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BIO 170 General Biology I

Spring 2015

Freeman

Lecture Exam 2

1) What is the shared derived character (synapomorphy) of the Ecdysozoa and

Lophotrochozoa lineages?

a. Possession of a hemocoel

b. Protostome development

c. Lack of a coelom

d. Deuterostome development

2) The presence of a lophophore in a newly discovered species would suggest that the

species _________.

a. Has an exoskeleton

b. Grows by shedding its external covering

c. Is motile

d. Is a suspension feeder

e. None of the above

3) Among protostomes, which morphological trait has shown the most variation?

a. Direction of gastrulation (protostome vs. Deuterostome)

b. Type of body cavity (coelom vs. pseudocoelom vs. acoelom)

c. Type of symmetry (bilateral vs. radial vs. asymmetry)

d. Number of embryonic tissue types (diploblastic vs. triploblastic)

4) You find what you believe is a new species of animal. Which of the following

characteristics would enable you to argue that it is more closely related to a flatworm

than it is to a roundworm?

a. It has a cuticle that it sheds to grow

b. It has no coelom

c. It is shaped like a worm

d. It has a mouth and an anus

5) The body of which organism would you expect to have the largest surface-area-to-

volume ratio?

a. A mollusk

b. An annelid

c. An arthropod

d. A rotifer

e. A platyhelminth

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6) Upon close inspection of movement in annelids and nematodes, you would notice an

obvious difference. Nematodes tend to wriggle back and forth, while annelids tend to

contract along their length as their girth swells and then thin out as they stretch. What

anatomical feature explains this type of movement?

a. Nematodes lack a coelom.

b. The annelids possess longitudinal muscle fibers that the nematodes lack.

c. The nematodes lack circular muscle fibers.

d. Annelids have a highly specialized nervous system capable of more complex

movements.

7) Lophotrochozoans are characterized by

a. A specialized feeding structure

b. A characteristic ciliated larva

c. Being triploblastic

d. All of the above

8) Excreted waste and egested waste both have passed through a cell membrane.

a. True

b. False

9) Which of the following is a deuterostome?

a. Echinoderm

b. Annelid

c. Arthropod

d. Mollusk

e. All of the above

10) On which tagma are arthropod wings

attached

a. Head

b. Abdomen

c. Thorax

d. Abdomen and thorax

11) Eutely

a. Is a characteristic of arthropods

b. Has the consequence that the organism cannot repair body damage

c. Means that the organism has a reduced coelom.

d. All of the above

12) A brain

a. Is associated with cephalization

b. Is a big ganglion

c. Is part of a nervous system

d. All of the above

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13) Organisms in the Ecdysozoa

a. molt

b. have a cuticle

c. are part of the most diverse and most abundant animal species lineage

d. All of the above

14) You believe that an adult animal you are examining is a vertebrate but concede that it

may be an invertebrate chordate. Which of the following would ensure that you are

indeed looking at a vertebrate?

a. It is able to swim

b. It lacks a notochord

c. Its notochord functions as an endoskeleton

d. It uses its pharyngeal gill slits for respiration

e. It has a dorsal hollow nerve chord

15) The water vascular system of echinoderms _____.

a. Functions as a circulatory system that distributes nutrients to body cells.

b. Functions in locomotion and feeding.

c. Is bilateral in organization, even though the adult animal is not bilaterally

symmetrical

d. Moves water through the animal’s body during suspension feeding

e. Is analogous to the gastrovascular cavity of flatworms

16) Which of the following is NOT a shared derived character (synapomorphy) of the

phylum chordate?

a. Pharyngeal gill slits

b. Vertebrae

c. Dorsal hollow nerve cord

d. Muscular post-anal tail

17) How did the evolution of the jaw contribute to diversification of early vertebrate

lineages?

a. It allowed for smaller body size

b. It was the first stage in the development of a bony skull

c. It paved the way for evolution of the pharyngeal jaw

d. It made additional food sources available

e. It increased the surface area for respiration and feeding.

18) Compared with a smaller cell, a larger cell of the same shape has __________.

a. Less surface area

b. Less surface area per unit of volume

c. The same surface-area-to-volume ratio

d. All of the above

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19) Which of the following is a true statement about body size and physiology?

a. The amount of food and oxygen an animal requires and the amount of heat and

waste it produces are inversely proportional to its mass.

b. Small and large animals face different physiological challenges because an

animal's body mass increases cubically while its surface area increases as a

squared function.

c. The rate at which an animal uses nutrients and produces waste products is

independent of its volume.

d. The wastes produced by an animal double as its volume doubles, and triple as its

surface area triples

20) Tissues functioning together make up ______.

a. Organs

b. Membranes

c. Organ systems

d. Organelles

e. Organisms

21) An elephant and a mouse are running in full sunlight, and both overheat by the same

amount above their normal body temperatures. When they move into the shade and rest,

which animal will cool down faster?

a. The elephant because it has the higher surface-area-to-volume ratio

b. The elephant because it has the lower surface-area-to-volume ratio

c. The mouse because it has the higher surface-area-to-volume ratio

d. The mouse because it has the lower surface-area-to-volume ratio

e. They will cool at the same rate because they overheated by the same amount.

22) When the mammalian brain compares the actual temperature of the body to the preferred

temperature of the body, which general component is being used?

a. Effector

b. both constriction of skin blood vessels to decrease heat loss and stimulation of

sweat glands to increase evaporation

c. sensor

d. stimulating sweat glands to increase

evaporation

e. Integrator.

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23) You discover a new species of bacteria that grows in aquatic environments with high salt

levels. While studying these bacteria, you note that their internal environment is similar

to the salt concentrations in their surroundings. You also discover that the internal salt

concentrations of the bacteria change as the salt concentration in their environment

changes. The new species can tolerate small changes in this way, but dies from large

changes because it has no mechanism for altering its own internal salt levels. What type

of homeostatic mechanism is this species using to regulate its internal salt levels?

a. Conformation

b. Regulation

c. Integration

d. Assimilation

e. All of the above

24) Which term best describes an animal that, although generating a significant amount of

heat through metabolism, nonetheless does not maintain a constant body temperature?

True

a. Homeothermic ectotherm

b. Heterothermic endotherm

c. Heterothermic ectotherm

d. Homeothermic endotherm

25) An animal warming up in the sun is gaining heat via __________.

a. Evaporation

b. Radiation

c. Convection

d. conduction

26) Evolutionary history of the vertebrates includes the following process

a. Neoteny

b. Modification of the pharyngeal gill slits for feeding

c. Development of a bony endoskeleton

d. All of the above

27) Basal metabolic rate is taken when an organism is at rest, in a “normal” temperature, and

immediately after a meal.

a. True

b. False

28) Organisms that display conformational homeostasis use counter current heat exchange

mechanisms to do so.

a. True

b. False

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29) Most marine vertebrates are __________to their environment.

a. Isotonic

b. Hypotonic

c. Hypertonic

d. Osmotonic

30) The development of the amniotic egg

a. Allowed true colonization of terrestrial habitats.

b. Provided a food source for developing young

c. Provided for gas exchange for the developing young

d. All of the above

31) There are no arthropods the size of elephants because

a. Their exoskeleton would be so heavy the muscles would not be strong enough to

move it

b. The basal metabolic rate would be too low to allow the organism to survive

c. They would overheat and die.

d. All of the above.

32) Freshwater fish are hypertonic compared to their environment. To maintain homeostasis

in this environment, they must _____.

a. consume large quantities of water

b. excrete large quantities of electrolytes

c. take in electrolytes through simple diffusion

d. excrete large quantities of water

33) One of the waste products that accumulates during cellular functions is carbon dioxide. It

is removed via the respiratory system. What is another waste product that accumulates in

cells during normal physiological functions in vertebrates?

a. Ammonia

b. Uric acid

c. Urea

d. All of the above

34) Ammonia is likely to be the primary nitrogenous waste in living conditions that include

_______.

a. Lots of fresh water, such as a fish in a pond

b. Lots of seawater, such as a bird living in a marine environment

c. Lots of seawater, such as a marine mammal (for example, a polar bear)

d. A terrestrial environment, such as that supporting crickets

e. A moist system of burrows, such as those of naked mole rats

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35) Single-celled Paramecium live in pond water (a hypotonic environment). They have a

structural feature, a contractile vacuole, which enables them to osmoregulate. If you

observed them in the following solutions, in which would you expect the contractile

vacuole to be most active?

a. Pure water (distilled water)

b. 1% sodium chloride solution

c. 3% glucose solution

d. All of the above would cause equal activity.

36) Water loss from insect surface is minimal due to which of the following structures?

a. A proteinaceous epidermis

b. Tracheae and spiracles

c. Chitin and the cuticle

d. A small surface area/volume ratio

37) In animals, nitrogenous wastes are produced mostly from the break down (catabolism) of

__________.

a. carbohydrates

b. Proteins

c. Lipids

d. All of the above

38) Why is uric acid advantageous for nitrogenous waste excretion?

a. It has low toxicity.

b. Uric acid is insoluble in water.

c. Uric acid is a main component of urine

d. It costs less energetically to produce uric acid rather than ammonia.

39) An example of passive movement across a cell membrane is osmosis.

a. True

b. false

40) An organism’s excretory system functions

a. In osmoregulation

b. To excrete metabolic waste

c. To balance electrolytes

d. All of the above

41) Which organisms use flame cells for excretion?

a. Porifera

b. Cnidaria

c. Platyhelminthes

d. Mollusks

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42) Malpighian tubules and nephridia are similar in that they

a. Both filter coelomic fluid

b. Both filter fluid from the blood.

c. Both act in respiration.

d. Both create uric acid.

43) Organism that have gills that actively transport salts into their body live

a. In salt water environments

b. In fresh water environments

c. In terrestrial environments

d. All of the above

44) Which of the following are the most likely to have teeth adapted for grinding and/or

tearing?

a. Suspension feeders

b. Deposit feeders

c. Mass feeders

d. Fluid feeders

45) The process of obtaining food is knows as _______ and requires specialized mouthparts.

a. Ingestion

b. Digestion

c. Absorption

d. Excretion

46) Certain nutrients are considered “essential” in the diets of some animals because

_______.

a. Only those animals use those nutrients

b. The nutrients are subunits of important polymers

c. These animals are not able to synthesize these nutrients

d. The nutrients are necessary coenzymes

e. Only certain foods contain them

47) The function of mechanical digestion is to break down large chunks of food into smaller

pieces. Why is this important?

a. Smaller pieces of food have more surface area for chemical digestion than do

larger pieces of food.

b. Smaller pieces of food do not taste as good as larger pieces of food.

c. Smaller pieces of food are easier to excrete than are larger pieces of food.

d. Smaller pieces of food are more easily stored in the stomach than are larger pieces

of food.

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48) What is the purpose of the villi and microvilli in the small intestine?

a. The villi and microvilli neutralize stomach acid.

b. The villi and microvilli emulsify lipid molecules.

c. The villi and microvilli activate trypsinogen.

d. The villi and microvilli increase the surface area to increase the efficiency of

nutrient absorption.

49) A crop is a modified ________.

a. Esophagus

b. Intestine

c. Mouth

d. Stomach

50) In ruminants, the rumen is equivalent to a human stomach.

a. True

b. False

51) A relatively long cecum is characteristic of animals that are __________.

a. Carnivores

b. Herbivores

c. Autotrophs

d. Heterotrophs

e. Ominivores

52) An advantage of a one way gut is

a. Digestion can happen faster

b. Waste and food pass through the same opening

c. Digestive processes can be separated into compartments

d. The individual does not have to feed all the time.

53) Absorption of nutrients primarily happens

in the

a. Pharynx

b. Esophagus

c. Stomach

d. Intestine

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54) What adaptations are observed in trachea and lungs to reduce water loss?

a. A countercurrent exchange system reduces water loss in animals with either

trachea or lungs

b. The location of the trachea and lungs (inside of the body) reduces water loss

c. Trachea and lungs secrete specialized oxygen-carrying chemicals to reduce water

loss

d. Limbs are used by animals with trachea or lungs to move water over these

structures.

55) The pressure inside the human chest cavity is always negative compared to the outside

environment so the lungs stay relatively inflated even upon exhalation.

a. True

b. False

56) Why are there no endothermic water-breathing animals?

a. Water is too cold to support endothermic animals

b. Water pressure interferes with blood flow

c. Maintaining osmotic balance is too costly

d. Oxygen is more difficult to extract from water than from air

57) Which is common to gills, lungs, and tracheae?

a. deliver oxygen directly to cells without a circulatory system

b. large surface area

c. countercurrent exchange mechanism

d. Dead space

58) A blood vessel that takes blood to the heart is a(n) ______.

a. Artery

b. Vein

c. Capillary

d. Lymphatic vessel

59) Organism with a circulation body fluid that is distinct from the fluid that directly surronds

the body’s cells are likely to have __________.

a. An open circulatory system

b. A closed circulatory system

c. A gastrovascular cavity

d. Branched tracheae

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60) Countercurrent exchange in the fish gill helps to maximize _________.

a. Osmosis

b. Blood pressure

c. Diffusion

d. Active transport

e. All of the above

61) In mammals, most gas exchange between the atmosphere and the pulmonary blood

occurs in the _________.

a. Trachea

b. Larynx

c. Bronchi

d. Bronchioles

e. Alveoli

62) Which of the following best describes the process of ventilation?

a. The movement of oxygen gas through the blood of the circulatory system

b. The movement of carbon dioxide gas through the blood of the circulatory system

c. The movement of the respiratory medium past the respiratory surface

d. The diffusion of gasses into and out of the circulatory system

e. The diffusion of gasses into and out of tissues where cellular respiration occurs

63) The amount of oxygen that diffuses into an organism depends on

a. The temperature

b. The amount of surface area

c. The concentration gradient of the oxygen

d. The thickness of the respiratory tissue

e. All of the above

64) The spiracles of insects open into internal lungs.

a. True

b. False

65) The advantage of a 2-chambered heart (over a 3 or 4 chambered heart) such as fish have

is that

a. Blood pressure is high in the body tissues

b. There are 2 circulatory circuits

c. Less energy is expended pumping blood

d. All of the above

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66) Hemoglobin in an iron-containing protein that can accept and release up to 4 molecules

of oxygen

a. True

b. False

67) Gills are usually associated with

a. Aquatic organisms

b. A countercurrent gas exchange system

c. A circulatory system

d. All of the above

68) In an animal that switches between sexual and asexual reproduction, when is sexual

reproduction more likely to occur?

a. When conditions for survival are unfavorable

b. When conditions for survival are favorable

c. None of the above

69) What is a disadvantage of viviparity?

a. decreased likelihood of surviving to birth

b. need for mothers to produce all the nutrition required by the embryo prior to egg

laying

c. eggs not well protected after laying

d. limited number of offspring

70) Which of the following is an example of internal fertilization without copulation?

a. weaver birds with false penises

b. pheromone-coordinated spawning in sea cucumbers

c. fish spawning

d. Female salamanders picking up spermatophores with their cloaca.

71) Which of these processes is responsible for asexual reproduction

a. Mitosis

b. Meiosis

c. Both mitosis and meiosis

d. Neither mitosis or meiosis

72) Parthenogenesis is a form of sexual reproduction.

a. True

b. False

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73) An advantage of asexual reproduction is that it __________.

a. Allows the species to endure long periods of unstable environmental conditions.

b. Enhances genetic variability in the species

c. Enables the species to rapidly colonize habitats that are favorable to that species

d. Produces offspring that respond effectively to new pathogens

e. Allows a species to easily rid itself of harmful mutations.

74) Which of the following represents the correct sequence of events for sexual reproduction

in most vertebrates?

a. Mitosiszygotemeiosisgametesembryo

b. Meiosiszygotemitosisgametesembryo

c. Mitosisgametesmeiosiszygoteembryo

d. Meiosisgametesmitosiszygoteembryo

e. Meiosisgameteszygotemitosisembryo

75) Among non-mammalian vertebrates, the cloaca is an anatomical structure that functions

as ______.

a. A specialized sperm-transfer device produced only by males

b. A shared pathway for the digestive, excretory, and reproductive systems

c. A region bordered by the external genitalia in females

d. A source of nutrients for developing sperm in the testes