M Anirudh7/11/2012

2012

Biology Investigatory

Biology Investigatory

Project

Urinalysis

Submitted by

M Anirudh

XII

C ER TI F I C A T E OF A U T H E N TI C I T Y

This is to certify that M ANIRUDH, a student of class XII has successfully completed the research project on the topic “Urinalysis” under the guidance of Ms. SHEEBA (Biology Teacher).

This project is absolutely genuine and does not indulge in plagiarism of any kind. The references taken in making this project have been declared at the end of this report.

SIGNATURE SIGNATURE (Subject Teacher) (Examiner)

SIGNATURE(Principal)

It gives me immense pleasure to express my gratitude to my biology teacher M s.SHEEBA for her guidance, support and encouragement

throughout the duration of the project.

Without her motivation and help ,the successful completion

of this project would not have been possible .

Also, I heartily thank my school Principal Ms.Mini Verma

madam for allowing us to use lab in full extent. Also , I thank my FATHER & MOTHER for their encouragement, guidance & support.

M Anirudh XII

INDEX

SERIAL NUMBER

TOPIC PAGE NUMBER

1 Certificate OfAuthenticity

1

2 Acknowledgement 2

3 Introduction 3

4 Materials Required 7

5 Procedure 8

6 Result 13

7 Bibliography 19

INTRODUCTION

What is Urine ? :

URINE IS A TYPICALLY STERILE LIQUID BY-PRODUCT OF THE BODY SECRETED BY THE KIDNEYS .

MAJOR COMPOSITION OF URINE IS WATER (97%). OTHER COMPONENT OF URINE ARE ORGANIC & INORGANIC COMPOUNDS LIKE UREA, BILIRUBIN, AMMONIUM CHLORIDE AND SALTS OF CALCIUM & POTASSIUM .ALSO THEY EXCRETE EXCESS HORMONES & VITAMINS

What is Urinalysis? :

It is the series of test done on urine. It is the one of the most common method of medical diagnostic.

Why Urinalysis :

Most of the blood constituents are present in urine. Most of the body wastes are brought to kidney for filtration. Hence the body ailment can be located through this analysis.

Most of the bacteria and viruses are discharged from our body through urine.

This method is more convenient than blood test because:

Some might be scared of blood so this provides to be an alternative for blood

tests. It is easy to analyze most of the bacteria in

water medium than in blood.

Types of urine Specimens :

Specimen Uses :1 day preserved

specimenFor quantitative

chemical analysis

2 Hours after lunch

First morningSpecimen

Drug specimen

Diabetic Monitoring

Diabetic Monitoring

Drug testing

Preservation of Urine :

1.Physical Preservation : Urine is stored in the refrigerator which doesn’t affect the constituent of urine.

Required Volume : 30-45 ml taken within 4 minutesTemperature : 32.5ºC to 37.7ºC

2.Chemical preservation : This process is done under following reagents :-

Phenol: causes an odor change Toluene: not effective for bacteria and molds

Thymol crystals: preserves glucose and

sediments well

Formalin: excellent sediment preservative Boric acid: preserves protein well

PROCEDURE

Physical Examination :

oColour : Denotes the degree of concentration. The color of non-pathological urine varies widely from colorless to deep yellow; the more concentrated the urine, the deeper the color. The color of urine is usually

described after visual inspection with common color terms.Examination : Observing the colour .

oP H : Denotes the presence of H+ ion concentration in the content sample. Examination : Using PH papers .

MATERIALS REQUIRED

Urine sample

Benedict’s solution

Fehling’s solution – 1

Fehling’s solution – 2

Copper sulphate solution

Sodium hydroxide

Borsch’s reagent

Ethanol

Test tubes

Chemical Examination :

oProtein Test : Used to test amount of albumin present in the given content sample .

Examination : Done using sodium hydroxide & copper sulphate . This forms thick blue ppt.

o Phenol test : Used to test the presence of phenol based compounds present in urine .

Examination: Mixing the given urine soln. with neutral FeCl3. A light violet colouring is observed .

o Amine test : This test is used to detect the type of amino group that is excreted through urine . These amines may be primary (1), secondary(2), tertiary(3) .

EXAMINATION : i)The given sample of urine is taken in a test

tube .To the soln. alcoholic KOH is added along with CHCl3 . A foul smelling gas poisonous gas is released (R-CN) . This indicates that the given urine has the presence of 1amine . If there is no smell , then 1 amine is absent .

o Carbonyl group test : This test is used to determine the presence of carbonyl group namely KETONES(-CO-) & ALDEHYDES (-CHO) .

Examination :

I. Urine sample is mixed with BORSCH’s reagent , in presence of alcohol it , there forms a yellow ppt. which confirms the presence of carbonyl group .

II. FEHLING TEST : This test is employed to test the presence of reducible groups . The sample is taken and FEHLING – A(CuSO4) & FEHLING - B (Sodium Potassium Tartrate ) are added and water bathed . Presence of red ppt. (Cu2O) confirms the presence of carbonyl group .

oConfirmatory Test For carbonyl group :

i. TOULENE TEST : Given sample is mixed with TOLUENE’s reagent (Ammo. AgNO3) & heated . If The sample doesn’t show any kind of silver mirror then ALDEHYDE is absent .

ii. K 2 Cr 2 O 7 TEST : Given urine is mixed with K2Cr2O7 and water bathed . If the soln. imparts green colour (CrO3 ion). Then it confirms that there is ALDEHYDE present in the urine sample .

iii. KETONE TEST : The sample urine is mixed with alcohol and SCHIFF’s Base it forms violet colouration . This confirms the presence of Ketone

BLOOD GULCOSE TEST :

o Benedict’s Solution test :Sample urine is taken in a test tube and BENEDICT’s solutions is added .This mixture is kept in water bath , after some time it produces

colouration depending upon the concentration of glucose .

Colour Produced ConcentrationPale Yellow 0.5 %

Yellow 1.0 %Orange 1.5 %

Red 2.0 %Brick Red 2.5 %

RESULT

SAMPLE – 1 :

TEST RESULTColour Yellowish

PH 7.0 (Light Green)

Blood Glucose 0.5%Amine group Amines are presentCarbonyl gp Carbonyl gp presentKetone Test Ketones are present

Aldehyde Test Aldehyde are absent

Protein test (Buriet Test)

15%(approx.)

FeCl3 Test No reaction

Phenol Absent

Summary :The above urine sample is having all vital urine parameter NORMAL . The blood glucose level is Normal (1.0%). The person is HEALTHY .

SAMPLE – 2 :

TEST RESULTColour Yellowish

PH 6.0 (Light Orange)Blood Glucose 1.0%Amine group Amines are presentCarbonyl gp Carbonyl gp present

Ketone Test Ketones are presentAldehyde Test Aldehyde are absent

Protein test (Buriet Test)

12%(approx.)

FeCl3 Test No reaction

Phenol Absent

Summary :The given urine sample is bit acidic (PH = 6.0) . This PH

is not a case of concern . All the other values are corresponding to normal value . The person is HEALTHY .

SAMPLE – 3 :

TEST RESULTColour Clear

PH 7.4 (Light Green)Blood Glucose 1.0 %Amine group Amines are presentCarbonyl gp Carbonyl gp present

Ketone Test Ketones are presentAldehyde Test Aldehyde are absent

Protein test (Buriet Test)

12%(approx.)

FeCl3 Test No reaction

Phenol Absent

Summary :All the values are corresponding to normal value . The person is HEALTHY .

SAMPLE – 4 :

TEST RESULTColour Yellowish

PH 7.0 (Light Green)Blood Glucose 2.0%Amine group Amines are presentCarbonyl gp Carbonyl gp present

Ketone Test Ketones are presentAldehyde Test Aldehyde are absent

Protein test (Buriet Test)

10%(approx.)

FeCl3 Test No reaction

Phenol Absent

Summary :The person is having substantially higher blood sugar than normal . He might be affected by Diabetes . All other values are normal .

SAMPLE – 5 :

TEST RESULTColour Yellowish

PH 8.0 (Dark Green)Blood Glucose 2.0%Amine group Amines are presentCarbonyl gp Carbonyl gp present

Ketone Test Ketones are presentAldehyde Test Aldehyde are absent

Protein test (Buriet Test)

23%(approx.)

FeCl3 Test No reaction

Phenol Absent

Summary :In the given sample of urine specimen, the values of PH , Blood Glucose level and Protein are the serious one . Higher albumin (protein) & PH level in urine indicates serious trouble in Kidney. The person is also affected by Diabetes .

BIBLOGRAPY : Class XI practical textbook .

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benedict %27s_reagent

http://www.chemguide.co.uk/organicprops/ carbonyls/oxidation.html

http://www.texascollaborative.org/ spencer_urinalysis/ds_sub2.htm

http:/ /www.austincc.edu/mlt/ua/ua_links.html