bio-diesel from jatropha curcas

8/4/2019 Bio-Diesel From Jatropha Curcas

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A Technical paper

On

PRESENTED BY

FARGADE AMEY B. KALE AVINASH S.TE (MECH.) TE (MECH.)MOBILE NO:- 9423160758

E-mail ID:[email protected]

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ABSTRACT

1. INTRODUCTION

2. JATROPHA CURCAS

3. PRODUCTION OF JATROPHA CURCAS

4. PHYSICAL & CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OFJATROPHA CURCAS OIL & PETRO-DIESEL

5. PILOT PLANT FOR JATROPHA

6. A FIELD STUDY ON PERFORMANCE OF

AUTOMOBILES DRIVEN THROUGH BIO-DIESEL

7. BIO-DIESEL PERFORMANCE

8. OTHER PRODUCTS OF JATROPHA

9. ADVANTAGES

10. CONCLUSION

11. REFERANCES

ABSTRACT

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Automotive design and engineering will always be about options and evolutions.Transportation is unique among the energy consuming sectors and it largely dependenton conventional gasoline and diesel fuels and it has got a greater impact on thecountrys economy. Exponential growth of automotive vehicle population and fast

depletion of petroleum products has necessitated research on renewable fuels.

Atcurrent rate of consumption petro-products will become extinct in less than 60 years.Hence there is an intensive search for alternative fuel like Bio-diesel, LPG, hydrogengas, coal derivatives, ethanol, methanol, biogas etc. Among the numerous alternatives,Bio-diesel stands as viable alternative owing to the fact that their physical andcombustion properties are very close to those of diesel fuels. Bio-diesel is renewable,bio-degradable and has low sulfur content. Bio-diesel provides superior lubricity, even atvery low blend levels. Bio-diesel is registered with the EPA (Environmental ProtectionAgency) as a fuel and as a fuel additive. Switching over to bio-diesel not only generatesself employment but also reduces pollution of mother planet. Bio-diesel has steadilyemerged from trial production in backyard type pilot plans to full industrial type of

production and marketing with wide and increasing acceptance by diesel vehicleindustry. In this paper an attempt has been made on the production of Bio-diesel fromJatropha Curcas, comparison of its chemical and physical properties with petro-dieseland other products of Jatropha Curcas. Also a field study on performance ofautomobiles driven through Bio-diesel is carried out and has found to yield satisfactoryresults.

1. INTRODUCTION

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1.1 NECESSITY OF ALTERNATE FUEL With increase in demand of petro products the prices of petrol and diesel are

increasing worldwide.

This trend is expected in years to come as the resources are fastly depleting.

India imports 70% of oil it uses. The India's petroleum bill for fiscal year 2004-05

is expected to touch $30 bn. as against $18.2 bn. last year. To cut foreign exchange & contribute towards protection of earth from the threat

of environmental degradation.

The Country has been hit hard by increased cost and uncertainty of crude oil.

To explore other energy sources is must.

1.2 BOI-DIESEL-AN ALTERNATIVE FUELBio-diesel is an alternative to petroleum-based diesel fuel and is made from

renewable resources such as vegetable oils, animal fats, or algae. Chemically fuelcomprised of a mix of mono alkyl esters of long chain fatty acids. A lipid trans-esterification production process is used to convert the base oil to the desired esters

and remove free fatty acids. After this processing, unlike straight vegetable oil, bio-diesel has very similar combustion properties to petro-diesel, and can replace it in mostcurrent uses. This renewable source is as efficient as petroleum diesel in poweringunmodified diesel engine.

1.3 NEEDS OF BIO-DIESELIt is also well known that burning of fossile fuels increases the level of C02 in the

atmosphere as the carbon locked within the earth's crust is released by burning in to theatmosphere as the exhaust gases.

This is the main cause of the "Green house effect" in which the overalltemperature of the globe increases as it becomes enveloped within a pool of

carbon dioxide. This process is thought to be the main cause of "global warming" We are

therefore, actively contributing to global warming, when we burn normal petrol ormineral diesel.

However the burning of organically derived fuels (Bio fuels) does not contributeany additional C02 to the atmosphere, as the carbon released is the same as thecarbon absorbed by the plants as they grow.

Using Bio fuel is therefore beneficial to the environment and to the atmosphere.

1.4 SOURCES OF BIO DIESEL Jatropha Curcus (JATROPHA)

Pongamia Pinnata (Karanj)

Maduca Indica (Mahua)

Azadirachta Indica (Neem)

Jojoba

Sal

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2. JATROPHA CURCAS

The oil plant "Jatropha curcas" or "physic nut" is a multipurpose and droughtresistant large shrub or small tree. Although a native of tropical America, it now thrivesthroughout Africa and Asia. It grows in a number of climatic zones in tropical and

subtropical regions of the world and can be grown in areas of low rainfall andproblematical sites. Jatropha is easy to establish, grows relatively quickly and is hardy.Being drought tolerant, it can be used to reclaim eroded areas, be grown as

boundary fence or live hedge in the arid/semi-arid areas .The wood and fruit of Jatrophacan be used for numerous purposes including fuel.

The seeds of Jatropha contain (50% by weight) viscous oil, which can be usedfor manufacture of candles and soap, in the cosmetic industry, for cooking and lightingby itself or as a diesel/paraffin substitute or extender. This latter use has importantimplications for meeting the demand for rural energy services and also exploringpractical substitutes for fossil fuels to counter green-house gas accumulation in theatmosphere.

Jatropha is not browsed, for its leaves and stems are toxic to animals, but aftertreatment, the seeds can be directly used as energy source. Being rich in nitrogen, theseed cake is an excellent source of plant nutrients. Various parts of the plant are ofmedicinal value, its bark contains tannin, the flowers attract bees and thus the plant hashoney production potential. Like all trees, Jatropha removes carbon from theatmosphere, stores it in the woody tissues and assists in the build up of soil carbon.

Despite these characteristics, the full potential of Jatropha is far from beingrealized. There are several reasons technical, economic, cultural and institutional thatneeds further discussion and examination.

3. PRODUCTION OF JATROPHA CURCAS

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Jatropha is a fast growing plant and can achieve a height of three meters withinthree years under a variety of growing conditions. Seed production from plantspropagated from seeds can be expected within 3-4 years. Use of branch cutting forpropagation is easy and results in rapid growth; the bush can be expected to startbearing fruit within one year of planting. While Jatropha grows well in low rainfall

(requiring only about 200mm rain to survive) it can also respond to higher rainfall (up to1200 mm) particularly in hot climatic conditions .In equatorial regions where moisture isnot a limiting factor (i.e. continuously wet tropic or under irrigation), Jatropha can bloomand produce fruit all year. A drier climate has been found to improve the oil yields of theseeds, though to withstand times of extreme drought, Jatropha plant will shed leaves inan attempt to conserve moisture, which results in somewhat decreased growth.

Reportedly, Jatropha trees/bushes live up to 50 years or more. Like all perennialplants, Jatropha displays vigorous growth in youth that tails off gradually towardsmaturity. Although Jatropha is adapted to low fertility sites and alkaline soils, betteryields are obtained on poor quality soils if fertilizers containing small amounts of calciummagnesium, and sulfur are used.

Jatropha oil

is an important product from the plant for meeting the cooking andlighting needs of the rural population, boiler fuel for industrial purposes or as a viablesubstitute for diesel.

About one-third of the energy in the fruit of Jatropha can be extracted as oil thathas a similar energy value to diesel fuel. Jatropha oil can be used directly in dieselengines added to diesel fuel as an extender or trans-esterised to a bio-diesel fuel. Thereare technical problems to using straight Jatropha oil in diesel engines that have yet tobe completely overcome. Moreover, the cost of producing Jatropha oil as II dieselsubstitute is currently higher than the cost of diesel itself that is either subsidized or notpriced at "full cost" because of misconceived and distorted national energy policies.Nevertheless the environmental benefits of substituting plant oils for diesel provides formake highly desirable goals.

3.1 AVERAGE YIELDS AND PRICES FOR VARIOUS CROPS IN INDIA

Crop Seed yield

tonnes/ha

Oil yieldpercent ofseed

Oil yield

litre/acreaAcresneeded per100,000litre

Indiawholesaleprice b

US $/litre

Soybeans 0.89 20% 72 1400 $1.40

Cottonseed 0.56 30% 68 1500 $1.20

Sunflower 0.61 35% 86 1200 $1.50Rapeseed 0.79 40% 127 790 $0.55

Groundnut 0.65 50% 131 760 $1.70

JatrophaCurcas

2.0 35% 300 330 $0.75

a assumes 0.9 kg per liter b US $1 = Rs. 43.6 (May 2000)

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0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

120%

140%

160%

180%200%

220%

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

% land used

%

fuelneeds

50%

Jatropha

Rapeseed

Soybean

3.2 PERCENT OF FUEL NEEDS SATISFIED VERSUS PERCENT OFAGRICULTURAL LAND NEEDED FOR BIOCROP

4. PHYSICAL & CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF JATROPHA CURCAS OIL & PETRO-DIESEL

Property Jatropha Curcas Oil Diesel OilEnergy content(MJ/Kg) 39.6-41.8 42.6-45.0Viscosity (cp) (300C) 52.6 (5.51) 3.6Specific

Gravity(150C/40C)

0.917/0.923 (0.881) 0.841/0.85

Solidifying Point (0c) 2 0.14Cetane Value 51.0 (38) 47.8 to 59Flash Point (0c) 110/340 80Carbon Residual (%) 0.64 < 0.05 to < 0.15Sulfur (%) 0.13 to 0.16 < 1.0 to 1.2

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5. PILOT PLANT FOR JATROPHA

J

Alcohol &

Catalyst

T

Lam / Stoves

6. A FIELD STUDY ON PERFORMANCE OF AUTOMOBILESDRIVEN THROUGH BIO-DIESEL

A Bio-Diesel driven vehicle (Tata207) was flagged off by H'ble Chief minister ofChhattisgarh on 26th Jan2005 from Ambikapur. This Bio-Diesel driven vehicle was runon 28% to 33% bio-diesel initially and on 100% between Jagdalpur to Keshkalapproximately 140 KM. The performance of Bio-diesel in this vehicle was found betteras compared to Petro-diesel. Thus main features found by using 28% to 33% bio-dieselblending with Petro-Diesel to run this vehicle 1. Pollution was reduced to 75%2. Distance covered per litre was increased

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3. No problem was founding driving vehicle on bio-diesel.

Because of these encouraging results few other diesel vehicles are also startedon Bio-diesel in Chhartisgarh state including the vehicle of H'ble C.M. (Tata Safari). Allthese vehicles are running smoothly and successfully on Bio-diesel.

"The use of vegetable oils for engine fuels may seem insignificant today. Butsuch oils may become in the course of time as important as the petroleum and coal tarproducts of the present time" Rudolph Diesel, 1912.

6.1 COMPARISION OF PROPERTIES OF BIO-DIESEL AND PETRODIESEL

Sr. No. Property Bio-diesel Petro-diesel(CARB low sulfur diesel)

1 Cetane Number 48-65 40-55

2 Kin. Viscosity, @ 400

C 1.9-6.0 1.3-4.13 Lubricity Much greater than dieselcomparable to oillubricants

Low-sulfur fuel has verylow lubricity factor

4 Carbon, Wt. % 77 875 Sulfur None 0.05%6 Flash Point 100-1700 C; 300-4000 F 60-800 C;1250 F

6.2 FIELD PEFORMANCE OF BIO-DIESEL ON DRIVEN TATA 207

Sr.

No.

PARTICULARS DETAILS PERFORMANCE

WITH HSD

PERFORMANCE

WITHBIO-DIESELNo Blend 20% Blend 30%

Blend100%Blend

1 Owner CREDA2 Vehicle Reg.

NumberCG-02-4300

3 Name of Driver Sh.HareeshKapur

4 Make TATA

5 Model JAN 20056 Engine DI - 2077 Cylinder 48 CC 29569 RPM 280010 BHP 6511 Period Of Drive In Jan 05

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12 Fuel Filled 60 Lit.13 Road Conditions Plain,

Normal &Ghat

14 Kms Covered 347 337 503 139

15 Fuel ConsumedIn Litre 43.3 36 52.6 14.8

16 Fuel EfficiencyKms Per Lit.

8 9.3 9.5 9.39

17 Sound & Pickup Normal Normal Norm-al

Norm-al

18 Other Maintenance

Normal Normal Norm-al

Norm-al

19 Exhaust /Pollution

Normal Less Less Less

6.3 OVERALL PERFORMANCE OF BIO-DIESEL DRIVEN TATA 207

Sr.No.

PERTICULARS DETAILS PERFORMANCEWITH HSD

PERFORMANCEWITHBIO-DIESEL

No Blend 20-100% Blend Overall1 Period of drive Jan 05

Dec 052 Road conditions Plain,

Normaland Ghat

3 Kms covered 31157 24508 556654 Fuel consumed in

Lit.3894 2593.4 6487.4

5 Fuel efficiencyKms per lit.

8 9.45 8.58

6 Sound and pickup Normal Normal7 Other

maintenanceNormal Normal

8 Exhaust / Pollution Normal Less

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6.4PERFRMANCE OF BIO-DIESEL ON AUTOMOBILES WITH SLOW SPEEDENGINES

Sr.No.

Vehicle Make Year ofmfg.

RPM HP Noofcyl.

FuelconsumptionWith 0%

blend lit / hr.

Fuelconsumptionwith 30%

blend lit / hr.

Fuelconsumptionwith 100%

blend lit / hr.

Remarks

1.1 Tractor Mahindra 2004 2000 39 3 2.5 2.3 2.3 No Load1.2 3 2.75 2.7 On Load2.1 Tractor Swaraj 2002 1850 45 3 3.6 3.35 3.35 No Load2.2 4.1 3.75 3.8 On Load3.1 Tractor Massey 2003 1800 35 3 2.7 2.45 2.5 No Load3.2 3.65 3.4 3.35 On Load4.1 Power

TrillerAPC 2003 1440 5 1 25 Km / lit. 27 Km / lit. 27.2 Km / lit. On Load

4.2 24.3 Km / lit. 26.6 Km / lit. 26.9 Km / lit. On Load5.1 Tempo APE 2004 1500 7 1 22.8 Km / lit. 24.3 Km / lit. 24.2 Km / lit. On Load5.2 22.6 Km / lit. 25 Km / lit. 24.6 Km / lit. On Load

6.5 ECONOMICS OF BIO-DIESEL MANUFACTURING

Seed 4 Kgs. @ Rs. 6 / Kg. (4x6) Rs. 24.00Expelling cost 4 Kgs. @ Rs.1 / Kg

(4x1) Rs. 4.00

Total Rs. 28.00Less: 3 Kgs. Oil cost @ Rs.3/ Kg

(3x3) Rs. 9.00

Total Rs. 19.00Bio-diesel processing cost@ Rs. 6 / Kg

(1x6) Rs. 6.00

Less: Glycerine 0.2 Kgs. @

Rs. 40 / Kg

(0.2x40) Rs. 8.00

Bio-diesel cost per litre Total Rs. 17.00

7. BIO-DIESEL PERFORMANCE

Lubricity Improvement- Bio-diesel has better lubricity than current low-sulfurpetroleum diesel. Auto Ignition Bio-diesel has a higher cetane number7 and offerssimilar power, torque, and fuel economy characteristics to low-sulfur (#2) petroleum-based diesel fuel without major engine modifications.

Fuel Economy- Another advantage of bio-diesel is that it tends to improve fueleconomy

Combustion- About 11 percent of the weight of B100 is oxygen. The presence ofoxygen in bio-diesel improves combustion and therefore reduces hydrocarbon, carbonmonoxide, and particulate emissions.

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Other Performance Characteristics- Bio-diesel from virgin vegetable oil reducescarbon dioxide emissions and petrol cum consumption when used in place of petroleumdiesel. NREL estimates that the use of Jatropha B I00 in urban transit buses reducesnet carbon dioxide emissions by 78.45 percent.

8. OTHER PRODUCTS OF JATROPHAJatropha oil can be used for soap and cosmetics production in rural areas and all

parts of the plant have traditional medicinal uses (both human and veterinary purposes)that are being scientifically investigated. The oil is a strong purgative, widely used as anantiseptic for cough, skin diseases, and as a pain reliever from rheumatism. Jatrophalatex can heal wounds and also has anti-microbial properties. Jatropha oil has beenused commercially as a raw material for the oil cake .It cannot be directly used asanimal feed because of its toxicity, but it is valuable as a fel1ilizer having a nitrogencontent comparable to chicken manure and castor bean seed cake. The toxicity of the

seeds is because of curcin (a toxic protein) and diterpene esters. Apparently seeds ofMexican origins have less toxic content and with proper processing they can be eaten.Although there are laboratory studies indicating detoxification, its feasibility andprofitability on a large scale is yet to be investigated.

ENGINE PERFORMANCE AT VARIOUS BLENDING % (Test carried at lab)Torquecomparison

Sr. No. RPM B-10 B-20 B-50 B-1001 1100 19 26 26 262 1300 16 20 26 293 1500 16 22 25 25

FuelConsumption

1 1100 44 34 28 272 1300 40 33 23 243 1500 33 38 22 24

Brakethermal

efficiency

1 1100 32.7 33.696 26.76 25.242 1300 29.45 29.68 25.98 29.574

3 1500 28.03 43.38 27.57 29.41

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9. ADVANTAGES1) Renewable Energy

In the rural areas, Lister-type engines are used to drive grain mills and waterpumps. These inexpensive pre-combustion chamber diesel engines of Indian origin

require only the addition of a fuel filter to be able to run on pure Jatropha oil, thuseliminating the need for gas-oil entirely. Furthermore, at maximal load conditions theJatropha oil gives even better results than gas-oil because of its high oxygen content.Based on tests conducted by the Jatropha Project, the oil can also be successfully usedas a lubricant in these engines.2) Erosion Control & Soil Improvement

Jatropha "living fences" not only control unwanted animal access to the fields;they also reduce wind erosion and, if planted parallel to slopes to fix small earth orstone dams They help control water erosion. The plant's roots grow close to the groundsurface, anchoring the soil like miniature dikes or earthen bunds. These dikes effectivelyslow surface runoff during intensive downpours, which arc common, thus causing more

water to penetrate into the soil boosting harvests.3) Promotion Of WomenTraditionally, rural women used Jatropha curcas for medicine (seeds as laxative,

latex to stop bleeding and against infections, leaves against malaria) and for soapproduction The traditional soap-making process is very labor-intensive, producing smallamounts of relatively poor-quality soap. When Jatropha oil is used, either alone or incombination with other local plant oils such as shea butter, larger amounts of a more

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refined soap are produced. The women can easily sell this soap in local markets andnearby towns, increasing their possibilities of earning income with local resources.4) Poverty Reduction

The "Jatropha System" also helps reduce poverty by:

Reducing crop losses caused by wandering livestock or wind damage.

Increasing rainfall infiltration, resulting in less work/irrigation water needed forlocal gardens.

Increasing soil fertility by use of press cake as fertilizer.

Increasing use of inexpensive local resources rather than expensive externalresources.

10. CONCLUSIONJatropha Bio-diesel is ideal solution to meet our higher diesel demand and oil

imports. In India about 33 million hectares of wasteland is available and can effectivelybe used for cultivation of Jatropha plants. Successful alternative fuels fulfillenvironmental and energy security needs without sacrificing operating performance.

Operationally, bio-diesel performs very similar to low sulfur diesel in terms of power,torque, and fuel without major modification of engines or infrastructure. Bio-diesel offerssimilar power to diesel fuel. Bio-diesel can be used in existing engines and fuel injectionequipment with little impact to operating performance. In over 15 million miles of infielddemonstrations bio-diesel showed similar fuel consumption, horsepower, torque, andhaulage rates as conventional diesel fuel.

11. REFERANCES1) National seminar Eco-friendly technologies and challenges for mechanicalengineers 27-28 Jan 2006I) www.jatropha.com

2) www.uni-hohenhei m.de/-www4 80/docs/ gf030224/Jatropha-biodiesel.htm3) www.begani.de

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bio-diesel from jatropha curcas

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