bio mechanics of the hip
DESCRIPTION
Review anatomy of hip and its function. Analyze overall mechanical effects on hip during movement.TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Bio Mechanics of the Hip](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022061118/5469ff3aaf79590d5c8b48fd/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Biomechanics Biomechanics of of
the Hipthe Hip
![Page 2: Bio Mechanics of the Hip](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022061118/5469ff3aaf79590d5c8b48fd/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Pelvic Girdle
•The two hip bones plus the
sacrum
•Can be rotated forward,
backward, and laterally to
optimize positioning of the
hip joint
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Obturator foramen
ischium
ilium
pubis
sacrum
acetabulum
Pelvic girdle
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Pelvic Bone
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Pelvic Bone
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Anterior Tilt
• Forward tilting
and downward
movement of
the pelvis
• Occurs when
the hip extends
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Posterior Tilt
• Tilting of the
pelvis
posteriorly
• Occurs when the
hip flexes
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Lateral Tilt• Tilting of the pelvis from
neutral position to the right or
left
• Lateral tilt tends to occur
naturally when you support
your weight on your leg
• This allows you raise your
opposite leg enough to swing
through during gait
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Pelvic Rotation• Rotation of the pelvis
defined by the direction in
which the anterior aspect
of the pelvis moves
• Occurs naturally during
unilateral leg movements
(walking)
– As the right leg swings
forward during gait the
pelvis rotates left
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Hip Joint
• Consists of – Pelvic bone
•Acetabulum– Femur
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Acetabulum
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Acetabulum
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Femur
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Femur
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Femur
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Structure of the Hip
• A ball and socket joint in which the head of the femur articulates with the concave acetabulum
• The hip is more stable than the shoulder – Bone structure – The number and strength of the
muscles and ligaments crossing the joint
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Acetabular Labrum
• Acetabulum is not a complete circle, open inferiorly
• This opening is closed by the transverse ligament
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Head Ligament
• Head of femur attached to inside of acetabulum by ligamentum teres
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Capsule
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Ligaments
• Iliofemoral ligament or the “Y ligament of Bigelo”– Triangular in shape– Supports hip anteriorly, resists extension,
internal rotation and some external rotation
• Pubofemoral– Runs from the superior pubic ramus and the
acetabular rim, to just above lesser trochanter
– Resists abduction with some resistance to external rotation
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Ligaments
• Ischiofemoral ligament– From the ischium to the posterior neck
of the femur – is directed upwards and laterally
– Resists adduction and internal rotation– All three loose during flexion
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Ligaments
Anterior view
Posterior view
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Vascular
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Vascular
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Lumbar Division
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Hip Goniometry
• Flexion/Extension– 125-140 (with knees flexed)/0/10-
20– 90 (with knees extended)/0/10-20
• Abduction/Adduction– 45/0/20-30
• Internal Rotation/External Rotation– 35-45/0/40-50
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Hip Movements
• Hip Flexion
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• Flexion– Psoas major– Iliacus
– Assisted by:•Pectineus
•Rectus femoris
•Sartorius
•Tensor fascia latae
Hip Movements
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Psoas major
Iliacus
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Pectineus
![Page 32: Bio Mechanics of the Hip](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022061118/5469ff3aaf79590d5c8b48fd/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Rectus femoris
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Sartorious
Tensor fascia latae
Iliotibial band
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• Hip Extension
Hip Movements
![Page 35: Bio Mechanics of the Hip](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022061118/5469ff3aaf79590d5c8b48fd/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
• Extension
– Gluteus Maximus– Hamstrings
•Biceps Femoris
•Semimembranosus
•Semitendinosus
Hip Movements
![Page 36: Bio Mechanics of the Hip](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022061118/5469ff3aaf79590d5c8b48fd/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Gluteus maximus
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• Hip Abduction
Hip Movements
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• Abduction
– Gluteus Medius
– Assisted By:• Gulteus Minimus
Hip Movements
![Page 40: Bio Mechanics of the Hip](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022061118/5469ff3aaf79590d5c8b48fd/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Gluteus medius
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Gluteus minimus
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• Hip Adduction
Hip Movements
![Page 43: Bio Mechanics of the Hip](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022061118/5469ff3aaf79590d5c8b48fd/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
• Adduction
– Adductor Magnus
– Adductor Longus
– Adductor Brevis
– Assisted By:•Gracilis
Hip Movements
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Gracilis
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• Internal/Medial
Rotation
– Gulteus
Minimus
– Tensor fascia
latae
Hip Movements
![Page 47: Bio Mechanics of the Hip](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022061118/5469ff3aaf79590d5c8b48fd/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
• External/Lateral
Rotation
– Obturator Externus
– Obturator Internus
– Quadratus femoris
– Piriformis
Hip Movements
![Page 48: Bio Mechanics of the Hip](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022061118/5469ff3aaf79590d5c8b48fd/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Obturator Externus
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Obturator Internus
Piriformis
Quadratus femoris
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Angle of Inclination
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Coxa Vara• The angle of inclination is less than
125 degrees • This shortens the limb• Increases the effectiveness of the
abductors• Reduces the load on the femoral
head • Increases the load on the femoral
neck
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Coxa Valga
• The angle of inclination is greater than
125 degrees
• This lengthens the limb
• Reduces the effectiveness of the
abductors
• Increases the load on the femoral head
• Reduces the load on the femoral neck
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Hip Angles
• 14-15 degrees
• Moves CM more
directly over
base of support
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Anteversion• The angle of the
femoral neck in the
transverse plane
• Normally the femoral
neck is rotated
anteriorly 12 to 14
degrees with respect
to the femur
![Page 59: Bio Mechanics of the Hip](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022061118/5469ff3aaf79590d5c8b48fd/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
Excessive Anteversion• Excessive anteversion
beyond 14 degrees causes the head of the femur become uncovered
• In order to keep the head of the femur within the acetabulum a person must internally rotate the femur
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Retroversion
• The angle of anteversion
is reversed so that it
moves posteriorly
• This condition causes
the person to externally
rotate the femur
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Loads on the Hip• During swing phase of walking:
– Compression on hip approx. same as body weight (due to muscle tension)
• Increases with hard-soled shoes• Increases with gait increases (both
support and swing phase)• Body weight, impact forces
translated upward thru skeleton from feet and muscle tension contribute to compressive load on hip
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600 N
250 N
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Using A Walking Stick
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Using a walking stick how it reduces JRF
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• In equilibrium sum of moments = 0
• Without stick
M x A = W x B
M = (W x B)/A
Using a walking stick how it reduces JRF
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Using a walking stick how it reduces JRF
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• With sitck(M x A)+(Ws x C) = W x BM = [(W x B)-(Ws x C)]/A
• So the force required by the abductors M is smaller if a stick is used
• The bigger C is, the smaller M is therefore a walking stick in the hand furthest away from the hip is most effective
Using a walking stick how it reduces JRF
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• In equilibrium, the sum of the forces in the Y plane = 0
• Without stick
JRF sin = M + W
• With stick
JRF sin + Ws = M +W
JRF sin = M + W - Ws
Using a walking stick how it reduces JRF
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• Therefore JRF is less when a
walking stick is used. Not only is M
force smaller, but the upward force
exerted by the stick reduces the
JRF further
Using a walking stick how it reduces JRF
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W
opposite
hurtleg
W
same
hurtleg