...

39/TT/CR/

GT/38

Dia menyukai tua,

wajah yang berat dan

...

Tua ‘old’ becomes the object of the verb

menyukai ‘liked’ and becomes the head of

the noun phrase, insteas of wajah ‘face’.

Dia menyukai wajahnya yang

tua, berat dan ...

6. 40/ST/CR/


40/TT/CR/

GT/39 ... dan melihat keluar.



verb ‘looked’.

... dan melihat ke luar.

7. 48/ST/CR/

47

Of course, the hotel-

keeper ...

48/TT/CR/

GT/47

Tentu saja, hotel-

kiper ...

Hotel ‘hotel’becomes the head of the

phrase with kiper ‘keeper’ as its modifier. Tentu saja, penjaga hotel itu ...

8. 60/ST/CR/

59

... I wanted it so

much.

60/TT/CR/

GT/59

... aku ingin begitu

banyak.

Begitu banyak ‘so much’ becomes the

object for the verb ingin ‘want’ instead of

‘it’.

... aku begitu menginginkan-

nya.

9. 82/ST/CR/

81

I wanted that poor

kitty.

82/TT/CR/

GT/81

Saya ingin bahwa

kitty miskin.

Bahwa ‘that’ is mistakenly taken as a

conjunction instead of the determiner for

‘poor kitty’.

Saya ingin kucing malang itu.


115


10. 86/ST/CR/

85

She studied her

profile, first one side

and then the other.

86/TT/CR/

GT/85

Ia belajar profilnya,

satu sisi pertama dan

kemudian yang lain.

Instead of translated as adverb showing the

order or list of points, pertama ‘first’ is

mistakenly positioned as the modifier of

sisi ‘side’.

Ia mempelajari profilnya,

pertama, satu sisi dan

kemudian sisi yang satunya.

11. 89/ST/CR/

88


a boy’s.

89/TT/CR/

GT/88

... dipotong dekat

seperti anak laki-laki.

Anak laki-laki ‘boy’ becomes the head.

With the existence of the contraction

‘boy’s’, the head is supposed to be (gaya)

rambut ‘hair (style)’.



laki-laki.

12. 96/ST/CR/


96/TT/CR/

GT/95

... dan melilhat

keluar.



verb ‘looked’.

... dan melilhat ke luar.

13. 99/ST/CR/


99/TT/CR/

GT/98

... ketika saya dia

stroke’

Due to its position that preceds ‘stroke’,

dia ‘her’ becomes the modifier of ‘stroke’. ... ketika saya mengelusnya.’

14. 105/ST/CR

/104


out of the window.

105/TT/C

R/GT/104

Istrinya melihat

keluar dari jendela.


subject ‘his wife’ along with ‘looking’

instead of the preposition following the

verb ‘looking’.


ke luar jendela.

15. 112/ST/CR

/111

His wife looked out

of the window ...

112/TT/C

R/GT/111

Istrinya melihat

keluar dari jendela ...


subject ‘his wife’ along with ‘looked’

instead of the preposition following the

verb ‘looked’.

Istrinya memandang ke luar

jendela ...

f. Mistaken Relation


Bing Translator

1. 3/ST/CR/2 They did not know

any of the people ...

3/TT/CR/B

T/2

Mereka tidak tahu

apapun dari orang ...

Apapun ’any (thing)’ is used as a

determiner for object other than human in

Indonesian.

Mereka tidak tahu siapapun



116


2. 5/ST/CR/4 It also faced the

public garden ...

5/TT/CR/B

T/4

Juga menghadapi

Taman Umum ...

Due to the word menghadapi, there is an

agent-theme relation in the sentence

instead of the spatial relation that shows

location.


taman umum ...

3. 8/ST/CR/7

... the bright colors of



8/TT/CR/B

T/7


dari hotel menghadap

ke Taman dan laut.

There is a source relation between ‘bright

colors’ and ‘hotels’ due to the word dari

‘from’. In ST, ‘of’ is supposed to show

possesor relation between them.



dan laut.

4. 15/ST/CR/

14

The motor cars were

gone from the square

by the war

monument.

15/TT/CR/

BT/14

Mobil itu pergi dari

alun-alun oleh

monumen perang.

‘By’ is supposed to show the location of

the square, but oleh ‘by’ indicates there is

an agent-theme relation.

Mobil-mobil sudah pergi dari

alun-alun yang bersebelahan


5. 23/ST/CR/

22

The poor kitty out

trying to keep dry ...

23/TT/CR/

BT/22

Kucing miskin keluar

berusaha menjaga

kering ...

There is a goal relation between the

concept of ‘out’ and the words following.

Kucing yang malang itu di

luar berusaha tetap kering ...

6. 27/ST/CR/

26

His desk was at the

far end of the office.

27/TT/CR/

BT/26

Mejanya pada ujung

kantor.

Instead of showing the relation of location,

there is a temporal relation for it uses the

word pada in which is used to show time

for the context in Indonesian (Badan

Pengembangan dan Pembinaan Bahasa

Kemendikbud, n.d.)

Mejanya berada/ada di ujung

kantor.

7. 62/ST/CR/

61


tightened.

62/TT/CR/

BT/61

... pelayan wajah

diperketat.

Diperketat ‘was tightened’ makes the

clause in a passive form, hence indicates

that wajah pelayan ‘the maid’s face’

undergoes the action of ‘tightened’.


menegang.

8. 69/ST/CR/

68

As the American girl

passed the office, ...

69/TT/CR/

BT/68

Seperti American girl

berlalu kantor, ...

Seperti ‘as/like’ suggests that the clause

‘American girl passed the office’ is being

compared/ referred to something similar. It

supposed to be a conjunction that shows

one thing happens while the other is

happening.


itu melewati kantor, ...


117


9. 89/ST/CR/

88


a boy’s.

89/TT/CR/

BT/88

... terpotong dekat

seperti seorang laki-

laki.

Due to the word dekat ‘close/near, appears

a spatial/location relation between the

preceeding and following concept.



laki-laki.

10. 96/ST/CR/

95

She laid the mirror

down on the dresser

and ...

96/TT/CR/

BT/95

Dia meletakkan

cermin pada rias dan

...

Instead of the spatial relation, there is a

temporal relation which is indicated by the

word pada.

Dia meletakkan cermin itu di

atas meja rias dan ...

11. 99/ST/CR/


99/TT/CR/

BT/98


kepadanya.’

There is a relation within the word

kepadanya which indicates ‘her’ is the

goal rather than the theme.

... ketika saya mengelusnya.’

12. 112/ST/CR

/111

... the light had come

on in the square.

112/TT/C

R/BT/111

... cahaya telah

datang pada di alun-

alun.

Instead of the location/spatial relation

between ‘come on’and ‘light’, the use of

the word pada suggests that there is a

temporal relation between them.

... lampu telah mulai menyala

di alun-alun.

Google Translate

1. 3/ST/CR/2 They did not know

any of the people ...

3/TT/CR/

GT/2

Mereka tidak tahu

salah satu orang ...

Apapun ’any (thing)’ is used as a

determiner for object other than human in

Indonesian.

Mereka tidak tahu siapapun


2. 3/ST/CR/2

... any of the people

they passed on the

stairs on their way ...

5/TT/CR/

GT/4

...salah satu orang

yang mereka

diteruskan tangga

dalam perjalanan

mereka ...

The word diteruskan ‘be passed’ indicates

that there is an agent-theme relation

between ‘people’ and ‘stairs’ in which it is

supposed to declare spatial/location

relation.

... satupun orang yang mereka

lewati di tangga dalam

perjalanan mereka ...

3. 5/ST/CR/4 It also faced the

public garden ...

5/TT/CR/

GT/4

Hal ini juga

menghadapi taman

publik...

Due to the word menghadapi, there is an

agent-theme relation in the sentence

instead of the spatial relation that shows

location.


taman umum ...

4. 8/ST/CR/7

...the bright colors of



8/TT/CR/

GT/7


dari hotel yang

menghadap taman

dan laut.

There is a source relation between ‘bright

colors’and ‘hotels’ due to the word dari

‘from’. In ST, ‘of’ shows possesor relation

between them.



dan laut.


118


5. 15/ST/CR/

14

The motor cars were

gone from the square

by the war

monument.

15/TT/CR/

GT/14

The motor mobil

pergi dari alun

dengan monumen

perang.

‘By’ is supposed to show the location of

the square, but dengan ‘with’ indicates that

it includes another thing.

Mobil-mobil sudah pergi dari

alun-alun yang bersebelahan


6. 16/ST/CR/

15

... looking out at the

empty square.

16/TT/CR/

GT/15

... melihat keluar di

alun-alun kosong.

Di ‘at’ is the preposition which states

where the location is while the sentence’s

context is not a location relation, but

direction.

... melihat ke luar, ke alun-

alun kosong.

7. 23/ST/CR/

22

The poor kitty out

trying to keep ...

23/TT/CR/

GT/22

Kucing miskin keluar

mencoba untuk tetap

...

There is a goal relation between the

concept of ‘out’ and the words following.

Kucing yang malang itu di

luar mencoba untuk tetap ...

8. 50/ST/CR/

49

The table was there,

washed bright green

in the rain, but the cat

was gone.

50/TT/CR/

GT/49

Meja itu ada, dicuci

hijau terang di tengah

hujan, tapi kucing itu

pergi.

Hijau terang ‘bright green’ which is put

after the passive verb dicuci ‘washed’

suggests that there the former is the causer.

Meja itu ada, hijau terang

dicuci di tengah hujan, tapi

kucing itu telah hilang.

9. 62/ST/CR/

61


tightened.

62/TT/CR/

GT/61

... wajah pembantu

diperketat.

Diperketat ‘was tightened’ makes the

clause in a passive form, hence indicates

that wajah pelayan ‘the maid’s face’

undergoes the action of ‘tightened’.


menegang.

10. 69/ST/CR/

68

As the American girl

passed the office, ...

69/TT/CR/

GT/68

Sebagai gadis

Amerika melewati

kantor, ...

Sebagai ‘as’is used to describe the purpose

or quality of the American girl instead of

conjunction that shows one thing happens

while the other is happening.


itu melewati kantor, ...

11. 78/ST/CR/

77

‘Wonder where it

went to,’...

78/TT/CR/

GT/77

'' Keajaiban di mana

ia pergi ke,"...

In Indonesian, it would be a repetition of

word ke, because the meaning is already

conveyed in the word ke mana ‘where’.

Due to the repetition, there is also a

repetition of the spatial/location relation.

‘Saya bertanya-tanya ke mana

ia pergi,’...

12. 89/ST/CR/

88


a boy’s.

89/TT/CR/

GT/88

... dipotong dekat

seperti anak laki-laki.

Due to the word dekat ‘close/near, appears

a spatial/location relation between the

preceeding and following concept.



laki-laki.


119


13. 94/ST/CR/

93

He hadn’t looked

away from her since

she started to speak.

94/TT/CR/

GT/93

Dia tidak melihat

darinya karena dia

mulai berbicara.

The word is supposed to shows temporal

relation. Instead, karena ‘because/ since’

declares that there is a causal relation

between the preceding and the following

clause.


pandangan darinya sejak ia

mulai berbicara.

14. 99/ST/CR/


99/TT/CR/

GT/98

... ketika saya dia

stroke.”

There is a relation within the word dia

‘her’ which indicates that it is the agent

along with saya ‘I’ rather than the theme.

... ketika saya mengelusnya.’

15. 112/ST/CR

/111

... the light had come

on in the square.

112/TT/C

R/GT/111

... cahaya datang pada

di alun-alun.

Instead of the location/spatial relation

between ‘come on’and ‘light’, the use of

the word pada suggests that there is a

temporal relation between them.

... lampu telah mulai menyala

di alun-alun.

g. Substituted Mistaken

NA

h. Substituted Relation

NA

B. Academic Text: Barry’s Feminism and Feminist Criticism

1. Individual Concept Errors

a. Omitted Concept


Bing Translator

1. 3/ST/FC/2 ... possessing its classic books... 3/TT/FC/B

T/2 ... memiliki buku klasik ...

Omitted Concept-

plural noun

... memiliki buku-buku klasik

...

2. 3/ST/FC/2 ... and (in some cases) proposed

solutions.

3/TT/FC/B

T/2

... dan (dalam beberapa kasus)

diusulkan solusi.

Omitted Concept-

plural noun


mengusulkan solusi- solusi.


120


3. 17/ST/FC/

16


books by male writers ...

17/TT/FC/

BT/16

Kritis perhatian diberikan

kepada buku oleh penulis laki-

laki ...

Omitted Concept-

plural noun

Perhatian serius diberikan

kepada buku-buku oleh penulis

laki-laki ...

4. 19/ST/FC/

18

... in feminism as in other

critical approaches, ...

19/TT/FC/

BT/18

... di feminisme dalam

pendekatan-pendekatan lain

kritis, ...

Omitted Concept-

adverb

... dalam feminisme seperti

dalam pendekatan-pendekatan

kritik sastra lainnya, ...

5. 22/ST/FC/

21

... in such a way that neglected

women writers were given new

prominence.

22/TT/FC/

BT/21

... dengan cara yang diabaikan

perempuan penulis yang

ketenarannya baru.

Omitted Concept-

adverb

... dengan cara sedemikian rupa

sehingga penulis peremuan

yang diabaikan diberikan

kedudukan penting yang baru.

6. 22/ST/FC/

21

... neglected women writers

were given new prominence.

22/TT/FC/

BT/21

... diabaikan perempuan penulis

yang ketenarannya baru.

Omitted Concept-

verb

... penulis perempuan yang

diabaikan diberikan kedudukan

penting yang baru.

7. 32/ST/FC/

31 The next three sections will...

32/TT/FC/

BT/31 Bagian tiga akan ...

Omitted Concept-

adjective Tiga bagian berikutnya akan ...

8. 32/ST/FC/

31

... will look at each of these in

turn.

32/TT/FC/

BT/31

... akan memandang masing-

masing pada gilirannya.

Omitted Concept-

pronoun

... akan membahas lebih dalam

masing-masing hal tersebut

secara bergiliran.

Google Translate

1. 3/ST/FC/2 ... possessing its classic books... 3/TT/FC/G

T/2 ... memiliki buku klasik ...

Omitted Concept-

plural noun

... memiliki buku-buku klasik

...

2. 3/ST/FC/2 ... and (in some cases) proposed

solutions.

3/TT/FC/G

T/2


mengusulkan solusi.

Omitted Concept-

plural noun


mengusulkan solusi- solusi.

3. 15/ST/FC/

14

Instead, the focus of interest is

on the heroine's choice ...

15/TT/FC/

GT/14


pilihan pahlawan ...

Omitted Concept-

linking verb

Sebaliknya, fokus perhatian

ada/terletak pada pilihan

karakter utama wanita ...

4. 17/ST/FC/

16



17/TT/FC/

GT/16

Perhatian kritis diberikan


laki ...

Omitted Concept-

plural noun


kepada buku-buku oleh penulis

laki-laki ...

5. 32/ST/FC/

31

... will look at each of these in

turn.

32/TT/FC/

GT/31

... akan melihat masing-masing

pada gilirannya.

Omitted Concept-

pronoun

... akan membahas lebih dalam


secara bergiliran.


121

b. Added Concept


Bing Translator

1. 4/ST/FC/3

These books include Mary

Woll-stonecraft's A Vindication

of the Rights of Women

(1792),...

4/TT/FC/B

T/3

Buku-buku ini termasuk Mary

Woll-stonecraft pembenaran

hak perempuan (1792),...

Added Concept-

title

Buku-buku ini termasuk A

Vindication of the Rights of

Women (1792) karya Mary

Woll-stonecraft,...

2. 4/ST/FC/3 ... discusses male writers like

Milton, Pope, and Rousseau; ...

4/TT/FC/B

T/3

... yang membahas laki-laki

penulis seperti Milton, Paus dan

Rousseau; ...

Added Concept-

name

... yang membahas penulis laki-

laki seperti Milton, Pope dan

Rousseau; ...

3. 4/ST/FC/3 ... Olive Schreiner's Women and

Labour (1911); ...

4/TT/FC/B

T/3

... Zaitun Schreiner perempuan

dan buruh (1911); ...

Added Concept-

name

... Women and Labour (1911)

karya Olive Schreiner; ...


Labour (1911); ...

4/TT/FC/B

T/3

... Zaitun Schreiner perempuan

dan buruh (1911); ...

Added Concept-

title



5. 4/ST/FC/3 ... and Simone de Beauvoir's

The Second Sex (1949),...

4/TT/FC/B

T/3

dan Simone de Beauvoir The

kedua Sex (1949), ...

Added Concept-

title

dan The Second Sex (1949) oleh

Simone de Beauvoir, ...

6. 5/ST/FC/4 ... include John Stuart Mill's The

Subjection of Woman (1869)...

5/TT/FC/B

T/4

... termasuk ketaatan wanita

(1869)....

Added Concept-

title

... mencakup The Subjection of

Woman (1869) karya John

Stuart Mill...

7. 5/ST/FC/4 ... and The Origin of the Family

(1884) by Friedrich Engels.

5/TT/FC/B

T/4

... dan asal-usul keluarga John

Stuart Mill (1884) oleh

Friedrich Engels.

Added Concept-

title

... dan The Origin of the Family

(1884) karya Friedrich Engels.

8. 11/ST/FC/

10

(see Moi's essay in The

Feminist Reader, ...

11/TT/FC/

BT/10

(Lihat Moi esai di feminis

pembaca, ...

Added Concept-

title

(Lihat esai Moi di The Feminist

Reader, ...

Google Translate

1. 4/ST/FC/3

These books include Mary

Woll-stonecraft's A Vindication

of the Rights of Women

(1792),...

4/TT/FC/G

T/3

Buku-buku ini mencakup Mary

Woll-stonecraft adalah A

Pemulihan nama Hak

Perempuan (1792),...

Added Concept-

title

Buku-buku ini mencakup A



Woll-stonecraft,...

2. 4/ST/FC/3 ... discusses male writers like 4/TT/FC/G ... yang membahas penulis laki- Added Concept- ... yang membahas penulis laki-


122


Milton, Pope, and Rousseau; ... T/3 laki seperti Milton, Paus dan

Rousseau; ...

name laki seperti Milton, Pope dan

Rousseau; ...


Labour (1911); ...

4/TT/FC/G

T/3

... Olive Schreiner Perempuan

dan Buruh (1911); ...

Added Concept-

title



4. 4/ST/FC/3 Virginia Woolf’s A Room of

One's Own (1929),...

4/TT/FC/G

T/3

Virginia Woolf A Room of

Sendiri (1929),...

Added Concept-

title

A Room of One's Own (1929)

karya Virginia Woolf,...

5. 5/ST/FC/4 ... include John Stuart Mill's The

Subjection of Woman (1869)...

5/TT/FC/G

T/4

... termasuk John Stuart Mill

adalah The Penaklukan

Perempuan (1869) ...

Added Concept-

title



Stuart Mill...

c. Untranslated Concept


Bing Translator

1. 8/ST/FC/7

... feminist criticism should not

be seen as an off-shoot or a

spin-off from feminism ...

8/TT/FC/B

T/7

... feminis kritik tidak boleh

dilihat sebagai off-menembak

atau spin-off dari feminisme ...

Untranslated

Concept-noun

... kritik feminis tidak

seharusnya dilihat sebagai

cabang ataupun produk turunan

dari feminisme ...

2. 9/ST/FC/8

... that between the terms

'feminist', 'female', and

'feminine'.

9/TT/FC/B

T/8

... yang antara istilah ‘feminis’,

‘female’, dan ‘feminin’.

Untranslated

Concept-noun

... yaitu antara istilah ‘feminis’,

‘perempuan’, dan ‘feminin’.

3. 21/ST/FC/

20

... exploring the nature of the

female world and outlook, ...

21/TT/FC/

BT/20

... menjelajahi sifat perempuan

dunia dan outlook, ...

Untranslated

Concept-noun

... menjelajahi sifat dasar dunia

dan pandangan perempuan, ...

4. 22/ST/FC/

21

... construct a new canon of

women's writing ...

22/TT/FC/

BT/21

... membangun baru canon

wanita menulis ...

Untranslated

Concept-noun

... membangun kanon baru

mengenai tulisan wanita ...

5. 29/ST/FC/

28

... enabling early and cruder

examples of (in this case)

feminist criticism ...

29/TT/FC/

BT/28

... memungkinkan contoh-

contoh awal dan cruder (dalam

kasus ini) feminis kritik ...

Untranslated

Concept-adjective

... memungkinkan contoh-

contoh awal dan yang lebih

kasar dari (dalam kasus ini)

kritik feminis...


123


Google Translate

1. 2/ST/FC/1 The 'women's movement' of the

1960s ...

2/TT/FC/G

T/1

The 'perempuan gerakan' dari

tahun 1960-an ...

Untranslated

Concept-determiner

'Gerakan perempuan' tahun

1960-an ...

2. 8/ST/FC/7




8/TT/FC/G

T/7

... kritik feminis tidak harus

dilihat sebagai off-shoot atau

spin-off dari feminisme ...

Untranslated

Concept-noun




dari feminisme ...

3. 8/ST/FC/7




8/TT/FC/G

T/7

... kritik feminis tidak harus

dilihat sebagai off-shoot atau

spin-off dari feminisme...

Untranslated

Concept-noun




dari feminisme ...

4. 16/ST/FC/

15

... the cultural 'mind-set' in men

and women...

16/TT/FC/

GT/15

... budaya 'mind-set' pada pria

dan wanita...

Untranslated

Concept-noun

... ‘pola pikir’ budaya pada pria

dan wanita...

5. 19/ST/FC/

18 ... the mood changed.

19/TT/FC/

GT/18 ... mood berubah.

Untranslated

Concept-noun ... ‘suasana’ beruabah.

d. Mistranslated Concept


Bing Translator

1. 2/ST/FC/1


1960s was not, of course, the

start of feminism.

2/TT/FC/B

T/1

‘Gerakan perempuan’ tahun

1960-an adalah tidak, tentu saja,

awal feminisme.

Mistranslated

Concept- linking

verb


1960-an bukanlah, tentu

saja,awal feminisme.

2. 4/ST/FC/3

... women seeking education and

alternatives to marriage and

motherhood;...

4/TT/FC/B

T/3

... perempuan yang mencari

pendidikan dan alternatif untuk

perkawinan dari ibu;...

Mistranslated

Concept-noun

... perempuan yang mencari/me-

ngejar pendidikan dan alternatif

untuk perkawinan dan menjadi

ibu;...

3. 5/ST/FC/4 Male contributions to this

tradition of feminist writing ...

5/TT/FC/B

T/4

Laki-laki kontribusi tradisi ini

menulis feminis ...

Mistranslated

Concept-noun

Kontribusi laki-laki untuk

tradisi tulisan feminis ini...


124


4. 8/ST/FC/7

In this sense the women's

movement has always been

crucially concerned with...

8/TT/FC/B

T/7


perempuan memiliki selalu telah

krusial berkaitan dengan ...

Mistranslated

Concept- auxiliary

verb


perempuan telah selalu secara

krusial peduli akan/

memperhatikan ...

5. 8/ST/FC/7 ... crucially concerned with

books and literature, ...

8/TT/FC/B

T/7

... krusial berkaitan dengan

buku-buku dan sastra, ...

Mistranslated

Concept- adverb

... secara krusial peduli

akan/memperhatikan buku-buku

dan sastra, ...



8/TT/FC/B

T/7

... krusial berkaitan dengan


Mistranslated

Concept- phrasal

verb

... secara krusial

memperhatikan/ peduli akan


7. 8/ST/FC/7 ... as an off-shoot or a spin-off

from feminism ...

8/TT/FC/B

T/7

... sebagai off-menembak atau

spin-off dari feminisme ...

Mistranslated

Concept-noun

... sebagai cabang ataupun

produk turunan dari feminisme

...

8. 9/ST/FC/8 The concern with 'conditioning'

and ...

9/TT/FC/B

T/8

Keprihatinan dengan

pengkondisian dan ...

Mistranslated

Concept-noun

Perhatian terhadap

‘pengkondisian’ dan ...

9. 10/ST/FC/

9

... and the third 'a set of

culturally defined

characteristics'.

10/TT/FC/

BT/9

... dan yang ketiga ‘adalah

serangkaian karakteristik

budaya didefinisikan’.

Mistranslated

Concept- adverb

... dan yang ketiga adalah

‘serangkaian karakteristik yang

didefinisikan secara budaya’.

10. 11/ST/FC/

10

... and third of these lies much

of the force of feminism...

11/TT/FC/

BT/10

... dan ketiga kebohongan ini

banyak kekuatan feminisme...

Mistranslated

Concept-verb

... dan ketiga ini terdapat banyak

pengaruh dari feminisme...

11. 11/ST/FC/

10



11/TT/FC/

BT/10

... dan ketiga kebohongan ini

banyak kekuatan feminisme...

Mistranslated

Concept-noun



12. 13/ST/FC/

12

The representation of women in

literature, then, was felt to be

one of the most important forms

...

13/TT/FC/

BT/12


sastra, kemudian, adalah merasa

menjadi salah satu bentuk

paling penting ...

Mistranslated

Concept-verb


sastra, kemudian, dirasakan


paling penting ...

13. 13/ST/FC/

12

... since it provided the role

models ...

13/TT/FC/

BT/12

... karena itu diberikan model

peran ...

Mistranslated

Concept-verb

... karena hal itu

memberikan/me-nyediakan

teladan...

14. 13/ST/FC/

12

... since it provided the role

models ...

13/TT/FC/

BT/12

... karena itu diberikan model

peran ...

Mistranslated

Concept-noun

... karena hal itu


teladan...


125


15. 13/ST/FC/

12

... the role models which

indicated to women, and men, ...

13/TT/FC/

BT/12

... model peran yang

ditunjukkan kepada wanita, dan

laki-laki, ...

Mistranslated

Concept-verb

... teladan yang menunjukkan

kepada wanita, dan laki-laki, ...

16. 14/ST/FC/

13

Feminists pointed out, for

example, ...

14/TT/FC/

BT/13

Feminis menunjuk keluar,

misalnya, ...

Mistranslated

Concept- phrasal

verb

Feminis menunjukkan,

misalnya, ...

17. 14/ST/FC/

13

... unless they are driven to it by

dire necessity.

14/TT/FC/

BT/13

... kecuali mereka didorong

untuk itu oleh keharusan yang

mengandung bahaya.

Mistranslated

Concept-adjective

... kecuali mereka didorong ke

hal tersebut oleh keharusan

yang mendesak.

18. 15/ST/FC/

14


on the heroine's choice of

marriage partner, ...

15/TT/FC/

BT/14

Sebaliknya, fokus menarik

adalah pahlawan pilihan

pasangan perkawinan, ...

Mistranslated

Concept-noun


terletak pada pilihan karakter

utama wanita atas pasangan

pernikahannya ...

19. 15/ST/FC/

14



15/TT/FC/

BT/14

Sebaliknya, fokus menarik

adalah pahlawan pilihan ...

Mistranslated

Concept-noun




pernikahannya ...

20. 15/ST/FC/

14

.. and exclusively determine her

happiness and ...

15/TT/FC/

BT/14

... dan eksklusif menentukan

kebahagiaan dan ...

Mistranslated

Concept- adverb

... dan secara eksklusif

menentukan kebahagiaan dan ...

21. 16/ST/FC/

15

Thus, in feminist criticism in the

1970s ...

16/TT/FC/

BT/15

Dengan demikian, dalam

feminis kritik pada tahun 1970

...

Mistranslated

Concept-noun


feminis pada tahun 1970-an ...

22. 16/ST/FC/

15

... the major effort went into

exposing what might be called...

16/TT/FC/

BT/15

... usaha utama pergi

mengekspos apa yang bisa

disebut ...

Mistranslated

Concept- phrasal

verb

... usaha utama digunakan untuk


disebut ...

23. 16/ST/FC/

15


and women which perpetuated

sexual inequality.

16/TT/FC/

BT/15

... budaya ‘pola pikir’ pada pria

dan wanita yang diabadikan

seksual ketidaksetaraan.

Mistranslated

Concept-verb

... ‘pola pikir’ secara budaya


mengabadikan ketidaksetaraan

seksual.

24. 17/ST/FC/

16



17/TT/FC/

BT/16

Kritis perhatian diberikan


laki ...

Mistranslated

Concept-adjective


kepada buku-buku karya penulis

laki-laki ...


126


25. 17/ST/FC/

16

.. in which influential or typical

images of women were

constructed.

17/TT/FC/

BT/16

... yang berpengaruh atau khas

gambar perempuan dibangun.

Mistranslated

Concept-noun

... yang di dalamnya gambaran

perempuan yang berpengaruh

atau khas dibangun.

26. 19/ST/FC/

18

... other critical approaches, the

mood changed.

19/TT/FC/

BT/18

... pendekatan-pendekatan lain

kritis, suasana berubah.

Mistranslated

Concept-adjective

... pendekatan-pendekatan kritik

sastra lainnya, suasana berubah.

27. 20/ST/FC/

19

... it began to draw upon the

findings and ...

20/TT/FC/

BT/19

... itu mulai untuk menggambar

di atas temuan dan ...

Mistranslated

Concept- phrasal

verb

... itu mulai untuk

memanfaatkan temuan dan ...

28. 21/ST/FC/

20

... reconstructing the lost or


experience.

21/TT/FC/

BT/20

...merekonstruksi catatan hilang

atau ditekan pengalaman

perempuan.

Mistranslated

Concept-adjective

... merekonstruksi catatan

pengalaman perempuan yang

hilang atau (sengaja)

dibenamkan.

29. 22/ST/FC/

21

Thirdly, attention was switched

to the need ...

22/TT/FC/

BT/21

Ketiga, perhatian adalah beralih

ke kebutuhan ...

Mistranslated

Concept-verb

Ketiga, perhatian dialihkan ke

kebutuhan ...

30. 22/ST/FC/

21



22/TT/FC/

BT/21

... diabaikan perempuan penulis

yang ketenarannya baru.

Mistranslated

Concept-noun



penting yang baru.

31. 23ST/FC/2

2

Such distinct phases of interest

and activity seem characteristic

...

23/TT/FC/

BT/22

Tahapan tersebut berbeda

kepentingan dan aktivitas

tampak karakteristik ...

Mistranslated

Concept-linking

verb

Tahapan yang berbeda


tersebut tampaknya adalah

karakteristik ...

32. 27/ST/FC/

26

Showalter also detects in the

history of women's writing ...

27/TT/FC/

BT/26

Showalter juga mendeteksi

dalam sejarah perempuan

menulis ...

Mistranslated

Concept-noun


dalam sejarah tulisan

perempuan...

33. 27/ST/FC/

26

... a feminine phase (1840-80),

in which women writers

imitated dominant male artistic

norms and aesthetic standards;

...

27/TT/FC/

BT/26

... sebuah fase feminin (1840-

80), di mana perempuan penulis

ditiru dominan laki-laki artistik

norma dan estetika standar; ...

Mistranslated

Concept-verb


80), di mana penulis perempuan

meniru norma artistik dan

standar estetika laki-laki yang

dominan; ...

34. 27/ST/FC/

26

... which looked particularly at

female writing and female

experience.

27/TT/FC/

BT/26

... yang tampak terutama pada

menulis perempuan dan laki-

laki pengalaman.

Mistranslated

Concept-phrasal

verb

... yang terutama membahas

lebih jauh tulisan perempuan

dan pengalaman perempuan.


127


35. 27/ST/FC/

26



experience.

27/TT/FC/

BT/26



laki pengalaman.

Mistranslated

Concept-noun




36. 27/ST/FC/

26



experience.

27/TT/FC/

BT/26



laki pengalaman.

Mistranslated

Concept-adjective




37. 29/ST/FC/

28

... the approach they represent is

no longer ...

29/TT/FC/

BT/28

... pendekatan mereka mewakili

tidak lagi ...

Mistranslated

Concept-verb

... pendekatan yang mereka

wakili tidak lagi ...

38. 32/ST/FC/

31

The next three sections will look

at each of these in turn.

32/TT/FC/

BT/31

Bagian tiga akan memandang

masing-masing pada gilirannya.

Mistranslated

Concept-phrasal

verb


mempelajari/membahas lebih

dalam masing-masing hal

tersebut secara begiliran.

Google Translate

1. 2/ST/FC/1


1960s was not, of course, the

start of feminism.

2/TT/FC/G

T/1

The 'perempuan gerakan' dari

tahun 1960-an tidak, tentu saja,

awal feminisme.

Mistranslated

Concept- linking

verb


1960-an bukanlah, tentu saja,

awal feminisme.

2. 5/ST/FC/4 Male contributions to this

tradition of feminist writing ...

5/TT/FC/G

T/4

kontribusi laki-laki tradisi

penulisan feminis ...

Mistranslated

Concept-noun


tradisi tulisan feminis ini...



8/TT/FC/G

T/7

... krusial peduli dengan buku-

buku dan sastra, ...

Mistranslated

Concept- adverb

... secara krusial

memperhatikan/ peduli akan


4. 9/ST/FC/8 The concern with 'conditioning'

and ...

9/TT/FC/G

T/8

Perhatian dengan ‘penyejuk’

dan ...

Mistranslated

Concept-noun

Perhatian terhadap

‘pengkondisian’ dan ...

5. 11/ST/FC/

10



11/TT/FC/

GT/10

... dan ketiga dari kebohongan

ini jauh dari gaya feminisme...

Mistranslated

Concept-verb



6. 11/ST/FC/

10



11/TT/FC/

GT/10

... dan ketiga dari kebohongan

ini jauh dari gaya feminisme...

Mistranslated

Concept-noun



7. 13/ST/FC/

12

... what constituted acceptable

versions of the 'feminine' ...

13/TT/FC/

GT/12

... apa yang merupakan versi

diterima dari 'feminin' ...

Mistranslated

Concept-adjective


yang dapat diterima dari

'feminin' ...


128


8. 14/ST/FC/

13

... unless they are driven to it by

dire necessity.

14/TT/FC/

GT/13

... kecuali mereka didorong

untuk itu oleh kebutuhan

mengerikan.

Mistranslated

Concept-adjective

... kecuali mereka didorong ke

hal tersebut oleh kebutuhan

yang mendesak.

9. 15/ST/FC/

14


on the heroine's choice of


15/TT/FC/

GT/14


pilihan pahlawan untuk

pasangan hidup, ...

Mistranslated

Concept-noun




hidupnya ...

10. 15/ST/FC/

14



15/TT/FC/

GT/14


pilihan pahlawan...

Mistranslated

Concept-noun




pernikahannya ...

11. 15/ST/FC/

14

.. and exclusively determine her

happiness and ...

15/TT/FC/

GT/14

... dan eksklusif menentukan

kebahagiaan dan ...

Mistranslated

Concept- adverb

... dan secara eksklusif

menentukan kebahagiaan dan ...

12. 16/ST/FC/

15

... the major effort went into

exposing what might be called...

16/TT/FC/

GT/15

... upaya besar masuk ke

mengekspos apa yang mungkin

disebut ...

Mistranslated

Concept- phrasal

verb

... usaha utama digunakan untuk


disebut ...

13. 16/ST/FC/

15


and women which perpetuated

sexual inequality.

16/TT/FC/

GT/15

... budaya ‘mind-set’ pada pria

dan wanita yang diabadikan

ketidaksetaraan seksual.

Mistranslated

Concept-verb




seksual.

14. 17/ST/FC/

16



17/TT/FC/

GT/16

perhatian kritis diberikan


laki ...

Mistranslated

Concept-adjective


kepada buku-buku karya penulis

laki-laki ...

15. 17/ST/FC/

16

.. in which influential or typical

images of women were

constructed.

17/TT/FC/

GT/16

... di mana gambar berpengaruh

atau khas perempuan dibangun.

Mistranslated

Concept-noun

... yang di dalamnya gambaran


atau khas dibangun.

16. 19/ST/FC/

18

... other critical approaches, the

mood changed.

19/TT/FC/

BT/18

... pendekatan penting lainnya,

mood berubah.

Mistranslated

Concept-adjective

... pendekatan kritik sastra

lainnya, suasana berubah.

17. 21/ST/FC/

20



21/TT/FC/

GT/20

... menjelajahi alam dunia dan

prospek perempuan, ...

Mistranslated

Concept-noun

... ... menjelajahi sifat dasar

dunia dan pandangan

perempuan, ...


129


18. 21/ST/FC/

20



21/TT/FC/

GT/20

... menjelajahi alam dunia dan

prospek perempuan, ...

Mistranslated

Concept-noun

... menjelajahi sifat dasar dunia

dan pandangan perempuan, ...

19. 21/ST/FC/

20

... reconstructing the lost or


experience.

21/TT/FC/

GT/20

...merekonstruksi catatan hilang

atau ditekan pengalaman

perempuan.

Mistranslated

Concept-adjective

... merekonstruksi catatan

pengalaman perempuan yang

hilang atau (sengaja)

dibenamkan.

20. 22/ST/FC/

21



22/TT/FC/

GT/21

... diabaikan penulis perempuan

diberi keunggulan baru.

Mistranslated

Concept-noun


diabaikan diberi keduduk-an

penting yang baru.

21. 23ST/FC/2

2

Such distinct phases of interest

and activity seem characteristic

...

23/TT/FC/

GT/22

tahap yang berbeda seperti

bunga dan aktivitas tampaknya

karakteristik...

Mistranslated

Concept-noun




karakteristik ...

22. 27/ST/FC/

26

Showalter also detects in the

history of women's writing ...

27/TT/FC/

GT/26


dalam sejarah perempuan

menulis ...

Mistranslated

Concept-noun


dalam sejarah tulisan

perempuan...

23. 27/ST/FC/

26

... a feminine phase (1840-80),

in which women writers

imitated dominant male artistic

norms and aesthetic standards;

...

27/TT/FC/

GT/26

... fase feminin (1840-1880), di

mana penulis wanita ditiru

norma artistik dominan laki-laki

dan standar estetika;...

Mistranslated

Concept-verb


80), di mana penulis wanita



dominan; ...

24. 27/ST/FC/

26


female writing ...

27/TT/FC/

GT/26


tulisan perempuan ...

Mistranslated

Concept-phrasal

verb


lebih jauh tulisan perempuan ...

25. 29/ST/FC/

28

... the approach they represent is

no longer ...

29/TT/FC/

GT/28

... pendekatan mereka mewakili

tidak lagi ...

Mistranslated

Concept-verb



26. 32/ST/FC/

31

The next three sections will look

at each of these in turn.

32/TT/FC/

GT/31


melihat masing-masing pada

gilirannya.

Mistranslated

Concept-phrasal

verb


membahas lebih dalam masing-

masing hal tersebut secara

begiliran.


130

e. Subtituted Concept

NA

f. Explicitated Concept

NA

2. Relations between Concepts Errors

a. Omitted Participant

NA

b. Omitted Relation


Bing Translator

1. 4/ST/FC/3

... include Mary Woll-

stonecraft's A

Vindication of the Rights

of Women (1792),...

4/TT/FC/B

T/3

... termasuk Mary Woll-

stonecraft pembenaran

hak perempuan (1792),...

The possesor relation between ‘Mary

Woll-stonecraft’ and the book title ‘A

Vindication of the Rights of Women’ is

not conveyed.

... termasuk A Vindication of

the Rights of Women (1792)

karya Mary Woll-stonecraft,...

2. 4/ST/FC/3

... Olive Schreiner's

Women and Labour

(1911); ...

4/TT/FC/B

T/3

... Zaitun Schreiner

perempuan dan buruh

(1911); ...

The relation of possesor between the

author’s name ‘Olive Schreiner’ and

the book title ‘Women and Labour’ is

not conveyed.



3. 4/ST/FC/3

... Virginia Woolf’s A

Room of One's Own

(1929), ...

4/TT/FC/B

T/3

... Virginia Woolf A

Room of One's Own

(1929),...

The contraction ‘s which shows

possesor relation between the author’s

name ‘Virginia Woolf’ and the book

title ‘A Room of One's Own’ is not

conveyed.

... A Room of One's Own

(1929) karya Virginia

Woolf,...

4. 4/ST/FC/3

... and Simone de

Beauvoir's The Second

Sex (1949),...

4/TT/FC/B

T/3

dan Simone de Beauvoir

The kedua Sex (1949), ...



name ‘Simone de Beauvoir’ and the

book title ‘The Second Sex’ is not

conveyed.

dan The Second Sex (1949)

oleh Simone de Beauvoir, ...

5. 5/ST/FC/4 Male contributions to

this tradition of feminist

5/TT/FC/B

T/4

Laki-laki kontribusi

tradisi ini menulis

The relation untuk ‘to’ is not conveyed,

therefore, the relation that indicates


tradisi tulisan perempuan ini


131


writing ... feminis ... that the thing receives something is not

present.

...

6. 5/ST/FC/4

... include John Stuart

Mill's The Subjection of

Woman (1869) ...

5/TT/FC/B

T/4

... termasuk ketaatan

wanita (1869) dan asal-

usul keluarga John Stuart

Mill ...


possesor relation between ‘John Stuart

Mill’ and the title ‘The Subjection of

Woman’ is not conveyed.



Stuart Mill ...

7. 13/ST/CR/

12

... what constituted

acceptable versions of

the 'feminine' ...

13/TT/CR/

BT/12

... apa yang merupakan

versi yang dapat diterima

‘feminin’...

The relation dari ‘of’ that means

‘concerning’ between ‘acceptable

versions’ and ‘the feminine ...’ is not

conveyed.


yang dapat diterima dari

'feminin' ...

8. 17/ST/FC/

16

... books by male writers

in which influential or

typical images of women

were constructed.

17/TT/FC/

BT/16

... buku oleh penulis laki-

laki yang berpengaruh

atau khas gambar

perempuan dibangun.

The relation di dalamnya ‘in’ is not

conveyed, therefore, the relation that

indicates that the following phrase can

be found in a particular place is not

conveyed. Instead, the following

phrase becomes a direct modifier of the

preceding phrase.

... buku oleh penulis laki-laki

yang di dalamnya gambaran


atau khas dibangun.

9. 19/ST/CR/

18

... in feminism as in other

critical approaches, ...

19/TT/CR/

BT/18

... di feminisme dalam

pendekatan-pendekatan

lain kritis, ...

The relation seperti ‘as’ is not

conveyed. It is supposed to show

something happens in the same way

between the preceding and following

phrase.




10. 22/ST/FC/

21

... construct a new canon

of women's writing ...

22/TT/FC/

BT/21

... membangun baru

canon wanita menulis ...

The relation mengenai ‘of’ used to

shows it is concerning something is not

conveyed.



11. 29/ST/FC/

28

... the approach they

represent is no longer ...

29/TT/FC/

BT/28

... pendekatan mereka

mewakili tidak lagi ...

The relation yang ‘that’ is necessary to

be put in Indonesian to indicate that the

two clauses ‘... the approach’ and ‘they

represent’ is not the same clause, but

only a modifier and a head of a noun

phrase.




132


12. 32/ST/FC/

31

The next three sections

will look at each of these

in turn.

32/TT/FC/

BT/31

Bagian tiga akan

memandang masing-


The relation berikutnya ‘next’ is not

conveyed. It is supposed to suggest that

there is a relation of order.





Google Translate

1. 4/ST/FC/3

These books include

Mary Woll-stonecraft's A

Vindication of the Rights

of Women (1792),...

4/TT/FC/G

T/3

Buku-buku ini mencakup

Mary Woll-stonecraft A

Pemulihan nama Hak

Perempuan (1792),...


author’s name ‘Mary Woll-stonecraft’

and the book title‘A Vindication of the

Rights of Women’ is not conveyed.

Buku-buku ini termasuk A



Woll-stonecraft,...

2. 4/ST/FC/3

... Olive Schreiner's

Women and Labour

(1911); ...

4/TT/FC/G

T/3

... Olive Schreiner ini

Perempuan dan Buruh

(1911); ...


author’s name ‘Olive Schreiner’ and

the book title ‘Women and Labour’ is

not conveyed.



3. 4/ST/FC/3

... Virginia Woolf’s A

Room of One's Own

(1929), ...

4/TT/FC/G

T/3

... Virginia Woolf A

Room of Sendiri

(1929),...



name ‘Virginia Woolf’ and the book

title ‘A Room of One's Own’ is not

conveyed.

... A Room of One's Own

(1929) karya Virginia

Woolf,...

4. 4/ST/FC/3

... and Simone de

Beauvoir's The Second

Sex (1949),...

4/TT/FC/G

T/3

dan Simone de Beauvoir

The Second Sex(1949),...



name and the title is not conveyed.

dan The Second Sex (1949)

oleh Simone de Beauvoir, ...

5. 5/ST/FC/4

Male contributions to


writing ...

5/TT/FC/G

T/4

kontribusi laki-laki

tradisi penulisan feminis

...

The relation untuk ‘to’ is not conveyed,

therefore, the relation that indicates

that the thing that receives something.


tradisi tulisan perempuan ini

...

6. 5/ST/FC/4

... include John Stuart

Mill's The Subjection of

Woman (1869) ...

5/TT/FC/G

T/4

... termasuk John Stuart

Mill adalah The

Penaklukan Perempuan

(1869) ...


possesor relation between ‘John Stuart

Mill’ and the book title is not

conveyed.



Stuart Mill ...

7. 15/ST/FC/

14

... her happiness and

fulfilment in life, or her

lack of these.

15/TT/FC/

GT/14

... kebahagiaan dan

kepuasan dalam hidup,

atau dia kurang tersebut.

The relation akan ‘of’ used to shows it

is concerning something is not

conveyed.

... kebahagiaan dan

kepuasannya dalam hidup,

atau kurang akan hal tersebut.


133


8. 22/ST/FC/

21



22/TT/FC/

GT/21

... membangun sebuah

kanon baru tulisan

wanita menulis ...

The relation mengenai ‘of’ to show it is

concerning something is not conveyed.

Instead, the error indicates that there is

an agent-theme relation: ‘new canon’

that is ‘written by women’ as agent.



9. 29/ST/FC/

28

... the approach they

represent is no longer ...

29/TT/FC/

GT/28

... pendekatan mereka

mewakili tidak lagi ...

The relation yang ‘that’ is necessary to

be put in Indonesian to indicate that the

two clauses ‘... the approach’ and ‘they

represent’ is not the same clause, but

only a modifier and a head of a noun

phrase.



c. Added Participant

NA

d. Added Relation


Google Translate

1. 14/ST/FC/

13

... that in nineteenth-

century fiction very few

women work for a living,

...

14/TT/FC/

GT/13

... bahwa dalam fiksi

abad kesembilan belas

yang sangat sedikit

wanita beker-ja untuk

hidup,...

The addition of yang ‘that/in which’

after ‘nineteenth-century fiction’ makes

the following phrase becomes the

modifier of it.

... bahwa dalam fiksi abad

kesembilan belas sangat

sedikit wanita bekerja untuk

hidup,...

e. Mistaken Participant


Bing Translator

1. 1/ST/FC/T

I

Feminism and feminist

criticism

1/TT/FC/B

T/TI

Feminisme dan feminis

kritik

Due to the phrase’s wrong order, the

word feminis ‘feminist’ becomes the

head of the phrase.

Feminisme dan Kritik Feminis


134


2. 3/ST/FC/2 ... the problem of

women's inequality ...

3/TT/FC/B

T/2

... masalah wanita

ketidaksetaraan ...

Wanita ‘women’ becomes the head of

the phrase instead of ketidaksetaraan

‘inequality’.

... masalah ketidaksetaraan

wanita ...

3. 4/ST/FC/3 ... which discusses male

writers like Milton, ...

4/TT/FC/B

T/3

... yang membahas laki-

laki penulis seperti

Milton ...

Penulis ‘writers’ which is supposed to

be the head becomes the modifier for

laki-laki ‘male’.

... yang membahas laki-laki

penulis seperti Milton ...

4. 5/ST/FC/4

Male contributions to


writing ...

5/TT/FC/B

T/4

Laki-laki kontribusi

tradisi ini menulis

feminis ...

Laki-laki ‘male’ becomes the head of

the phrase instead of kontribusi

‘contributions’.


tradisi tulisan perempuan ini ...

5. 5/ST/FC/4 ... this tradition of

feminist writing ...

5/TT/FC/B

T/4

... tradisi ini menulis

feminis ...

Menulis ‘writing’ is positioned as the

verb of the phrase preceding it.

... tradisi tulisan perempuan ini

...

6. 8/ST/FC/7 ... so that feminist

criticism ...

8/TT/FC/B

T/7

... sehingga feminis kritik

...

Feminis ‘feminist’ is put as the head of

the phrase. ... sehingga kritik feminis...

7. 9/ST/FC/8 ... underpins a crucial set

of distinctions, ...

9/TT/FC/B

T/8

... mendukung

seperangkat penting

perbedaan, ...

Penting ‘crucial’, only acts as the

modifier of seperangkat ‘set’ instead

of also perbedaan ‘distinctions’.

... mendukung seperangkat

perbedaan yang penting, ...

8. 9/ST/FC/8



'feminine'.

9/TT/FC/B

T/8

... yang antara istilah

‘feminis’, ‘female’, dan

‘feminin’.

Yang ‘that’ becomes a modifier of the

preceding phrase/clause. It is supposed

to be put as a conjunction, yaitu ’that’,

to introduce a new part of the sentence.



9. 10/ST/FC/

9

... 'a set of culturally

defined characteristics'.

10/TT/FC/

BT/9

... ‘adalah serangkaian

karakteristik budaya

didefinisikan’.

Didefinisikan ‘defined’, becomes the

modifier of karakteristik budaya

‘cultural characteristics’.

... ‘adalah serangkaian

karakteristik yang didefinisikan

secara budaya’.

10. 11/ST/FC/

10

... in the distinction

between the second and

third of these lies much

of the force of feminism

...

11/TT/FC/

BT/10

... di perbedaan antara

kedua dan ketiga

kebohongan ini banyak

kekuatan feminisme ...

Ini ‘these’ which is uspposed to be a a

pronoun, becomes the determiner of

‘lies’.

... dalam perbedaan antara

yang kedua dan ketiga dari hal

tersebut terdapat banyak

pengaruh dari feminisme ...

11. 11/ST/FC/

10 ... see Moi's essay ...

11/TT/FC/

BT/10 ... Lihat Moi esai ...

Moi ‘Moi’ is put as the head of the

phrase instead of esai‘essay’. ... Lihat esai Moi...


135


12. 13/ST/FC/

12

... legitimate feminine


13/TT/FC/

BT/12

... sah feminin tujuan dan

aspirasi.

Sah ‘legitimate’ becomes the head of

the phrase instead of the modifier.

... tujuan dan aspirasi feminin

yang sah.

13. 14/ST/FC/

13


century fiction ...

14/TT/FC/

BT/13

... bahwa dalam abad

kesembilan belas fiksi ...

Fiksi ‘fiction’ which is supposed to be

the head of the phrase is positioned as

the modifier of abad kesembilan belas

‘nineteenth-century’.


kesembilan belas...

14. 15/ST/FC/

14

... the heroine's choice of


15/TT/FC/

BT/14

... pahlawan pilihan

pasangan perkawinan, ...

Pilihan ‘choice’ becomes the modifier

of ‘heroine’ instead of the head of the

phrase.

... pilihan pasangan hidup/

pernikahan karakter utama

wanita, ...

15. 15/ST/FC/

14

... which will decide her

ultimate social position

...

15/TT/FC/

BT/14

... yang akan

memutuskan posisinya

sosial utama ...

-nya/dia ‘her’ becomes the modifier

only for posisi ‘position’ making utama

‘ultimate’ and sosial ‘social’are not

included in the phrase.

... yang akan memutuskan

posisi utama sosialnya...

16. 16/ST/FC/

15

Thus, in feminist

criticism ...

16/TT/FC/

BT/15

Dengan demikian, dalam

feminis kritik ...


the phrase.


feminis...

17. 16/ST/FC/

15

... the cultural 'mind-set'

in men and women ...

16/TT/FC/

BT/15

... budaya ‘pola pikir’

pada pria dan wanita ...


word budaya ‘cultural’ becomes the

head of the phrase.


dan wanita ...

18. 16/ST/FC/

15

... which perpetuated

sexual inequality.

16/TT/FC/

BT/15

... yang diabadikan

seksual ketidaksetaraan.

Seksual ‘sexual’ becomes the head of

the phrase instead of ketidaksetaraan

‘inequality’.

... yang mengabadikan


19. 17/ST/FC/

16

Critical attention was

given ...

17/TT/FC/

BT/16

Kritis perhatian

diberikan ...

Kritis ‘critical’ is positioned as the

head of the phrase. Perhatian serius diberikan ...

20. 17/ST/FC/

16




were constructed.

17/TT/FC/

BT/16



atau khas gambar

perempuan dibangun.

Berpengaruh ... ‘influential ...’

becomes the modifier of penulis laki-

laki ‘male writers’.




atau khas dibangun.

21. 17/ST/FC/

16




were constructed.

17/TT/FC/

BT/16



atau khas gambar

perempuan dibangun.

Gambaran ‘images’ is no longer the

head of the phrase.




atau khas dibangun.


136


22. 19/ST/FC/

18

... as in other critical

approaches, ...

19/TT/FC/

BT/18

... dalam pendekatan-

pendekatan lain kritis, ...

Lainnya ‘other’ only modifies

pendekatan-pendekatan ‘approaches’.

Also, kritis ‘critical’ becomes the

modfiier of pendekatan-pendekatan

lain ‘other approaches’.

... dalam pendekatan-

pendekatan kritik sastra

lainnya, ...

23. 21/ST/FC/

20

... attacking male

versions of the world ...

21/TT/FC/

BT/20

... menyerang laki-laki

versi dunia ...

Laki-laki ‘male’ becomes the head of

the phrase instead of dunia ‘world’.

... menyerang dunia versi laki-

laki...

24. 21/ST/FC/

20

... the nature of the

female world and

outlook,...

21/TT/FC/

BT/20

... sifat perempuan dunia

dan outlook, ...

Perempuan ‘female’ which is supposed

to be the modifier of the head of the

phrase dunia dan pandangan ‘world

and outlook’ is positioned as the head.

... sifat dasar dunia dan

pandanan perempuan, ...

25. 21/ST/FC/

20

... the lost or suppressed

records of female

experience.

21/TT/FC/

BT/20

... catatan hilang atau

ditekan pengalaman

perempuan.

Pengalaman perempuan ‘female

experience’ becomes the modifier of

‘supressed’ while ‘supressed’ acts as a

verb.

... catatan pengalaman

perempuan yang hilang atau

(sengaja) dibenamkan.

26. 22/ST/FC/

21



22/TT/FC/

BT/21

... membangun baru


Kanon ‘canon’ is no longer the head of

the phrase.



27. 22/ST/FC/

21



22/TT/FC/

BT/21

... membangun baru


Wanita ‘women’ functions as the head

of the phrase instead of tulisan

‘writing’.



28. 22/ST/FC/

21

... neglected women

writers were given ...

22/TT/FC/

BT/21

... diabaikan perempuan

penulis ...

Penulis ‘writers’ is no longer the head

of the phrase.

... penulis perempuan

diabaikan diberi ...

29. 23/ST/FC/

22

Such distinct phases of

interest and activity ...

23/TT/FC/

BT/22

Tahapan tersebut

berbeda kepentingan dan

aktivitas ...

Tersebut ‘such’ only modifies tahapan

‘phases’.

Tahapan berbeda kepentingan

dan aktivitas tersebut ...

30. 23/ST/FC/

22

... characteristic of

feminist criticism.

23/TT/FC/

BT/22

... karakteristik feminis

kritik.


the phrase. ... karakteristik kritik feminis.

31. 27/ST/FC/

26

... the history of women's

writing ...

27/TT/FC/

BT/26

... sejarah perempuan

menulis ...



‘writing’. It becomes the verb with

women as the subject.

... sejarah tulisan perempuan...


137


32. 27/ST/FC/

26

... in which women

writers imitated ...

27/TT/FC/

BT/26

... di mana perempuan

penulis ditiru ...

Penulis ‘writers’ which is the head

becomes the modifier of perempuan

‘women’.

... di mana penulis perempuan

meniru ...

33. 27/ST/FC/

26

... imitated dominant

male artistic norms and

aesthetic standards; ...

27/TT/FC/

BT/26

... ditiru dominan laki-

laki artistik norma dan

estetika standar; ...

Dominan ‘dominant’ becomes the

object of the verb ‘imitated’ instead of

the modifier of the phrase following.

... meniru norma artistik dan


dominan ...

34. 27/ST/FC/

26




27/TT/FC/

BT/26




Laki-laki ‘male’ is put as the modifier

dominant instead of the modifier of

‘artistic ...’.



dominan ...

35. 27/ST/FC/

26




27/TT/FC/

BT/26




Norma ‘norms’ is no longer the head of

the phrase.



dominan ...

36. 27/ST/FC/

26




27/TT/FC/

BT/26





word estetika ‘aesthetic’ becomes the

head of the phrase.



dominan ...

37. 27/ST/FC/

26

... female writing and

female experience.

27/TT/FC/

BT/26

... menulis perempuan

dan laki-laki

pengalaman.

Perempuan ‘female’ acts as the head of

the phrase instead of tulisan ‘writing’.

... tulisan perempuan dan

pengalaman perempuan.

38. 27/ST/FC/

26

... female writing and

female experience.

27/TT/FC/

BT/26

... menulis perempuan

dan laki-laki

pengalaman.

Pengalaman ‘experience’ is mistakenly

put as the modifier of the head in the

phrase, instead.

... tulisan perempuan dan

pengalaman perempuan.

39. 29/ST/FC/

28

... feminist criticism to be

given ...

29/TT/FC/

BT/28

... feminis kritik harus

diberikan ...


the phrase.

... kritik feminis untuk

diberikan ...

40. 29/ST/FC/

28

... given their rightful

credit and

acknowledgement ...

29/TT/FC/

BT/28

... diberikan kredit yang

sah dan pengakuan

mereka...

Yang sah ‘rightful’ only modifies

kredit ‘credit’. It is also supposed to be

the modifier of pengakuan

‘acknowledgement’.

... diberikan kredit dan

pengakuan mereka yang sah...

41. 32/ST/FC/

31



in turn.

32/TT/FC/

BT/31

Bagian tiga akan

memandang masing-


Tiga ‘three’ is put as the head of the

phrase.


membahas lebih dalam


secara begiliran.


138


Google Translate

1. 2/ST/FC/1 The 'women's movement'

of the 1960s ...

2/TT/FC/G

T/1

The 'perempuan gerakan'

dari tahun 1960-an ...

Perempuan ‘women’ becomes the head

of the phrase.


1960-an ...

2. 9/ST/FC/8 ... underpins a crucial set

of distinctions, ...

9/TT/FC/G

T/8

... mendasari satu set

penting dari perbedaan,...

Penting ‘crucial’, only acts as the

modifier of satu set ‘a set of’ instead

of also perbedaan ‘distinctions’.

... mendukung satu set

perbedaan yang penting, ...

3. 9/ST/FC/8



'feminine'.

9/TT/FC/G

T/8

... bahwa antara istilah

‘feminis’, ‘female’, dan

‘feminin’.

Bahwa ‘that’ becomes a modifi-er of

the preceding concept. It should be put

as a conjunction, yaitu ’that’, to

introduce a new part of the sentence.



4. 11/ST/FC/

10

Particularly in the

distinction between the

second and third of these

lies much of the force of

feminism ...

11/TT/FC/

GT/10

Terutama dalam

perbedaan antara kedua

dan ketiga dari

kebohongan ini jauh dari

gaya feminisme ...

Ini ‘these’ which is uspposed to be a a

pronoun, becomes the determiner of

‘lies’.

Terutama dalam perbedaan

antara yang kedua dan ketiga

dari hal tersebut terdapat

banyak pengaruh dari

feminisme ...

5. 13/ST/FC/

12

... legitimate feminine


13/TT/FC/

GT/12

... sah feminin tujuan dan

aspirasi.

Sah ‘legitimate’ becomes the head of

the phrase instead of the modifier.

... tujuan dan aspirasi feminin

yang sah.

6. 16/ST/FC/

15


in men and women ...

16/TT/FC/

GT/15

... budaya ‘mind-set’

pada pria dan wanita ...


word budaya ‘cultural’ becomes the

head of the phrase.


dan wanita ...

7. 17/ST/FC/

16




were constructed.

17/TT/FC/

GT/16


laki di mana gambar

berpengaruh atau khas

perempuan dibangun.

Perempuan ‘women’ becomes the

modifier of ‘influential or typical’

instead of ‘images’.




atau khas dibangun.

8. 21/ST/FC/

20

... attacking male

versions of the world ...

21/TT/FC/

GT/20

... menyerang versi laki-

laki dari dunia ...

Versi ‘versions’ becomes the head of

the phrase instead of dunia ‘world’.

... menyerang dunia versi laki-

laki...

9. 21/ST/FC/

20


records of female

experience.

21/TT/FC/

GT/20


ditekan pengalaman

perempuan.

Pengalaman perempuan ‘female

experience’ becomes the modifier of

‘supressed’ while ‘supressed’ acts as a

verb.





139


10. 22/ST/FC/

21

... neglected women

writers were given ...

22/TT/FC/

GT/21

... diabaikan penulis

perempuan...

Penulis ‘writers’ is no longer the head

of the phrase.

Diabaikan ‘neglected’ becomes a verb

instead of the modifier of penulis

‘writers’.

... penulis perempuan

diabaikan diberi ...

11. 27/ST/FC/

26

... the history of women's

writing ...

27/TT/FC/

GT/26

... sejarah perempuan

menulis ...



‘writing’. It becomes the verb with

women as the subject.

... sejarah tulisan perempuan...

12. 27/ST/FC/

26




27/TT/FC/

GT/26

... ditiru norma artistik

dominan laki-laki dan

standar estetika; ...

Dominan ‘dominant’ becomes the

modifier only for norma artistik

‘artistic norms’ instead of the modifier

of the phrase following the word

‘dominant’.



dominan ...

13. 27/ST/FC/

26




27/TT/FC/

GT/26

... ditiru norma artistik

dominan laki-laki dan

standar estetika; ...

Laki-laki ‘male’ is put as the modifier

of norma artistik dominant ‘dominant

artistic norms’ instead of the modifier

of ‘artistic norms and aesthetic

standards’.



dominan ...

14. 27/ST/FC/

26

... in which radical and

often separatist positions

are maintained; ...

27/TT/FC/

GT/26

... di mana radikal dan

sering posisi separatis

dipertahan-kan; ...

Posisi ‘positions’ which is the head for

both radikal ‘radical’ and sering kali

separatis ‘often separatist’ becomes the

head only for sering kali separatis

‘often separatist’ .

... di mana posisi radikal dan

sering kali separatis

dipertahankan; ...

15. 29/ST/FC/

28

... enabling early and

cruder examples of ...

29/TT/FC/

GT/28

... memung-kinkan awal

dan contoh yang lebih

kasar dari ...

Contoh ‘examples’ is only modified by

yang lebih kasar ’cruder’. Awal ‘early’

is supposed to be the modifier of

contoh ‘examples’, too.

... memungkin-kan contoh awal

dan yang lebih kasar dari ...

16. 29/ST/FC/

28

... given their rightful

credit and

acknowledgement ...

29/TT/FC/

BT/28

... diberikan kredit yang

sah dan pengakuan...

Yang sah ‘rightful’ only modifies

kredit ‘credit’. It is also supposed to be

the modifier of pengakuan

‘acknowledgement’.

... diberikan kredit dan

pengakuan yang sah...


140

f. Mistaken Relation


Bing Translator

1. 3/ST/FC/2

... classic books which

had diagnosed the

problem ...

3/TT/FC/B

T/2

... buku klasik yang

telah didiagnosis

masalah ...

The relation between 2 concepts

‘classic books’ and ‘the problem ...’

changed. Didiagnosis ‘had been

diagnosed’ indicates that ‘classic

books’ is the theme.

... buku-buku klasik yang telah

mendiagnosis masalah ...

2. 3/ST/FC/2


had ... and (in some

cases) proposed

solutions.

3/TT/FC/B

T/2


telah ... dan (dalam

beberapa kasus)

diusulkan solusi.

Diusulkan ‘had been proposed’

changes the relation between buku-

buku klasik ‘classic books’ and solusi

‘solutions’. The former becomes the

theme and the latter as the agent.



mengusulkan solusi-solusi.

3. 4/ST/FC/3

... women seeking

education and

alternatives to marriage

and motherhood;...

4/TT/FC/B

T/3

... perempuan yang

mencari pendidikan dan

alternatif untuk

perkawinan dari ibu;...

There is a source relation between

‘marriage’ and ‘mother-hood’ due to

the word dari ‘from’. The intended

relation is dan ‘and’ which shows

parallel relation between them.

... ... perempuan yang

mencari/menge-jar pendidikan

dan alternatif untuk perkawinan

dan menjadi ibu;...

4. 4/ST/FC/3

.. the portrayal of women

in the novels of D. H.

Lawrence.

4/TT/FC/B

T/3

... penggam-baran

perempuan dalam novel

terhadap D. H.

Lawrence.

Due to the word terhadap ‘toward/to’,

there is a relation that suggests

direction while it is supposed to show

the possessor relation between ‘novels’

and ‘D. H. Lawrence’.

... penggambaran perempuan

dalam novel (Ø/karya) D. H.

Lawrence.

5. 5/ST/FC/4

... John Stuart Mill's The

Subjection of Woman

(1869) and The Origin of

the Family (1884) by

Friedrich Engels.

5/TT/FC/B

T/4

... ketaatan wanita (1869)

dan asal-usul keluarga

John Stuart Mill (1884)

oleh Friedrich Engels.

The relation of possessor in the

sentence changed. ‘John Stuart Mill’ is

no longer the possesor of ‘The

Subjection of Woman’, but a part of

the book title ‘The Origin of Family’.

Oleh ‘by’indicates that the both books

are written by ‘Friedrich Engels’.

... The Subjection of Woman

(1869) karya John Stuart Mill

dan The Origin of the Family

(1884) karya Friedrich Engels.


141


6. 8/ST/FC/7

... so that feminist

criticism should not be

seen as ...

8/TT/FC/B

T/7

... sehingga feminis kritik

tidak boleh dilihat

sebagai ...

The degree of modal verb ‘should not’

changes to a stronger one.

... sehingga kritik feminis tidak

seharusnya dilihat sebagai ...

7. 10/ST/FC/

9 As Toril Moi explains, ...

10/TT/FC/

BT/9

Sebagai Toril Moi

menjelaskan, ...

Sebagai ‘as’ is mistakenly taken as a

preposition that is used to describe the

purpose/quality of ‘Toril Moi’ instead

of the conjunction of the clause.

Sebagaimana Toril Moi

menjelaskan, ...

8. 11/ST/FC/

10

Particularly in the

distinction between the

second and third ...

11/TT/FC/

BT/10

Khususnya di perbedaan

antara kedua dan ketiga...

Di ‘in/at’ in Indonesian is used to state

location. Thus, it suggests that there is

a relation of location.

Khususnya dalam/pada

perbedaan antara yang kedua

dan ketiga ...

9. 13/ST/FC/

12

The repre-sentation of

women in literature,

then, was felt to be one

of the most important

forms ...

13/TT/FC/

BT/12

Representasi perempuan

dalam sastra, kemudian,

adalah merasa menjadi

salah satu bentuk paling

penting ...

Merasa ‘felt’ which is an active form,

changes the relation between

representasi ... ‘the representation ...’

and the verb. The relation is put as if

representasi ... ‘the representation ...’ is

the experiencer.


sastra, kemudian, dirasakan


paling penting ...

10. 13/ST/FC/

12

... since it provided the

role models ...

13/TT/FC/

BT/12

... karena itu diberikan

model peran ...

Diberikan ‘was provided’ changes the

relation by putting (hal) itu ‘it’ as the

theme that undergoes the action.

... karena hal itu


teladan...

11. 13/ST/FC/

12


indicated to women, and

men, ...

13/TT/FC/

BT/12

... model peran yang

ditunjukkan kepada

wanita, dan laki-laki, ...

Ditunjukkan ‘was indicated’ positions

teladan ‘role models’ as the one that

undergoes an action instead of the

agent.



12. 14/ST/FC/

13


century fiction very few

women work for a living,

...

14/TT/FC/

BT/13

... bahwa dalam abad

kesembilan belas fiksi

sangat sedikit wanita

bekerja untuk hidup, ...

‘In’ is supposed to show the relation of

containing or within something if it is

followed by a noun, but dalam ‘in’ in

the translation is followed by abad

kesembilan belas ‘nineteenth-century.

Therefore, it indicates a temporal

relation, instead.


kesembilan belas sangat sedikit

wanita bekerja untuk hidup,...

13. 16/ST/FC/

15


in men and women

16/TT/FC/

BT/15

... budaya ‘pola pikir’

pada pria dan wanita

Diabadikan ‘was perpetuated’ changes

the relation of ‘culutral mind set of...’




142


which perpetuated sexual

inequality.

yang diabadikan seksual

ketidaksetaraan.

and ‘sexual inequality’. pola pikir

budaya ... ‘cultural mind-set...’ is put

as the theme that undergoes the action.


seksual.

14. 19/ST/CR/

18

Then, in the 1980s, in

feminism ...

19/TT/CR/

BT/18

Kemudian, pada tahun

1980-an, di feminisme ...







15. 21/ST/FC/

20

Secondly, it switched its

focus from attacking

male versions of the

world to exploring ...

21/TT/FC/

BT/20

Kedua, mengalihkan

fokus dari menyerang

laki-laki versi dunia

untuk menjelajahi ...

The word untuk ‘to/in order to’,

suggests that menjelajahi ... ‘exploring

...’ is the purpose.

... Kedua, mengalihkan fokus

dari menyerang dunia versi laki-

laki ke menjelajahi...

16. 21/ST/FC/

20


records of female

experience.

21/TT/FC/

BT/20


ditekan pengalaman

perempuan.

Ditekan ‘was supressed’ becomes the

verb instead of modifier, therefore, the

relation that shows that the preceding

words undergoes an action.




17. 22/ST/FC/

21

Thirdly, attention was

switched to the need ...

22/TT/FC/

BT/21

Ketiga, perhatian adalah

beralih ke kebutuhan ...

Beralih ‘switched’ makes perhatian

‘attention’ no longer the thing that

undergoes the action.

Ketiga, perhatian dialihkan ke

kebutuhan ...

18. 22/ST/FC/

21

... in such a way that

neglected women writers

were given new

prominence.

22/TT/FC/

BT/21

... dengan cara yang

diabaikan perempuan

penulis yang

ketenarannya baru.

‘That’ is supposed to show a causal

relation. However, the use of the word

yang ‘that/which’ in the translation

suggests ‘that’ as a modifier cara

‘way’.


sehingga penulis peremuan yang


penting yang baru.

19. 22/ST/FC/

21



were given new

prominence.

22/TT/FC/

BT/21

... dengan cara yang

diabaikan perempuan

penulis yang

ketenarannya baru.

Because of the word diabaikan

‘neglected’ followed by perempuan

‘women’, apperas a relation which

indicates that perempuan ‘women’is

the agent that performs the action.




penting yang baru.

20. 27/ST/FC/

26

... in which women

writers imitated

dominant male artistic

norms and aesthetic

standards; ...

27/TT/FC/

BT/26

... di mana perempuan

penulis ditiru dominan

laki-laki artistik norma

dan estetika standar; ...

Penulis perempuan ‘women writers’ is

no longer the agent that performs the

action in the clause.

... di mana penulis perempuan



dominan; ...


143


21. 29/ST/FC/

28

More importantly, there

is a great need, in all

intellectual disciplines, ...

29/TT/FC/

BT/28

Lebih penting lagi, ada

kebutuhan besar, di

semua disiplin ilmu

intelektual, ...




Lebih pentingnya lagi, ada

kebutuhan besar, dalam semua

disiplin ilmu intelektual, ...

22. 29/ST/FC/

28

... enabling early and

cruder examples of (in

this case) feminist

criticism to be given

their rightful credit and

acknowledgement ...

29/TT/FC/

BT/28

... memungkinkan

contoh-contoh awal dan

cruder (dalam kasus ini)

feminis kritik harus

diberikan kredit yang sah

dan pengakuan mereka...

Harus ‘to be/must be’ shows that there

is a modality while in fact, it is

supposed to be translated as untuk ‘to

be’ to show that there is a purpose.

... memungkin-kan contoh-

contoh awal dan yang lebih

kasar dari (dalam kasus ini)

kritik feminis untuk diberikan

kredit dan pengakuan mereka

yang sah...

23. 32/ST/FC/

31



in turn.

32/TT/FC/

BT/31

Bagian tiga akan

memandang masing-


Pada ‘in’ in Indonesian is used to state

time or position. Thus, it suggests that

there is a temporal relation. The

intended relation is secara bergiliran

‘in turn’ to show the manner of the

action is being performed.





Google Translate

1. 2/ST/FC/1 The 'women's movement'

of the 1960s ...

2/TT/FC/G

T/1

The 'perempuan gerakan'

dari tahun 1960-an ...

Due to the word dari ‘of/starting or

coming from’, there is a temporal

relation that indicates a start of period.


1960-an ...

2. 3/ST/FC/2


had diagnosed the

problem ...

3/TT/FC/G

T/2


telah didiagnosis

masalah ...

The relation between 2 concepts buku-

buku klasik ‘classic books’ and

masalah... ‘the problem...’ changed.

Didiagnosis ‘had been diagnosed’

indicates that ‘classic books’ is the

theme.


mendiagnosis masalah ...

3. 8/ST/FC/7

... so that feminist

criticism should not be

seen as ...

8/TT/FC/G

T/7

... sehingga kritik feminis

tidak harus dilihat

sebagai ...

The degree of modal verb ‘should not’

changes to a stronger one.

... sehingga kritik feminis tidak

seharusnya dilihat sebagai ...


144


4. 10/ST/FC/

9 As Toril Moi explains, ...

10/TT/FC/

GT/9

Sebagai Toril Moi

menjelaskan, ...

Sebagai ‘as’ is mistakenly taken as a

preposition that is used to describe the

purpose/quality of ‘Toril Moi’ instead

of the conjunction of the clause.

Sebagaimana Toril Moi

menjelaskan, ...

5. 11/ST/FC/

10

... and third of these lies

much of the force of

feminism...

11/TT/FC/

GT/10

... dan ketiga dari

kebohongan ini jauh dari

gaya feminisme...

Instead of showing the relation that

shows great amount, jauh ‘far’

indicates that there is a relation of

distance between ‘lies’ and ‘force of

feminism’.



6. 13/ST/FC/

12


indicated to women, and

men, ...

13/TT/FC/

GT/12

... teladan yang

ditunjukkan untuk

wanita, dan laki-laki, ...

Ditunjukkan ‘was indicated’ positions

teladan ‘role models’ as the one that

undergoes an action instead of the

agent.



7. 15/ST/FC/

14

Instead, the focus of

interest is on the

heroine's choice of

marriage partner...

15/TT/FC/

GT/14

Sebaliknya, fokus bunga

pada pilihan pahlawan

untuk pasangan

hindupnya ...

The word untuk ‘(intended) for’,

suggests that pilihan ‘choice’ is

intended to be given to pasangan hidup

‘marriage partner’. ‘Of’ is supposed to

modifies ‘choice’ as concerning the

‘marriage partner’.




hidupnya ...

8. 16/ST/FC/

15


in men and women

which perpetuated sexual

inequality.

16/TT/FC/

GT/15

... budaya ‘mind-set’

pada pria dan wanita

yang diabadikan


Diabadikan ‘was perpetuated’ changes

the relation of ‘culutral mind set of...’

and ‘sexual inequality’. ‘Cultural mind-

set...’ is put as the theme that

undergoes the action.




seksual.

9. 19/ST/CR/

18

Then, in the 1980s, in

feminism ...

19/TT/CR/

GT/18

Kemudian, pada tahun

1980-an, di feminisme ...







10. 21/ST/FC/

20

Secondly, it switched its

focus from attacking

male versions of the

world to exploring ...

21/TT/FC/

GT/20

Kedua, beralih fokus dari

menyerang versi laki-laki

dari dunia untuk

menjelajahi ...

The word untuk ‘to/in order to’,

suggests that menjelajahi ... ‘exploring

...’ is the purpose. The intended

relation is direction.

... Kedua, mengalihkan fokus

dari menyerang dunia versi laki-

laki ke menjelajahi...


145


11. 21/ST/FC/

20


records of female

experience.

21/TT/FC/

GT/20


ditekan pengalaman

perempuan.

Ditekan ‘was supressed’becomes the

verb instead of modifier. Thus, it

shows that the preceding words

undergoes action.




12. 22/ST/FC/

21



were given new

prominence.

22/TT/FC/

GT/21

... sedemikian rupa

sehingga diabaikan

penulis perempuan diberi

keunggulan baru.

Because of the word diabaikan

‘neglected’ followed by perempuan

‘women’, apperas a relation which

indicates that ‘women’is the agent.




penting yang baru.

13. 23ST/FC/2

2

Such distinct phases of

interest and activity seem

characteristic ...

23/TT/FC/

GT/22

tahap yang berbeda

seperti bunga dan

aktivitas tampaknya

karakteristik...

The use of the word seperti ‘such as’

suggests that the clause following the

word is the exam-ples of ‘such distinct

phase’.




karakteristik ...

14. 27/ST/FC/

26

... women writers

imitated dominant male

artistic norms and ...

27/TT/FC/

GT/26

... penulis wanita ditiru

norma artistik dominan

laki-laki dan ...

Penulis wanita ‘women writers’ is no

longer the agent that performs the

action in the clause.

... penulis perempuan meniru

norma artistik dan ...

15. 29/ST/FC/

28

More importantly, there

is a great need, in all

intellectual disciplines, ...

29/TT/FC/

GT/28

Lebih penting lagi, ada

kebutuhan besar, di

semua disiplin ilmu

intelektual, ...




Lebih pentingnya lagi, ada

kebutuhan besar, dalam semua

disiplin ilmu intelektual, ...

16. 32/ST/FC/

31



in turn.

32/TT/FC/

BT/31

Tiga bagian berikutnya

akan melilhat masing-


Pada ‘in’ in Indonesian is used to state

time or position. Thus, it suggests a

temporal relation, instead of manner of

the action is being performed.


membahas lebih dalam masing-

masing hal tersebut secara

begiliran.

g. Substituted Participant

NA

h. Substituted Relation

NA


bing translator’s and google translate’s … filemy special thanks also go to my co-advisor, dr....

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